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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

MC LC Trang LI M U Chng I. GII THIU CHUNG Chng II. C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH MUI CHUA RAU, C, QU 2.1.Lactic acid vi khun v qu trnh ln men lactic 2.2.Qu trnh ln men lactic. 2.3.Cc emzym ln men acid lactic 2.4.Bin i gen vi khun acid lactic Chng III.NG DNG QUY TRNH MUI CHUA TRONG SN XUT THC PHM 3.1.DA BP CI 3.1.1.Nguyn liu 3.1.2.Cng ngh ch bin. 3.1.3.Vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men. 3.1.4.Hao ht v h hng ca da bp ci . 3.2. DA CHUT MUI CHUA 17 17 18 18 22 25 26 7 7 9 14 15 1 4

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

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3.2.1.Nguyn liu. 3.2.2.Cng ngh ch bin. 3.2.3. Vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men . 3.2.4. Hao ht v s h hng ca da chut mui chua. Chng IV. TINH HOA VN HA NGI VIT. 4.1 .Mt s sn phm mui chua t rau,c, qu. 4.2.Tinh hoa vn ha m thc ngi vit. TI LIU THAM KHO.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

LI NI U

Rau qu ng mt vai tr quan trng trong ba n ca con ngi.trong rau qu co cc cht dinh dng qu nh: hidratcacon (ch yu l mt s loi ng nh glucoza, saccaroza, fructoza, tinh bt, xenluloza), cc acid hu c, vitamin, cc cht khong, tannin, pectin,.v.v Thnh phn ha hc ca rau qu tng i phc tp, nc chim t i 65% - 95% dng dch t bo. Trong dch ny c cc hp cht hu c v cc cht khong ha tan. Hm lng cht kh trong rau qu thng dao ng trong khong 10 20%, c trng hp cao hn. Trong rau qu c mt s loi cha mt s cht thm, cht mu cht khng sinh thc vt (fitonxit). Rau qu c tng i y cc ch dinh dng, v vy chng cng l mi trng thun li cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin. bo qun hoc gi rau, c, qu c lu m vn gi c gi tr dinh dng ,sau y chng ta i nghin cu tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qu ( mt trong nhng phng php bo qun truyn thng lu i ), em li rt nhiu li ch v kinh t. Do ti c nhiu ngha mang tnh thc t, ti liu bao qut kh r ng nn vic cht lc ti liu cn gp nhiu bt cp, thiu st. Rt mong c s gp chn tnh t qu thy c v cc bn sinh vin.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt CHNG I. GII THIU CHUNG . Ngun gc ca qu trnh bo qun rau qu bng phng php ln men c t thi c i. Trn th gii, hu ht rau qu c ln men vi qui m nh, nh trong iu kin gia nh hoc bi nhng ngi bun bn nh. Hin nay c mt s mt hng sn xut dng ny nh da bp ci, da chut mui chua v liu mui chua. C ngha thng mi quan trng v l tiu im cho seminar ny. C s gia tng quan tm trong phm vi rng cc loi rau qu ln men khc v nc p rau qu ln men , c bit th trng Chu u (Bng 2.1); tuy nhin, cc dng thng mi hu ht c sn xut vi qui m nh (Buchenhuskes cng cng s, 1990). Kimchi Hn Quc, mang tnh truyn thng trong cc ba n gia nh, gn y cng c thng mi ho (Cheigh & Park, 1994; Fleming cng cng s, 1995a). Vic nghin cu vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men rau qu sm bt u vo nhng nm u 1900. Nhiu nghin cu vn c gi tr n ngy nay, nhng c nhiu thay i trong qu trnh ln men rau qu vi qui m thng mi. Tiu im nghin cu gn y l vic rt b nc mui, l vn c ngha mi trng, v p dng vic cy men ging iu khin qu trnh ln men sn phm cui cng tng tnh vng chc. Nhiu bo ch vit v ch ln men rau qu, v ngi c c ch dn thm thng tin v ch ny. (Daeschel cng cng s, 1987; Buchenhuskes cng cng s, 1990; Fleming cng cng s, 1995a; Garrido-Fernandez cng cng s, 1995). Vi sinh vt tiu biu ca rau qu ti b nh hng ln bi vi khun gram m hiu kh v nm men, trong khi mt vi khun lactic to thnh lc u l th yu (Mundt cng cng s, 1967; Mundt & Hammer, 1968; Mundt, 1970; Schneider, 1988). Tuy nhin, hu ht rau qu hoc nc p ca chng chu s ln men lactic t pht trong iu kin ym kh vi m, nng mui v nhit c iu chnh thch hp vi khun lactic c s cnh tranh thun li. S pht trin ca vi khun lactic (Bng 2.2) ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc (mi trng dinh dng, nng mui, pH) v tnh cht vt l (loi rau qu, nhit
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt mi trng). Mi trng thay i trong sut qu trnh ln men, sinh vt chim u th thng l vi khun c c im c bit v sinh trng tt. Vi khun gram m sm b c ch trong qu trnh ln men bi mui thm vo v acid to thnh nhanh. Bng 2.1 Mt vi sn phm rau qu ln men mang tnh thng mi Chu u, Bc M v Hn Quc. Sn phm thng mi chnh liu Da bp ci chn) Da leo Capers C rt Ci bng Cn ty C tm Ti u xanh Trch t Buchenhiskes, 1993.
a

Sn phm thng mi ph Artis C chua xanh Bp ci (C chua cha Kimchia Lupinus beans Da t ngt t cay C ci ng Bp ci C ci

Sn phm c tnh thng mi cao Hn Quc.

Bng 2.2 Sn phm phc tp ca vi khun lactic trong qu trnh ln men rau qu. Vi khun acid lactic Hnh dng lactic Enterococcus faecalis L(+) Lactobacillus bavaricus L(+) Lactobacillus brevis Ln men d th Lactate, acetate, CO 2 Ln men ng th Lactate Dng ln men Cc s n ph m chnh Lactate

Ln men ng th

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt DL Lactobacillus plantarum D(-),L(+), DL Ln men d th D(-),L(+), DL Lactococcus lactis L(+) Leuconostoc mensenteroides D(-) Pediococcus pentosaceus DL, L(+) Trch t Fleming cng cng s (1995a). Vi khun lactic c kh nng sinh ra cc cht c hot tnh khng sinh, c ch vi khun phn hu peptides hoc protein tu thuc vo ging loi. Vi khun lactic l loi ph bin sn sinh ra cc cht c hot tnh khng sinh c trong qui m ln v nh (Klaenhammer, 1988). Nhng kt qu bo co nghin cu trn qui m ln, sn phm cht c hot tnh khng sinh ca vi khun lactic c phn lp t qu trnh ln men rau qu t nhin biu th rng cht khng vi khun phn hu protein ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh ln men thc phm truyn thng v mt sinh thi hc. (Fleming cng cng s, 1975; Daeschel & Klaenhammer, 1985; Anderson, 1986; Daeschel cng cng s, 1990; Harris cng cng s, 1992a; Uhlman cng cng s, 1992; Atrih cng cng s, 1993; Jimenez-Diaz cng cng s, 1993). Ln men ng th Lactate Ln men d th Lactate, acetate, CO 2 Ln men ng th Lactate Lactate, acetate Ln men ng th Lactate

CHNG II C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH MUI CHUA RAU, C, QU .

