PHN TCH PHNG SAI

(ANOVA - ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE )

1. Phn tch phng sai 1 nhn t
Gi s nhn t A c k mc X1, X2 , , Xk vi Xj c phn phi chun N(a,s2) c mu iu tra
X1
x11
x21
:
:
x n11

X2
x12
x22
:
:
:
x n2 2

---

Xk
x1k
x2k
:
:
x nk k

Vi mc ngha a , hy kim nh gi thit :

H0 : a1 = a2 = = ak
H1 : Tn ti j1j2 sao cho aj1aj2

t:
k

Tng s quan st: n =

nj
j =1

Trung bnh mu nhm j ( j =1, .. , k ): x j =

Phng sai hiu chnh nhm j: S 2j =

SST =

( xij - x ) 2

Tj

i =1

nj

xij =

nj

vi T j = xij
i =1

k
1 k ni
T
xij =
v i T = xij = T j

n j =1 i =1
n
j =1 i =1
j =1

Trung bnh mu chung: x =

nj

nj

k nj

1
nj

j
1
( xij - x j ) 2

n j - 1 i =1

Tng bnh phng cc lch.

j =1 i =1
k

SSA =

n j (x j - x )2

Tng bnh phng lch ring ca cc nhm so vi x

j =1

Tnh SST bng cch chn thm x j v khai trin th c:

k

SST =

nj

k nj

nj

( xij - x j + x j - x) 2 = ( x j - x) 2 + ( xij - x j ) 2 v
j =1 i =1

j =1 i =1

k nj

j =1 i =1

nj

j =1

i =1

j =1

nj

- 2 ( xij - x j )( x j - x) = -2 ( x j - x) ( xij - x j ) = -2 ( x j - x)( xij - n j x j ) = 0

j =1 i =1

k nj

j =1

j =1 i =1

SST= n j ( x j - x) 2 + ( xij - x j ) 2 = SSA + SSE vi SSE =

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

i =1

k nj

( xij - x j ) 2
j =1 i =1

* Tng th nht SSA=

( x j - x) 2 c trng s khc nhau gia cc nhm.

j =1

k nj

( xij - x j ) 2

* Tng th hai

c trng s khc nhau gia s liu trong ni b nhm.

j =1 i =1

k nj

SST =
j =1 i =1

xij2

T2
n

T j2

j =1

nj

SSA =
MSA =

Nu H0 ng th F =

Min Ba :

Bng ANOVA
Ngun sai s

T2
n

SSE = SST - SSA

SSA
k -1

MSE =

SSE
n-k

MSA
c phn phi Fisher bc t do k-1; n-k
MSE

F > Fk-1; n-k ; 1-a

Tng bnh phng

SS

Bc t do
df

SSA

k-1

SSE = SST - SSA

n-k

SST

n-1

Yu t
(Between Group)
Sai s
(Within Group)
Tng cng

Bnh phng trung bnh

MS
SSA
MSA =
k -1
SSE
MSE =
n-k

Gi tr thng k
F
MSA
F=
MSE

V d:
Hm lng Alcaloid (mg) trong mt loi dc liu c thu hi t 3 vng khc nhau c s
liu sau:
Vng 1 : 7,5
6,8
7,1
7,5
6,8
6,6
7,8
Vng 2 : 5,8
5,6
6,1
6,0
5,7
Vng 3 : 6,1
6,3
6,5
6,4
6,5
6,3
Hi hm lng Alcaloid c khc nhau theo vng hay khng?
Gii:

nj
Tj

xij2

Vng 1
7,5
6,8
7,1
7,5
6,8
6,6
7,8
7
50,1

Vng 2
5,8
5,6
6,1
6,0
5,7

Vng 3
6,1
6,3
6,5
6,4
6,5
6,3

5
29,2

6
38,1

N=18
T=117,4

359,79

170,7

242,05

xij2 =772,54

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

(117,4) 2
= 6,831111
18
(50,1) 2 (29,2) 2 (38,1) 2 (117,4) 2
SSA=
+
+
= 5,326968
7
5
6
18
SSE = SST SSA = 1,5041428

SST= 772,54

Ngun
Yu t
Sai s
Tng cng

SS
5,326968
1,5041428
6,831111

Df
2
15
17

MS
2,663484
0,1002761

Fk-1; n-k ; 1-a

26,561504

3,68

F > Fk-1; n-k ; 1-a nn bc b H0 chp nhn H1.

