Do Thi Thanh Huong

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.HCM

B MN CNG NGH SINH HC
***000***
TH THANH HNG
KHO NGHIM MT S PHNG PHP
TNG SINH KHI GING TO SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
Lun vn k s
Chuyn ngnh: Cng ngh sinh hc
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Thng 9/2006
B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.HCM
B MN CNG NGH SINH HC
***000***
KHO NGHIM MT S PHNG PHP

TNG SINH KHI GING TO SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
Lun vn k s
Chuyn ngnh: Cng ngh sinh hc
Gio vin hng dn:
Sinh vin thc hin:
PGS. TS. TRN TH DN

KS. NGUYN VN T
Tn: BI TH NGC BCH

Kha: 2002 2006
Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Thng 9/2006
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

NONG LAM UNIVERSITY, HCMC
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
***000***
TRYING SOME METHODS FOR INCREASING WEIGHT OF

SPIRULINA PLATENSIS IN THE LABORATORY
Graduation thesis
Major: Biotechnology
Professor:
Student:
Ms.LE THI PHUONG HONG
DO THI THANH HUONG

Term: 2002 2006
HCMC
9/2006
PHN I : M U
1.1 t vn
Ngy nay, vi s bng n ca cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut, vic tm ra
ngun nguyn liu va r tin m cht lng khng cn l tr ngi ln na. Cng nh
vy, thc phm dnh cho ngi dn c thay th bi thc phm chc nng. C th ni
trong nhng nm gn y, vic nghin cu tm v khai thc cc loi nguyn liu nng
cao gi tr dinh dng b sung vo thc phm ngy cng c quan tm nhiu hn.
Spirulina platensis cng l mt trong nhng mi quan tm . Ngi ta nghin cu v
Spirulina platensis rt nhiu, khng nhng v chng c gi tr dinh dng cao m cn
bi chng c nhiu tc dng trong c y ln sinh hc.
Theo Prescott, Gorrunov v cng s (1969) cho rng, trong tng lai y dc v
nhng s tm kim trong y dc, bao gm c vic nghin cu v th nghim cc to c
th k ra nh vic tm kim thuc cha ung th, d ng, to tit cht khng sinh c th
thay th cho Penixilin. Trong tng lai s c mn cha bnh dng to (Algotherapia hay
Phycotherapia) (trch dn bi Nguyn Vn Tuyn, 2003).
Vic tng sinh khi to m vn gi c cht lng tt qui m phng th nghim
s l hng m p dng cho qui m sn xut cng nghip, ng thi c th xc nh
c nh hng ca cc thnh phn dinh dng cho s pht trin tt hn ca to.
Xut pht t nhng yu cu , chng ti thc hin ti : Kho st mt s
phng php tng sinh khi ging to Spirulina platensis qui m phng th nghim.
1.2 Mc ch nghin cu
S dng mt s phng php khc nhau nhm tng sinh khi to m vn gi
c cht lng tt. T , tm ra phng php tt nht c th ng dng qui m sn
xut cng nghip.
Thay i t l cc thnh phn trong mi trng nui cy, kho st nh hng ca
nng cc thnh phn ti s tng sinh to.
La chn phng php thch hp nht cho kh nng thu hoch to cao.
M t nguyn tc cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my khuy t vic thit k

my khuy to dung tch nh.
1.3 Yu cu
-
Kho st nh hng ca mt s thnh phn mi trng nui cy.
Kho st c nh hng ca iu kin nui cy ti vic tng sinh to.
Kho st phng php thu hoch to.
Kho st nh hng ca t l nui cy ban u ti vic thu hoch to.
xut a ra m hnh my khuy to dung tch nh.
PHN II : TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1 To Spirulina platensis
2.1.1 Lch s pht trin v cc cng trnh gy nui to Spirulina trong v ngi
nc
Con ngi t xa dng rong to lm thc phm, nh ngi Trung hoa bit n
to bin t 600 nm trc cng nguyn. Tng t ngi dn cc qun o thuc Nam
Thi Bnh Dng v Nht Bn dng nhiu ging to lm thc phm, nh Porphyra,
Ulva, Alaria v.v...C l l nhng dn tc s dng rong to sm nht trn th gii ny,
h thu hi rong to t nhin v dng lm rau n hay ngun thc phm b dng.
Vi to Spirulina c coi nh ca tri ph cho 2 sc dn, Aztec Mexico (Chu
M) v Kanembu, mt b tc thuc Tchad (Chu Phi). T thi c xa, 2 b tc trn
bit thu ging rong sng t nhin ny sng trong cc h nc khong giu kim ch
bin thc n rt b dng nh : bnh bao, nc chm, nu canh soup. Trong gii khoa
hc, c l to ny c m t v t tn l Spirulina do hnh dng xon l so ln u
tin nm 1827. Vic pht hin v pht trin to ra khp th gii gn lin vi lch s tm
ra Tn Th Gii Chu M ca Christophe Colomb, nm 1492. Tip theo s kin ny,
cc bi vit v cc loi thc n t Spirulina ca ngi Aztec, nh mn bnh Techuilatl
c truyn b Chu u. (L nh Lng, 1999).
Nm 1931, Rich tham quan cc h trong thung lng Rift vng ng Chu Phi
nhn xt thy mi trng sinh thi ca hng hc vi thc n t nhin l to.
Nm 1940, Dangeard nhn ra rng cc bnh to xanh dng lm nc chm hng
ngy ca dn cc h cnh vng Chad vi thc n ca hng hc thung lng Rift l mt,
chnh l to Spirulina.
Nm 1960, ng Duran Chastel gp kh khn trong vic sn xut Soude ca
cng ty Sosa Texcoco, ngu nhin pht hin ra mt loi vi sinh vt lm chm c ch kt
tinh ca mui carbonate trong cc b bc hi, chnh l to Spirulina. (Nguyn Thanh
Bch Ngc, Nguyn Hng Hnh, 1997).
Tuy vy, mi n nm 1960 khi Leonard & Comper ngi B phn tch cng b
gi tr dinh dng ca bnh Dihe, thc n ca ngi Kanembu lm t Spirulina cha
hm lng protein rt cao, th gii khoa hc mi quan tm nhiu hn.
Nm 1963, gio s Clement thuc Vin nghin cu du ha quc gia Php l
ngi u tin nghin cu thnh cng vic nui to Spirulina qui m cng nghip. Theo
nghin cu ny, ging to Spirulina t Tchad c s dng trong nui cy vi nh
dng CO2 rt di do ti cc m khai thc du ho. Vy ngi Php i tin phong
trong vic nui nhn to Spirulina v thng mi ho sn phm ny. c bit nm 1967,
nhng ngi tin phong li c dp trin khai nhng nghin cu ca mnh, do bo co
ca Clement c trnh by ti Hi ngh quc t v du ha ti Mexico c cng ty
Sosa Texcoco thch th. Lin doanh sn xut cng nghip to Spirulina s dng ngun
nc khong bicarbonat gia Vin nghin cu du ha Php v cng ty Sosa Texcoco
c thnh lp. T n nay, lin doanh ny lun dn u th gii v lng to
Spirulina quy m cng nghip. K ngh nui trng Spirulina v mt s vi to khc
(Chlorella, Klamath,...) hoc nm si tr thnh mt lnh vc c u t pht trin
trong cng ngh sinh hc to sinh khi protein.
Thc ra, Spirulina khng phi l th to c nghin cu u tin, m l to
Chlorella. Nh ti Hoa K, nhng nm 1948 1952 nhiu nghin cu nui to
Chlorella c trin khai. n nm 1970, gi tr ca to Spirulina c cng nhn, vi
u th nhiu mt, th s pht trin nui trng quy m cng nghip ging to ny n r
nhiu quc gia.
Ti Nht Bn, c s h tr k thut t Hoa K tin s Nakamura tin hnh
nhng nghin cu sm nht vo nm 1968, vi ging to m t Tchad. Phng php
nui trng cng nghip Spirulina ca ng c trin khai vi vng ca Nht Bn, Thi
Lan v Hn Quc. Vi u t ca nhiu cng ty kinh doanh, cc d n ny pht trin
thnh nhng x nghip chuyn sn xut to Spirulina.
Ti n , nghin cu nui cc ging to cng c trin khai t nhng nm
1960, c bit m hnh nui Spirulina quy m cng ng nh (lng, x), do Ripley D.
Fox khi xng pht trin kh tt mt s vng nh Karla Schechardy. R.D. fox, ngi
Php dy cng nghin cu sut 15 nm (1968 1983), v xy dng c mt phng

th nghim nghin cu Spirulina Php. ng thi sng to c m hnh nui to
Spirulina, cung cp ti ch cho vic phng chng dinh dng tr em. M hnh ny c
nhiu nc ngho, ang pht trin nghin cu p dng nh Peru, Tog... v Vit Nam.
Ngoi cc nc nu trn, to Spirulina cn c pht trin nhiu quc gia v
vng lnh th Trung Quc, Singapore, i Loan, Bulgarie, Ukraina, H Lan, Italia, Ty
Ban Nha, Czech, Nam Phi, Chi L, Isarel, Maroc, Iran, Cuba, Hng Kng, v.v...
nc ta, to Spirulina c di thc nhp ging lu gi ti Vin Pateur Paris
Cng Ho Php, v nghin cu t nm 1972 Vin Sinh Vt (Vin Khoa Hc Vit
Nam). Nghin cu quy trnh k thut nui trng do Vin ny ch tr, cng vi s tham
gia nghin cu v ho hc v gi tr dinh dng tr bnh ca Vin y hc qun s, v tc
dng lm sng ca Vin qun y 108 H Ni. ti ny mc phng th nghim,
cho mt kt qu tin lng tt v kh nng nui trng ny nc ta theo m hnh ngoi
tri, khng mi che, c sc kh carbonic (CO2), ng thi khng nh gi tr dinh dng
v cha bnh ca Spirulina, m hng tin phong cho cc nghin cu v Spirulina.
Ti nm 1977, Vin sinh vt ni tin phong ca k ngh to Spirulina Vit
Nam, li trin khai kt qu trn mc ln hn, khi ti ny c s u t ca nh
nc v cc b c lin quan, v c bit ni n nhn l x nghip nc sui Vnh
Ho (Bnh Thun).
Ti y s dng ngun nc sui khong giu bicarbonat, natricarbonat thin
nhin, mt li th ca a phng. Ngoi ra, cn s dng nng lng sc gi vn
hnh h thng my khuy trn mi trng nui to. Tham gia nghin cu c trng i
hc Bch Khoa H Ni (ch to cc thit b nui to), Vin y hc qun s, x ngip dc
phm TW 24 Mekophar (bo ch cc dc phm), bnh vin Thng Nht TP.HCM,
bnh vin ph sn T D TP.HCM (nghin cu lm sng cc dng thuc...). Ngoi ra
mt s nghin cu khc v ng dng ca Spirulina trong chn nui gia cm v thu sn,
tm t cng c trin khai ti trng i hc tng hp H Ni, y ban khoa hc k
thut nh nc v S nng nghip H Ni, H Bc, Thi Bnh, Lm ng, TP.HCM...
Nhm tc gi trn do c gio s Nguyn Hu Thc (y ban khoa hc k thut

nh nc) v cc cng s Trn Vn Ta, Phan Phng Lan, ng nh Kim (Vin sinh
vt) cn nghin cu s dng ngun dinh dng khc nui to nh nc thi m t
tm ti an Hoi (H Ty), Bo Lc (Lm ng), nc sui khong cmin (Bun Ma
Thut). Nh vy vi ti cp nh nc (M s 48.01.02.03) tng kt thng 4 nm
1986, nh du bc tin b a kt qu nghin cu t phng th nghim ra ng
dng quy m cng nghip, ha hn nhiu trin vng ca ging to qu ny nc ta.
Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh nhiu nghin cu v Spirulina cng c tin hnh
ti :
+ S y t TP.HCM, t nm 1985 tip nhn ging to Spirulina u tin do ng
b R.D. Fox tng thnh ph, v giao cho Trm nghin cu dc liu gi ging, nghin
cu nui trng. Cc nghin cu sau c hc tp, trin khai theo m hnh s dng
Biogas v b sung ho cht. Hin Trung tm dinh dng tr em ang sn xut din
tch khong 170 m2 theo phng php ho cht.
+ Vin sinh hc nhit i TP.HCM (thuc Trung tm Khoa hc t nhin v Cng
ngh quc gia), t nm 1989 trin khai nghin cu k thut vi s h tr ca Cng
ho Php. Cc nghin cu ny mc phng th nghim, vi cc kho cu nui to
theo m hnh biogas t n ..., v nui bng ho cht, nhm tm mt quy trnh thch
hp c th ng dng vo thc t. c bit cc nghin cu cn tm quy trnh chit xut
mt s hot cht sinh hc t Spirulina ng dng trong sinh ho, y dc... C l trong
tng lai ti ny s c ng dng trong mt d n ln v cng ngh sinh hc ca
Vin.
+ C s nui trng v pht trin sn phm to Spirulina (tn giao dch Labo.
HELVINAM), ti huyn Bnh Chnh TP.HCM, c thnh lp nm 1994. Di s
khuyn khch ca S y t Tp.HCM, y ban nhn dn huyn Bnh Chnh v s nhit tnh
ca nhm cn b nghin cu v mt s nh ho tm, c s ny bc u thnh cng.
Quy trnh lin hon nui trng v sn xut, s dng mt s ch phm to Spirulina trong
dinh dng v lm thuc phng, cha bnh c thit lp. Quy m trong tng lai c
th l mt trong nhng x nghip chuyn sn xut to ln Vit Nam, vi h nui to