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Mui chua c ngha ln tong vic ct gi rau qu. Kh c th gi c cc loi rau bp ci, su ho, rau ci, da chut, c chua trong thi gian di cung cp cho ngi tiu dung cc thnh ph hoc khu cng nghip trong lc gip v hoc thi tit sang kh khan him rau ti. Mui chua rau da c t xa. Song, nc ta vic tm hiu cc qu trnh ha sinh vi sinh y ang c ch trng v n1 nay vic sn xut cc sn phm mui chua theo quy m cng nghip ang c chu trng pht trin. hin nay, cc sn phm mui chua ang c by bn trn thi trng thc phm v bc u nhm vo ng th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. 2.1.Lactic acid vi khun .[2] Vi khun lactic acid l mt trong cc vi sinh vt hc tt nht. pht trin mi quan trng c thc hin trong cc nghin cu ca cc vi khun axit lactic trong cc lnh vc a khng, bacteriocins, i biu cm, osmoregulation, autolysins v bacteriophages. Tin trnh ny cng c thc hin trong vic xy dng cc cp thc phm bin i gen vi khun axit lactic. Nhng tim nng m cc ng dng mi cho cc vi sinh vt trong ngnh cng nghip khc nhau Cc c tnh mong mun ca cc vi sinh vt cng nghip c kh nng ln men nhanh chng v hon ton nguyn vt liu r tin, yu cu s tin ti thiu ca cc cht m, cung cp sn lng cao stereo a thch acid lactic c th trong iu kin pH thp v nhit cao, sn xut s lng thp ca khi t bo v khng ng k s lng cc snphm ph khc. S la chn ca mt c quan ch yu ph thuc vo carbohydrate c ln men. Lactobacillus delbreuckii phn loi delbreuckii c kh nng ln men ng sucrose. Lactobacillus delbreuckiiphn loi bulgaricus c th s dng ng lactose. helveticus Lactobacillus c th s dng c hai lactose v galactose. Lactobacillus amylophylus v amylovirus Lactobacillus c kh nng ln men tinh bt. lactis Lactobacillus c th ln men glucose, sucrose v galactose. pentosus Lactobacillus c s dng ln men ru cht thi sulfite.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Lactobacillus c nhu cu dinh dng phc tp, v h l nhng nhm vi sinh vt b mt kh nng tng hp cc yu t tng trng ca mnh. H khng th pht trin hon ton vo ngun cacbon v nit mui v c. .[1] 2.2.Qu trnh ln men lactic.[4] 2.2.1. C ch ln men lactic Ln men lactic l qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh axit lactic nh vi sinh vt, in hnh l vi khun lactic. Ln men lactic l mt trong nhng loi hnh ln men pht trin nht trong thin nhin, c hai kiu ln men lactic chnh l ln men ng hnh v ln men d hnh. 2.2.1.1. Ln men lactic ng hnh (in hnh) Trong trng hp ny axit pyruvic c to thnh theo s EmbdenMayerhorf-Parnas (EMP). Sau axit pyruvic s to thnh axit lactic di tc dng ca enzyme lactatdehydrogenase. Lng axit lactic to thnh chim hn 90%. Ch mt lng nh pyruvat b kh cacbon to thnh axit axetic, etanol, CO2 v axeton. Lng sn phm ph to thnh ph thuc vo s c mt ca oxy. Phng trnh tng qut ca qu trnh ln men lactic in hnh nh sau : C6H12O6 ( glucoza ) 2CH3-CHOH-COOH + 94 KC ( acid lactic )

2.2.1.2. Ln men lactic d hnh (khng in hnh) Xy ra trong trng hp vi khun lactic khng c cc enzyme c bn c a s Embden Mayerhorf Parnas (aldolase v triozophotphatizomerase), v vy xilulose 5-photphat s c to thnh theo con ng pento-photphat (PP). Trong trng hp ny ch c 50% lng ng to thnh axit lactic, ngoi ra cn c cc sn phm ph khc nh: axic axetic, etanol, CO2. Cc sn phm ph tng tc vi nhau to thnh ester c mi thm. Phng trnh tng qut: . 2C6H12O6 = CH3-CHOH-COOH + HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH + ( glucoza ) ( acid lactic )
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( acid xucsinic )

Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt + CH3 COOH + CH3-CH2-OH + CO2 + H2 ( acid acetic ) ( ru etylic) Glucose axit lactic (40%) axit acetic etanol axit sucxinic. Lng sn phm ph to thnh hon ton ph thuc vo ging vi sinh vt, vo mi trng dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh, ni chung th axit lactic thng chim 40% l ng ng c phn hy, axit sucxinic 20%, ru etylic chim 10%, axit axetic 10% v cc loi kh gn 20%. 2.2.2.Vi khun ln men lactic 2.2.2.1. c im Vi khun ln men lactic thuc h Lactobacterium. y l nhng trc khun, cu khun khng to bo t v hu ht khng di ng, h hp tu tin. Chng c kh nng ln men nhiu loi ng n v ng i nhng khng c kh nng ln men cc loi glucid phc tp v tinh bt. S pht trin ca n cn c s c mt ca peptone, axit amin hay dng l giu vitamin, axit amin v khong cht. Qu trnh ln men xy ra tt nht trong mi trng axit pH t 5,5 6, khi pH nh hn 5,5 qu trnh ln men b dng li. Nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men t 15 50 oC. Tuy nhin, mi loi c khong nhit thch hp khc nhau, nu nhit ln hn 80 oC vi khun lactic b tiu dit hon ton. 2.2.2.2. Phn loi Ngi ta da vo qu trnh ln men chia vi khun lactic thnh hai loi: vi khun lactic ln men ng hnh v d hnh. Ln men ng hnh: + Lactobacterium casei: y l nhng trc khun rt ngn gy chua sa t nhin. Ym kh tu tin, ln men tt glucose, maltose, lactose to ra mi trng c t 0,8 1% axit lactic. iu kin bnh thng gy chua sa trong vng 10 n 12 gi. Ngun nit cho vi khun ny l peptone. Nhit ti thiu cho chng pht trin l 10oC, ti u l 35oC v ti a l 45oC, chng thu phn cazein v gelatin rt yu. + Streptococcus cremoris: thng to thnh chui di, thng pht trin nhit thp hn Lactobacterium casei, ti u t 25 oC 30 oC, ln men glucose, galactose.
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt + Lactobacterium bulgaricus: y l trc khun rt di, nhit pht trin ti u l 20oC, c kh nng ln men glucose, lactose. C kh nng to axit cao (3,7% axit lactic). + Lactobacterium delbruckii: thng gp trn ht i mch, y l trc khun ln. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh chng c kh nng to thnh si. Nhit ti u cho chng pht trin t 45 50oC, khc vi cc loi khc chng khng c kh nng ln men ng lactose v vy chng khng c dng trong ch bin sa. + Lactobacterium cueumeris fermenti: thng tm thy chng trong sa chua. L trc khun khng chuyn ng, thng to thnh t bo n v c khi to thnh chui. Thng chng to thnh chui trong qu trnh ln men. Kh nng to axit ti a trong mi trng t 0,9 1,2%. Ln men d hnh: + Streptobacterium hassice fermentatae: thng thy chng trong cc dch ln men chua rau ci. Chng tn ti tng t bo ring bit hoc ghp thnh tng i, hoc chui ngn c khi ghp thnh tng chui di hnh si. Khi ln men rau ci chua to thnh axit lactic, axit axetic, ru etylic v CO2. Ln men ng saccarose tt hn ln men ng lactose. + Lactobacterium lycopersici: l trc khun gram dng, sinh hi, t bo to thnh chui hay n, c khi ghp thnh i mt. Khi ln men chng to thnh axit lactic, ru tylic, axit axetic v CO2. Chng c kh nng to bo t, t bo sinh dng thng cht nhit 80 oC. 2.2.3. ng dng 2.2.3.1. Sn xut axit lactic Nguyn liu dng sn xut axit lactic l: r mt, ng, tinh bt c ng ho. Nng ng s dng cho qu trnh ln men lactic t 8 n 20%. Nu nguyn liu l r mt phi lm trong loi b cc hp cht cha nit. Qu trnh ln men lactic xy ra rt tt trong mi trng axit, tuy nhin vi khun lactic khng c kh nng chu c nng axit qu cao. Khi nng axit qu cao s nh hng n s pht trin ca vi khun, v vy cn phi iu chnh pH
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt ca mi trng t 6,3 6,5. Trong thc t sn xut ngi ta thng xuyn b sung vi ti hoc cacbonat canxi gi pH ca mi trng khng thay i. Axit lactic thu c s dng mui canxilactat. Nhit ti u cho qu trnh ln men lactic l 50oC, trong qu trnh ln men lactic c nhiu vi khun tham gia v v y sn phm thu c ngoi axit lactic cn c CO2 v mt s sn phm ph khc. Ngi ta sn xut axit lactic theo cch ln men ng hnh sau tinh ch thnh axit lactic tinh khit ng dng vo trong ngnh cng ngh thc phm, thay th axit citric trong sn xut bnh ko, hp Trong cng nghip nh, axit lactic l dung mi cho cng nghip sn xut sn, vecni, nhum v thuc da. Trong cng nghip ru, axit lactic c dng di dng mui ca canxi. 2.2.3.2. Ch bin cc sn phm sa Trong sa cha ng, cazein v cc loi mui khong khc nn l mi trng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Trong sa bnh thng cha kh nhiu vi sinh vt (khong 300 n 400tb/1ml), vi sinh vt xm nhp vo sa bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. sn xut cc sn phm sa khc nhau ngi ta dng cc ging vi khun lactic khc nhau. ng dng vi sinh vt vo trong ch bin sa c bit t rt lu. - Sn xut sa chua: nguyn tc lm sa chua l do s pht trin ca vi khun lactic lm pH gim mnh, cazein trong sa b ng t. Sa t dng lng chuyn sang dng keo st v c mi v thm ngon. Qu trnh lm sa chua ngi ta phi s dng hai chng vi khun lactic ng hnh v d hnh. Vi khun lactic ng hnh ln men nhanh lm gim pH, vi khun lactic d hnh ln men chm v to thnh mi thm c trng ca sa chua. - Sn xut phomat: sn xut phomat ngi ta dng enzyme ng kt thu cazein trong sa, sau tip tc cho ln men vi nng mui long. Tu loi phomat m trong qu trnh chn ngi ta s dng cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau. Cc loi vi sinh vt thng c s dng lm chn phomat l: vi khun propionic, nm mc
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt 2.2.3.3. Mui chua rau qu Mui chua rau qu nhm hai mc ch c bn sau y: bo qun nguyn liu v lm tng gi tr dinh dng, gi tr cm quan ca rau qu. Nguyn tc mui chua rau qu l to iu kin pht trin vi khun lactic ng thi hn ch tc dng ca vi khun gy thi ra. Hin nay c rt nhiu sn phm rau qu mui chua c s dng rng ri Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii. Qu trnh mui chua rau qu c tin hnh nh sau: - La chn rau qu - X l s b - Phi nng - Cho thm ng, mui, nc - Ln men - Mui chua. Thng thng mui chua rau qu ngi ta s dng 3% lng mui so vi rau qu. Nu nng mui thp th rau qu d b thi. Nu nng mui qu cao th qu trnh ln men chm, s to thnh axit lactic gim. Tc dng ca mt s qu trnh c bn trong mui chua rau qu. - Qu trnh phi nng: lm gim lng nc c trong nguyn liu. - Cho thm mui, ng: to p sut thm thu, lm nguyn liu d nn cht, khng b nt v tr nn gin. Lm tng nhanh qu trnh ln men. Nhit thch hp cho qu trnh ln men l 26 35oC. Tuy nhin, nhit ny vi khun butyric c th pht trin mnh nn trn thc t ngi ta khng ch nhit trong khong 20 25oC. Thng thng vi khun lactic chu c nhit thp hn so vi vi khun khc, v vy trong mui chua cn tng nhanh axit loi tr kh nng nhim ca mt s loi vi sinh vt khc. 2.2.3.4. chua thc n gia sc T lu ngi ta bit s dng qu trnh ln men lactic chua thc n gia sc. Phng php chua thc n gia sc c bit cn thit i vi cc tri chn nui gia sc.
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Nguyn liu dng lm thc n cho gia sc nu em phi kh s lm gim 50% gi tr ca chng. Nhng nu ta em chua th ch gim khong 10% gi tr. c bit bng phng php chua s tng nhiu ch s dinh dng khc ca thc n. Mt trong nhng phng php ph bin l chua thc n th cng. Cc loi thc n gia sc l thc vt c bm nh ri cho vo vt cha, cho thm mt t nc vo go. Sau kn 1 n 2 ngy v cho gia sc n. Qu trnh chua thc n gia sc thng qua 3 giai on sau: Giai on 1: l giai on pht trin hn hp nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nhau c trong thnh phn ca nguyn liu, t nc hoc t khng kh. Giai on 2: qu trnh ln men lactic ng hnh xy ra mnh. Cc loi vi khun lactic ch pht trin trong iu kin ym kh, nu c oxy vi khun gy thi pht trin s to thnh mi kh chu v nh hng n thc n chua. Cht lng khi ph thuc rt nhiu vo s pht trin ca vi khun lactic. Giai on 3: khi ti thi k chn th chnh vi khun lactic cng b tiu dit do lng axit lactic to thnh nhiu trong mi trng. Trong giai on ny nu khi khng sch m b ln t ct, vi khun butyric s pht trin, gy cho khi c v ng v mi kh chu. Nhit thch hp cho khi l 25 30oC. Hin nay trong qu trnh chua ngi ta cn cn cho thm mui vi nng t 0,1 0,5% so vi nguyn liu. Cho thm mui lm tng kh nng trch ly cc cht v tng cng kh nng trao i cht ca vi sinh vt. y l hnh thc bo qun thc phm bng cng ngh ln men vi sinh vt. Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc trong khi mui rau qu c th chia lm cc giai on: a. Mui n (NaCl) c nng 2,5 3% khi mui da s lm cho mi tr ng u trng ng v cc cht t t bo rau qu mt phn s khuch tn ra mi trng, do vi khun lactic cng cc vi sinh vt khc cng pht trin. . 2.3.Cc emzym ln men acid lactic.[2]
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Lactic acid c sn xut theo hnh thc L (+) hoc D (-) acid lactic hoc hn hp racemic ca n.Cc sinh vt hnh thnh L (+) hnh thc hoc D (-) hnh thc c hai dehydrogenases lactate (LDH), khc nhau v stereospecifity ca h. Mt s lactobacilli sn xut L (+) hnh thc, m v tch t gy ra mt racemase, trong chuyn i n thnh D (-) lactic acid cho n khi t c mc cn bng. The-lactate dehydrogenase L trong L. casei c tm thy l mt loi enzyme allosteric vi fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate (FDP). Trong mt s trng hp, Mn 2 + ng vai tr nh ng yu t ny. Cc LDH trong L. casei v sinh vt nhn chun v trong L. casei v vt c xng sng cho thy 37% v 76% tng ng, nhng cc trang web hot ng cho thy 70% v 86% tng ng trong cho thy rng nhng phn thit yu ca cc enzyme ny c bo tn. So vi cc enzym c xng sng L. casei c tm thy n 12 amino acid d-thiu-N ti ga cui, c tm thy l mt c im chung ca cc enzym vi khun khng phn bit cc hnh vi allosteric. L. casei cng mang 7 acid amin d lng b sung cui C nhng khng bit liu iu ny cng l c tnh ca cc enzym vi khun nh khng c trnh t hon chnh ca vi khun enzym khc c sn. Mc d s khc bit trong cu trc tiu hc, tinh th phn tch cho thy rng cu trc tng th ca cc enzym allosteric trong L. casei v cc-allosteric enzyme trong vt c xng sng khng phi l tng t. V vy, c l l s thay i nh trong c cu chnh c trch nhim cho hnh vi allosteric ca n. S vng mt ca cc amino axit u tin 12 N-trm cho thy mt lin kt effector trang web c th, cn k ton cho hiu lc c ch phn ly ca Mn 2 + hoc (Mn 2 + + FDP) trn enzim.Cc enzyme tetrameric phn ly thnh nh trng cho thy dung mi kh nng truy cp min ph tyrosine d lng, m c th khng nm trong khu vc lin h vi tiu n v. Tryptophan d lng nm trong s hp th tia UV v protein hunh quang bi effector rng buc nhng protein hunh quang c tm thy s c ph hy trong bromide sulfonium dimethyl, v cng khng c nh hng n FDP rng buc. V vy, n c th l do mt s d lng tyrosine t xa. Tuy nhin, s chuyn ha ng ca L. casei c tm thy s c kim sot bi cc loi carbohydrates c sn, trong xc nh s tin ca FDP v trung gian
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt phosphate triose. Kim sot cc hot ng ca LDH v enzyme khc sn xut cc cht chuyn ha khc vi acid lactic. Ngoi ra FDP kim sot c lp ca Lactate dehydrogenase c bo co trong L. bulgaricus . Khi sinh vt ny c trng trong nn vn ha lin tc, mt s thay i pH t axit kim khin n catabolize ng trong mt ch heterofermentation ca ng phn chia phosphoketolase. iu ny hm rng trong lactate dehydrogenases vi khun lactic acid c di s kim sot ca khng ch nh hng n allosteric m cn biu hin gen. 2.4.Bin i gen vi khun acid lactic.[2] Mt vi n lc c thc hin ci thin L (+) lactic acid sn xut bng k thut trao i cht trong lactobacilli sn xut c hai L (+) v D (-) axit lactic . Trong helveticus Lactobacillus bt hot ca LDH D (D-lactate dehydrogenase gen) dn ti mt s gia tng gp hai trong s tin ca L) lactic acid + (, qua phc hi tng s tin ca acid lactic n mc trong chng loi hoang d. Hai n nh LDH tiu cc chng D ca helveticus Lactobacillusc xy dng theo phng php thay th gen. l dng c xy dng bi mt xa ni b ca vng promoter do ngn nga s phin m ca cc LDH gen D. Vic th hai xy dng c chun b bng cch thay th LDH gen D vi LDH L, do nhn i liu lng gen. Cc lactate dehydrogenase-L l hot ng tng 53% v 93% tng ng trong hai chng bin i hn so vi chng loi hoang d. Hai D-lactate dehydrogenase m ging ch sn xut L (+) lactate trong mt s tin bng vi tng s lactate c sn xut bi cc chng loi hoang d ( Nikkila et al. 2000 ). Cc gen m ha L (+) lactate dehydrogenase c phn lp t Lactobacillus plantarum v nhn bn v tnh thnh Escherichia coli . iu ny c lp trnh t gen v c s dng xy dngLactobacillus plantarum chng bng cch qua th hin hoc khng th hin LDH L. Mt multicopy plasmid mang LDH gen L c gii thiu vo Lactobacillus plantarum m khng sa i cc tn hiu biu hin ca n. iu ny lm tng lactate dehydrogenase-L 13-ln nhng n hu nh khng c bt k nh hng n sn xut ca L (+) lactate hoc D (-) lactate. Mt n nh nhim sc th xa trong LDH L gen dn n s vng mt
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt ca lactate dehydrogenase-L v trong sn xut c quyn ca cc ng phn-D ca lactate ( Ferain et al. 1994 ). Trong Lactococcus lactis, khi s lng bn sao ca lac operon trong LDH L gen c tng ln, n dn n mt s gia tng nh trong sn xut axit lactic ( Davidson et al. 1995 ). Cc lactate dehydrogenase gen-D ( LDH D) ca johnsonii Lactobacillus c phn lp, v mt trong ng nghim sao chp ct ngn ca gen c s dng v hiu ha cc bn sao di truyn ca chng hoang d. i vi mt-bp xa 8 c to ra trong nhn bn v tnh LDH gen D v hiu ha chc nng ca n. Cc plasmid c cha cc thay i LDH D c chuyn giao cho johnsonii Lactobacillus qua comobilisation conjugative vi Lactococcus lactis . tch hp Crossover ca plasmid gen LDH trang web D c la chn, v chim ot gii ca cc cu trc dn n t bin hon ton thiu lactate dehydrogenaseD. S cn li thp hn L-lactate dehydrogenase hot ng nh tuyn pyruvate L-lactate vi mc tng bin vo cui acetaldehyde sn phm ph, acetoin v diacetyl ( et al Lapierre nm 1999. ). E. coli l mt ym kh ty , c th mang theo ln men trn trong hot ng c a glucose, cng khng th pht trin trn ng. Tuy nhin, mt dehydrogenase ru ( ADH),phosphotransacetylase (PTA) tng gp i t bin c th pht trin anaerobically trn ng bng cch ln men lactate sn xut D-lactate v mt lng nh ca succinat. Mt t bin b sung trong cacboxylaza gen pyruvate phosphoenol thc hin cc t bin sn xut D-lactate nh mt homofermentative trong cc sn phm ch yu c format, acetate, d-lactate, succinat v ethanol. Mt PTA - t bin, l khng th tng hp phosphotransacetylase chu trch nhim v s hnh thnh acetate, khng th pht trin trn ng. An ADH - khng c t bin ru vi khun axit lactic ( Narayanan v cng s nm 2004. ). An-Lactate dehydrogenase L gen c a vo ny lactate dehydrogenase D thiu gen t bin, iu ny dn n sn xutlactate dehydrogenase L l sn phm ln men chnh ( Chang et al. 1999 ). Rhizopus oryzae ln men enzyme ethanol cho php cc loi nm pht trin trong thi gian ngn khi khng c oxy. Mt t bin c phn lp th
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt hin ch c 5% ca hot ng dehydrogenase loi ru t nhin di O 2 iu kin hn ch. V vy, pyruvate c con thoi hnh thnh axit lactic ( Skory v cng s nm 1998.