Vy hm lng Alcaloid c sai khc theo vng.

Dng Excel
1. Nu trong menu Tools cha c mc Data Analysis th tin hnh ci Analysis ToolPak nh
sau: Tools \ Add-Ins \ chn Analysis ToolPak\ OK

2. Chn Tools\ Data Analysis

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

3. Nhp d liu theo ct

4. Chn mc : Anova: Single Factor

5. Chn cc mc nh hnh:

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

6. Kt qu
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
Vng 1
Vng 2
Vng 3

Count
7
5
6

ANOVA
Source of Variation
Between Groups
Within Groups

SS
5.326968
1.504143

Total

6.831111

Sum
50.1
29.2
38.1

df
2
15

Average
7.157143
5.84
6.35

Variance
0.202857
0.043
0.023

MS
2.663484
0.100276

F
26.56148

P-value
1.17756E-05

F crit
3.682316674

17

Bi tp
1. So snh 3 loi thuc b A, B, C trn 3 nhm, ngi ta c kt qu tng trng(kg) nh sau:
A: 1,0
1,2
1,4
1,1
0,8
0,6
B: 2,0
1,8
1,9
1,2
1,4
1,0
1,5
1,8
C: 0,4
0,6
0,7
0,2
0,3
0,1
0,2
Hy so snh kt qu tng trng ca 3 loi thuc b trn vi a = 0,01
2. Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt nng sut la trung bnh ca 3 ging la.
Kt qu thu thp qua 4 nm nh sau:
Nm
A
B
C
1
65
69
75
2
74
72
70
3
64
68
78
4
83
78
76
Hy cho bit nng sut la trung bnh ca 3 ging la c khc nhau hay khng? a=0,01
3. So snh hiu qu gim au ca 4 loi thuc A, B, C, D bng cch chia 20 bnh nhn thnh 4
nhm, mi nhm dng mt loi thuc gim au trn. Kt qu mc gim au l:
A:
82
89
77
72
92
B:
80
70
72
90
68
C:
77
69
67
65
57
D:
65
75
67
55
63
Hi hiu qu gim au ca 4 loi thuc c khc nhau khng?
Nu hiu qu gim au ca 4 loi thuc A, B, C, D khc nhau c ngha, hy so snh tng cp
thuc vi a = 0,05

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

2. Phn tch phng sai 2 nhn t khng lp

Phn tch nhm nh gi s nh hng ca 2 nhn t (yu t ) A v B trn cc gi tr quan st xij
Gi s nhn t A c n mc a1 , a2 , , an (nhn t hng)
B c m mc b1 , b2 , , bm (nhn t ct)
* Mu iu tra:
B
b1
b2
bm

A
a1
x11
x12
x1m

a2
x21
x22
x2m

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
an
xn1
xn2
x

nm
* Gi thit H0:
Trung bnh nhn t ct bng nhau
Trung bnh nhn t hng bng nhau
Khng c s tng tc gia nhn t ct v hng
* Tin hnh tnh ton theo bng di y:
B
b1
b2
bm

Ti* = xij
xij2

A
j
j

a1
a2

x11

x12

x21

x22

x1m

x2m

an

xn1

xn2

xnm

Tn*

T*m

T*1

T*2

T = xij
i, j

xi21

xi22

Yu t B

SSA=

SSB=

m
T*2j
n

df
MS

T2
m.n

m-1

MSB =

SSB
m -1

(n-1)(m-1)