kiu nh knh trn 2000 m2 hin c v kh nng m rng.
Ngoi ra, cn nhiu nhm nghin cu nhng vn khc nhau ca Spirulina
cc trng i hc, cc trung tm nghin cu, cc h gia nh,...trong nc.
2.2.1 Phn loi
Spirulina tn gi ca vi sinh vt ny do nh to hc ngi c Deurben t nm
1927, trn c s hnh thi c trng nht l dng si xon (spiralis).
Sau ny cc chuyn gia phn loi hc thng nht tn khoa hc y :
Ngnh : Cyanophyta
Lp : Oscillatoriales
H : Oscillatoriaceae
Chi : Spirulina
Loi : Spirulina platensis
V c cu to v chc nng khc cc loi thng thng nn Spirulina cn c tn
l vi khun lam hay phiu sinh thc vt.
2.2.2 Phn b
Trc ht cc vng nc kim (pH 8-11) c th c Spirulina sng t nhin, nht
l cc h, sui khong, m p. V a l to ny c tm thy phm vi rt rng :
Chu Phi (Tchad, Cngo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Nam Phi, Ai Cp, Tanzania, Zambia), Chu
M (Hoa k, Peru, Uruguay, Mexico), Chu (n , Pakistan, Srilanka, Vit Nam),
Chu u (Nga, Ukraina, Hungarie,...). Tng vng c th c tng loi, ging Spirulina
khc nhau, hoc mt loi nh S.platensis li c tm thy nhiu nc, c khi rt xa
nhau ti na vng tri t. S phn b ny c th do chn lc t nhin, khng k do con
ngi ch ng di thc nui trng. Cng c th c di thc theo mt s loi chim di
tr, m loi hng lc (Phoenicoraiasmiror), thng n Spirulina Chu M l mt s v
d.
To Spirulina thng bm vo lng v v theo chim phn b ti nhng ni m
hng lc c tr theo ma. Nh vy s lng cc ging, loi ca Spirulina c hng chc
10
nhiu vng trn th gii, tc l h gen hay tnh a dng sinh hc (biodiversity) ca
chng tht phong ph.(L nh Lng, 1999).
2.2.3. Hnh thi v cu to
Theo Frmy (1930) c th hin vi c dng xon l xo vi 5-7 vng xon u
nhau. Trichom khng phn nhnh, khng c bao, khng chia thnh cc t bo c vch
ngn ngang. Trong t bo c nhng ht nh phn b st mng t bo v nhng loi
tri ni trn b mt nc thng c khng bo kh. Chiu di ca Trichom ti 151
micron (gn bng 1,5 mm); chiu rng 5,5 - 6,5 micron, u si hi thun li. Cc vng
xon u nhau, ng knh 43 micron, khong cch gia cc vng xon 2,6 micron.
Chiu di t bo ln hn 2 micron v bng mt na chiu ngang. Ch vch ngn ngang
gia cc t bo hi tht li. Sng trong cc thu vc nc ng, hin nay S.platensis l
i tng nui trng cng ngh v sinh khi ca chng giu cht dinh dng v protein
(trch dn bi Dng Tin c, 1996).
To lam pht trin thnh sinh khi ln h Ba mu (H Ni). (Dng Tin c,
1996).
2.2.4. c im dinh dng ca Spirulina platensis
To Spirulina l vi sinh vt quang t dng bt buc, khng th sng hon ton
trong ti, quang hp nh nh sng mt tri v c kh nng c nh m rt cao. y l
mt trong khong 2500 loi cyanophyta c nht, t dng n gin, c kh nng tng
hp cc cht cn thit cho c th, k c cc i phn t phc tp.
Mi trng dinh dng ca Spirulina gm :
Cc dng cht : trong mi trng nc Spirulina cn ngun dinh dng
carbon, nit, cc cht khong a lng v vi lng...Ngoi ra chng cn cm ng vi

mt s cht nh l cht c ch hoc cht kch thch sinh trng.
Cc iu kin l ho thch hp : pH, p sut thm thu, nh sng, nhit ,
iu kin khuy trn, v.v...

C rt nhiu c im dinh dng ca to ny, nhm trin khai cc quy trnh
sn xut sinh khi kinh t nht. l cc kho cu mi trng t nhin ca spirulina

sinh sng, n pha ch cc mi trng nhn to, hoc na nhn to bng b sung cc
11
cht vo ngun ti nguyn thin nhin : nc bin, nc sui khong, nc khong

ngm, ging khoan..., c th tm lc nh sau :
+ Dinh dng carbon :
To Spirulina ng ho carbon ch yu dng v c, tt nht l
bicarbonat (HCO-), thng qua qu trnh quang hp. Phn ng quang tng hp
hidratcacbon (ng) v mt s cht khc :
HCO3- + 2H2O
(CH2O) +O2 + H2O + OH-
Carbon dng kh CO2 cng c th c s dng nhng phi m bo cho

mi trng vng pH kim thch hp. Do vy nhiu tc gi ng ngun cacbon
nui Spirulina khong 1,2 16,8g NaHCO3/lt. mi trng bicarbonat ny, c th
sc hoc khuy trn khng kh thng (cha 0,03% CO2), hoc ngun kh c 1-2%
CO2, nhm iu chnh pH, hoc o mi trng gip t bo trn u, tip xc c
vi nh sng. To Spirulina t dng thng qua qu trnh quang hp, dng carbon v c
nn thng c nui trng kiu quang t dng (Autotrophic culture). Cc nghin cu
ca Ogawa T., Terui G. (1972), v Crance J.M (1975) cho thy Spirulina c th s dng
glucose, mui acetat nhng phi s dng nh sng hay quang t dng bt buc. Cc
ngun carbon hu c ny c nh du (14C ) nghin cu s phn b trong t bo
v theo di s pht trin. Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca Chen F, Zhang Y, Guo S.
(1996), cho thy c th nui Spirulina trong iu kin quang t dng (Phototrophic
culture), vi ngun carbonglucose-acetat. Nng glucose 1,81 2,66g/l v acetat
0,246 0,322g/l, vi nh sng 2 4 Klux. Kiu nui ny cho sinh khi v hm lng
phycocyanin cao, nng sut sinh khi t 5g/l.
+ Dinh dng nit :
To Spirulina v nhiu vi sinh vt c nh nit, ng ho nit theo phn
ng kh nh enzyme nitrogenase xc tc khi c ATP. Kt qu nit c tng hp thnh
protein ca chng. Kh nng c nh m ca Spirulina rt cao, cho hm lng nit
10% trng lng kh, hay thng trn 50% protein. Nhng Spirulina khng c kh
nng s dng nit dng kh N2 m s dng di dng nitrat (NO3-), vi ngng 30
70mg N/L, trung bnh 4 12mg N/L (theo mi trng Zarrouk C). Ngoi ra c th dng
12
ngun nit khc : nit amoniac (NH3) dng ny thng c trong cc loi nc thi
Biogas, nit amon : (NH4)2SO4 (Amonisulphat- AS), (NH4)2HPO4 (DiamoniphotphatDAP) l cc loi phn bn hay dng trong nng nghip, hoc ur (NH2)2CO. Nu s
dng cc ngun nit khc nitrat, cn khng ch nng v d gy sc lm gim nng
sut sinh khi, thm ch c th gy cht to.Theo kinh nghim nn khng ch nng
nit tnh theo NH3 t 30-70 mg/L hoc di 100mg/L. Vy ngun thc n cho Spirulina
c th chuyn i theo cch :
Ur (NH2CONH2)
Amoniac (NH3)
Amonium (NH4+)
Nitrat (NO3-).
+ Cc dng cht khong :

o Phtpho v c di dng mui natri, kaliphotphat ho tan
90
180 mg/L.
o Kali K+ v Na+ : di dng mui cloride hoc vi dng kt hp vi
ngun nit, photpho.
To Spirulina rt a mui, trong mi trng u trng nht cha kali ti 5g/L v
natri ti 18g/L. Trong thc nghim mt s kin cho rng t l K+/Na+ nn nh hn 5,
ln hn to s chm pht trin, hoc hn na gy ri lon t bo, ph v ct trc t bo
to.
o Magie (Mg+2) : ng vai tr tng t nh photpho, trong tng hp
cc ht polyphotphat.
o Canxi (Ca+2) : khng gy nh hng r n sinh trng ca to.
o St : l nhng dng cht thit yu, nh hng trc tip ti sinh
trng v hm lng ca protein. St thng dng dng mui FeSO4 (0,01g/L). C
th dng st dng phc EDTA (Etylen diamin Tetracetic acid), phc ny ho tan bn
hn trong kim so vi dng v c. Nng Fe2+ trong mi trng rt rng t 0,56
56mg/L mi trng.
o Clo (Cl-) to ny rt a clo v c, nng dng vi mui NaCl,
khong 1 1,5g/L.
13
o Cc khong vi lng khc : Bo (B3+), km (Zn2+), Mangan (Mn2+),

ng (Cu2+), Coban (Co2+) ...l cc vi lng c dng, nhng nh hng khng r n
sinh khi protein, nhng li c nh hng ti mt s thnh phn khc nh vitamin...
Spirulina c th b tc ng bi cc kch thch t (hormon), gip to tng trng
nhanh hn nh indol axeticacid (AIA), gibberelic acid (GA3)...Mt s cng trnh nghin
cu chng t Spirulina c sn sinh cc hormon tng trng hot tnh kiu auxin,
gibberelin v cytokinin. Cc hormon ni sinh ny kch thch nng cao sinh khi cn tng
tc sinh sn s si to. (L nh Lng, 1999).
2.2.5. c im sinh sn ca Spirulina platensis
Theo Keeton (1967) s phn chia t bo to lam c th hin bi s ct i
(binary fission), nh cc vi khun, v cng thng bi s phn on ca cc si (trch
dn bi L Th Phng Hng, 1996).
To on l mt trong nhng hnh thc sinh sn ph bin ca vi khun lam dng
si. To on l nhng on to c hnh thnh t cc trichom, thng c kch thc
khc nhau, gm c t 2 - 3 t bo, n s lng nhiu hn, c kh nng chuyn ng
tch cc nh trt trn gi th do tit ra cht nhy. (Dng Tin c, 1996).
Cc si to trng thnh b ct ra thnh vi on to (hormogonia), mi on to
c t 2 - 4 t bo, nh s thnh lp ca vi t bo c bit, gi l hoi bo (necridia).
Hoi bo c mu xanh vng, d nhum vi congo, v b thu gii cho cc t bo
hnh a tch ri c hai mt lm (Phm Hong H, 1972).
S ph v cc si to nh th c tnh ngu nhin, nhng khng bt k (v ch xy
ra ni cc hoi bo). (L Th Phng Hng, 1996).
Theo Boussiba (1989) cc on to con, sau khi tch ri nhau, trt nh khi si
cha m. Hai u xa ca on to, mt i phn dnh ca hoi bo, tr nn trn vi vch
mng. S t bo trong cc on to gia tng bi s ct i t bo, hay chnh xc hn s
phn chia xen gia (intercalary cell division). Qua qu trnh ny, cc si ko di ti mc
trng thnh v c dng xon kiu mu. Trong cc iu kin tng trng ti ho, thi
gian tng gp i ca S.platensis l 9,3 gi (trch dn bi L Th Phng Hng, 1996).
14
Theo Nguyn Ln Dng (1980) c lng s tng trng ta c th o chiu

di, chiu cao, chiu rng, din tch, th tch, trng lng ti hay kh, s lng t
bo,...(trch dn bi L Th Phng Hng, 1996).
2.3 iu kin nui cy v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nui to Spirulina
platensis
C th ni ngoi cc iu kin dinh dng c bn th qu trnh nui cy Spirulina
cn b chi phi bi cc yu t khc.
2.3.1 nh hng ca nh sng
L thc vt bc thp cha dip lc, vi to thc hin qu trnh quang hp theo c
ch nh thc vt bc cao. Hot ng u tin ca quang hp l hp thu nh sng.
(ng nh Kim, ng Hong Phc Hin, 1998).
Theo Seshadri & Thomas (1979), s tc ng ca nh sng ti Spirulina bi hai
yu t chnh l thi gian v cng chiu sng. Qu trnh nui cy ngoi tri th
cng nh sng ti ho cho Spirulina trong khong 20 30 klux. (trch dn bi L
Th Phng Hng, 1996).
V thc hnh nui cy Spirulina cn ghi nhn vi thng s c lin quan n ch
nh sng nh : cng nh sng ti u = 25000 30000 lux, khong ny hot
tnh quang hp cao nht, cn iu chnh t c trong nui cy.(L nh Lng, 1999).
Ngoi ra cng nh sng cn ph thuc vo mt nui cy ca to, v khi
cng nh sng cao m mt to ln th mi si to vn nhn c cng nh
sng nh. Nhiu loi vi to c cng quang hp bo ho khong 33% tng lng
cng nh sng. V vy trong iu kin nh sng c cng cao v thi gian chiu
sng di, ngi ta thy xut hin hin tng quang c ch c th lm to cht hoc lm
gim ng k nng sut nui trng. (ng nh Kim, ng Hong Phc Hin, 1998).
Theo Charenkova C.A (1977) th thi gian chiu sng cng di th nng sut to
Spirulina cng cao. Nng sut to t cao nht khi chiu sng lin tc. Nh vy to
Spirulina khng c chu k quang. (trch dn bi Nguyn Thanh Bch Ngc, Nguyn
Hng Hnh, 1997).
15
2.3.2 Nhit
Nhit mi trng lun l mt trong nhng yu t nhy cm nh hng n bt
k sinh vt no.
Trong iu kin phng th nghim sinh trng ca Spirulina t ti u nhit
35 37oC. ( ng nh Kim, ng Hong Phc Hin, 1998).
Nhit mi trng nui l yu t cn p ng lin tc, v rt d b chi phi v
tc ng bi iu kin xung quanh, mc v thi gian chiu sng. Do vy nhit l
mt trong nhng yu t thng xuyn c theo di trong cng ngh nui trng vi to.
C mt mi lin h gia nhit v nh sng trong qu trnh nui cy to. Ging
nh hai mt i lp ca mt qu trnh thng nht, chng u ng vai tr quan trng
quyt nh n nng sut v sinh khi ca Spirulina. Sinh trng ca to t cao nht
vi mt cng v thi gian chiu sng thch hp, km theo n l mt ch nhit
tng i n nh.
2.3.3 Thng s pH
Trong mi trng nui Spirulina pH l kt qu ca cn bng:
CO2
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3-
2H+ + CO32-
V vy pH c coi l yu t ch th, phn nh cc thnh phn nui dng cung

cp cho mi trng nui dng to, ch yu l ngun bicarbonat v kh CO2 ho tan.
(L nh Lng, 1999).
Theo Trn Vn Ta v Nguyn Hu Thc (1993) th S. Platensis tng trng ti
ho pH 9 11 ; pH = 9 ti ho cho s hp thu carbon ghi du phng x v s phng
thch oxygen quang hp. (trch dn bi L Th Phng Hng, 1996).
2.4 Thnh phn ho hc ca Spirulina platensis
Theo Clement (1975), to Spirulina cha hm lng protein rt cao, cao hn to
Cholorella. Ngoi ra chng cha y cc vitamin. (trch dn bi Nguyn c Lng,
2002).
16
Bng 2. 1 : Thnh phn ho hc ca to Spirulina