CHNG III NG DNG QUY TRNH MUI CHUA TRONG SN XUT THC PHM. 3.1. DA BP CI.[3] S tin ho ca sn phm bp ci mui chua c bit n ngy nay l do nghin cu ca Pederson (1960) v Pederson & Albury (1969). Bp ci (Brassica oleracea) c bit v s dng thng t nht 4000 nm. Da bp ci l kt qu ca sn phm t qu trnh ln men lactic t nhin ca mui, bp ci c thi si. Theo ngi c ngha ca t acid (lm chua / Sauer) bp ci (Braut). u tin da bp ci c lm t nhng l bp ci vi ngun gim chua hoc gim cng nghip (Vaughn, 1985). Sau , bp ci c ct thnh nhiu ming nh, cho vo thng v rt dung dch c tnh acid Nc qu chua t cn xanh (cha chn) nho hoc ngun tri cy khc. Thi gian chuyn i t dung dch c tnh acid thnh nc da mui th khng c nh. 3.1.1.Nguyn liu Loi bp ci (cy trng) sn xut da bp c i thng mi c pht trin mt cch c bit. Yu cu l bp ci c mu trng, hng v du, ngt, v n lm cho sn phm tt hn. im cn quan tm l rng ln v dy c phn u (3.5- 5.5Kg) vi s lng ti thiu l xanh pha ngoi. Nng ng c th ln men c khong 5%, vi nng fructose v glucose xp x ngang bng nhau (mi loi 2.5%) v lng ng sucrose thp (Bng 2.3). Thnh phn ca mt vi loi bp ci c ch t di t khun v n ph thuc vo loi vi khun lactic chim u th trong qu trnh ln men (Kyung & Fleming, 1994a). Hu ht nhng thnh phn km hm quan trng l sn phm
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt thy phn ng glucose to thnh iso thiocyanates, nitriles v thicyanates.Gn y, hp cht km hm methyl methanethiosulphinates c xem nh hp cht dit khun ch yu trong bp ci (Kyung & Fleming, 1994b). Bng 2.3 Hm lng ng kh v khng kh trong nguyn liu bp ci, da chut . Thnh phn ng khng kh Sucrose ng kh Fructose
a b c d

Hm lng (%) L bp cia

Li bp cia

Da chutb

0.1- 0.4 2.0- 2.7 2.0- 2.1 2.2- 2.6

1.3- 2.4 1.0- 1.2 1.1- 1.7

NDd 1.0- 1.4 1.0- 1.3

Glucose Trch t Fleming cng cng s (1988b). Trch t McCombs cng cng s (1976) v Fleming cng cng s (1988b). Trch t Garrido- Fernandez cng cng s (1995). ND, khng pht hin (khng tm thy).

3.1.2.Cng ngh ch bin. Da bp ci c lm t phng php mui kh bp ci (Hnh 2.1). Bp ci t c ct loi b phn l xanh bn ngoi, l gy hoc l d (ti 30% khi lng). Nhng phn li c ct bng my ct li o ngc tc l ct phn li trn u ca l. iu chnh dao quay ct u bp ci thnh nhng ming nh c kch thc 0.08- 0.16 cm. Tt hn l ct thnh si di nhng dy c xc nh tu thuc vo ngi sn xut, my ct nh v bp ci c s dng. Bp ci ct (cng nh mn x lch t bp ci ) c chuyn bng bng ti n nhng thng cha.Tin trnh mui khc nhau. nhng ni c phng tin sn xut th bp ci ming nh c cn trn dy bng ti v ng lng mui (2- 2.5%) c rc trn bp ci ming nh khi khi bp ci di

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt chuyn dc bng chuyn n thng cha. nhng ni khc, vn chuyn bng tay th bp ci c th c cn mi ln vn chuyn hoc cn nh k bp ci trong thng cha kim tra s lng s lng chuyn n thng cha.Trong qu trnh ch bin, cn quan tm lng mui vo c ng u. Nhng ci co phn phi nhng ming ci nh cht thnh ng trong thng cha ngm mui ng u. Vi nhng thng ln men ln 180 tn, nhng tm thu tinh c s dng ngn cch mi ngn khong 20 tn; tuy nhin, nhiu thng ln men nh c s dng trong sn xut da bp ci c tnh c bit. Mi thng cha c y n mc thch hp, ph mt tm plastic ln che trn nh thng cha. Trong giai on u, mui lm cho dch bo trong rau tit ra. Trng lng dung dch nc v nc mui pha trn nn p ming bp ci nh i xung n khi nhng ming bp ci c ngp ht trong nc mui. Trong thi gian ngn, iu kin trong thng cha tr nn ym kh bi oxy gim v CO2 sinh ra do s pht trin ca vi khun lactic. Nhit v nng mui NaCl l tng cho qu trnh ln men d a bp ci khong 180C v 1.8- 2.25% NaCl. iu ny c Parmele cng cng s (1927) ghi nhn u tin v Marten et al (1929), v c trnh by chi tit trong nghin cu ca Pederson & Albury (1969). Khi gn nhit v nng mui ny th vi khun lactic bt u hot ng (Hnh 2.2). Thc t sn xut thng mi Bc M khng iu khin nhit , qu trnh ln men xy ra nhit mi trng xung quanh. Nhit ca qu trnh ln men trong lc u lin quan n nhit bp ci nhp vo, c th thay i (t thp hn 10 0C n xp x 300C), ph thuc vo thi gian v thi tit trong nm. Phng php p mui kh lm cho nng mui khng ng u trong thng cha.(Pederson & Albury, 1969). Qu trnh ln men c tin hnh ngn l khong mt vi tun, di khong mt nm trc khi bao gi. Bc M, da bp ci c d tr trong thng ln men v ng hp khi n t hng ca khch hng. y l ng li kinh t tn tr da bp ci nhng kt qu l lm thay i sn phm cui. Nng acid lactic cao trong sn phm da bp ci trong qu trnh bo qun c th lm cho nng mui thay i hoc long, lm gim mi v v gy ra s h hng. Chu u, bao b v thanh trng sn phm c bn da trn
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt pH, tnh acid, hoc nh gi cm quan, ta sn phm ng nht hn, hng v hi ho hn.

