Chemistry Experiments Report

ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Written by: Name : Ran No Absent : 15 Class : XI Ns. 3 Teacher : Mrs. Tuti Purwaningsih Subject : Chemistry GROUP I

PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN TEGAL DINAS PENDIDIKAN, PEMUDA DAN OLAHRAGA UPTD SMA NEGERI 1 SLAWI
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ENDOTHERMIC AND EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

A. Objectives : 1. Identifying the properties of exothermic and endothermic reaction. 2. Students can understanding the differences between exothermic and endothermic reaction by doing this experiments. B. Tools and Materials : HCl solution (1M) H2O Mg CaCO3 CO(NH2)2 Counterweight Spatula Reaction tube shelf Reaction tube (4) Thermometer

C. Work Method : a. HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2 + H2O + CO2(g) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pour HCl (1M) solution into reaction tube. Measure the initial temperature of HCl (1M) solution. Add CaCO3 into the HCl (1M) solution. Mix HCl (1M) solution with CaCO3. Measure the final temperature.

b. 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2 + H2O(l) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pour HCl (1M) solution into reaction tube. Measure the initial temperature of HCl (1M) solution with thermometer. Add Mg into the HCl (1M) solution. Mix HCl (1M) solution with Mg. Measure the final temperature.

c. H2O(l) + 2NH4(s) 2NH3(aq) + 2H2O(l) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pour H2O solution into reaction tube. Measure the initial temperature of H2O with thermometer. Add Mg into the H2O. Mix H2O with NH4. Measure the final temperature.

d. 2H2O(l) + CO(NH2)2(s) 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pour H2O solution into reaction tube. Measure the initial temperature of H2O with thermometer. Add CO(NH2)2 into the H2O. Mix H2O with CO(NH2)2. Measure the final temperature.

D. Base Principle :

The word enthalpy is based on the Greek word enthalpos (), which means to put heat into. It comes from the Classical Greek prefix -, en-, meaning to put into, and the verb , thalpein, meaning "to heat". Enthalpy (H) is the amount of energy sustained in a system at constant pressure. The value of H is positive in endothermic reactions and negative in exothermic reactions. H is equal to the change in the internal energy of the system, plus the work that the system has done on its surroundings. This means that the change in enthalpy under such conditions is the heat absorbed (or released) by a chemical reaction. Using enthalpy simplifies certain descriptions of energy transfer, as it is not affected by energy transferred to the environment through the expansion of the system. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat. Exothermic reactions may occur spontaneously and result in higher randomness or entropy (S > 0) of the system. They are denoted by a negative heat flow (heat is lost to the surroundings) and decrease in enthalpy (H < 0). In the lab, exothermic reactions produce heat or may even be explosive. There are other chemical reactions that must absorb energy in order to proceed. These are endothermic reactions. Endothermic reaction ("within-heating") describes a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from the surroundings in the form of heat. Endothermic reactions cannot occur spontaneously. Work must be done in order to get these reactions to occur. When endothermic reactions absorb energy, a temperature drop is measured during the reaction. Endothermic reactions are characterized by positive heat flow (into the reaction) and an increase in enthalpy (+H). For an exothermic reaction at constant pressure, the system's change in enthalpy equals the energy released in the reaction, including the energy retained in the system and lost through expansion against its surroundings. In a similar manner, for an endothermic reaction, the system's change in enthalpy is equal to the energy absorbed in the reaction, including the energy lost by the system and gained from compression from its surroundings. A relatively easy way to determine whether or not a reaction is exothermic or endothermic is to determine the sign of H. If H is positive, the reaction is endothermic, that is heat is absorbed by the system due to the products of the reaction having a greater enthalpy than the reactants. On the other hand if H is negative, the reaction is exothermic, that is the overall decrease in enthalpy is achieved by the generation of heat.

An enthalpy change describes the change in enthalpy observed in the constituents of a thermodynamic system when undergoing a transformation or chemical reaction. It is the difference between the enthalpy after the process has completed, i.e. the enthalpy of the products, and the initial enthalpy of the system, i.e. the reactants. These processes are reversible and the enthalpy for the reverse process is the negative value of the forward change. The value of H can be written as follow:

Mathematically, enthalpy change (H) can be derived as follows:

As the enthalpy is measured at constant pressure (

), then:

Substituting

and

into the equation above, we obtain:

Thus, at constant pressure the enthalpy change is same as the heat absorbed or released.

E. Experiments Result :

No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Reaction HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CaCl2 + H2O + CO2(g) 2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) MgCl2 + H2O(l) H2O(l) + 2NH4(s) 2NH3(aq) + 2H2O(l) H2O(l) + CO(NH2)2(s) 2NH3 + H2O + CO2

to

Kinds of reaction Exothermic reaction Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction Endothermic reaction

30oC 31oC 30oC 46oC 30oC 25oC 30oC 25oC

F. Analysis: Enthalpy (H) is the amount of energy sustained in a system at constant pressure. The value of H is positive in endothermic reactions and negative in exothermic reactions. H is equal to the change in the internal energy of the system, plus the work that the system has done on its surroundings. If system released heat or performs work, the enthalpy changes will be negative. And if system absorb heat or receive work, the enthalpy change will be positive. G. References: Johari, J.M.C. Chemistry for Senior High School Grade XI Semester 1. 2010. Jakarta: ESIS www.google.com www.wikipedia.org

Guide teacher

Slawi, September 2010 Practician

Mrs. Tuti Purwaningsih NIP.

Ran NIS. 0913821