S th t
Thnh phn
S lng (% cht
kh)
Protein tng s
60 - 70
Glucid
13 16
Lipid
78
Axit nucleic
4,29
Dip lc
0,76
Caroten
0,23
Tro
4 5
Bng 2. 2 : Thnh phn vitamin ca to Spirulina

S th t
Thnh phn
S lng (% tng
cht kh)
Vitamin B12
1,6
beta-Caroten
1.700
D-Ca- panthothenate
11
Axit folic
0,5
Inositol
3,5
Niacin (B3)
118
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B1
55
Vitamin E
190
17
Bng 2. 3: Thnh phn khong ca to Spirulina

S th t
Thnh phn
S lng (% tng
cht kh)
Canxi
1.150
Photpho
8.280
St
528
Natri
344
Clo
4.200
Magie
1.663
Mangan
22
Kali
14,4
Saten
0,4
18
Bng 2. 4 : Thnh phn axit amin ca to Spirulina

S th t
Thnh phn
g/10g
S lng (% tng
cht kh)
Isoleucin
350
5,6
Leucin
540
8,7
Lysin
290
4,7
Methionin
140
2,3
Phenilalanin
280
4,5
Theonin
320
5,2
Tryptophan
90
1,5
Valin
400
6,5
Alanin
470
7,6
10
Arginin
430
6,9
11
Axit aspartic
610
9,8
12
Cystin
60
1,0
13
Axit Glutamic
910
14,6
14
Glycin
320
5,2
15
Histidin
100
1,6
16
Prolin
270
4,3
17
Serin
320
5,2
18
Tyrosin
300
4,8
2.5 Vai tr, v tr ca to Spirulina trong cng ngh sinh hc(CNSH)

Cng ngh sinh hc (Biotechnology) thuc phm tr sn xut, l nhng qu
trnh cng nghip vi vic s dng c th sng (vi sinh vt,...) hoc t bo sng trong
mi trng nui cy v.v... to ra nhng sn phm c ch cho x hi. Cng ngh sinh
hc c in to ra ri, bia, chao, tng...; cn cng ngh sinh hc hin i to ra thuc
19
men, vitamin, acid amin cht lng cao, cht do t vi sinh, v c th c hng cu
mu nhn to v.v...
Trong t nhin vai tr ca gii to (Algae) ni chung, nht l to bin vi vai tr
quang hp gn gi cacbonic to ra khong 500 t tn cht hu c c th s dng
c (trong c nhiu hot cht sinh hc qu) v thi ra 90% lng oxy trong bu kh
quyn cn cho s h hp ca ngi v ng vt.
Chnh iu ny kch thch ngh nui to bin ra i, v c bit xut hin cng
ngh sinh hc vi to, vi b 3 ni ting Chlorella, Scenedesmus v Spirulina, c nhiu
gi tr trong thc phm dinh dng v dc phm, m phm. Trong cng ngh sn xut
sinh khi vi sinh vt (Microbial biomass products), ring nhm 3 vi sinh vt to trn,
Spirulina hin c chn pht trin sn xut hn 2 loi kia do 5 u th sau :
Hiu qu kinh t cao v gp phn bo v, ci thin mi trng : Vi to
Spirulina khng nhng n gin trong nhu cu dng cht m cn rt hiu qu trong s
dng nng lng nh sng mt tri, nc... (c th dng nc bin, nc l, nc
mn,...); gn gi carbon tt (6,3 tn/ha/nm); ng thi to ra 16,8 tn oxy...iu ny
gip cho nh sn xut thu hoch c li ch kinh t ln hn so vi vi to khc v gip
bo v mi trng kh quyn, gm nh hiu ng nh knh (green house).
Gi tr s dng vt ra khi ranh gii truyn thng dng lm thc
phm, nh c tc dng cha bnh mi pht hin, sn xut thnh mi trng nui cy t
bo ngi, ng vt, s dng lm m phm v.v...
Tham gia vo vic x l mi trng : ngoi vic cung cp dng kh oxy,
Spirulina cn c kh nng gn gi mnh cc cation c nh ch, thu ngn, cadmi,... nn

c th dng x l cht thi lng, x l nc. Sinh khi ny s dng lm cht t, c
bit thay cho du diesel, nu thnh cng th l iu cng lm tng gi tr ca
Spirulina.
Spirulina c th l i tng chuyn ti cc tin b khoa hc k thut rt
hin i trong cng ngh sinh hc :
Nui nh hng gn gi cc cht c li cho dinh dng v tr bnh
cho ngi v ng vt. c cc tin b v nui cy Spirulina gn Iod (phng tr bnh
20
thiu vi cht iod)., gn Selen, gn Germani (cht chng oxy ho, chng lo ho, phng
chng ung th...)v.v... Hoc nui vi nhng tin cht nh hng cho sinh khi
Spirulina giu acid bo cn thit, giu beta-caroten. S thnh cng trong tng lai ph
thuc vo vic chn ging Spirulina v tm ti cng ngh ph hp, s cho nhng l/m
sinh khi Spirulina rt c gi tr trong y dc.
Spirulina vi cng ngh chuyn np gen: Chuyn np gen l k thut
phn lp gen t c th cho (donor), cy ghp vo b my di truyn ca c th nhn

(receiver), nhm to ra tnh trng mi cn thit t c th . K thut tn tin ny ang
c nghin cu vi Spirulina 2 hng sau :
* Chuyn gen chu trch nhim di truyn to phao kh ca Spirulina gip
vi sinh vt ni trn mt nc d dng. Ta bit mun phng tr bnh st rt phi dit
mui Anopheles stopenis, bnh st xut huyt phi dit mui Aedes aegypti, bnh giun
ch phi dit mui Culex quinquefasciatus. Mt cch hiu qu ct t vector truyn bnh
ny l dit u trng (b gy, lng qung...) ca chng. Hin mt s nghin cu cho thy
c nhng vi sinh vt, hoc vi nm c th thc hin c iu ny. Tuy vy vic phi
sng tri ni trn mt nc (mi trng u trng cc loi mui gy bnh sinh sng),
dit u trng mui li l im khng c hoc yu km ca cc vi sinh vt ny. Do vy c
th tch gen di truyn to phao kh ni trn mt nc ca Spirulina ghp vo vi sinh vt
c ch trn, to ra nhng c im mong mun dit u trng mui gy bnh.
* Chuyn np gen to cht do sinh hc cho Spirulina : c th ghp vo
Spirulina gen to cht polyhydroxyl butylat (P.H.B), gen ny c vi khun Aleutroplus,
to ra ging Spirulina mi c c tnh pht trin sinh khi nhanh, ng thi cha
P.H.B vi hm lng thch hp. Ly trch cht P.H.B sn xut nha thay th nha do
(nh poly styrene) v cht do mi ny d b phn hu khng lm nhim mi trng
v.v...
Spirulina tng i thch nghi vi mi quy m sn xut : c th thu hoch
t t nhin, hoc nui quy m nh (h gia nh, lng x), trong iu kin bn t nhin,
vi k thut n gin nh nui trng thu sn. quy m cng nghip (ngoi vic
chuyn ti cc k thut sinh hc rt hin i nu trn), Spirulina cn thch hp vi trnh
21
cng ngh t k thut nui b mt c in n k thut nui 3 chiu rt hin i. Cn

k ra nhiu u im khc nh d thu hoch do dc tnh ni trn mt nc, v kch thc
ln (di 0,25 - 0,5 mm), nn d vt, lc v.v...(L nh Lng, 1999).
2.6 Mt r (hay r ng)
Mt r l th liu trong cng ngh sn xut ng t cy ma hay c ci ng.
Trc y mt r t c s dng trong cng ngh vi sinh. Sau ny ngi ta thy mt r
c nhiu u im to mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt. Nhng c tnh quan trng ph
hp vi qa trnh ln men ca mt r bao gm :
-
Cha hm lng ng cao
Ngoi ng saccharose ra cn cha nhiu cht hu c, v c, cc cht
thuc vitamin v cc cht kch thch sinh trng, trong c vitamin H (Biotin) l cht
kch thch sinh trng i vi phn ln nm men.
-
Tuy nhin, r ng cng c nhng c im khng ph hp cho qu trnh
ln men. Mun s dng chng cho qu trnh ln men i hi phi c cc qu trnh x l

thch hp. Cc c im cn lu mt r bao gm :
R ng thng c mu sm. Mu ny kh b ph hu trong qu
trnh ln men. Sau ln men chng s bm vo sinh khi vi sinh vt v bm vo sn

phm. Vic tch mu ra khi sinh khi v sn phm thng rt tn km v rt kh khn.
Gia hai loi mt r, loi mt r t cy ma c mu sm hn mu mt r nhn t sn xut
c ci phi x l trc khi tin hnh qu trnh ln men.
Hm lng ng kh cao (thng nm trong khong 40
50%).Lng ng ny ch yu l saccharose nn khi tin hnh ln men phi pha long

ti nng thch hp.
c im gy kh khn ln nht cho qu trnh ln men l h keo trong
mt r. Keo cng nhiu, kh nng ho tan oxy cng km v kh nng trao i cht ca
oxy cng km. Do cng vic quan trng nht khi s dng mt r l phi ph h keo
ny.
22
V r ng l cht dinh dng kh l tng nn chng ry d b vi
sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin. Nh vy cht lng mt r cng d thay i theo thi
gian bo qun.
Bng 2. 5: Thnh phn ho hc v mt s tnh cht quan trng ca hai loi mt r
STT
Thnh phn
n v tnh
Hm lng mt r
C ci
ng ma
ng tng s
48 52
48 56
Cht hu c khc
12 17
9 12
Protein (Nx6,25)
6 10
24
27
1,5 5
Ca
0,1 0,5
0,4 0,8
Mg
0,09
0,06
0,02 0,07
0,6 0,2
Biotn (vitamin H)
mg/kg
0,02 0,150
13
Axit pantotenic
mg/kg
50 110
15 55
10
Inozitol
mg/kg
5000 8000
2500 6000
11
Tiamin
mg/kg
1,3
1,8
gii quyt nhng c im khng thun li c trong mt r i vi qu trnh

ln men, ngi ta thng s dng axit sunfuric m c vi lng 3,5 kg cho mt tn
mt r. Khi cho H2SO4 vo mt r, ta c ba cch thc hin qu trnh x l ny :
Cch th nht : Khi cho 3,5 kg H2SO4 vo mt tn mt r, ngi ta khuy
u nhit thng trong thi gian 24h, sau ly tm dch trong .
Cch th hai : Khi cho 3,5 kg H2SO4 vo mt tn mt r, ngi ta un ton
b ln 85oC v khuy u lin tc trong 6h, sau ly tm thu dch trong.
Cch th ba : Cho H2SO4 n khi pH ca mt r t c gi tr l 4,
ngi ta un nng n 120 125oC trong mt pht cc cht v c kt ta, sau ly
tm thu dch trong.
23
Thc hin mt trong ba cch trn s thu c dch mt r loi th keo v mu.
T mt r qua x l ny em pha ch thnh cc loi mi trng c nng khc
nhau. V d mi trng nui cy thu nhn sinh khi, nng ch cn 2 4 %. Trong khi
mi trng ln men cn hoc axit hu c, nng ng li t 16 22 %. Tuy
nhin gi tr ca mt r trong qu trnh nui cy nm men thu nhn sinh khi khng ch
do lng ng saccharose c trong mt r m cn do cc loi mui khong, cc cht
kch thch sinh trng v cc thnh phn khc quyt nh. (Nguyn c Lng, 2002)
2.7 Cc kiu thit b ln men c th ng dng trong nui to
Thit b ln men ng vai tr quan trng trong cng ngh vi sinh vt. y l mt
lnh vc rt phc tp v nhiu trng hp thay i thit b ln men hp l s thu c
kt qu ln men rt tt. Vic thit k ch to thit b ln men c nh hng rt ln n
qu trnh sinh l ca sinh vt.
Chng ta phi hiu rng vic chuyn mt ging vi sinh vt t ging gc c phn
lp t iu kin t nhin sang qu trnh sn xut cng nghip tri qua hai giai on c
tnh quyt nh n sinh l ca vi sinh vt :
1-
Giai on t iu kin t nhin khng kim sot sang iu kin nui cy
trong phng th nghim v sn xut th vi cc yu t nh hng ti sinh l ca vi sinh

vt hon ton c kim sot.
2-
Giai on t iu kin c kim sot mc nh trong phng th nghim
sang giai on sn xut ln vi qui m ln. Cc thit b ln men vi chc m3 n hng

ngn m3. Khi mi yu t nh hng n sinh l ca vi sinh vt hon ton khc vi
iu kin trong phng th nghim. V d, s truyn nhit thit b phng th nghim
khc s truyn nhit thit b sn xut, p xut v kh nng ho tan ca oxy cng khc.
2.7.1 Thit b c cnh khuy
Cc thit b c lp t cnh khuy u c ng dng trong qu trnh ln men hiu
kh cng nh ln men ym kh. Cnh khuy trong hai trng hp ny c tc dng nh
sau :
24
1- Cc khuy lm tng kh nng tip xc cht dinh dng v t bo vi sinh vt.