Bp ci ti

Ct phn li

Ct ming nh p mui

Ln men Trang 20

Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Rt nc ngm (Tu theo yu cu) V bao b

Ngm da (Tu theo yu cu)

Lm lnh

Thanh trng

Da bp ci ti

Da bp ci ng hp

Hnh 2.1 S din t tin trnh ch bin da bp ci. 3.1.3 Vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men. 3.1.3.1 Qu trnh ln men t nhin. Khi bp ci ngm vo dung dch nc mui th nh ng c tnh ca vi khun ln men bt u lin tip xy ra, u tin l nhm vi khun ln men d th hoc vi khun ng ln men ng th c sinh kh hoc khng sinh kh (Fleming cng cng s, 1988b). Leuconostoc mensenteroides l vi khun ln men lactic d th ln men u tin. L. mensenteroides vt tri trc tin bi v n hin din s lng cao (Mundt cng cng s, 1967; Mundt & Hammer, 1968; Schneider, 1988), pht trin sm giai on u, v c thi gian sinh si ny n ngn hn vi khun lactic khc trong nc p bp ci (Stamer cng cng s, 1971). Mc d vt tri nhanh, L. mensenteroides cht nhanh trong tin trnh ln
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt men (Hnh 2.2), bi n nhy cm vi mi trng acid (McDonald cng cng s , 1990). L. mensenteroides c i km vi Lactobacillus brevis v Lactobacillus plantarum (Pederson & Albury, 1969). Lactobacillus cuvatus, Lactobacillus confusus, Lactobacillus sake, Enterococcus faecalis (trc y l Streptococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis (trc y l Streptococcus lactis), v Pediococcus pentosaceus (trc y l cerivisiae) c phn lp t ln men da bp ci hoc nhng sn phm c lin quan (Pederson & Albury, 1969; Puspito & Fleet, 1985; Yago cng cng s, 1985; Buchenhuskes cng cng s, 1986; Kandler & Weiss, 1986; Harris cng cng s, 1992a), nhng vai tr ca cc loi vi khun ny trong s ln men nhng ln sau cha r. Trong sut giai on sinh kh, vi khun ln men lactic d th s dng ng ca bp ci (ng glucose, fructose v sucrose) to thnh hn hp acid lactic, acid acetic, ethanol v CO2 (Fleming cng cng s, 1988b). Fructose c chuyn i to thnh mannitol, ng dng dng ny nh cht nhn in t. (Kandler, 1983). pH gim nhanh v kt hp thm mui NaCl, th vi sinh vt gram m b c ch. CO2 thay th khng kh v to mi trng ym kh, ngn nga oxy ho acid ascorbic v s sm mu t nhin ca da bp ci. CO 2 cng kch thch s pht trin ca cc vi khun lactic khc. giai on cui ca qu trnh ln men, vi khun ln men lactic ng th Lb. Plantarum to thnh s lng ln acid lactic t hp cht hydro carbon cn st li, pH gim mnh. Cc tin trnh xy ra theo hng ng th s t c mt sn phm da bp ci n nh vi mi v v hng thm c trng. C hai tc ln men v tc vt tri ca mi ging loi b nh hng bi nng mui NaCl v nhit ln men. Nng mui tng th L. mensenteroides b km hm nhiu hn l Lactobacilli hoc pediococci (Pederson & Albury, 1969; Stamer cng cng s, 1971; Yildiz & Westhoff, 1981). Nu nng mui hoc nhit qu cao, th vi khun ln men lactic ng th pht trin nhanh, kt qu l qu trnh ln men lactic d th b rt ngn, t l acid lactic tng, v mu, mi v, cu trc km hn. (Pederson & Albury, 1953;
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Gangopadhyay & Mukherjee, 1971). P. pentosaceous v E. faecalis th c th pht trin khi nng mui NaCl hoc nhit trn mc bnh thng (Pederson & Albury, 1969). Pederson & Albury (1969) nhn nh rng da bp ci c th ln men tt nhit thp (7.50C). L. mensenteroides pht trin tt nhit thp hn vi khun lactic khc trong qu trnh ln men bnh thng. Kt qu, nhit thp acid tng l 0.4% (tnh theo acid lactic) c sn xut khong 10 ngy v 0.8 - 0.9% t hn mt thng. Tnh theo acid ny, cng vi s bo ho ca nhng ming bp ci nh trong nc mui vi CO2 sinh ra do vi khun, l nhng iu kin cn thit cung cp cho qu trnh bo qun. Lactobacillus v Pediococcus pht trin rt yu hoc khng c nhit thp. nhit ln hn bng 32 0C, qu trnh ln men ch yu l vi khun ln men lactic ng th chim u th l Lb. Plantarum v Pediococcus pentosaceus (Pederson & Albury, 1969). Mi v v hng thm da bp ci xu i v bp ci b acid ho do hai ging vi khun ln men lactic ng th to thnh acid lactic vi hm lng ln. Da bp ci ln men nng cao nth d b sm mu do nn v hp nhanh sau qu trnh ln men. Khi sn xut 18 - 200C, acid tng cui cng khong 1.6 - 2.3% (tnh theo acid lactic) th sn phm (pH khong 3.5 hoc thp hn). T l acid khng bay hi trn acid bay hi (acid lactic / acid acetic) thng l 3:1 n 5:1 (Trail cng cng s, 1996). Qu trnh ln men c hon thnh 2 tun n 2 thng, ph thuc vo s lng vt cht c th ln men, nng mui, nhit , v s a thch ca ngi sn xut. 3.1.3.2. S nui cy men ging. Vic cy men ging vo trong ch bin sn phm da bp ci trnh c vic da vo nhng vi khun t nhin c trong nguyn liu ti v c th lm cho tnh cht v gi tr ca sn phm tng cao. Tuy nhin s pht trin ca men cy vo th kh iu khin pht trin bnh thng v d xy ra qu trnh ln men t pht nu nguyn liu khng qua thanh trng, gy nh hng n cu trc.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Trong mt th k qua thc hin nhiu phng cch p dng vic nui cy men ging vo da bp ci ln men. (Bo co v ghi nhn ca Pederson & Albury, 1969). Nm 1920 - 1930, Lc.lactis subsp. lactis (Streptococcus lactis trc y) c phn lp t cc sn phm sa th c lm men ging cho da bp ci (Brunkow cng cng s, 1925; Pederson, 1930a,b). Trong tt c cc trng hp khng cy men ging th sn phm da bp ci tt hoc tt hn. Tuy nhin, Pederson (1930a) tht bi vic phn lp Lc. Lactis subsp. lactis t bp ci ln men v ng ta xem cht lng da bp ci c ci tin l c c y men ging. Khi vi sinh vt ca da bp ci n nh hn th Lc. Lactis subsp. lactis c thay th bng vi khun lactic khc c tch ra trong qu trnh ln men. Trong nhiu trng hp, vic tim chng c lp hoc pha trn men ging L. mensenteroides, Lb. Brevis v Lb. Plantarum mt t, nu cht lng sn phm c ci tin hn so vi khng cy men ging (Keipper cng cng s, 1932; Lopez cng cng s, 1954; Narbors & Salunkhi, 1969; Yago cng cng s, 1985). Tuy nhin, i khi vic cy ging cng lm cho cht lng da bp ci tt hn (Pederson, 1930a,b; Buchenhuskes cng cng s, 1986). Tri li, i lc cng nhn thy bt li cho khi cy men ging vi Lb. Plantarum vo bp ci. (Pederson, 1930a,b; Pedrerson & Kelly, 1938; Buchenhuskes cng cng s, 1986). Stamer (1986) nh gi nc p bp ci ln men vi ging n thun chng vi khun lactic. Nc p ln men bi L. mensenteroides th c mi thm hi ho v thch th, trong lc ln men bng P. pentosaceus th th v ging nh gim. Lb. Plantarum v P. pentosaceus sn xut sn phm c v chn ngt, cu trc b khim khuyt, v nh gi khng th chp nhn. Harris cng cng s (1992a) nhn thy giai on u ca qu trnh ln men da bp ci th vi khun sinh ra c t v tm thy 2 ging Lc. Lactis subsp. lactis sn xut nisin. S dng m hnh nc p da bp ci ln men, nhiu tc gi chng minh rng lng nisin thch hp c th c ch c Lb. Plantarum nhy cm vi nisin, trong lc L. mensenteroides khng nisin pht trin t c mt t bo ln nht (xp x 5 x 10 8 cfu / ml) (Harris cng cng s, 1992b). Breidt cng cng s (1993) phn lp bin th ca ging L.
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt mensenteroides khng c nisin mc cao v s dng nhng ging ny trong qu trnh ln men da bp ci cng vi nisin tinh khit mc cao (Breidt cng cng s, 1995). Nhn thy rng qu trnh ln men lactic d th pht trin v lm chm qu trnh ln men lactic ng th. Choi cng cng s, (1990) s dng nisin mc thp trong qu trnh ln men Kimchi lm gim bt t l sn phm acid trong qu trnh ln xy ra t nhin. Mc nisin cao v khng thm men ging khng nisin th s lng vi khun gram dng gim, vi khun gram m vt tri v gim h hng cho sn phm. L. mensenteroides sn xut D(-) acid lactic, l cht con ngi khng th chuyn ho c v khng cho php s dng vo sn phm cho la tui thiu nhi v tr nh n (WHO, 1974). c, ging Lb. bavaricus c dng sn xut dng L(+) acid lactic trong sn phm da bp ci, mt sn phm bn ch yu trong ca hng thc phm dinh dng (Lucke cng cng s, 1990). 3.1.4 Hao ht v h hng ca da bp ci . Mt s vn h hng lm nh hng n da bp ci. Bao gm s bc mu (s oxy ho), gim tnh acid, c v v mi l (mi mc, mi men v mi i), c tnh nht, bp ci b mm, v da bp ci c vt hng, tt c nguyn nhn l do s pht trin hiu kh ca nm mc v nm men. Khc phc nhng vn ny bng cch m bo hot ng ym kh. Hao ht xy ra trong nhiu nm l da bp ci b mm hoc b nht. B mm l kt qu ca s to thnh dextran bi L. mensenteroides. Tuy nhin, dextran c sn sinh ra bi enzyme dextransucrase, c to thnh bi ng sucrose. Phn t ng sucrose c phn ct ra thnh ng fructose v glucose v glucose c thm vo lm cho chui dextran pht trin. Mc ng sucrose trong bp ci (Bng 2.3) c th thp hn mt vi loi polysaccharide ngoi bo khc, c th c sn xut bi mt vi sinh khc hn L. mensenteroides. S to thnh cht nht trong da bp ci cha bao gi c nghin cu hon ton. Bp ci c tnh nht do hot tnh ca pectinolytic l s hao ht lu di, nhng t ph bin. 3.2 DA CHUT MUI CHUA .[3]
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt 3.2.1 Nguyn liu. Da chut (Cucumis sativus) c trng hng ngn nm (Vaughn, 1985). Da chut cho nhiu dng mui chua trn th trng, chng c la chn theo hnh dng u n v cu trc vng chc. Da chut lm mui chua c thu hi lc cha chn. Da chut chn hon ton th khng ph hp bi chng qu ln, mu sc v hnh dng thay i, c nhiu ht gi, v phn ln l qu mm. Da chut c phn loi loi b tt c nhng da chut dp hoc gy, b hng hoc b dp nt. Vic phn loi bng my phn loi da vo ng knh da chut. Da chut mui chua c pht trin t Canada n Mexico v c nhiu nh ch bin chp nhn trn nhiu nm. Nu vn chuyn t ni xa, da chut ti c gi lnh hoc ngm trong nc mui phn phi ni xa hn. Hp cht hydro carbon c th ln men ch yu trong da chut mui chua l ng fructose v glucose (Bng 2.3). Acid malic c th hin din vi nng gy ra vn (xem bn di) khi chuyn i to thnh acid lactic v CO2 theo ng hng ln men malolactic.