MSE =

SSE
(n - 1)(m - 1)

SSE=SST-SSA-SSB

Tng

SST= xij2 -

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

SSA
( A =
n - 1

n-1

Sai s

i, j

MS

T2
m.n

i, j

SS

Ti*2

xij2

xim2

* Bng ANOVA
Ngun
Yu t A

xnj2
j

xij2

x22 j

T2*

T*j = xij

x12j

T1*

T2
m.n

nm-1
6

F
SSA
FA =
SSE
FB =

SSB
SSE

* Kt lun :
Nu FA > F n-1 ; (n-1)(m-1) ; 1-a th b c b yu t A (h ng)
Nu FB > F m-1 ; (n-1)(m-1) ; 1-a th b c b yu t B (ct)
V d:
Chit sut cht X t 1 loi dc liu bng 3 phng php v 5 loi dung mi, ta c kt qu:
PP Chit sut (B)
b1
b2
b3
Dung mi (A)
a1
120
60
60
a2
120
70
50
a3
130
60
50
a4
150
70
60
a5
110
75
54
Hy xt nh hng ca phng php chit sut v dung mi n kt qu chit sut cht X
vi a=0,01
Gii: Gi thit H0 : * Trung bnh ca 3 phng php chit sut bng nhau
* Trung bnh ca 5 dung mi bng nhau
* Khng c s tng tc gia phng php chi sut v dung mi
Tnh ton:
B
b1
b2
b3
Ti*
xij2
A
j

a1
a2
a3
a4
a5

120
120
130
150
110

60
70
60
70
75

60
50
50
60
54

240
240
240
280
239

T*j
xij2

630

335

274

T=1239

80300

22625

15116

SST = xij2 i, j

Ti*2
SSA =

m
T*2j

21600
21800
23000
31000
20641

xij2 =118041
i, j

T2
(1239) 2
=118041= 155699,6
m.n
5x3
-

T2
308321 (1239) 2
=
= 432,2667
m.n
3
15

T2
584201 (1239) 2
=
= 14498,8
n
m.n
5
15
SSE = SST - SSA- SSB = 768,5333
Ngun
SS
df
MS
Yu t A
SSA= 432,2667
4
MSA = 108,0667
Yu t B
2
MSB = 7249,4
SSB= 14498,8
Sai s
SSE= 768,5333
8
MSE = 96,0667
Tng
SST = 155699,6
14
FA < F4 ; 8 ; 0,99 = 7,006 Dung mi khng nh hng n kt qu chit sut.
FB > F 2 ; 8 ; 0,99 = 8,649 Phng php nh hng n kt qu chit sut.
SSB =

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

F
FA = 1,1249
FB = 75,4622

Dng Excel
Nhp d liu
Chn Tools\Data Analysis\Anova: Two-Factor without replication

Chn cc mc nh hnh

Kt qu

Anova: Two-Factor
Without Replication

a1
a2
a3
a4
a5

SUMMARY

3
3
3
3
3

Sum
240
240
240
280
239

80
80
80
93.33333333
79.66666667

Variance
1200
1300
1900
2433.333333
800.3333333

b1
b2
b3

5
5
5

630
335
274

126
67
54.8

230
45
25.2

MS
108.0666667
7249.4
96.06666667

F
1.124913255
75.46217904

ANOVA
Source of Variation
Rows
Columns
Error

Count

SS
432.2666667
14498.8
768.5333333

Total

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

15699.6

df
4
2
8

Average

14

P-value
0.409397603
6.42093E-06

F crit
7.006065061
8.64906724

Bi tp
1) Nghin cu v hiu qu ca 3 loi thuc A, B, C dng iu tr chng suy nhc thn kinh. 12
ngi bnh c chia lm 4 nhm theo mc bnh 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ; trong mi nhm chia ra
cng dng 1 trong 3 loi thuc trn. Sau 1 tun iu tr, kt qu nh gi bng thang im nh
sau:
Mc bnh
Thuc