C tip xc gia cht dinh dng vi t bo vi sinh vt mi c s trao i cht. Kh
nng tip xc cng nhiu, kh nng trao i cht cng mnh. Do c hai phng php
ln men hiu kh v k kh u cn c cnh khuy.
S tip xc ny c th c thc hin t nhng v tr xa nhau gia cht dinh
dng v vi sinh vt. V d, t bo vi sinh vt v tr rt xa cht dinh dng, nhng do
cnh khuy hot ng, c t bo v cht dinh dng s chuyn ng nn iu kin v c
hi gp nhau l rt ln.
S tip xc ny cn biu hin ch, trong khi tin hnh cc qu trnh trao i
cht, cc cht sau ng ho v d ho s to ra mt lp bao quanh t bo. Lp bao quanh
t bo ny s lm cn tr s chuyn vn cc cht vo t bo. Khi cnh khuy hot ng,
lp bao quanh ny s b ph b, nh vy mc xm nhp ca cc cht dinh dng s
mnh hn.
2- Trong trng hp ln men trong iu kin hu kh cnh khuy lm tng kh
nng ho tan ca oxy. Cc kh s li lu hn do dng chuyn ng ca mi trng, v
nh vy kh nng ho tan ca oxy t bt kh s cao hn.
Cnh khuy lm tng kh nng tch cc kh CO2, H2S, NH3,...t qu trnh trao
i cht, v nh vy s lm gim nh hng xu ca cc loi kh ny n sinh l ca vi
sinh vt.
3- Cnh khuy lm tng nhanh cc qu trnh sinh sn ca vi khun nm men v
nm si : do tc ng c hc m cc t bo d dng tch ra v sng c lp.
Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta thng thay cnh khuy bng nhng my lc.
Nhng thit b c dung tch trn mt lt ngi ta mi lp cnh khuy. Trong qui m sn
xut cng nghip ngi ta ch s dng my khuy ch khng s dng my lc. (Nguyn
c Lng, 2002).
Phng php khuy c hc c thc hin bng cc cch khuy khc nhau t
cc mc ch khc nhau :
ho.
Thc hin cc qua trnh thu c : to nh tng, huyn ph, ho tan, ng
25
- Thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit : s kt tinh, trch ly, hp th v in

phn.
-
Thc hin qu trnh nhit : c c dung dch, un nng v lm ngui.
Thc hin cc phn ng ho hc.
Thc hin cc phn ng sinh hc.
Nh vy khuy mi trng lng, trong pha lin tc l mt cht lng, cn pha

phn tn c th l : pha lng, pha rn, hoc pha kh.
Khuy cht lng l cung cp nng lng to mt dng chy thch hp trong
thit b nhm p ng cc mc tiu ni trn.
Qu trnh khuy c th thc hin trong thit b gin on hoc thit b lin tc
theo yu cu sn xut ca mt cng ngh sn xut c th. iu kin ca mt mi trng
khuy trn c xc nh bi nhit , p sut v nng pha phn tn. Do vy thit b
khuy c th thc hin dng kn hay dng h.
Thit b khuy thng c ch to dng tr thng ng, tuy nhin cng c
trng hp p dng thit b khuy nm ngang. (Nguyn Vn La, 1999).
Trong nui trng i tr vi to, vic khuy sc c tc dng :
Ngn nga hin tng phn tng nhit trong dch nui.
Gip t bo to tip xc u n vi nh sng.
Ngn nga to lng xung y b.
Gip phn phi dinh dng v CO2.
Nh vy k thut khuy sc l vn rt cn c quan tm nhm mc tiu tng
nng sut to m khng lm nh hng ti trng thi t bo. V mt kinh t, chn gii
php khuy sc cho chi ph thp nht l yu cu u tin. (ng nh Kim, ng Hong
Phc Hin, 1999).
Trn to l ngn cn s lng t, s phn tng nhit v nhng iu kin ym
kh y. S khuy trn gip cht dinh dng tip xc tch cc vi b mt to v lm
tng nng sut to. i vi th tch nh, s khuy to thng tin hnh bng cch to
bt kh qua ci lc. Khng kh c cha vi phn trn CO2, s gi gi tr pH khong 8
v trnh nhng iu kin hn ch CO2.
26
Vi qui m ln, nhiu k thut trn c pht trin ch yu l x l nc

thi cha to hoc sn xut cc loi n bo, nhng k thut dng cho n nay l bnh
xe quay, bm kh v bm ln. H thng bnh xe quay thch hp hn cho nui mi
trng cn., thng to kh vi mi trng nui su (di 2 m). Bm kh cng rt hu
hiu v s dng bm mnh khuy trn mi trng nui to quy m ln.
Theo kinh nghim, vi n v nui su100 m2, su 1m th khuy 5 pht/gi
dng nh ngn cn phn tng nhit v cung cp dinh dng cho ton b khi
nc. (Nguyn Thanh Tng, 1998).
2.7.2 Thit b c h thng thi kh
Thit b c h thng thi kh c lp p trong cc thit b ln men c nhng tc
dng sau :
1- Cung cp oxy trong cc trng hp ln men hiu kh, c bit l qu trnh thu
nhn sinh khi (nm men, nm si hay vi khun).
2- Cung cp CO2 trong trng hp nui cy to n bo (Chlorella, Spirulina,
Scenedesmus).
3- Khuy o mi trng lm tng qu trnh trao i cht, qu trnh pht trin v
qu trnh sinh sn.
4- Gii phng cc kh c to ra t qu trnh trao i cht, lm gim nh hng
xu n qu trnh ln men.
Vic cung cp oxy hay CO2 cho qu trnh ln men l mt vic lm ht sc phc tp.
Trong khng kh, ngoi cc thnh phn ca khng kh cn cha rt nhiu vi sinh vt, do
khng kh cung cp cho qu trnh ln men i hi phi c sch s v vi sinh vt v
cc tp cht. (Nguyn c Lng, 2002).
27
PHN III : VT LIU V PHNG PHP

3.1 a im v thi gian tin hnh ti
a/ a im: Phng th nghim 305 khu phng v trng i hc Nng Lm TP.HCM
b/ Thi gian tin hnh ti : t 01-03-2006 n 30-06-2006
3.2 Vt liu
3.2.1 Ngun to ging
To Spirulina platensis c cung cp t c s nui HELVINAM
3.2.2 Ho cht
a/ Mi trng Zarrouk l mi trng ho cht c bn cung cp cc thnh phn
dinh dng thit yu cho Spirulina :
Bng 3. 1: Thnh phn mi trng Zarrouk
STT
Tn thnh phn
Khi lng
NaHCO3
16.8 g/l
NaNO3
2.6 g/l
NaCl
1.0 g/l
K2HPO4
0.5 g/l
K2SO4
1.0 g/l
MgSO4.H2O
0.2 g/l
CaCl2.H2O
0.04 g/l
EDTA Fe
0.08 g/l
b/ Mi trng r ng
R ng sau khi qua x l mu bt u tin hnh pha mi trng nui cy
Spirulina, thnh phn bao gm:
28
Bng 3. 2 : Thnh phn cc mi trng r ng

STT
Tn thnh phn
Khi lng
n v tnh
R ng
1; 1.5
ml /L
NaHCO3
16.8
G/L
3.2.3 Dng c th nghim

-
Chai nc bin 500 ml
Knh hin vi
Khc x k
n hunh quang
My sc kh
n cn
Giy qu
Autoclave
T sy
Bnh tam gic 1 L
Bnh nha 5 L, 10 L, 21 L
B knh 40 L
Dy din, pipt,...
3.3 Phng php nghin cu

3.3.1. Phng php b tr th nghim
3.3.1.1 Th nghim 1 : nh hng ca nng nui cy ln kh nng thu hoch to
Spirulina
Th nghim n yu t c b tr theo kiu hon ton ngu nhin gm ba
nghim thc, mi nghim thc c tin hnh nui trong 3 chai nc bin, v tin hnh
lp li 3 ln.
Kho st nh hng ca nng nui cy ban u ln kh nng thu hoch to
Spirulina. Cy 20 %, 25 %, 30 % to ging Spirulina vo 300 ml mi trng c bn
29
(Zarrouk) trong chai nc bin 500 ml. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin hnh thu hoch to
bng li lc v cn trng lng to ti (mi chai nc bin ly mt mu to ti).
iu kin nui cy c gi n nh : nhit phng nui : 34 37oC, pH = 8
11, th tch mi trng nui cy 300 ml, tc sc kh 500 ml/ pht, cng nh sng
3000 3500 lux, chiu sng lin tc 24/24. Mi trng nui cy v dng c nui c
hp kh trng bng autoclave 1 atm trong 30 pht.
3.3.1.2 Th nghim 2 : nh hng ca ch chiu sng ln s tng sinh khi to
Spirulina
lp li 3 ln.
Kho st ch chiu sng ti kh nng tng sinh khi ca to Spirulina. Cy 30
% to ging Spirulina vo 300 ml mi trng trong chai nc bin 500 ml nui trong
cc iu kin chiu sng khc nhau : 1500 1750 lux, 3000 3500 lux, 4500 5250
lux. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin hnh thu hoch to bng li lc v cn trng lng to
ti (mi chai nc bin ly mt mu to ti).
iu kin nui cy c gi n nh trong sut qu trnh nui cy: nhit
phng nui : 34 37oC, pH = 8 11, th tch mi trng nui cy 300 ml, tc sc
kh 500 ml/ pht, th tch to ging 30%, chiu sng lin tc 24/24. Mi trng nui cy
v dng c nui c hp kh trng bng autoclave 1 atm trong 30 pht.
3.3.1.3 Th nghim 3 : nh hng ca khi lng mui bicarbonat trong mi
trng nui cy ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina :
lp li 3 ln.
Kho st nh hng ca mui bicarbonat ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina. Cy
30% to ging Spirulina vo 300 ml mi trng nui cy trong chai nc bin 500 ml
cc iu kin mi trng c cha 16; 16,8; 17 g NaHCO3. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin
30
hnh thu hoch to bng li lc v cn trng lng to ti (mi chai nc bin ly

mt mu to ti).
3.3.1.4 Th nghim 4 : nh hng ca cc mi trng nui cy khc nhau ln s
tng sinh khi to Spirulina:
lp li 3 ln.
Kho st nh hng ca cc loi mi trng nui cy khc nhau ln s tng sinh
to Soirulina. Cy 30 % to ging Spirulia vo 300 ml mi trng trong chai nc bin
500ml nui trong cc iu kin mi trng khc nhau bao gm : mi trng 1 : mi
trng c bn (Zarrouk), mi trng 2 : mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3,
mi trng 3 : mi trng 1.5 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin
hnh thu hoch to bng li lc v cn trng lng to ti (mi chai nc bin ly
mt mu to ti).
3.3.2 Phng php theo di ch tiu cht kng mi trng nui cy v iu kin
nui cy to Spirulina
Trong sut qu trnh nui cy tin hnh theo di mt s yu t mi trng nui cy :
-
Kim tra pH bng giy qu.
Kim tra nhit phng nui bng nhit k.
31
Kim tra cng chiu sng bng lux k.
3.3.3 Phng php x l s liu

S liu thu c c x l bng phn mm excel v stagraphic 7.0.
3.4 Thit k my khuy dung tch nh 40 50 l
My khuy dung tch nh vi cc thng s sau :
-
Tc vng quay t 10 20 vng/ pht.
Khuy trong mi trng dch lng cha to.
Th tch bnh cha t 20 50 l
ng knh cnh khuy t
32
PHN IV : KT QU V THO LUN

Cc nh khoa hc trn th gii ang n lc trong cng vic tm kim cc ngun
nguyn liu mi, sch v m bo cht lng thay th dn cc ngun nguyn liu c.
To c th l mt trong nhng ngun nguyn liu cho ngnh lng thc thc phm mi,
n khng nhng cha y cht dinh dng m cn l mt trong nhng dc liu qu
n t thin nhin. c bit l Spirulina, chng d dng trong cng vic nui cy, kh
nng thu hoch sinh khi cao, c trong thao tc thng thng n nhng k thut trong
phng th nghim u c kh nng p dng trn i tng ny. T nhng cng vic pha
ch mi trng c bn cha cc thnh phn ho hc phc tp (Zarrouk) n nhng mi
trng nhn to n gin u c th s dng nui Spirulina. Hon thin dn cc quy
trnh kho st vic tng sinh khi Spirulina trong phng th nghim, nng cao cc hiu
sut ca cc cng on c th tng sinh khi to ny qui m cng nghip.
4.1. Cc th nghim tng sinh khi to
4.1.1 Mt s yu t l ho nh hng n th nghim kho st tng sinh khi
Spirulina
Ging nh cc vi sinh vt thng thng, theo quy lut pht trin vi sinh vt ni
chung, to ni ring u chu s nh hng, tc ng bi s tham gia ca cc yu t l
cng nh ho hc.
Trong qu trnh b tr cc th nghim tng sinh khi to mt s thng s l ho
c theo di ch yu c trnh by bng di :
33
Bng 4. 1 : Mt s yu t l ho trong qu trnh nui cy:

Ln
V tr b tr th
Nhit (oC)
pH
nghim
Phng th
kh
34 37oC
8 - 11
nghim
Phng th
Phng th
500
ml/pht
35 37oC
8 11
nghim
3
Tc sc
500
ml/pht
34 37oC
8 11
nghim
500
ml/pht
4.1.1.1 Nhit
Nhit nh hng ln tt c cc qu trnh sinh sng ca c th thc vt ni
chung v ca to Spirulina ni ring. nhit thp quang hp ca to tng i km,
cng quang hp tng theo s tng ca nhit . Tuy nhin vic tng cao nhit
ln qu nhit ti thch ca to s lm gim st quang hp v dn n ngng hn
quang hp. V nhit ti u i vi sinh trng ca to theo cc tc gi n dao ng
trong khong 34 35oC, nhng theo kt qu nghin cu ca Vin sinh vt, Vin khoa
hc Vit Nam nhit ti thch cho s pht trin ca to l 32oC. (Nguyn Anh Dng,
1982).
Trong qu trnh b tr th nghim theo kt qu kho st v theo di, nhit
phng th nghim dao ng t 34 37oC, to pht trin mnh, sinh khi t nhiu. Nh
vy kt qu ghi nhn c v nhit trong c qu trnh thc hin phng th nghim
l ph hp cho s sinh trng, pht trin tng nng sut sinh khi to.
4.1.1.2 pH
Theo Ciferri and Tiboni (1985), trong cc h c nng mui cao (c bit l
carbonat sodium c ngun gc trm tch ni la), th d cc h thuc ng Phi, nc rt
kim, pH
9,4 11, S. platensis hin din mt cch u th. Do tnh kim ca mi
trng tng trng, s nhim khum trong dch nui cy Spirulina thp hn so vi to
34
nui cy chn hch hay t bo thc vt bc cao vi pH acid. (trch dn bi L Th