3.2.2.Cng ngh ch bin. Da chut mui chua c bo qun bng phng php ln men (40% sn phm M), phng php thanh trng (40%), phng php lm lnh (20%) (Fleming cng cng s, 1995a), nh pht ho hnh 2.3.
Da chut ti

Phn loi Thng cha Phn loi

Phn loi

Ra Ngm mui Mui t yu cu Ra Bao gi (Ct hoc nguyn)

Ct hoc nguyn Trang 26

Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Cho ln men Phn loi

Kim tra v chn

Rt dung dch

V bao gi Ct hoc nguyn Kh mui Rt dung dch

y np

Lm lnh

Sn phm (v chua ngt) V bao gi

Lm kn

Thanh trng

Rt dung dch

Rt dung dch

y np Thanh trng Sn phm mui chua Mui chua bao gi ti Lm lnh mui chua

S mui chua da chut ti. Vi sinh vt pht trin khng ng k trong qu trnh mui chua ny v c ngn chn bng cch thm gim n c nng thp, ho cht bo qun nh Natri benzoat, v phng php lm lnh ( <50C). Mui chua lm lnh khng c tnh acid c th c tm thy mt vi th trng c bit. Mui chua c thc hin bng cch ngm da chut trong nc mui NaCl 5% vi th l, ti. Nc mui da chut c tn tr v ln men 3 - 70C, ni m ln men lactic chm sn sinh acid tng (tnh theo acid
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt lactic) khong 0.3 - 0.6% cui thng th 3. (Fleming cng cng s, 1995a). Ti nhit v nng mui thp th L. mensenteroides ng vai tr quan trng hn so vi da chut ln men khc. 3.2.2.2 Mui chua bao gi ti ( thanh trng). Mui chua c thanh trng c gii thi u M nm 1940, nghin cu ca Etchells & Jones (1942) v sau l Monroe cng cng s (1969). Da chut b acid ho vi gim n (0.5 - 0.6%) n pH xp x 3.7, men ging c thm vo, v nc gim c thanh trng n nhit tm l 740C trong 15 pht. Nng mui c th thay i t 0 - 3%, nng ng thay i theo tng loi mui chua. Nhiu ngi tiu th thch bao gi ti hn ln men chua bi mi v hi ho ca acid acetic (gim n). 3.2.2.3 Mui chua ln men . Mui chua ln men, thnh thong c gi l sn phm mui ho c chnh cng l mui chua c ngm trong nc mui v tri qua qu trnh ln men lactic hon ton. Da chut phn loi theo kch thc, qu h hng v hoa c loi b. Hoa c mc nhim vi sinh vt cao (Etchells cng cng s, 1958) lm cho enzyme lm mm (poly-galacturonase) m ca da chut. Da chut ti c cho vo trong b n c mui l n, m c a b n ln men, l kiu ln men t nhin. Nng mui ban u trong nc ngm khong 5 -8%. Qu trnh ln men thc hin nhit xung quanh khong 15 320C. Nc mui b acid ho vi acid acetic n pH = 4.5 hoc c CO 2 sinh ra v tc pht trin ca vi khun lactic nhanh. Nng CO 2 cao l nhuyn nhn lm trng v phng ln ca m da chut (gi l s phng hp hoc s phnh ra). Costilow cng cng s (1977) pht trin phng php loi CO 2 qu mc t nc ngm da chut. Nc da c acid ho vi acid acetic di pK a ca bicarbonat v khng kh (hn bnh thng) hoc N2 (ng k) to p lc ln thng ln men, lm cho vic loi CO2 c hiu qu. Vic loi b ny xy ra trong sut qu trnh ln men. Khi s dng thng gi, Kali sorbat (0.035%) hoc acid acetic (0.16%) c thm vo nc da ngn nga s pht trin ca nm mc v mm qu (Gates & Costilow, 1981; Potts & Fleming, 1982).