A
25
40
25
30
B
30
25
25
25
C
25
20
20
25
Hy nh gi hiu qu ca cc loi thuc A, B, C c khc nhau hay khng ? vi a = 0,01
2) Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la n nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:
Ging la
A
B
C
Loi phn bn
1
65
69
75
2
74
72
70
3
64
68
78
4
83
78
76
Hy nh gi s nh hng ging la, loi phn bn trn nng sut la, a = 0,05.
3) kho st nh hng ca 4 loi thuc tr su (1, 2, 3 v 4) v ba loi ging (B1, B2 v B3) n
sn lng ca cam, cc nh nghin cu tin hnh mt th nghim loi giai tha. Trong th
nghim ny, mi ging cam c 4 cy cam c chn mt cch ngu nhin, v 4 loi thuc tr
su p dng (cng ngu nhin) cho mi cy cam.
Kt qu nghin cu (sn lng cam) cho tng ging v thuc tr su nh sau:
Thuc tr su
1
2
3
4
Ging Cam
B1
29
50
43
53
B2
41
58
42
73
B3
66
85
63
85
Hy cho bit thuc tr su, ging cam c nh h ng n sn lng cam khng? a = 0,05
4) 4 chuyn gia ti chnh c yu cu d on v tc tng trng (%) trong nm ti ca 5 cng
ty trong ngnh nha. D on c ghi nhn nh sau:
Cng ty
1
2
3
4
5

Chuyn gia
B
C
12
8,5
10
9
9
12
13
10
10
10

A
8
14
11
9
12

D
13
11
10
13
10

Hy lp bng ANOVA. C th ni rng d on tc tng trng trung bnh l nh nhau cho

c 5 cng ty nha c khng?

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

3. Phn tch phng sai 2 nhn t c lp

Tng t nh bi ton phn tch phng sai 2 nhn t khng lp , ch khc mi mc ((ai , bj) u c
s lp li r ln th nghim v ta cn kho st thm s tng tc (interaction term) FAB gia 2 nhn t
A v B.
* Mu iu tra:
B
A

a1

a2
:
:

an

b1

b2

x111
x112
:
:
x11r
x211
x212
:
:
x21r
:
:
xn11
xn12
:
:
xn1r

x121
x122
:
:
x12r
x221
x222
:
:
x22r
:
:
xn21
xn22
:
:
xn2r

* X l mu: Tnh tng hng Ti** =

xijk

bm
x1m1
x1m2
:
:
x1mr
x2m1
x2m2
:
:
x2mr
:
:
xnm1
xnm2
:
:
xnmr

, tng ct T*j* =

b2

x111
x112
:
:
x11r
x211
x212
:
:
x21r
:
:
xn11
xn12
:
:
xn1r

x121
x122
:
:
x12r
x221
x222
:
:
x22r
:
:
xn21
xn22
:
:
xn2r

T*1*= xi1k

T*2*= xi 2 k

a1

a2
:
:

an

T*j*

b1

i,k

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

xijk
i ,k

j ,k

i,k

bm
x1m1
x1m2
:
:
x1mr
x2m1
x2m2
:
:
x2mr
:
:
xnm1
xnm2
:
:
xnmr
T*m*= ximk
i,k

10

Ti**

T1**= x1 jk
j ,k

T2**= x2 jk
j ,k

Tn**= xnjk
j ,k

T=

xijk
i , j ,k

 xijk2

Cn tnh:

T*2j*

Ti*2*

i , j ,k

Tij2*

i, j

Suy ra
SST =

T2

( xijk - x ) 2 = xijk2 - nmr

i , j ,k

i , j ,k

Ti*2*

SSA = mr ( xi** - x ) 2 =

mr

SSB = nr ( x* j* - x ) =

T*2j*

nr

T2
nmr

T2
nmr

SSAB = r ( xij* - xi** - x* j* + x ) 2 =

Tij2* T*2j* Ti*2*

i, j
j
r

j ,i

SSE = SST SSA SSB SSAB =

xijk2 -

nr

mr

T2
nmr

xij2*
i, j

i , j ,k

* Bng ANOVA
Ngun

SS

df

Yu t A

SSA

n-1

MS
SSA
MSA =
n -1

Yu t B

SSB

m-1

MSB =

SSAB

(n-1)(m-1)