Phng Hng, 1996).
To Spirulina thng sng t nhin vng nc giu NaHCO3 v c pH = 8,5
11. Vi gi tr pH cao nh vy rt thun li cho vic np CO2 vo mi trng nui
cy.(Nguyn Anh Dng, 1982).
Trong nui to lc xut pht thng s dng mui bicarbonat vi pH hi thp
(khong 8 8,5) sau pH tng ln theo chiu phn ng to OH-, pH kim thch nghi
vi Spirulina nn hiu qu ca gn gi CO2 tt hn so vi nui to chlorella ( pH
trung tnh hoc acid), l mt li th ca Spirulina. (L nh Lng, 1999).
Tuy vy, s nhim khun khng phi khng xy ra, rt l trong cc ao nui cy
h (open pond culture), nu cc si to khng c ra nhiu ln vi dung dch sinh
l v trng (kt hp vi s lc hay ly tm). Nu dng to lm thc phm, s nhim
khun trn to s gy nguy him cho sc kho con ngi. (L Th Phng Hng, 1996).
Vic b tr th nghim vi thng s pH ghi nhn c t 8 11 trong sut thi
gian nui cy nh vy l rt thch hp cho Spirulina platensis pht trin.
4.1.1.3 Tc khuy sc
Mt iu ng ch l tc khuy trn nh hng n mt ti u ca to
trong dung dch. Trong iu kin t nhin ca ma h c chiu sng cao, khi nui
khng c khuy trn mt to nhn ban u tt nht l t 0,8 1,1 g/l, trong iu kin
nui theo phng php bn cng nghip c sc kh CO2 mt to c th gi l
0,5 3 g/l. (Nguyn Anh Dng, 1982).
Trong iu kin thc hin vic kho st cc nh hng phng th nghim tc
sc kh o c l 500 ml/pht, c th l ph hp cho nui cy to mt lng dung
tch nh. V vy khi nui qui m ln hn cn kho st thm tc ng ca h thng sc
kh v khuy trn i vi tc tng trng ca Spirulina.
4.1.2 nh hng ca cc phng php gy nui khc nhau ln s gia tng sinh
khi, thu hoch to Spirulina platensis
C th ni Spirulina l mt trong nhng i tng c coi l c tim nng, bi
nhng u im ni tri hn so vi cc loi khc nh,d nui,d thu sinh khi, phc v
35
cc mc ch nghin cu t khoa hc c bn n khoa hc ng dng thc tin cao. V

vy cc th nghim p dng trn i tng ny rt nhiu, ngi ta pha ch cc mi
trng nhn to khc nhau vi cc thnh phn n gin d kim m y cc dng
cht nhm tng sinh khi ca Spirulina. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn kch thch nhiu bin
php nhm tng sinh khi ca to cc phng din khc nhau, t tm ra cc im
ti u trong cc iu kin nh v nhit , nh sng, tc khuy sc mi trng... ph
hp vi iu kin nui trng rng ri tng ni.
Qua kho st nhn thy v c im nui trng Spirulina chng ta d dng nhn
ra nh hng ca cc iu kin nui cy l mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm trong
vic tng sinh khi. iu kin nui c th phi c ch v quan tm nhiu hn
bao gm cc thnh phn dng cht trong mi trng nui cy, nhit , nh sng
pH,... khi xem xt cn c bit tm hiu nh hng tc ng ring cng nh cng gp
ca cc nhn t trn trong qu trnh nui cy to Spirulina.
Spirulina cng l mt trong nhng loi kh nng thu hoch cao v d dng.
Ngi ta c th thu hoch chng bng cc bin php ly tm, lng, ta vi ho cht... n
cc phng php n gin cng c th thc hin c, nh phng php dng cc vi
lc hay li lc vi ng knh l lc ph hp c th thu c mt lng to theo
mun.
Tuy nhin iu ng quan tm hn c trong vic nui tng sinh khi Spirulina
l khi thu hoch mt lng to ti, thng phn nc cn li trong mi trng nui c
tnh nht ca kim rt cao, to thng c mi tanh rt nng. Kh nng tn ti mt lng
d tha no ca cc mui kim loi mang tnh baz trong to cng nh trong mi
trng nc cn li l rt cao, nh hng ti nhim mi trng. V vy vn t ra
nu dng to vo lm ngun thc phm cho ngi v ng vt th cn phi gim c
cc nh hng nu trn.
36
Hnh 4. 1: S nhn sinh khi Spirulina t ngun to ging ban u

Quy trnh nhn nhanh sinh khi ca Spirulina c miu t hnh 4.1 l : t
lng to ging ban u nui trong bnh tam gic 250ml, sau thc hin cc ln cy
chuyn, nui trong bnh tam gic 500ml hoc chai nc bin 500 ml chuyn sang nui
trong bnh tam gic 1L, nhn sinh khi ri cy sang bnh nha 5L. Thu nc to bnh
nha 5L ri chuyn sang nui trong cc th tch cha ln nh 10L, 20L,ta s thu c
lng sinh khi to theo mong mun.
4.1.2.1 Th nghim 1 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca nng nui cy ban
u ln kh nng thu hoch to
kho st nh hng ca nng nui cy ban u ln kh nng thu hoch to,
tin hnh cy to ging Spirulina platensis ba nng khc nhau 20%, 25%, 30%
vo 300 ml mi trng dinh dng c bn (Zarrouk). Th nghim c thc hin lp li
ba ln, mi nghim thc tin hnh nui trong 3 chai nc bin. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin
37
hnh thu hoch bng li lc v cn trng lng ti (mi chai nc bin ly mt mu

to ti).
Hnh 4. 2 : To ging c tr trong iu kin lnh trc khi em ra tin

hnh cc th nghim.
Hnh 4. 3 : To nui trong th nghim 1 ngy th 5
38
Bng 4. 2: Trng lng to ti thu c sau 7 ngy nui cy (S g to ti/1Lmi

trng) th nghim 1
t
Nng to cy ban u
TN
20 %
25 %
30%
t I
10
13
10
13
13
17
17
13
17
t II
10
10
13
13
17
17
17
17
t III
13
10
10
17
10
17
17
20
Nhn chung, trng lng to ti tng dn theo chiu tng ca nng , nng
nui cy ban u cng cao th trng lng to ti thu hoch c cng nhiu. iu ny
l ng vi quy lut v kt qu th nghim rt ph hp vi nhiu nhn nh ca cc tc
gi khc. cc khong nng nui cy khc nhau, khi b sung y mi trng
dinh dng v n nh iu kin nhit phng th nghim t 34 37oC, pH = 8 11,
tc khuy sc 500 ml/pht, cng nh sng 3000 3500 lux, th to pht tin
mnh sinh khi nhiu.
To c mu xanh
nht khi nui
nng 20%
To c mu xanh
nht khi nui
nng 25%
To c mu
xanh m khi
nui 30%
Hnh 4. 4 : To nui trong th nghim 1 ngy thu hoch th7
39
Qua s quan st trc tip mu ca dch to trong mi trng nui phng th

nghim nhn thy nng nui cy ban u 30% th mu to l xanh m hn so vi
20%, 25% to c mu xanh nht hn.
Theo nghin cu ca thc s L Th Phng Hng nm 1996 th t ngy th 5 - 7
l giai on to Spirulina platensis ko di ti a si to, trong giai on ny chiu di
si to t ti mc ti a.
C l v vy nn trng lng to thu hoch ngy th by s c kh nng l
nhiu nht so vi cc ngy khc .
Theo x l s liu bng stagraphic khng nh c s khc bit v trng lng to
ti thu hoch cc nng cy ban u l 20%, 25%, 30% v phng din thng k
hc (P < 0,05).
Cc khng bo kh gip
Spirulina ni trn b mt mi
trng Zarrouk
Hnh 4. 5 : Hnh thi si to Spirulina platensis quan st x400
40
th 4. 1 : Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c cc nng nui cy

ban u khc nhau (20%, 25%, 30%).
Nhn xt : theo biu trn th khong nng nui cy ban u l 30% th
kh nng thu hoch to l nhiu nht vi chu k 7 ngy.
Tm li vi iu kin nhit phng th nghim t 34 37oC, pH= 8 11, tc
khuy sc 500 ml/pht, cng nh sng 3000 3500 lux th khong nng
nui cy ban u l 30% kh nng thu hoch sinh khi to ti l nhiu nht, to c mu
xanh m hn so vi cc khong nng 20%, 25% vi chu k thu hoch l 7 ngy.
4.1.2.2 Th nghim 2 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca ch chiu sng ln s
tng sinh khi to
kho st nh hng ca ch chiu sng ln s tng sinh khi to, tin hnh
cy to ging Spirulina platensis nng 30% vo 300 ml mi trng dinh dng c
bn (Zarrouk) t trong cc iu kin chiu sng khc nhau : 1500 1750 lux, 3000
3500 lux, 4500 5250 lux. Th nghim c thc hin lp li ba ln, mi nghim thc
tin hnh nui trong 3 chai nc bin. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin hnh thu hoch bng
li lc v cn trng lng to ti (mi chai nc bin ly mt mu to ti).
41
Bng 4. 3 : Trng lng to ti thu c sau 7 ngy nui cy (S g to ti/1Lmi

trng) th nghim 2
t
Cng chiu sng khc nhau
TN
1500 1750 lux
3000 3500 lux
t I
17
17
20
20
17
20
23
27
20
t II
17
17
13
23
23
20
17
17
10
t II
20
20
13
20
20
20
17
23
23
4500 5250 lux
Theo kt qu trn vi vic x l bng stagraphic th trng lng to ti thu

c cc iu kin ch chiu sng khc nhau l c s khc bit v phng din
thng k hc (P < 0,05). V gia cc ch chiu sng khc nhau 1500 1750 lux vi
3000 3500 lux, 3000 3500 lux vi 4500 5250 lux, hay 1500 1750 lux vi 4500
5250 lux th trng lng to ti thu c cng c s khc nhau.
To c mu
xanh m
Hnh 4. 6 : To Spirulina platensis nui ngy th 5 trong iu kin nh

sng t 3000 3500lux
42
To c mu
xanh nht
Hnh 4. 7: To nui iu kin nh sng 1500 1750 lux trong ngy 1 ca

th nghim
To c mu
xanh m
Hnh 4. 8 : To nui iu kin nh sng 1500 1750 lux trong ngy 5 ca

th nghim
To lam c th sinh trng tt trong iu kin chiu sng t 1000 4500 lux.(
Nguyn Anh Dng, 1982). Trong th nghim b tr kt qu thu c khng nh
Spirulina c th sng sinh trng v pht trin c khi cng nh sng cheu t
43
1500 5250 lux. iu ny l tng i ph hp vi nhn nh ca cc tc gi nhau

trong iu kin phng th nghim.
th 4. 2 : Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c iu kin cng

chiu sng khc nhau (1500 1750 lux,3000 3500 lux,4500 5250 lux).
Nhn xt : nhn vo biu ta thy iu kin chiu sng 1500 1750 lux v
3000 3500 lux th trng lng to ti thu c l tng i n nh hn so vi
nghim thc cn li 4500 5250 lux qua ba t th nghim. Theo mt s kin ca cc
nh khoa hc th to Spirulina platensis sinh trng mnh iu kin chiu sng t
3000 3500 lux.V nhn chung kt qu th nghim thu c cng khng nh to
Spirulina platensis pht trin mnh t sinh khi nhiu v n nh iu kin chiu
sng t 3000 3500 lux, trong iu kin nui phng th nghim vi cc thng s nhit
phng 34 37oC, pH = 8 11, tc khuy sc 500 ml/pht.
4.1.2.3 Th nghim 3 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca khi lng mui
bicarbonat trong mi trng nui cy ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina
kho st nh hng ca khi lng mui bicarbonat trong mi trng nui
cy ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina, tin hnh cy to ging Spirulina platensis
nng 30% vo 300 ml mi trng dinh dng c bn (Zarrouk) t trong cc iu
44
kin mi trng cha 16g NaHCO3 , 16,8g NaHCO3, 17g NaHCO3. Th nghim c
thc hin lp li ba ln, mi nghim thc tin hnh nui trong 3 chai nc bin. Sau 7
ngy nui cy tin hnh thu hoch bng li lc v cn trng lng to ti (mi chai
nc bin ly mt mu to ti).
trng) th nghim 3
t
Nng mui NaHCO3
TN
16g
16,8g
17g
t I
20
20
17
10
13
20
17
20
17
t II
17
13
13
20
17
20
17
17
17
17
17
17
20
17
17
17
27
13
III
Kt qu thu c chng t Spirulina u c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin
tt trong cc iu kin mi trng c cha 16g NaHCO3 , 16,8g NaHCO3, 17g NaHCO3
Tuy nhin x l s liu vi phn mm stagraphic thy trng lng to ti thu
c nui trong iu kin mi trng c cha 16g NaHCO3 , 16,8g NaHCO3, 17g
NaHCO3 l c s khc bit v phng din thng k hc (P < 0,05). Tc l s pht trin
ca to trong iu kin mi trng c cha lng mui NaHCO3 khc nhau (16g
NaHCO3 , 16,8g NaHCO3, 17g NaHCO3) l khc nhau.
45
S hnh thnh
thnh cc hai
phn ct thnh
nhng an to
nh
Hnh 4. 9 : S hnh thnh cc th hoi bo mu vng ca Spirulina platensis

Kt qu thu c ng ngha vi vic c th nui Spirulina platensis cc iu
kin mi trng c cha t 16 17g NaHCO3. Theo l thuyt th Spirulina platensis c
th sng c trong mi trng c cha t 1,2 16,8 g NaHCO3. Vy kt qu thc
nghim kho st l tng i ph hp vi th nghim a ra.
46
th 4. 3 : Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c iu kin mi trng

cha hm lng mui bicarbonat khc nhau (16g NaHCO3, 16,8g NaHCO3, 17g
NaHCO3).
Nhn xt : t biu trn nhn thy mi trng cha 17g NaHCO3 th trng
lng to ti thu hoch c l nhiu nht v cht lng tng i n nh qua ba ln
th nghim. Nh vy nui Spirulina platensis trong phng th nghim vi vic kim
sot v n nh mt s yu t nhit phng 34 37oC, pH = 8 11, cng nh
sng 3000 3500 lux, tc khuy sc 500 ml/pht th mi trng c th cha lng
mui bicarconat t 16 17g NaHCO3 to vn sinh trng pht trin tt, sinh khi thu
c cao.
4.1.2.4 Th nghim 4 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca cc mi trng nui
cy khc nhau ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina:
kho st nh hng ca cc mi trng nui cy khc nhau ln s tng sinh
khi to Spirulina, tin hnh cy to ging Spirulina platensis nng 30% vo 300
ml mi trng dinh dng khc nhaubao gm : mi trng 1 : mi trng c bn
(Zarrouk), mi trng 2 : mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3, mi trng 3 :
mi trng 1,5 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3. Th nghim c thc hin lp li ba ln,
47
mi nghim thc tin hnh nui trong 3 chai nc bin. Sau 7 ngy nui cy tin hnh
thu hoch bng li lc v cn trng lng to ti (mi chai nc bin ly mt mu
to ti).