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Vi nng d mui va phi (5%) v nhit (20 - 27 0C) tin trnh ln men nhanh v hp cht hydro carbon ln men c khng cn, acid lactic hnh thnh nhiu. Ni chung, qu trnh ln men hon thnh 2 - 3 tun. Xp x 1.1% acid lactic hin din sau qu trnh ln men, vi pH cui cng khong 3.3 - 3.5. Mui chua sau khi ln men, c kh mui v ch bin vi nhiu sn phm ph gm ng v ngun mui chua, th l ch bin, v gia v. Mi v c th thay i, ph thuc vo lng ng, ging men v gia v thm vo. Acid lactic b loi b trong giai on kh mui v thng c thay th bng acid acetic. Mc d khng i hi, i khi mui chua ln men c thanh trng nhit thp tng thi gian bo qun. 3.2.3. Vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men . 3.2.3.1. Qu trnh ln men t nhin. Cc yu t nh hng n mt vi sinh vt trong ln men da chut bao gm nng mui v nhit nc ngm, nhng ngun dinh dng ln men, s lng v loi vi sinh vt hin din giai on bt u ln men. Tc ca qu trnh ln men ph thuc vo nng ca mui v nhit nc ngm. Trong sut giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, vi khun, nm mc v nm men c th b phn lp vi s lng ln. Bnh thng cui giai on u l 2 - 3 ngy v i khi di khong 7 ngy. Trong sut thi gian ny, vi khun lactic v qu trnh ln men v nm men oxy ho gia tng nhanh v vi sinh vt khng cn thit b gim thiu v cui cng bin mt ton b, l kt qu ca s gia tng nhanh chng ca acid tng v gi tr pH ca nc da gim (Fleming cng cng s, 1995a). Tin hnh gim pH xung 4.5 bng acid acetic th cc vi khun gram m b km hm v vi khun acid lactic pht trn mi v. Vi khun ln men lactic d th pht trin khng ng k trong sut qu trnh ln men da chut. Nhng vi khun nh L. mensenteroides thng b km hm bi nng v nhit nc da cao, v pH gim nhanh. Qu trnh ln men s khai hon thnh bi vi khun lactic P. pentosaceus, Lb. Brevis v Lb. Plantarum. Nhiu ging nm men c phn lp trong sut giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, mc d y l lnh vc khng th xc nh c tnh trit . Nm
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt men ln men c phn lp gm Hansenula anomala, H. subpelliculosa, Saccharomyces bailli, S.delbruckii, S. rosei, Torulopsis holmli, T. lactis- condensii, v T. verstilis (Etchells cng cng s, 1961). Ging c tnh oxy ho c tm trong da chut ln men bao gm Candia krusel, Debaromyces hansenii, Pichia ohmeri, Rhodotorula spp. v Saccharomyces rousenii (Etchells & Bell, 1950). 3.2.3.2 Qu trnh ln men c iu khin. Qu trnh ln men nng mui thp l rt cn thit. Trong lnh vc ch bin loi sn phm mui chua M, dung dch mui s dng c chc nng quan trng. Nng mui thp s gip cho sn phm da chut ln men t kt qu tt. Nng mui ca nc ngm trong thng thp c xut (Fleming cng cng s, 1988a). Dng nitrogen tinh khit vo thng ln men duy tr ym kh b mt nh thng. Bng cch thm calcium vo nc da, nng mui thp hn c th duy tr cu trc cng chc ca sn phm mui chua. (Buescher cng cng s, 1981; Fleming cng cng s, 1987; Guillou cng cng s, 1992). 3.2.3.3. Cch cy men ging. S dng vic cy men ging vo da chut ln men c gii hn. Kt qu nghin cu ca Pederson & Albury (1961) cho thy cy vo sn phm da chut vi khun E. faecalis, L. mensenteroides, Lb. Brevis v P. pentosaceus. Lb. plantarum chu c acid cao v vy chng pht trin chim u th giai on sau ca qu trnh ln men da chut. Thc hin st trng da chut trc khi cy men ging, lm gim vi khun cnh tranh. Etchells cng cng s (1964) s dng phng php chn bng nc nng (66 80 0C) hoc tia bc x gamma (0.83 - 1.0 MRad) t c mc tiu ny. Etchells cng cng s (1973) chn Lb. plantarum bn acid cy vo da chut ra sch, ty trng v acid ho. Cht m natri acetat c s dng lng nh va phi pH gim dn v hp cht hydro carbon ln men hon ton. Thanh trng mi trng l rt cn thit bi v sn phm CO2 v bt hnh thnh. Vi khun ln men ng th to CO2 l vn u tin lm ri tr; tuy nhin, McFeeters cng cng s (1984) chng minh rng Lb. plantarum c th sn xut CO2 t s phn hu ca acid malic thnh acid lactic (qu trnh ln men malolactic). Da chut cha acid malic (0.2 - 0.3%) dn n nguyn nhn gy cho da chut b trng phng
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt (McFeeters cng cng s (1982). Da vo biu chn mi trng, Breidt & Fleming (1992) nhn thy rng hu ht vi khun lactic trong da chut mui chua chim u th hn tin trnh ln men malolactic. Daseschel cng cng s (1984) tch ly dng malolactic m ca Lb. plantarum. Dng ny i khi c th c u th trong qu trnh ln men da chut v ngn chn CO2 sinh ra. Ln men da chut khng c NaCl ch t c kt qu trong phng th nghim nhng khi iu kin sn xut quy m thng mi th khng y c. t c iu ny, qu c chn (3 pht 77 0C) v ngm trong dung dch m calcium acetate cng vi cy Lb. Plantarum vo. Di iu kin quy m nh thng mi th da chut b trng v mt i s cng chc bi v khng kim sot c s nhim vi sinh vt sau khi chn. Sn phm cht dit khun lactic c phn lp t qu trnh ln men da chut (Fleming cng cng s, 1975; Daeschel & Klaenhammer, 1985; Daeschel cng cng s, 1990); tuy nhin, n ngy nay, chng s dng khng thnh cng nh nui cy men ging. 3.2.4. Hao ht v s h hng ca da chut mui chua. Hu ht s hng hng ca da chut trong qu trnh ln men l do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, enzume gy h hng to thnh, dn n s mm m, clotridia hp th acid lactic pht trin, sn sinh mi l, hoc CO 2 sinh ra khng ng k do tht qu b mo m hoc to thnh hnh vng mc b bc bn trong. Vic m b ph hoi v s hao ht cu trc hoc cng l do hot ng ca enzyme cellulolytic v enzyme pectino-lytic, ni chung l mt mt v gi tr kinh t. S hao ht c bit nh h hng s phng ln hoc s phnh ra c th khc phc bng cch b sung thm mt s cht gia v khc. Qu trnh ln men th yu vi nm men c th xy ra khi ng cn li v vi khun lactic b km hm pH thp. Sau , khi pH v mui qu cao hoc acid ho thp, vi khun clostridia v propionic c th pht trin, dn n h hng. (Fleming cng cng s, 1989). Nhiu thng ln men tn tr ngoi tri vi b mt l ra v da chut b dm xung bi sc nng ca np y. Vic phi di nh nng mt tri (tia UV) lm gim s pht trin nm men oxy ho, nm mc v vi khun trn b mt. Khi thng ln men ym kh, c th ngn nga h
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt hng bng cch duy tr pH thp v p ng y v s lng v cht l ng mui.

CHNG IV TINH HOA VN HA M THC NGI VIT. 3.1. Mt s sn phm mui chua t rau, c, qu.[6] Cng thc chung l 3 mui - 1 ng (1 lt nc cho ba tha sp mui bt v 1 tha sp ng). Nu hn hp mui ng cho si v tan ht, sau tht ngui v vo h sao cho ngp nguyn liu. t 1 n 3 ngy (ty loi da), khi da c mu xanh ng vng l dng c. - Mui l nguyn liu chnh mui da. Nu nhiu mui, da s mn v lu chua. t mui, da s b ng v hng. Trong trng hp ny, bn nn thm mui v t hnh l, nu sm, c th cha c. - ng gip da vng p v mau chua, nhng ng cho nhiu qu. - Mi mn da u khng th thiu hnh. Hnh nhiu, da s thm v khng ng. - Nc da phi ngp mt da. Nn gi bng ming nha cho da chm di nc, nu khng, lp da trn mt s b thm en. - H ng da phi sch. ng thi, khi gp da ra n, bn cng phi dng a sch, khng dnh thc n. Nh vy, phn da cn li mi khng b h kh, ni vng trng trn mt. Nu da b kh, hy vt b lp vng trng v thm hnh l vo. Bn c th gn ly ring nc trong lm da mi. Khi y, bn ch cn nm thm mui cho va mn, khng cn thm ng. Nm nc da va chua mn

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt l c. Nh thm hnh cho da mi. Bn c th mui da rau mung, ra c ci... theo cch lm tng t. 3.1.1.Da cn- bp ci, da gi, da ci cay. Da cn - bp ci Nguyn liu: Cn nc (chn loi mu xanh), bp ci trng, rau rm, t qu, hnh l, hnh tm, nc mui da. Thc hin: Cn nht b l v r, ra sch, ct khc khong 5cm. Bp ci xt si hi dy. Rau rm xt nhuyn. Hnh l ct khc. t xt khoanh. Cho tt c vo h, nc mui vo ngp mt da. Da gi Nguyn liu: Gi, h, c rt, hnh l, nc mui da. Thc hin: Gi b gc. H ra sch, ct khc di c cng gi. C rt, gt v, thi mng ri xt si. Hnh l ct khc. Cho tt c vo h, nc mui vo ngp mt da. Da ci cay Nguyn liu: Ci cay, hnh l, hnh tm, t sng , nc mui da. Thc hin: Ci nht l su, ra sch, ct khc khong 5cm. Hnh l xt khc. t xt khoanh. Cho tt c cc nguyn liu gm ci cay, hnh l, hnh tm, t vo h, nc mui vo ngp mt da. 3.2.2Mui chua da chut. Nguynliu: - 1 kg da chut - Mui ht (bin), liu s lng cho va

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt - Khong 20 c hnh tm nh - 2 nhnh inh hng - Mt cht t bt - 20 ht tiu en (nguyn ht) - 2 nhnh ti - 2 cnh ngi dm - 1,5 lt dm Cch lm: Ra sch da chut v ro, trn chung da chut vi mui b trong thau v qua m cho ngm. Hm sau ly da ra ro (ng ra mt mui). B da chut v cc gia v cn li vo trong mt ci h. Nu 1,25 lt dm cho si xong lin vo h da, sau y kn v ngm 24 ting ng h. Ngy hm sau em cht ht nc dm ra, chung s dm cn li vo (0,25 lt) v nu si ln ln na sau tr li vo h ng da chut. ng cht h v ngm khong su tun l c th n c .