MSAB =

Sai s

SSE

nm(r-1)

MSE =

Tng

SST

nmr-1

Tng tc AB

SSB
m -1

SSAB
(n - 1)(m - 1)

F
MSA
FA =
MSE
FB =

FAB =

SSE
nm(r - 1)

* Kt lun

Nu FA > F n-1 ; nm(r-1) ; 1-a th bc b yu t A (h ng)

Nu FB > F m-1 ; nm(r-1) ; 1-a th bc b yu t B (ct)
Nu FAB > F (n-1)(m-1) ; nm(r-1) ; 1-a th c s tng tc gia A v B

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

11

MSB
MSE
MSAB
MSE

V d: Hm lng saponin (mg) ca cng mt loi dc liu c thu hi trong 2 ma (kh v ma:
trong mi ma ly mu 3 ln - u ma, gia ma, cui ma) v t 3 min (Nam, Trung, Bc)
thu c kt qu sau:
Min

Thi im

Ma

Nam

Trung

Bc

u ma
2,4
2,1
3,2
Gia ma
2,4
2,2
3,2
Cui ma
2,5
2,2
3,4
u ma
2,5
2,2
3,4
Ma
Gia ma
2,5
2,3
3,5
Cui ma
2,6
2,3
3,5
Hy cho bit hm lng saponin c khc nhau theo ma hay min khng? Nu c th 2 yu t
ma v min c s tng tc vi nhau hay khng? a = 0,05
Kh

Gii:
Min

Nam

Trung

Bc

Ti**

Ma
2,4
2,4
2,5
2,5
2,5
2,6
14,9

Kh

Ma
T*j*

7,3

7,6

2,1
2,2
2,2
3,2
3,2
3,4
13,3

6,5

6,8

2,2
2,3
2,3
3,4
3,5
3,5
20,2

9,8

23,6

10,4

24,8
T = 48,4

Tnh :

xijk2

= 134,64

i , j ,k

Ti*2*

= 23,62 + 24,82 = 1172

T*2j*

= 14,92 + 13,32 + 20,22 = 806,94

Tij2*

= 7,32 + 7,62 + 6,52 + 6,82 + 9,82 + 10,42 = 403,74

i, j
2

T = 48,42 = 2342,56
T2
2342,56
2
SST = xijk
= 134,64 = 4,4978
nmr
18
i , j ,k

Ti*2*
SSA =

mr
T*2j*

T2
1172 2342,56
=
= 0,08
nmr
9
18

T2
826,94 2342,56
=
= 4,3478
nr
nmr
6
18
xij2*
403,74
i, j
2
SSE = xijk
= 134,64 = 0,06
r
3
i , j ,k
SSAB= SST SSA SSB SSAB = 4,4978 - 0,08 - 0,06 - 4,3478 = 0,01
ng Thnh Danh - HNL
12
SSB =

Bng ANOVA
Ngun
Yu t A (ma)
Yu t B (min)
Tng tc AB
Sai s
Tng

SS
0,08
4,3478
0,01
0,06

df
1
2
2
12

4,4978

17

MS
0,08
2,1739
0,005
0,005

F
FA= 16
FB= 434,78
FAB= 1

FA > F1; 12; 0,95 = 4,7472

: Hm lng saponin khc nhau theo ma.
FB > F2; 12 ; 0,95 = 3, 8853 : Hm lng saponin khc nhau theo min.
FAB < F2 ; 12 ; 0,95 = 3,8853 : chp nhn H0 ( khng tng tc)
Vy hm lng saponin trong dc liu khc nhau theo ma , theo min v khng c s tng tc gia
ma v min trn hm lng saponin.
Dng EXCEL
* Nhp d liu
* Chn Tools\Data Analysis\Anova: Two Factor With Replication

