1.

1 Php ton hai ngi

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1.1.1 nh ngha v cc v d

nh ngha: Cho t p h p X = . M t php ton hai ngi T (g i t t l php ton) xc nh trn t p X l m t nh x i t t p tch Dercartes X X n X T :X X X (x, y) T (x, y) = xT y nh c a c p (x, y) X X qua nh x T g i l h p thnh c a x v i y v k hi u l T (x, y) = xT y.
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V d

1. Php c ng (+) v php nhn () l cc pt2n xc nh trn N. V t ng v tch cc s t nhin l 1 s t nhin. 2. Php tr () khng l pt2n xc nh trn N. V 3 5 khng l s t nhin. 3. Php chia (:) khng l php ton hai ngi xc nh trn N . V 3 : 5 khng ph i l m t s t nhin. 4. Trn N , xc nh qui t c: V i a, b N : aT b = ab . G i l php nng ln ly th a, y l m t pt2n. V ly th a v i s m t nhin c a m t s t nhin khc 0 l m t s t nhin khc 0. 5. Trn t p Z, cho qui t c nh sau: v i a, b Z : a b = ab (a + b). Ta th y l m t pt2n trn Z. () Chng 1: Nhm (Group) Ngy 18 thng 2 nm 2012 4 / 10

1.1.2 Cc tnh ch t

Cho l php ton xc nh trn t p h p X Tnh k t h p Php ton c g i l c tnh ch t k t h p khi v ch khi: x, y, z X : x (y z) = (x y) z Tnh giao hon Php ton c g i l c tnh ch t giao hon khi v ch khi: x, y X : x y = y x
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V d

1. Php ton + v trn N c tnh k t h p, tnh giao hon. 2. Php tr () trn Z khng c tnh k t h p, khng c tnh giao hon. 3. Php nhn trn Q 3. Php nng ln ly th a trn N khng c tnh k t h p, khng c tnh giao hon. 4. Trn Z cho php ton xc nh nh sau: ab=1+a+b Xt tnh giao k t h p v tnh giao hon c a php ton .
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1.1.3 Nh ng ph n t c bi t

Ph n t trung l p (trung ha) Ph n t e X gl ph n t trung ha tri (trung l p tri) i v i pt khi v ch khi: x X, e x = x Ph n t e X gl ph n t trung ha ph i (trung l p ph i) i v i pt khi v ch khi: x X, x e = x
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Ph n t e X gl ph n t trung ha (trung l p) i v i pt khi v ch khi x X, x e = e x = x V d : 1. Php +, php trn N. 2. Php trn Z 3. Php nng ln ly th a trn t p N c 1 l trung l p ph i nhng khng c trung l p tri. 4. Trn Z : a b = 1 + a + b c ph n t trung l p l 1.

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 nh l N u trong t p X c ph n t trung l p i v i php ton T th ph n t trung l p l duy nh t. nh l Cho X l m t t p h p v i php ton hai ngi T c tnh ch t k t h p, c ph n t trung l p e. Khi , n u b v b l cc ph n t i x ng c a b th b = b .

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1.1.4 B ph n n nh, php ton c m sinh

B ph n n nh T p con A = c a t p h p X c g i l b ph n n nh i v i php ton T trong X khi v ch khi a, b A, aT b A Php ton c m sinh N u A l b ph n n nh i v i php ton T trong X, php ton T thu h p trn A g i l php ton c m sinh.

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1.1.4 B ph n n nh, php ton c m sinh

1. T p N cng v i + l b ph n n nh c a Z. V t p cc s t nhin l m t t p con khc r ng c a t p s nguyn v t ng 2 s t nhin l m t s t nhin. 2. T p h p cc s nguyn ch n l b ph n n nh i v i php c ng trong Z, php c ng trong t p cc s nguyn ch n l php ton c m sinh. 3. T p cc s nguyn l khng l b ph n n nh i v i php ton c ng trong Z. V t ng hai s nguyn l khng l 1 s nguyn l .

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