3.1.3. Mui c pho.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Nguyn liu - 1kg c pho loi va - 50g mui- 10g ng - 1 mung c ph phn chua - 3 tp ti thi lt - 3 lt ring. - Keo thy tinh. Cch Lm - C: ct b nm v tri su, lu khng kha vo tht qu c d gy nhn mt ngon, ra sch, ro, em phi nng cho ho u. - Xp c pho vo keo thy tinh, cho ti + ring da c c thm ngon. - Nu dung dch 1 lt nc + 50g mui + 10g ng + 1 mung c ph phn chua. Nu si k, vt bt lc li cho k, tht ngui vo keo c pho ngp mt khong 5cm.
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Dng vt nng hay que tre gi c, lc no nc cng phi lt mt c nu khng s b h c, 4 ngy sau dng c. 3.1.4.C ci c rt mui chua . (Phunutoday) - C ci v c rt mui chua chua ngt ngt gin gin khin bn n mi khng chn; dng km vi chin rn hoc nng th khng cn g tuyt bng u nh!

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Nguyn liu: - 450g c rt, ra sch gt v - 450g c ci trng, ra sch gt v - 110g ng - 1 tha c ph mui - 300ml dm - 240ml nc m - H thy tinh ng . Cch lm : - C rt v c ci trng thi que di, dy khong 0,5cm mi cnh. - Cho c rt v c ci vo t ln, rc 2 tha c ph ng v 1 tha c ph mui,
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt dng tay nh nhng xc v trn u cho c ci ngm ng, mui trong khong 3 pht v bt u mm ra; ti khi bn b gp chng li m khng b gy l c.

- c ci c rt ra r, trng qua vi nc ri ro. - Trong mt t khc, ha tan nt ch ng cn li vi dm v nc m. - Chun b cc h thy tinh kh, sch. Gp c ci c rt vo h ri nc trn chua ngt vo xm xp mt c ci, i ngui hon ton bn mi ng np l. nguyn t nht 8-10 ting trc khi dng nh!

Sau 1-2 ngy c ci s c v ngon nht, lc ny bn c th ct chng vo ngn mt t lnh ngn chn c ci chua hn na. C ci mui chua c tt trong ngn mt khong t 4-6 tun, n km nng hay chin rn u ngon tuyt. Bn hy th xem nh! 3.1.5.Ngm c kiu ( c kiu mui chua ).

Ngm c kiu khng kh, ch hi t m mt cht. Mnh tham kho nhiu cch, v y l cch m v mnh c kt, lm nhanh v p. Xin chia s cng cc bn trong dp Tt ny.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Nguyn liu: 1 kg kiu 2 mung canh mui ht 1 mung caf phn chua Dm trng v ng Cch lm: Ngm khiu trong nc pha mui ht 12 gi (mnh thng ngm bui ti n sng) (1) X nhiu ln. Pha nc phn chua ngm kiu x, em thau kiu phi nng. X nhiu ln. Tri kiu ra mt khay hay r, phi mt nng cho ro. (2) Ct r, ngn, lt v (cn khong 800g). (3) Ra qua nc cho sch bi.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Chun b mt chn dm cho vi c kiu vo ra kiu qua dm, vt ra. Lm ln lt cho ht kiu. p mt lp ng, mt lp kiu (4), y li, i kiu ra nc, t ln men. Chng hn 2 tun l n c. Cch ny lu n c nhng c lu. .Nu mun n nhanh (nhng khng lu c bng cch p ng): nu 250g ng vi 600ml dm, ngui cho vo l kiu. Chng 10 ngy l n c. Hnh bn tri l sau khi p ng khong 1 tun mnh dng a gp kiu xp vo l cho p v cho lun phn nc ng kiu ra vo l. Hnh bn phi l mnh nu dm ng cho vo kiu. Nu thch p c th xp ngay ngn, chng 7 ngy sau thay mt ln dm ng khc. Mch nh: tu chua ca dm m gia gim ng bn nh. Mnh s dng dm nui, khng s dng dm go nn chua va phi, dm go lu kiu s b vng.
3.2. Nt tinh hoa trong mn da mui Vit Nam .[5]

Khng ch phong ph v chng loi, cu k trong cch ch bin m da mui cn a hng v na! . ng c nh gi thp cc mn da mui ca Vit Nam bn nh! Bi n c s phong ph v chng loi, cu k trong cch ch bin v s a hng v na y! C n gin nh loi da ci b chng hn. Ming ci b c mui ng c mu vng nht, chua nh v gin tan. c bit hn th c da gi, tng cy, tng cy trng ngn, khng hng, thm mt v chua du. Cu k nht th c hnh mui, c bit phi l hnh mui vi ma. C hnh nh nhn trng ng nh nhng ht ngc, khng cay, khng nng, ngt v chua. Ri cn rt nhiu, rt nhiu cc loi da khc nh: da ci c, da ci bp, da cn, da nht Mi loi mt sc, mt v.
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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

Cng c n hng trm kiu loi da mui, ty nguyn liu hay cch ch bin, nhng nu xt v phng thc mui, da mui thng c lm theo hai cch chnh l da mui xi v da mui nn (hay cn l da mui chua).

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Da mui xi l loi da c mui trong thi gian ngn, v c th s dng ngay trong ngy, mc d t chua nhng v cay, hng th r rt. Cc loi rau, c, qu nh: c pho, c tm, ci bp, c rt thng l nhng nguyn liu ph bin i vi mn da mui xi. Nhng nguyn liu ny thng c ct lt mng hoc b ming nh c th ngm u gia v trong khong thi gian ngn.

Vi v chua nh nhng c phn m hn so vi da mui xi, da mui nn hay cn l da mui chua thng c mui trong mt khong thi gian di hn v c l do vy da mui nn cng s dng c lu hn. V mui trong mt khong thi gian di nn nhng ming da mui nn thng c thi dy hn, thm ch c loi da mui nn khng thi nh su ho mui thng c mui c c, n khi n mi thi tng lt mng, v chua nh v gin tan ri ngay c ci b cng c lc nguyn cy, ci c nguyn c... iu hp dn mn da mui nn ny l khi chin ti, mn n thng c chung mt mu vng nht nom rt bt mt, gia v ngm u vo tng ming da to nn mt v rt c trng m khng phi mn n no cng c. Th nhng, mui c mn da nn ny tht ngon th cc khu nm gia v, cch nn cng l nhng khu v cng quan trng.

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

im c bit ca mn n dn d ny chnh l kh nng tng v m , hp dn cho nhiu mn n khc, chng l nhng mn chua khng th thiu khi i km vi mt s mn n nh da hnh c n km vi mn bnh chng ngy Tt, da kiu n vi tht quay, da sung n vi c luc, c pho n km vi canh cua

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt Da mui gin d l vy m nhiu bin th v cng! Nu min Bc trung thnh vi nhng cch mui da quen thuc v ph cch bng nhng mn da mui a dng khc nhau th ngi dn min Trung v cng sng to khi s dng x v mi mt xanh ch bin thnh mn nht, mt dng ca da mui chua, c bit ni ting! Hay ngi min Nam li a chung hn vic mui nhng loi qu chua, non nh xoi, cc ri trn vi t bt hoc t ti, ng, ti to nn nhng mn n vi v l m vn v cng hp dn. Khng ch vy, nhiu vng gn bin cn dng cc loi mm t hi sn (nh tm s, cua) kt hp vi c kiu hoc u xanh xt lt mng b vo h to chua na c y!.

Tri ban t Vit mt nn kh hu nhit i nng m v mang theo l mt nn m thc v cng phong ph, a dng. Ngi xa x c ngng v qu hng cng khng khi nhung nh h da mui ca m, ca b, v chua chua ng li trong tng lung k c m m p y tnh yu thng!

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt

TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Brain J.B.Wood. Microbiology of Fermented Foods, Vol.1. Blackie Lng, Nuyn c, 2002. Cng ngh vi sinh, tp 2. NXB i hc Quc Lng, Nguyn c. Cng ngh vi sinh vt, tp 3- Thc phm ln men Phm, Lng c, 2002. Vi sinh vt hc v an ton vi sinh thc phm.

academic & Professional. gia Thnh ph HCM. truyn thng. NXB Trng i hc K Thut Thnh ph HCM. NXB Nng nghip, H Ni. 5.http://kenh14.vn/c35/20110415113539938/net-tinh-hoa-trong-mon-dua-muoiviet-nam.chn. 6. http://vanhoaamthuc.vn

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Tng quan v qu trnh mui chua rau, c, qa Vi sinh vt .. .

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