trng) th nghim 4
t
TN
Cc mi trng nui cy
Mi trng c bn
Mi trng 1 ml r ng
Mi trng 1,5 ml r
(Zarrouk)
+ 16.8 g NaHCO3
ng + 16.8 g
NaHCO3
t I
20
20
23
13
17
23
23
23
17
t II
23
17
23
27
23
20
13
13
10
t II
23
13
13
20
17
17
17
20
20
Kt qu thu c ng ngha vi vic to Spirulina platensis c th sinh trng

v pht trin tt trong c 3 loi mi trng (mi trng c bn (Zarrouk), mi trng 1
ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3, mi trng 1,5 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3).
C s khc bit v phng din thng k hc (P < 0,05) trng lng to ti thu
c nui trong iu kin cc mi trng khc nhau (mi trng c bn (Zarrouk), mi
trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3, mi trng 1,5 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3)
khi x l s liu vi phn mm stagraphic. Tc l s pht trin sinh khi ca to trong
cc mi trng khc nhau l khc nhau.
48
Hnh 4. 10 : Hnh thi si to trong mi trng c s dng r ng 1ml

quan st x400
49
S hnh thnh cc
bt kh khng tan
trong chai to do
sinh khi pht trin
nhiu
Hnh 4. 11 : Kh nng ln sinh khi cao v c ca to trong mi trng 1ml

r ng + 16,8g NaHCO3
Ngi ta nghin cu v tm ra rt nhiu cc mi trng nhn to n gin d
kim m vn y dng cht cho s pht trin ca to Spirulina platensis, v mi
trng r ng cng c th l mt trong nhng mi trng c th thay th mi trng
c bn.Vy kt qu thc nghim kho st l tng i ph hp vi th nghim a ra.
50
th 4. 4 : Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c iu kin mi trng

khc nhau ( mi trng c bn (Zarrouk), mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g
NaHCO3, mi trng 1,5 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3).
Nhn xt : t biu trn nhn thy mi trng cha 1ml r ng + 16,8g
NaHCO3 th trng lng to ti thu hoch c l nhiu nht v cht lng tng i
n nh qua ba ln th nghim. Nh vy nui Spirulina platensis trong phng th
nghim vi vic kim sot v n nh mt s yu t nhit phng 34 37oC, pH = 8
11, cng nh sng 3000 3500 lux, tc khuy sc 500 ml/pht th c th dng
mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3 thay th cho mi trng c bn ( Zarrouk)
m to vn sinh trng pht trin tt, sinh khi thu c cao.
4.2 Phng php thu hoch to
Trong qu trnh lm th nghim nhn thy Spirulina l mt trong nhng i tng
d dng thu hoch bng cc li lc vi ng knh l thch hp. C th ni li lc l
cng c thu hoch to va tin li va d kim, m chi ph li khng cao qu. Vic thu
hoch to tt, hiu qu cao th sinh khi thu c l mt iu ht sc n gin cho cc
cng on ch bin to sau ny.
Trn th gii, ngi ta thu hoch to theo nhiu phng php khc nhau.
51
Phng php ly tm vi vic s dng cht lng ng
Theo Glueke v Oswald (1965) nghin cu nh hng ca phn, cacbonmetylxenluloz bentonid v vi n hiu qu thu hi to bng phng php ly tm, h rt ra
kt lun l khi cho cc cht ph gia vo dung dch v a pH ti 6,8 th vic thu
hi to bng vic ly tm kh tt.
Nhng gi thnh khi thu hoch to c th s dng ph gia kh cao, chng t
phng php ny khng kinh t.
Phng php kt t v tuyn ni
Nhiu nh khoa hc s dng thnh cng phng php kt t v tuyn ni thu

hoch to. Theo phng php ny u tin ngi ta cho phn (l cht kt t) kt t
to li sau sc khng kh vo cc cm kt ta ni ln v ngi ta vt ra ngoi.
Tuy nhin theo phng php ny phi tiu tn kh nhiu ho cht (liu lng phn ti
70 100 mmg/1 lt dung dch), do hm lng phn cao nh vy trong sn phm c th
gy c hi i vi cc ng vt nui.
Phng php t kt ta
T kt ta l hin tng lng ng to sau mt thi gian nui cy do pH tng ln rt

cao. V to tiu th CO2 nn pH tng ln dn dn ti vic kt ta ca hydroxyt magie
(Mg(OH)2) v carbonatcanxi (CaCO3) s ko theo to lng xung. Vic thu hoch to
theo phng php ny c mt s nhc im : do thu hoch bng lng trng lc dn ti
yu cu phi tuyt i tnh, nhit v thi tit c th nh hng ti vic tng cao pH
do nh hng ti vic lng ng to, mt khc theo phng php ny cn mt din
tch kh rng.
Phng php kt hp nh tc dng ca trng lc v lc ly tm
Nm 1967 cong ty SOSA (Mhic) a ra mt phng php thu hoch to kh kinh t :

Dch to u tin c lc trn cc tm nghing nh tc dng ca trng lc. Sau dch
to c lc tinh trn my lc trng quay hoc ly tm. Theo phng php ny khng
phi tiu tn ho cht, sn phm to thu c m bo v sinh, sch s, thit b thu
hoch kh n gin. (Nguyn Anh Dng, 1982).
52
Hnh 4. 12: To Spirulina Platensis thu hoch bng li lc

Nh vy theo kt qu thc nghim th nghim v thng k cc phng php a
ra, th vn thu hoch to bng li lc l ph hp vi cc th nghim dung tch nh
trong iu kin phng th nghim. Li lc vi ng knh l lc ph hp m bo
c cc thng s nh m bo v sinh, an ton, hiu qu, khng gy c hi, thit b
n gin t tn km kinh t.
4.3 My khuy dung tch nh
4.3.1 Nguyn tc cu to
Thit b khuy gm cc b phn c bn sau :
Thng khuy hay cn gi l thng cha (6) hnh tr vi y trn, c lm t thng
nc th tch ti a c th cha l 21L, bn trong l mi trng dch lng nui to cha
y cc cht dinh dng cn thit. Theo ng tm ca thng lp trc khuy (8) vi
cnh khuy (3). Trc khuy xuyn qua np v h phn trn bi mt trong hai chic
trong cp bnh rng (4).Truyn chuyn ng cho trc khuy t ng c (5) qua nm
iu chnh tc (2) to tc thch hp cho cnh khuy. Bin np (1) c nhim v
n nh khi dng in chy qua ti v lm quay ng c. Khung s (7) c tc dng nng
53
v im ta cho ton b thit b khuy, bn trn c y np bng ba cactong cng

gim s nh hng ca iu kin bn ngoi ti mi trng nui.
Thit b khuy dung tch nh ny c ch to theo dng h, tc l khng c s ngn
cch gia mi trng nui to vi mi trng bn ngoi.
Hnh 4. 13 : Nguyn tc cu to my khuy

4.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Khi c dng in xoay chiu chy qua bin p chuyn i thnh dng mt chiu
lm quay ng c. ng c truyn chuyn ng v lm quay trc khuy thng qua
truyn chuyn ng cho cp bnh rng. Cnh khuy c gn mt cch chc chn trc
khuy, v vy khi trc khuy quay ko theo s quay ca cnh khuy to chuyn ng
trn trong dung dch nui ca thng cha. Nh vy trong mi trng nui to s hnh
thnh mt khi dch lng chuyn ng thng nht, cht dinh dng s gp tip xc vi
to cc v tr khc nhau, khng lm lng ng to, to s sinh trng v pht trin tt.
54
S hnh thnh cc
vng to khi nui bng
sc kh bnh nha
10L
Hnh 4. 14: Nui to trong cc bnh nha th tch 10L
Hnh 4. 15: M hnh 3D my khuy dung tch nh
55
4.3.3 ng dng nui to th tch nh

Vi th tch cha trong bnh cha r 20 50 L, my khuy to ny c th p
dng nui Spirulina platensis trong phng th nghim. Nu thng cha l thng nha
dung tch ti a khong 20 L, t c hai thng trong khung ca my khuy vi mt
khong cch thch hp nh hnh 4.15, mi thng s c khuy vi cc cnh khuy
ring. Nh vy, trong mi thng dung dch to s l mt hn hp chuyn ng ng
nht di tc dng ca thit b khuy, trnh c hin tng phn tng to trong dch
nui cy. Khi thu hoch sinh khi to c th nng phn gi h thng ca thit b
khuy, hai thng mi trng nui to s c ko ra d dng, thun tin cho vic b
sung mi trng cng nh cung cp ging hay thu hoch to. Ngoi ra ta c th thay h
thng hai thng cha bng mt t knh cha bng knh dung tch t 20 50L, khi s
hnh thnh hai lung chuyn ng ca dch to trong t knh, to s c iu kin tip
xc vi cht dinh dng sinh trng v pht trin n nh.
Thng ng dch to
Spirulina platensis lng
(mi trng Zarrouk)
Thng ng dch to
Spirulina platensis lng
(mi trng r ng)
B phn
nng thit
b khuy
Hnh 4. 16: My khuy ng dng nui to Spirulina platensis
56
PHN V : KT LUN V NGH

5.1 Kt lun
Qua qu trnh kho st bng thc nghim mt s phng php tng sinh khi to
Spirulina platensis qui m phng th nghim chng ti rt ra mt s kt lun sau :
5.1.1 Th nghim tng sinh khi Spirulina platensis
Vi cc khong nng nui cy ban u th s gia tng sinh khi to t l
thun vi nng nui cy. C th nng cy to ging ban u l 20%, 25%, 30%
th 30% trng lng to ti thu hoch c nhiu nht, v to c mu xanh m hn
so vi nng 20%, 25%. Nh vy c s nh hng ca nng to ging ban u
ti kh nng thu hoch to ti.
nh sng nh hng n s gia tng sinh khi to. Vi cc nghim thc
1500 1750 lux, 3000 - 3500 lux, 4500 5250 lux khng nh to Spirulina platensis
c th sng v sinh trng tt, trong iu kin cng nh sng t 1500 5250 lux.
Trong khong cng t 3000 3500 lux to sinh trng v pht trin mnh v
tt nht.
Hm lng mui bicarbonat trong mi trng nui cy c nh hng ti
kh nng tng sinh khi to. To Spirulina platensis c th sng v tn ti, pht trin
mnh trong iu kin mi trng dinh dng c cha hm lng NaHCO3 t 16 17g.
iu kin mi trng cha 17g NaHCO3, th trng lng to ti thu c nhiu nht
v cht lng tng i n nh qua ba ln lp li th nghim.
Mi trng khc nhau c nh hng ti vic tng sinh khi to (mt trng
Zarrouk, mt trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3, mi trng 1,5 ml r ng +
16,8g NaCHO3). Spirulina platensis c th tng sinh v pht trin tt trong c ba loi
mi trng trn. Mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3 v mi trng 1,5 ml r
ng + 16,8g NaCHO3 c th thay th c mi trng c bn Zarrouk m hm lng
sinh khi to vn cao. Trong mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3 trng lng
to ti thu hoch c l nhiu v tng i n nh hn so vi hai mi trng cn li.
57
5.1.2 Phng php thu hoch to

Theo thng k v thu thp th c rt nhiu phng php khc nhau thu hoch
to Spirulina platensis. Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, chng ti thy phng php thu
hoch bng li lc l tt nht v ng knh li lc ph hp th phng php ny vn
cho kh nng thu hoch cao, hiu qu, an ton, v sinh, khng c hi v nhim mi
trng. Bng kho st thc nghim trong cc th nghim tng sinh khi to thy nn
dng li lc thu hoch Spirulina platensis.
5.1.3 My khuy to dung tch nh
C th thit k cc my khuy to dung tch nh t 20 50L qui m phng th
nghim vn c kh nng tng sinh khi to tt. Spirulina platensis c th khuy trong
mi trng dch lng trong iu kin kho st th nghim cho kt qu sinh trng n
nh sinh khi nhiu. My khuy to l mt trong nhng ng dng cho vic nui to
th tch 20 50L, ngoi ra cn hn ch c vic ni vng to ca cc qu trnh sc kh
khi nui to cc bnh nha th tch t 5 20L.
5.2. ngh
Trong qu trnh thu hoch to cn tm cch kh mi tanh ca to, x l cc
ho cht ca mi trng nui.
Th nghim cc phng php gy nui tng sinh khi to quy m sn xut.
B tr th nghim cc iu kin nhit thp v cao hn (ngoi khong
nhit 34 37oC).
Kho st thm tc ng cng gp ca cc yu t l ha trong khi nui cy
Spirulina platensis phng th nghim.
Nn tin hnh x l dch nui (sau khi thu hoch to) trnh lm
nhim mi trng v cc h sinh thi.
B tr th nghim thu hoch to vi nhiu c li lc vic thu hoch t kt
qu ti u.
Cht lng to sau khi thu hoch cn c kim nh v v sinh an ton thc
phm.
Cn th nghim nui to vi iu kin khuy trn b mt.
58
TI LIU THAM KHO

