K Thut An Ton Phng Th Nghim LM VIC VI CC BNH KH Phn loi theo dng lu tr: Kh nn: N2, Ar, H2,

, He, O2 Kh ha lng: NH3, hydrocacbon (tr metan), CO2, freon, Cl2 Kh pha long: C2H2 (axetylen) Phn loi theo tnh cht: Kh d chy n: axetylen, H2, Hydrocacbon Kh duy tr s chy: O2, khng kh Kh tr khng chy: N2, Ar, He, CO2 Kh c: NH3, H2S, Cl, Photghen S nguy him khng nhng lin quan n tnh d chy, n, c hi m cn lin quan n p sut cao ca bnh kh (15MPa~150atm) Khng c s dng cc bnh kh: V bnh b h hi (nt, lm, mo mp) Van kha np kh c vn Khi p sut bnh ch cn 1-1,5atm. Tng tr: Cc van kha phi c np thp bo v, Bnh kh phi c ct, gi vng chc, trnh , ri, va chm, tch cc ngun nhit, ngun in, nh sng trc tip. ring cc bnh b r r vo cc v tr an ton v p dng ngay cc bin php khc phc. Khng cc bnh kh oxy v cc bnh kh d

chy cng mt v tr Khng cc bnh kh c hi, d chy ti ni lm vic nu bnh c th tch > 12 lt Vn chuyn: Ch vn chuyn cc bnh kh trn xe y chuyn dng.Trnh va chm mnh, ri, nng. S dng: Nghim cm ly kh trc tip t bnh m khng qua b phn gim p Trc khi x kh t bnh, phi kim tra k van kha, ren, l thot kh Kim tra tnh hnh r r kh bng bt x phng. Khi c h, x kh th cn kha bnh kh hay b gim p phi do th chuyn mn thc hin Vn van ly kh, vt iu chnh gim p phi tht chm Nu ly kh vo bnh thy tinh, phi thng p bnh thy tinh vi kh tri trnh n do tng p. Khi kt thc cng vic, phi ng van chn bnh kh, sau tho kh d khi b gim p (kim tra theo kim ng h cao p), ni lng vt iu chnh theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h Ngng s dng khi p sut trong bnh ch cn 11,5atm Gim nh 1 nm 1 ln cc chi tit ca bnh kh v van, b gim p Dp tt m chy trong phng th nghim 1. Nc:

Nc c tc dng thm t, lm ngui, dp tt la v phng la lan rng khi phun ln cc vt liu cha kp di chuyn gn ch chy. Tt nht l s dng nc phun tia nh vi git nc c kch c 0.3-0.8mm Nc s dng c hiu qu khi dp chy cc vt rn thng thng: g, giy, than, cao su, vi v mt s cht lng ha tan trong nc (axit hu c, axeton, ru bc thp) Khng c s dng nc khi: Khng c s dng nc dp m chy ni c cc thit b ang c in. Khng c s dng nc trong khu vc chy c cc cht phn ng mnh vi nc. Khng c s dng nc dp tt m chy hydrocacbon v cc cht lng khng ha tan trong nc m c t trng nh hn nc. Cc cht ny s ni ln trn mt nc v lm m chy lan rng. Khng c s dng nc v rt nguy him khi chy do du, cc cht lng c nhit cao hoc cc cht rn nng chy si, n, si bt Nc c th lm h hng nhiu loi my mc thit b. 1. Bnh CO2: CO2 c nn p sut cao (thng l 60atm). Khi CO2 lng bay hi s lm lnh v bao ph vng chy bi dng tuyt kh. u im: d s dng, nht l trong cc m

chy nh, CO2 khng lm h hng my mc thit b, k c thit b ang c in Lng CO2 trong bnh c xc nh bng cch cn bnh. Khng c s dng bnh CO2 trong cc trng hp sau: Chy qun o trn ngi (do tuyt CO2 lnh s lm hi phn da h) Chy kim loi kim, magie, cc cht chy c kh nng tch oxy (peroxit, clorat, nitrat kali, permanganat,), cc cht lng c kim nh nhm ankyl (tuy nhin khi kim loi kim v cc cht c kim ang s dng trong dung mi hu c chy m vn c th s dng CO2) CO2 t hiu qu khi dp la do cc vt liu mc nt chy. 1. Vi Amian: 2 Ch dng dp chy din tch nh (<1m ). Vi amian khng chy, ngn cch oxy khng kh vi vt chy dp la. Ch m vi amian ph ln m chy khi nhit gim thp, trnh s bng chy tr li ca vt liu d chy. lm ngui nhanh, c th dng bnh bt CO2 phun ln vi amian dp la khi chy qun o trn ngi. C th dng vi len dy hoc chn t thay vi amian dp la khi chy qun o trn ngi. Tuy nhin amian l vt liu b hn ch s dng v c th gy c hi cho con ngi.