* Chn cc mc nh hnh

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

13

* Bng ANOVA
Anova: Two-Factor With
Replication
SUMMARY

Nam

Trung

Bac

Total

Count
Sum
Average
Variance

3
7.3
2.433333
0.003333

3
6.5
2.166667
0.003333

3
9.8
3.266667
0.013333

9
23.6
2.622222222
0.251944444

Count
Sum
Average
Variance

3
7.6
2.533333
0.003333

3
6.8
2.266667
0.003333

3
10.4
3.466667
0.003333

9
24.8
2.755555556
0.300277778

Count
Sum
Average
Variance

6
14.9
2.483333
0.005667

6
13.3
2.216667
0.005667

6
20.2
3.366667
0.018667

ANOVA
Source of Variation
Sample
Columns
Interaction
Within

SS
0.08
4.347778
0.01
0.06

df

MS
0.08
2.173889
0.005
0.005

Total

4.497778

Total

1
2
2
12

F
16
434.7777778
1

P-value
0.001761696
6.36194E-12
0.396569457

F crit
4.747221283
3.885290312
3.885290312

17

Bi tp
1) Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la v nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:
Ging la
A
B
C
Loi phn bn
65
69
75
1
68
71
75
62
67
78
74
72
70
2
79
69
69
76
69
65
64
68
78
3
72
73
82
65
75
80
83
78
76
4
82
78
77
84
75
75
Hy cho bit s nh hng ca loi phn bn , ging la trn nng sut , a = 0,01
ng Thnh Danh - HNL

14

2) iu tra mc tng trng chiu cao ca 1 loi cy trng theo loi t trng v loi phn bn c
kt qu:
Loi t
Loi phn
A

5,5
5,5
6,0
5,6
7,0
7,0

4,5
4,5
4,0
5,0
5,5
5,0

3,5
4,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
4,5

Hi c s khc nhau ca mc tng trng chiu cao theo loi t v loi phn bn ? a=0,05
3) Nghin cu sn lng bng (t/ha) theo mt trng A v phn bn B thu c:
Mt trng
a1

a2

a3

Phn bn
b1
16
14
21
16
17
15
17
19
18
18
19
17

b2
19
20
23
19
19
18
18
20
20
23
21
21

b3
19
21
22
20
21
21
22
23
22
18
21
21

b4
20
24
21
17
20
20
22
19
25
22
21
23

Hi c s khc nhau ca sn lng bng theo mt trng, theo phn bn vi mc a=0,05

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

15

BI TP
1) Mt nh my thy in s dng cc turbines c gii nhit bng nc. Nu nc c dung
gii nhit b nhim th h thng my mc s b xi mn. Do , ngi ta s dng cc my lc
lm gim mc nhim ca nc. Gim c nh my mun trc nghim tnh hiu qu ca 4
my lc ang s dng. mi my lc ngi ta ly ngu nhin c lp nhau 3 mu nc c
lc v o mc nhim. Cc kt qu c c nh sau:
My lc 1
10
9
5

My lc 2
11
16
9

My lc 3
13
8
9

My lc 4
23
18
25

2) Mt nghin cu c thc hin so snh tui th (gi) ca 4 nhn hiu Pin: A, B, C, D. Kt

qu ghi nhn c nh sau:
Hiu A
15
16
18
20
19
20

Hiu B
14
15
16
15
14

Hiu C
19
20
16
13
17

Hiu D
16
15
16
18

Yu cu: Gi nh tui th pin c phn phi chun, phng sai bng nhau. Vi phng php
ANOVA, mc ngha 0,05, c th kt lun rng tui th trung bnh ca 4 nhn
hiu pin l khng khc nhau c khng?
3) Ba mu thit k bao b ca mt loi sn phm c xem xt bng cch thu thp doanh s (triu
ng/tun) ca mi loi bao b trong mt mu ngu nhin cc ca hng. Kt qu c ghi nhn
trong bng sau:
Mu bao b I
18
16
29
26
29
14
12
23