TING VIT
1. William S. Gunther (2001) : Aphoto- Bioreactor With On- Line Biomass and
Growth Rate Estimations for Optimization of Light Intensity in Cultures of
Phototrophic Microorganisms. Masters Thesis Department of Life Science
Aalbog University Sohngaardsholmsvej 49 DK- 9000 Aalbog.
2. V B Minh (2004) : K thut phn ng. Qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ho
hc & thc phm trng i Hc Quc gia TP.HCM.
3. Ree Chou (1993) : Aquafeeds and feedinh strateries in Singapore. Ti liu
mng
4. Qiang Hu and Milton Sommerfeld (2004) : Selection of hight performance
microalgae for bioremediation of nitrate- contaminated groundwater. School of
Life Sicences Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287- 4501.
5. Phm inh Thanh Nhn, Hong Thanh Phng (2005) : Tc ng ca cht kch
thch sinh sn ln s gia tng s lng lun trng ( Brachionus plicatilis). Lun
vn tt nghip trng i Hc Nng Lm TP.HCM.
6. Phm Hong H (1972) : To hc. Trung tm hc liu B gio dc.
7. O. Pulz ( 2001) : Photobiorectors : production systm for phototrophic
microoganism. IGV Institute for Cereal Processing, Arthur- Scheunert- Alee
40/41, 14558 Bergholz- Rehbrucke, Germany.
8. Nguyn Vn La (1999) : Cc qu trnh v thit b c hc quyn I : Khuy
Lng lc. Cc qu trnh v thit b trong cng nghip ho cht v thc phm
trng i Hc K Thut TP.HCM.
9. Nguyn Thanh Tng (1998) : Ti nguyn v sinh thi rong. T sch trng
i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin i Hc Quc gia TP.HCM.
10. Nguyn c Lng (2002) : Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip. Cng ngh vi sinh
tp II trng i Hc Bch Khoa i Hc Quc gia TP.HCM.
59
11. Nguyn Anh Dng, (1982) : Nghin cu, thit k c s sn xut to Spirulina
t ngun nc khong Vnh Ho- Thun Hi. n tt nghip trng i Hc
Bch Khoa H Ni.
12. ng nh Kim, ng Hong Phc Hin (1999) : Cng ngh sinh hc vi to.
Trung tm khoa hc t nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia.
13. Malcolm R. Brown (2002) : Nutritional values and Use of Microalgae in
Aquaculture. CISRO Marine Researh, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001 Australia.
14. L Thanh Hng (2000) : Dinh dng v thc n thu sn. Bi ging trng
i Hc Nng Lm TP.HCM.
15. L Th Phng Hng (1996) : Gp phn tm hiu s tng trng ca to lam
Spirulina platensis (Nordst.) Geitler.. Lun vn thc s khoa hc khoa hc
chuyn nghnh vi sinh trng i Hc Khoa Hc T Nhin i Hc Quc gia
TP.HCM.
16. L nh Lng (1999) : Spirulina nui trng s dng trong y dc & dinh
dng. Sch chuyn kho phc v Cng ngh sinh hc Y t Nh xut bn Y hc
chi nhnh TP.HCM.
17. Eirik O. Duer, Augustin Molnar, and Vernon Sato (1998) : Cultured microalgae
as aquaculture feeds. The Oceanic Institute, Makapuu Point, Waimanalo, HI
96795, USA.
18. Ed- Hanun Chang and Shang- Shyng Yang (2002) : Some characteristics
microalgae isolated in Taiwan for biofixation of carbon dioxide. Department of
Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Tapei, Taiwan 1067.
19. Dng Tin c (1996) : Phn loi vi khun lam Vit Nam. Nh xut bn
Nng nghip.
20. Bi Minh Tr (2005) : Vi to trong cng ngh sinh hc. Bi ging Cng ngh
sinh hc thc vt trng i Hc Nng Lm TP.HCM.
21. Nguyn Vn Tuyn (2003) : a dng to trong thu vc ni a Vit Nam trin
vng v th thch. Nh xut bn nng nghip.
60
PH LC
Ph lc 1 : Mi trng Zarrouk nui to ( ng nh Kim, ng Hong Phc
Hin, 1999).
STT
Thnh Phn
n v ( g/L)
NaCl
MgSO4.7H2O
0,2
CaCl2
0,04
FeSO4.7H2O
0,01
EDTA
0,08
KH2PO4
0,5
NaNO3
2,5
K2SO4
NaHCO3
16,8
Ph lc 2 : Trng lng to ti thu c trong th nghim 1 (g/L)

t
Nng nui cy to ging Spirulina platensis ban u
Tn
20%
25%
30%
t I
10
13
10
13
13
17
17
13
17
t II
10
10
13
13
17
17
17
17
13
10
10
17
10
17
17
20
III
61

t
Cc cng chiu sng khc nhau
Tn
1500 1750 lux
t I
17
17
20
20
17
20
23
27
20
t II
17
17
13
23
23
20
17
17
10
20
20
13
20
20
20
17
23
23
3000 3500 lux
4500 5250 lux
III
t
Cc hm lng mui bicarbonat trong mi trng nui cy ( g/L)
Tn
16g NaHCO3
16g NaHCO3
16g NaHCO3
t I
20
20
17
10
13
20
17
20
17
t II
17
13
13
20
17
20
27
17
27
17
17
17
20
17
17
17
27
13
III
t
Tn
Cc loi mi trng khc nhau (ml/L)

0 ml r ng (
1 ml r ng + 16,8g
1,5 ml r ng
Zarrouk)
NaHCO3
+16,8g NaHCO3
t I
20
20
23
13
17
23
23
23
17
t II
23
17
23
27
23
20
13
13
10
23
13
13
20
17
17
17
20
20
III
62
Ph lc 6 : Bng Anova ca th nghim 1

One-Way Analysis of Variance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Data: NONGDO1.tro_ng_l__
Level codes: NONGDO1.no_ng__o__
Labels:
Means plot: LSD
Confidence level: 95
Range test: LSD
Analysis of variance
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Source of variation Sum of Squares d.f. Mean square
F-ratio Sig. level
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
Within groups
213.85185
122.88889
106.92593
24
20.882
.0000
5.12037
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corrected)
336.74074
26
0 missing value(s) have been excluded.
Ph lc 7 : Bng trung bnh ca th nghim 1

Table of means for NONGDO1.tro_ng_l__ by NONGDO1.no_ng__o__
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Stnd. Error Stnd. Error
Level
Count
95 % LSD
Average (internal) (pooled s)
intervals for mean
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
10.000000
.7071068
.7542745
8.898952
11.101048
0.25
13.666667
.9279607
.7542745
12.565619
14.767715
0.3
16.888889
.5879447
.7542745
15.787841
17.989937
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
27
13.518519
.4354806
.4354806
12.882828
14.154209
63
Ph lc 8 : Trc nghim chi tit ca th nghim 1

Multiple range analysis for NONGDO1.tro_ng_l__ by NONGDO1.no_ng__o__
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95 Percent LSD
Level
Count
Average Homogeneous Groups
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.2
10.000000 X
0.25
13.666667
0.3
16.888889
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------contrast
difference
limits
0.2 - 0.25
-3.66667
2.20210 *
0.2 - 0.3
-6.88889
2.20210 *
0.25 - 0.3
-3.22222
2.20210 *
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Data: ANHSAN1.Tro_ng_l__
Level codes: ANHSAN1.as
Labels:
Means plot: LSD
Range test: LSD
F-ratio Sig. level
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
280.07407
Within groups
58.88889
18
8
15.559671
2.114
7.361111
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corrected)
338.96296
26
.1407
64

Table of means for ANHSAN1.Tro_ng_l__ by ANHSAN1.as
Level
Count
95 % LSD
intervals for mean
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1500 1
17.111111
.9043789
.9043789
15.636026
18.586196
3000 3
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
3001 3
17.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
12.574745
21.425255
3002 3
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
3003 3
23.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
18.574745
27.425255
3004 3
23.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
18.574745
27.425255
3005 3
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
3006 3
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
3007 3
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
3008 3
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
4500 5
23.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
18.574745
27.425255
4501 5
27.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
22.574745
31.425255
4502 5
20.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
15.574745
24.425255
4503 5
17.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
12.574745
21.425255
4504 5
17.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
12.574745
21.425255
4505 5
10.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
5.574745
14.425255
4506 5
17.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
12.574745
21.425255
4507 5
23.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
18.574745
27.425255
4508 5
23.000000
.0000000
2.7131368
18.574745
27.425255
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
27
19.037037
.5221434
.5221434
18.185396
19.888678

Multiple range analysis for ANHSAN1.Tro_ng_l__ by ANHSAN1.as
65
Level
Count
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4505 5
10.000000 X
3001 3
17.000000 XX
4503 5
17.000000 XX
4504 5
17.000000 XX
4506 5
17.000000 XX
1500 1
17.111111 X
3000 3
20.000000 XX
3002 3
20.000000 XX
3005 3
20.000000 XX
3006 3
20.000000 XX
3007 3
20.000000 XX
3008 3
20.000000 XX
4502 5
20.000000 XX
3003 3
23.000000 XX
3004 3
23.000000 XX
4500 5
23.000000 XX
4507 5
23.000000 XX
4508 5
23.000000 XX
4501 5
27.000000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------contrast
difference +/- limits
1500 1750 lux - 3000 3500 l
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3001 3500 l
0.11111
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3002 3500 l
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3003 3500 l
-5.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3004 3500 l
-5.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3005 3500 l
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3006 3500 l
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3007 3500 l
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 3008 3500 l
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-5.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-9.88889
6.59678 *
1500 1750 lux - 4502 5250 lu
-2.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4503 5250 lu
0.11111
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4504 5250 lu
0.11111
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4505 5250 lu
7.11111
6.59678 *
66
1500 1750 lux - 4506 5250 lu
0.11111
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-5.88889
6.59678
1500 1750 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-5.88889
6.59678
3000 3500 lux - 3001 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3002 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3003 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3004 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3005 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3006 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
3000 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3000 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3002 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3003 3500 l
-6.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3004 3500 l
-6.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3005 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3006 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-10.0000
8.85051 *
3001 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
7.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
3001 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 3003 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 3004 3500 l
-3.00000
8.85051
67
3002 3500 lux - 3005 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 3006 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
3002 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3002 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 3004 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 3005 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 3006 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-4.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
13.0000
8.85051 *
3003 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3003 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 3005 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 3006 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
3.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-4.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
13.0000
8.85051 *
3004 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
68
3004 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3004 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 3006 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
3005 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3005 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 3007 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
0.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
3006 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3006 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 3008 3500 l
0.00000
3007 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
3007 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3007 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4500 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4502 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
8.85051
69
3008 3500 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
3008 3500 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
3008 3500 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4501 5250 lu
-4.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4502 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4503 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4504 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4505 5250 lu
13.0000
8.85051 *
4500 5250 lux - 4506 5250 lu
6.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
4500 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
4501 5250 lux - 4502 5250 lu
7.00000
8.85051
4501 5250 lux - 4503 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
4501 5250 lux - 4504 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
4501 5250 lux - 4505 5250 lu
17.0000
8.85051 *
4501 5250 lux - 4506 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
4501 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
4.00000
8.85051
4501 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
4.00000
8.85051
4502 5250 lux - 4503 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
4502 5250 lux - 4504 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
4502 5250 lux - 4505 5250 lu
10.0000
8.85051 *
4502 5250 lux - 4506 5250 lu
3.00000
8.85051
4502 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
4502 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-3.00000
8.85051
4503 5250 lux - 4504 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
4503 5250 lux - 4505 5250 lu
7.00000
8.85051
4503 5250 lux - 4506 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
4503 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
4503 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
4504 5250 lux - 4505 5250 lu
7.00000
8.85051
4504 5250 lux - 4506 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
4504 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
4504 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
4505 5250 lux - 4506 5250 lu
-7.00000
8.85051
4505 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-13.0000
8.85051 *
70
4505 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-13.0000
8.85051 *
4506 5250 lux - 4507 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
4506 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
-6.00000
8.85051
4507 5250 lux - 4508 5250 lu
0.00000
8.85051
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- denotes a statistically significant difference.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Data: KHOILU1.Tro_ng_l__
Level codes: KHOILU1.kho_i_l__2
Labels:
Means plot: LSD
Range test: LSD
F-ratio Sig. level
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
446.96296
Within groups
.00000
4
22
111.74074
999.999
.0000
.00000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corrected)
446.96296
26

Table of means for KHOILU1.Tro_ng_l__ by KHOILU1.kho_i_l__1
Level
Count
95 % LSD
intervals for mean
71
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 g
16.777778
.8296214
1.3298566
14.836527
18.719028
16,8 g
17.111111
1.1837375
1.3298566
15.169860
19.052362
17 g
20.222222
1.7933347
1.3298566
18.280972
22.163473
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
27
18.037037
.7677931
.7677931
16.916255
19.157819

Multiple range analysis for KHOILU1.Tro_ng_l__ by KHOILU1.kho_i_l__1
Level
Count
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 g
16.777778 X
16,8 g
17.111111 X
17 g
20.222222 X
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------contrast
difference
limits
16 g - 16,8 g
-0.33333
3.88250
16 g - 17 g
-3.44444
3.88250
16,8 g - 17 g
-3.11111
3.88250
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Data: MOITRU1.Tro_ng_l__
Level codes: MOITRU1.Kho_i_l__1
Labels:
Means plot: LSD
Range test: LSD
72
F-ratio Sig. level
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups
Within groups
29.85185
14.925926
452.22222
24
18.842593
.792
.4644
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (corrected)
482.07407
26

Table of means for MOITRU1.Tro_ng_l__ by MOITRU1.Kho_i_l__1
Level
Count
95 % LSD
intervals for mean
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------0 ml
19.444444
1.3955396
1.4469352
17.332289
21.556600
1 ml
19.666667
1.4043583
1.4469352
17.554511
21.778822
1,5 ml
17.333333
1.5365907
1.4469352
15.221178
19.445489
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Total
27
18.814815
.8353884
.8353884
17.595361
20.034268