Ct kh: Ct kh c th s dng dp m chy cha nhng lng nh cht lng, cht rn khi khng c s dng nc dp chy. 1. Bnh bt ha hc cm tay: Bnh cha dung dch Natri bicarbonat (NaHCO3) v cht hot ng b mt, trong bnh cn c mt cc thy tinh hoc PE cha axit sulfiric hoc hn hp axit sulfuric v st sulfat. S dng: Lt ngc bnh, NaHCO3 phn ng vi axit sulfuric sinh ra CO2 to bt, cch ly ngn la v khng kh, lm ngui vt chy. Nhc im: Bt cha axit v mui dn in tt ch s dng khi ngt mi ngun in Khng s dng c ni c cc cht c th phn ng vi nc gy n, tch kh chy, kh n mn, ta nhit(VD: c ha cht peroxit, hyrua, cacbua, anhdrit, c kim) Khng s dng c ni c thit b, ha cht c th b n mn, h hng v bt cha chy. Thng ch dng dp cc m chy ln khi cc phng tin khc t hiu qu. 1. Bnh bt kh cm tay: Cha dung dch cht to bt nng 6% + CO2 nn np ring, S dng: Khi bt kha, CO2 tp p sut khong 10 Atm,
1.

phun ra ko theo dung dch to bt Nhc im: Ging bnh to bt ha hc cm tay 1. Bnh bt cm tay: Bnh cha bt dp chy (VD: Natri cacbonat v ph gia, amoni photphat v ph gia, hoc mt s cht khc) + kh tr nn trong mt bnh nh gn vi v bnh. S dng: Dp chy khi khng c cc phng tin dp chy khc, hoc cc phng tin khc km hiu qu. Hiu qu tt khi dp cc m chy kim loi kim, kim th, c kim, hyrua kim loi t c hi, t hoc khng lm h hng thit b, khng c nguy c b in git. Nhc im: Lp bt ph phi dy khng b chy bng tr li Ty bt np trong bnh m phm vi s dng c khc nhau: VD: Natri bicacbonat khng s dng cho m chy kim loi kim v khi nng n phn hy thnh CO2 v H2O, cc cht cn li tng tc vi kim loi kim nng v lm chng chy mnh hn. LM VIC VI THIT B IN Trong phng th nghim ha hc, mi tc ng ca dng in i vi con ngi u l nguy him. V ngoi vic b in git cn c th dn n vic lm

ri, , v cc dng c, thit b, ha cht Ngng nguy him: Dng xoay chiu 50Hz l 0.5-1.5mA Dng xoay chiu 10kHz l 30mA Dng mt chiu l 5-7mA Tuy nhin cc gi tr ny thay i ty tng con ngi, im tip xc trn c th ngi v pha nhp tim. Dng 25-50mA truyn qua tay - chn lm nght th, nh hng n hot ng ca tim, lm cht ngi sau 3-4 pht. Dng 50-80mA truyn qua vng tim; lm ri loi nhp, git c tim Dng 100-150mA: lit c tim, lit h hp. Dng 5A lm git c tim, ngng th in tr c th ngi c tnh l 1000(Ohm), nhng dng in khi ng mch qu c th c th tng cao ti im tip xc vi c th khc nhau. Phng chng in git: Ni t cc thit b in Cch nhit v thit b Cch ly vi nn t Khng chm vo cc thit b mang in c in th cao Lp t cc b t ngt THY NGN (Hg) Thy ngn nguyn t l cht lng t c, nhng hi thy ngn hay cc hp cht v mui ca n l

rt c v l nguyn nhn gy ra cc tn thng no v gan khi con ngi tip xc, ht th hay n phi. Nguy him chnh l thy ngn c xu hng b oxy ha to ra oxit thy ngn l cc ht rt nh, lm tng din tch tip xc b mt. Thy ngn l cht c tch ly sinh hc, rt d dng hp th qua da, cc c quan h hp v tiu ha. Cc hp cht v c t c hn so vi hp cht hu c ca thy ngn. Cho d l t c hn so vi cc hp cht kia nhng thy ngn vn gy nhim ng k i vi mi trng v n to ra cc hp cht hu c trong c th sinh vt. Mt trong cc hp cht c nht ca n l i methyl thy ngn, c n mc ch vi microlit ri vo da c th gy t vong. Thy ngn tn cng h thn kinh v h ni tit, nh hng ti ming ,cc c quai hm v rng. S phi nhim ko di gy ra cc tn thng no v gy t vong. N c th gy ra cc ri ro hay khuyt tt i vi thai nhi. Khng kh nhit phng c th bo ha hi thy ngn cao hn nhiu ln so vi mc cho php, cho d nhit si ca thy ngn khng qu thp. Thy ngn cn c tip xc mt cch cc k cn thn. Cc cha thy ngn phi y np cht ch trnh r r v bay hi. Vic t nng thy ngn hay cc hp cht ca n phi tin hnh trong iu kin thng gi tt v ngi thc hin phi i m c b lc kh. Ngoi ra, mt s oxit c th b phn tch thnh thy ngn, n c th bay