Mu bao b II
24
25
21
31
22

Mu bao b III
19
24
24
28
15
29
32

Vi kim nh ANOVA mc ngha 0,01, c th kt lun rng cc mu bao b khng nh

hng n doanh s c khng? (Gi nh doanh s theo cc mu bao b c phn phi chun,
phng sai bng nhau).

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

16

4) Mt nh sn xut mun kim tra xem 3 my c cng sut khc nhau khng. ng ta ch nh ngu
nhin 15 cng nhn c o tocng mt phng php lm vic trn 3 my (5 ngi1 my).
Vi mc ri ro 5%, liu 3 my c cng sut khc nhau?
My 1
25.40
26.31
24.10
23.74
25.10

My 2
23.40
21.80
23.50
22.75
21.60

My 3
20.00
22.20
19.75
20.60
20.40

5) so snh hiu nng ca 3 loi thuc dit mui A, B, C ngi ta thc hin mt thc nghim nh
sau: C 21 thng, mi thng nht vi trm con mui. Chia ngu nhin cc thng ny thnh 3
nhm, mi nhm 7 thng. Mui trong mi nhm thng c xt mt loi thuc khc nhau A, B
hoc C, t l % mui cht c ghi nhn nh sau:
Thuc dit mui A
68
80
69
76
68
77
60

Thuc dit mui B

58
60
70
51
57
71
61

Thuc dit mui C

71
62
58
74
65
59
57

Vi kim nh ANOVA mc ngha = 0,05, c th ni kh nng dit mui (th hin thng
qua t l mui cht trung bnh) ca 3 loi thuc l nh nhau c khng? (gi nh mui cht c
phn phi chun, phng sai bng nhau).
6) Trng phng k thut ca mt nh my sn xut v xe thc hin mt nghin cu nh gi s
khc bit v cht lng sn phm gia 3 ca sn xut: sng, chiu, m. Chn ngu nhin mt s
sn phm kim tra, kt qu ghi nhn nh sau:
Thi gian sn
xut
Sng
Chiu
Ti

S sn
phm
10
12
15

bn trung bnh
(ngn km)
25,95
25,50
23,75

Tng bnh phng

cc sai lch
6,255
6,595
7,555

Yu cu: Vi mc ngha ty theo quyt nh ca Anh (ch), c th kt lun rng c s khc bit
v bn gia cc sn phm sn xut ra ca sng, ca chiu v ca m hay khng? Nu
c, s khc bit nh th no?