Multiple range analysis for MOITRU1.Tro_ng_l__ by MOITRU1.Kho_i_l__1
Level
Count
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1,5 ml
17.333333 X
0 ml
19.444444 X
1 ml
19.666667 X
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
73
contrast
0 ml - 1 ml
difference
limits
-0.22222
4.22431
0 ml - 1,5 ml
2.11111
4.22431
1 ml - 1,5 ml
2.33333
4.22431
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- denotes a statistically significant difference.
Ph lc 18 : Bn v nguyn tc cu to ca my khuy
74
Ph lc 19 : M hnh 3D ca my khuy
LI CM N
Thnh knh gi li cm n n :
* Ban gim hiu trng i hc Nng Lm thnh ph H Ch Minh, Ban ch
nhim b mn Cng ngh Sinh hc, cng tt c qu Thy C truyn t kin thc qu
bu cho em trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng.
* C L Th Phng Hng tn tnh hng dn, gip v to mi iu kin
cho em thc hin v hon tt kha lun tt nghip ny.
* C Phm Th Hng Hnh, c V Th Thanh Bnh, c ng Th Thanh Ha, c
Trn Hng Thy khoa Thy Sn to mi iu kin gip em trong sut qu trnh
thc hin ti ti phng th nghim 305.
* Cc bn lp Cng ngh Sinh hc 28 ng vin, gip ti khi kh khn
cng nh chia x nhng nim vui ni bun trong sut thi gian hc tp.
* Bn H Tn lp Nui trng Thu sn 28, bn Tun Anh lp C kh 28A
gip ti trong sut thi gian thc hin ti.
* Cui cng con xin gi li cm n su sc chn thnh nht ti s c v v ng
vin ca gia nh, b m v em ang v s mi l im ta, ch da vng chc c v
tinh thn ln vt cht, cho con nim tin v ng lc vo chnh bn thn vn ln.
iii
TM TT
ng dng ca Spirulina platensis trong thc tin y sinh hc ln i sng ca con
ngi ngy cng c m rng nhiu hn. Cc nghin cu nhm tng sinh khi v kho
nghim nh hng ca cc iu kin khc nhau ln to ny c ch v quan tm c
bit. Vn t ra l lm sao tng sinh khi Spirulina trong qu trnh nui cy iu
kin phng th nghim nhm p ng tt cc ng dng quan trng trn.
Xut pht t chng ti tin hnh cc nghin cu nhm tng sinh khi
Spirulina platensis. Th nghim 1 : nh gi nh hng ca nng nui cy ban u
ln kh nng thu hoch to. Th nghim 2 : nh gi nh hng ca ch chiu sng
ln s tng sinh khi to. Th nghim 3 : nh gi nh hng ca khi lng mui
bicarbonat trong mi trng nui cy ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina. Th nghim 4 :
nh gi nh hng ca cc mi trng nui cy khc nhau ln s tng sinh khi to
Spirulina. Qu trnh thc hin cc nghin cu trn kt hp vi vic a ra phng php
thu hoch to thch hp, xut v th nghim m hnh my khuy to dung tch nh p
dng cho nui Spirulina platensis qui m phng th nghim.
Kt qu thu c sau khi x l s liu chng ti nhn thy nng sut to
Spirulina platensis tng theo s tng ca nng nui cy ban u trong khong nng
cy t 20% - 30%. S nh hng ca cng chiu sng ti tng sinh khi ca to
l c c s, cng nh sng thch hp nht nui to Spirulina platensis trong iu
kin phng th nghim l 3000 3500 lux, tuy nhin to vn c kh nng tng trng v
pht trin tt trong iu kin chiu sng t 1500 5250 lux. Khi lng mui
bicarbonat (NaHCO3) c nh hng ti mi trng nui to, Spirulina platensis c th
sng c vi hm lng mui NaHCO3 t 16 - 17g/L mi trng nui. Mi trng r
ng c th thay th c mi trng c bn (Zarrouk) trong nui to Spirulina
platensis, nn pha mi trng 1ml r ng + 16,8g NaHCO3 tng sinh to Spirulina.
Phng php thch hp nht trong cc th nghim thu hoch to Spirulina l dng
li lc. My khuy to dung tch nh c th c dng nui Spirulina platensis vi
th tch cha t 20 50L nui trong iu kin phng th nghim
iv
MC LC
LI CM Niii
TM TT..iv
MC LC..v,vi,vii
DANH SCH CC BNG...viii
DANH SCH CC HNH V THix,x
PHN I : M U...1
1.1 t vn .................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Mc ch nghin cu ................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Yu cu ........................................................................................................................ 4
PHN II : TNG QUAN TI LIU........3
2.1 To Spirulina platensis ................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Lch s pht trin v cc cng trnh gy nui to Spirulina trong v ngoi nc 5
2.2.1 Phn loi ................................................................................................................ 9
2.2.2 Phn b .................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Hnh thi v cu to............................................................................................ 10
2.2.4. c im dinh dng ca Spirulina platensis ................................................... 10
2.2.5. c im sinh sn ca Spirulina platensis......................................................... 13
2.3 iu kin nui cy v cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nui to Spirulina
platensis ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 nh hng ca nh sng ..................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Nhit ............................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3
Thng s pH .................................................................................................. 15
2.4 Thnh phn ho hc ca Spirulina platensis ............................................................. 15

2.5 Vai tr, v tr ca to Spirulina trong cng ngh sinh hc (CNSH)....................... 18
2.6 Mt r (hay r ng) .............................................................................................. 21
v
2.7 Cc kiu thit b ln men c th ng dng trong nui to ......................................... 23

2.7.1 Thit b c cnh khuy ........................................................................................ 23
2.7.2 Thit b c h thng thi kh ............................................................................... 26
PHN III : VT LIU V PHNG PHP24
3.1 a im v thi gian tin hnh ti ....................................................................... 27
3.2 Vt liu ....................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.1 Ngun to ging .................................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 Ho cht............................................................................................................... 27
a/ Mi trng Zarrouk l mi trng ho cht c bn cung cp cc thnh phn dinh
dng thit yu cho Spirulina : ................................................................................ 27
b/ Mi trng r ng ............................................................................................. 27
3.2.3 Dng c th nghim ............................................................................................. 28
3.3 Phng php nghin cu ........................................................................................... 28
3.3.1. Phng php b tr th nghim ........................................................................... 28
3.3.1.1 Th nghim 1 : nh hng ca nng nui cy ln kh nng thu hoch to
Spirulina ................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.1.2 Th nghim 2 : nh hng ca ch chiu sng ln s tng sinh khi to
Spirulina ................................................................................................................... 29
3.3.1.3 Th nghim 3 : nh hng ca khi lng mui bicarbonat trong mi
trng nui cy ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina : .............................................. 29
3.3.1.4 Th nghim 4 : nh hng ca cc mi trng nui cy khc nhau ln s
tng sinh khi to Spirulina:..................................................................................... 30
3.3.2 Phng php theo di ch tiu cht kng mi trng nui cy v iu kin nui
cy to Spirulina........................................................................................................... 30
3.3.3 Phng php x l s liu ................................................................................... 31
3.4 Thit k my khuy dung tch nh 40 50 l .............................................................. 31
PHN IV : KT QU V THO LUN..28
4.1. Cc th nghim tng sinh khi to ............................................................................ 32
vi
4.1.1 Mt s yu t l ho nh hng n th nghim kho st tng sinh khi

Spirulina ....................................................................................................................... 32
4.1.1.1 Nhit ........................................................................................................ 33
4.1.1.2 pH ........................................................................................................... 33
4.1.1.3 Tc khuy sc .......................................................................................... 34
4.1.2 nh hng ca cc phng php gy nui khc nhau ln s gia tng sinh khi,
thu hoch to Spirulina platensis ................................................................................. 34
4.1.2.1 Th nghim 1 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca nng nui cy ban
u ln kh nng thu hoch to Spirulina ................................................................ 36
4.1.2.2 Th nghim 2 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca ch chiu sng ln s
tng sinh khi to Spirulina ...................................................................................... 40
4.1.2.3 Th nghim 3 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca khi lng mui
bicarbonat trong mi trng nui cy ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina .............. 43
4.1.2.4 Th nghim 4 : Th nghim nh gi nh hng ca cc mi trng nui cy
khc nhau ln s tng sinh khi to Spirulina:......................................................... 46
4.2 Phng php thu hoch to........................................................................................ 50
4.3 My khuy dung tch nh .......................................................................................... 52
4.3.1 Nguyn tc cu to .............................................................................................. 52
4.3.2 Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................... 53
4.3.3 ng dng nui to th tch nh ........................................................................... 55
PHN V : KT LUN V NGH ........................................................................... 56
5.1 Kt lun ...................................................................................................................... 56
5.1.1 Th nghim tng sinh khi Spirulina platensis ................................................... 56
5.1.2 Phng php thu hoch to ................................................................................. 57
5.1.3 My khuy to dung tch nh .............................................................................. 57
5.2. ngh ...................................................................................................................... 57
TI LIU THAM KHO...57
PH LC
vii
DANH SCH CC BNG

Bng 2. 1 : Thnh phn ho hc ca to Spirulina .......................................................... 16
Bng 2. 2 : Thnh phn vitamin ca to Spirulina .......................................................... 16
Bng 2. 3: Thnh phn khong ca to Spirulina ............................................................ 17
Bng 2. 4 : Thnh phn axit amin ca to Spirulina ....................................................... 18
Bng 2. 5: Thnh phn ho hc v mt s tnh cht quan trng ca hai loi mt r ........ 22
Bng 3. 1: Thnh phn mi trng Zarrouk .................................................................... 27

Bng 3. 2 : Thnh phn cc mi trng r ng ............................................................ 28
Bng 4. 1 : Mt s yu t l ho trong qu trnh nui cy: ............................................. 33

Bng 4. 2: Trng lng to ti thu c sau 7 ngy nui cy (S g to ti/1Lmi
trng) th nghim 1 .............................................................................................. 38
trng) th nghim 2 .............................................................................................. 41
trng) th nghim 3 .............................................................................................. 44
trng) th nghim 4 .............................................................................................. 47
viii
DANH SCH CC HNH V TH

Hnh 4. 1: S nhn sinh khi Spirulina t ngun to ging ban u.......................... 36
Hnh 4. 2 : To ging c tr trong iu kin lnh trc khi em ra tin hnh cc th
nghim. ..................................................................................................................... 37
Hnh 4. 3 To nui trong th nghim 1 ngy th 5 ..................................................... 37
Hnh 4. 4 To nui trong th nghim 1 ngy thu hoch th 7 ..................................... 38
Hnh 4. 5 : Hnh thi si to Spirulina platensis quan st x400 ................................... 39
Hnh 4. 6 : To Spirulina platensis nui ngy th 5 trong iu kin nh sng t 3000
3500lux ..................................................................................................................... 41
Hnh 4. 7: To nui iu kin nh sng 1500 1750 lux trong ngy 1 ca th nghim
.................................................................................................................................. 42
Hnh 4. 8 : To nui iu kin nh sng 1500 1750 lux trong ngy 5 ca th nghim
.................................................................................................................................. 42
Hnh 4. 9 : S hnh thnh cc th hoi bo mu vng ca Spirulina platensis................ 45
Hnh 4. 10 : Hnh thi si to trong mi trng c s dng r ng 1ml quan st x400
.................................................................................................................................. 48
Hnh 4. 11 : Kh nng ln sinh khi cao v c ca to trong mi trng 1ml r ng +
16,8g NaHCO3 .......................................................................................................... 49
Hnh 4. 12: To Spirulina Platensis thu hoch bng li lc .......................................... 52
Hnh 4. 13 : Nguyn tc cu to my khuy .................................................................... 53
Hnh 4. 14: Nui to trong cc bnh nha th tch 10L ................................................... 54
Hnh 4. 15 : M hnh 3D my khuy dung tch nh ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Hnh 4. 16: My khuy ng dng nui to Spirulina platensis ....................................... 54
th 4. 1 Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c cc nng nui cy ban
u khc nhau (20%, 25%, 30%). ............................................................................ 40
th 4. 2: Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c iu kin cng chiu
sng khc nhau (1500 1750 lux,3000 3500 lux,4500 5250 lux). .................... 43
ix
th 4. 3: Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c iu kin mi trng cha

hm lng mui bicarbonat khc nhau (16g NaHCO3, 16,8g NaHCO3, 17g
NaHCO3). ................................................................................................................. 46
th 4. 4: Biu so snh trng lng to ti thu c iu kin mi trng khc
nhau ( mi trng c bn (Zarrouk), mi trng 1 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3,
mi trng 1,5 ml r ng + 16,8 g NaHCO3). ...................................................... 50

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.HCM

KHO NGHIM MT S PHNG PHP

Gio vin hng dn:

Sinh vin thc hin:

PGS. TS. TRN TH DN

Tn: BI TH NGC BCH

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

TRYING SOME METHODS FOR INCREASING WEIGHT OF

Ms.LE THI PHUONG HONG

M t nguyn tc cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my khuy t vic thit k

Kho st nh hng ca mt s thnh phn mi trng nui cy.

Kho st c nh hng ca iu kin nui cy ti vic tng sinh to.

Kho st phng php thu hoch to.

Kho st nh hng ca t l nui cy ban u ti vic thu hoch to.

xut a ra m hnh my khuy to dung tch nh.

PHN II : TNG QUAN TI LIU

Php dy cng nghin cu sut 15 nm (1968 1983), v xy dng c mt phng

Nhm tc gi trn do c gio s Nguyn Hu Thc (y ban khoa hc k thut

th l mt trong nhng x nghip chuyn sn xut to ln Vit Nam, vi h nui to

carbon, nit, cc cht khong a lng v vi lng...Ngoi ra chng cn cm ng vi

iu kin khuy trn, v.v...

sn xut sinh khi kinh t nht. l cc kho cu mi trng t nhin ca spirulina

cht vo ngun ti nguyn thin nhin : nc bin, nc sui khong, nc khong

(CH2O) +O2 + H2O + OH-

Carbon dng kh CO2 cng c th c s dng nhng phi m bo cho

+ Cc dng cht khong :

o Cc khong vi lng khc : Bo (B3+), km (Zn2+), Mangan (Mn2+),

Theo Nguyn Ln Dng (1980) c lng s tng trng ta c th o chiu

V vy pH c coi l yu t ch th, phn nh cc thnh phn nui dng cung

Bng 2. 1 : Thnh phn ho hc ca to Spirulina

Bng 2. 2 : Thnh phn vitamin ca to Spirulina

Bng 2. 3: Thnh phn khong ca to Spirulina

Bng 2. 4 : Thnh phn axit amin ca to Spirulina

2.5 Vai tr, v tr ca to Spirulina trong cng ngh sinh hc(CNSH)

Hiu qu kinh t cao v gp phn bo v, ci thin mi trng : Vi to

Gi tr s dng vt ra khi ranh gii truyn thng dng lm thc

Tham gia vo vic x l mi trng : ngoi vic cung cp dng kh oxy,

Spirulina cn c kh nng gn gi mnh cc cation c nh ch, thu ngn, cadmi,... nn

Spirulina c th l i tng chuyn ti cc tin b khoa hc k thut rt

hin i trong cng ngh sinh hc :

Nui nh hng gn gi cc cht c li cho dinh dng v tr bnh

cho ngi v ng vt. c cc tin b v nui cy Spirulina gn Iod (phng tr bnh

Spirulina vi cng ngh chuyn np gen: Chuyn np gen l k thut

phn lp gen t c th cho (donor), cy ghp vo b my di truyn ca c th nhn

Spirulina tng i thch nghi vi mi quy m sn xut : c th thu hoch

cng ngh t k thut nui b mt c in n k thut nui 3 chiu rt hin i. Cn

Cha hm lng ng cao

Ngoi ng saccharose ra cn cha nhiu cht hu c, v c, cc cht

Tuy nhin, r ng cng c nhng c im khng ph hp cho qu trnh

ln men. Mun s dng chng cho qu trnh ln men i hi phi c cc qu trnh x l

trnh ln men. Sau ln men chng s bm vo sinh khi vi sinh vt v bm vo sn

50%).Lng ng ny ch yu l saccharose nn khi tin hnh ln men phi pha long

gii quyt nhng c im khng thun li c trong mt r i vi qu trnh

Giai on t iu kin t nhin khng kim sot sang iu kin nui cy

trong phng th nghim v sn xut th vi cc yu t nh hng ti sinh l ca vi sinh

Giai on t iu kin c kim sot mc nh trong phng th nghim

sang giai on sn xut ln vi qui m ln. Cc thit b ln men vi chc m3 n hng

1- Cc khuy lm tng kh nng tip xc cht dinh dng v t bo vi sinh vt.

Thc hin cc qua trnh thu c : to nh tng, huyn ph, ho tan, ng

- Thc hin qu trnh trao i nhit : s kt tinh, trch ly, hp th v in

Thc hin qu trnh nhit : c c dung dch, un nng v lm ngui.

Thc hin cc phn ng ho hc.