hi ngay lp tc m khng li du vt. Kh thy ngn: 3 bc Qut dn sch s cc ht thy ngn ri vng vi bng chi ng ( to hn hng), bm ht, ng ht c lp qu l cao su. X l cc b mt nhim bn: lau bng giy m, hoc bt hn hp MnO2 - ddHCl 5% (1:2) X l t loi trit cc hp cht ca thy ngn (x l ha hc): S dng dung dch FeCl3 20% - 10l s dng cho 25 - 30 m2: tm dd ln b mt cn x l. C bng bn chi to huyn ph, yn cho kh qua 24 48h ra li bng dung dch x phng, nc sch. Tuy nhin FeCl3 l cht n mn mnh cc kim loi cn bi vazolin bo v cc phn kim loi trc khi x l. S dng ddKMnO4: 1-2g KMnO4 + 5ml HCl c 1lit dd. Phun xt dung dch ln b mt cn x l calomen Hg2Cl2. Sau 1-2 gi th thu dn. Dung dch ny cng n mn (khng mnh bng FeCl3). Nu b mt sau x l c vt nu lau bng H2O2. S dng clorua vi v Na polysulfua: huyn ph clorua vi 2% trong nc + thy ngn calomen Hg2Cl2. Sau 2-3 gi ra clorua vi i v s dng Na polysulfua ph kn b mt qua m. Cui cng ra bng nc v x phng. Kh thy ngn khi thit b v dng c thy tinh: S dng axit nitric long ha tan thy ngn Nu dng c c kch thc ln trng bng axit

nitric 50-60% nng. Khi c thy ngn ri vi, cn: Bo co cho cn b ph trch phng th nghim Ngng cc hot ng ti v tr c thy ngn ri vi Sau khi thu dn, lm sch 5 ngy, o kim tra nng thy ngn trong khng kh AN TON HA CHT ILO ( t chc lao ng quc t) cho bit c khong 2000 ha cht c s dng rng ri c th gy nhim c thn kinh, gan, ung th, d ng da v h hp. C khong 300 ha cht gy bin i gen, ung th, nh hng n sinh sn v thai nhi. C khong 3000 cht gy d ng. Cc cch phn loi ha cht: c tnh i vi c th Cc tnh cht l, ha, tnh chy n, nguy him, oxy ha Cht n mn, cht gy kch thch Gy mn cm, d ng Gy ung th Gy qui thai, bin i gen nh hng n s sinh sn ng xm nhp: ng h hp Hp th qua da Ha cht mu khp c th ng tiu ha

ng o thi: ng tit niu Da Tiu ha Sa m H hp Tc hi: Cht c c th nh hng ti: H thn kinh trung ng; H h hp; Gan; C quan tit niu; Thai nhi; Gen; Da; Mt; Ngt; Kch thch; Suy thoai mi trng Tc hi cp tnh: nhim c xy ra sau mt thi gian ngn tip xc vi ha cht; dung mi hu c, asen, ch, thy ngn, cyanua c th gy t vong, c th phc hi nhng cng c th gy tn thng vnh vin. Tc hi mn tnh: nhim c xy ra sau mt thi gian di tip xc lin tc, lp i lp li vi ha cht: dung mi hu c, ch, ng, silic, mangan Cc dng cht c hi: Bi c (bi ch, amian, asen) Kh c hi (CO, Cl2) Dung mi (cht lng d bay hi: benzen, xng) Cc kim loi nng (Ch, thy ngn, asen, coban, ng, km) Cc axit v bazo. Bin php d phng:

Nguyn tc c bn: thay th, che chn, cch ly, thng gi. Bin php c nhn: Mt n phng c, knh bo v mt, qun o, gng tay, giy, m bo h lao ng, v sinh thn th. Nh xng, kho ha cht: thng thong, tin ch, tiu chun Vn chuyn: an ton, p ti Tuyn truyn, hun luyn Phng chy, cha chy Bin php y t