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

17

7) Bn trm sa cha v bo hnh xe Honda trong mt thnh ph ln tuyn b rng khch hng s
c phc v nhanh chng ngay khi xe c a ti trm. Gim c ph trch dch v hu mi
ca hng tin hnh kim tra cht lng dch v ca cc trm bo hnh, bng cch chn ngu
nhin khc hng n trm trong gi cao im (9 n 11 gi sng) v ghi nhn thi gian ch i
ca h. Mt phn kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng sau:
Trm bo
S khch
Thi gian ch TB
hnh
hng
(pht)
Phng sai
A
3
5,133333
0,323333
B
4
8
1,433333
C
5
5,04
0,748
D
4
6,475
0,595833
Lp bng ANOVA. S liu trn c chng t rng thi gian ch i ca khch hng cc trm
bo hnh ca hng l khng khc nhau? Kt lun vi mc ngha 0,05.
8) Mt hng sn xut t thc hin mt nghin cu o lng s khc bit mc nhin liu tiu
th trung bnh gia 3 loi xe: c nh (4 ch), trung bnh (8 ch), v xe c ln (12 ch). Chn
ngu nhin 27 xe, kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng sau:
Mc nhin liu
Phng
Loi xe
S xe
tiu th TB (lit/100km)
sai
Nh
12
8,133333
2,343333
Trung Bnh
9
9,583253
2,453333
Ln
6
10,04578
3,74853
Lp bng ANOVA. S liu trn c chng t rng mc nhin liu tiu th trung bnh ca cc loi
xe l khng khc nhau? Kt lun vi mc ngha 0,05.
9) Mt phn bng ANOVA v nh hng ca loi phn bn vi cc ging la khc nhau n nng
sut la c trnh by sau y:
Tng bnh
Trung bnh cc lch
phng
bnh phng (phng
Bin thin
Bc t do cc sai lch
sai)
Gi tr F
Gia cc
nhm
5
605
Gia cc khi 2
245
Sai s
150
Tng
Yu cu: Hy xc nh:
Tng s quan st khi thc hin cuc nghin cu trn.
Hon tt bng ANOVA.
t gi thuyt Ho v H1.
Kim nh cc gi thuyt vi mc ngha = 5%.

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

18

10) Kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng ANOVA nh sau:

Sources
Df
Sum of Squares
Mean Squares
F
Between
Groups
4
501
1225,25
9,109
Between
Blocks
2
225
112,50
8,182
Error
8
110
13,75
Total
14
836
Yu cu: Hy xc nh
Tng s quan st khi thc hin nghin cu trn.
Pht biu gi thuyt.
S dng mc ngha 0,01, hy kt lun trung bnh ca cc tng th.
11) Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la n nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:
Gi ng l a
Lo i ph n b n
1
2
3
4

65
74
64
83

69
72
68
78

75
70
78
76

Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la v nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:
12) kho st nh hng ca 4 loi thuc tr su (1, 2, 3 v 4) v ba loi ging (B1, B2 v B3) n
sn lng ca cam, cc nh nghin cu tin hnh mt th nghim loi giai tha. Trong th
nghim ny, mi ging cam c 4 cy cam c chn mt cch ngu nhin, v 4 loi thuc tr
su p dng (cng ngu nhin) cho mi cy cam.
Kt qu nghin cu (sn lng cam) cho tng ging v thuc tr su nh sau:
Thuc tr su
1
2
3
4
Ging Cam
B1
29
50
43
53
B2
41
58
42
73
B3
66
85
63
85
Hy cho bit thuc tr su, ging cam c nh h ng n sn lng cam khng? a = 0,05

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

19

13) 4 chuyn gia ti chnh c yu cu d on v tc tng trng (%) trong nm ti ca 5 cng

ty trong ngnh nha. D on c ghi nhn nh sau:

Cng ty
1
2
3
4
5

A
8
14
11
9
12

Chuyn gia
B
C
12
8,5
10
9
9
12
13
10
10
10

D
13
11
10
13
10

Hy lp bng ANOVA. C th ni rng d on tc tng trng trung bnh l nh nhau cho

c 5 cng ty nha c khng?
14) Mt cng ty vn chuyn thc hin mt ngin cu xem xt nh hng ca l trnh n thi
gian vn chuyn (pht) gia 2 a im. S liu thng k v thi gian vn chuyn ca 9 chuyn
trong mt tun c thc hin trn cc l trnh v thi gian khc nhau trong ngy cho trong bng
sau:
L trnh
Thi gian
A
B
C
10 - 12 gi
sng
50
52
54
1 - 3 gi chiu 45
65
62
7 -10 gi ti
55
47
50
Yu cu: mc ngha 5%, hy kt lun xem:
C s khc bit v thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh gia 3 l trnh hay khng? Nu c,
cng ty nn chn l trnh no?
C s khc bit v thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh gia cc thi gian khc nhau trong
ngy hay khng? Nu c, cng ty nn thc hin vn chuyn vo thi gian no?

ng Thnh Danh - HNL

20