S

  

S
c
9


 
  9 





n x
y
y0 ; y 00 ; ::: ; y(n)
co (x; y0 ; y00 ; ::: ; y(n ) ) = 0c
c
o (x; y; y0) = 0

(1)cc

cccy = f (x; y)

()c

cccc> (x; y)dx + Q(x; y)dy = 0

(3)c

y = ' (x)c
$x 
c
c
cc

y = ' (x; c)
$ c c
c
y(x
y(x o) = yo

(4)c

c = co y = ' (x; co)c

} g

  


y0 = f (x; y)

](x; y; c) = 0





8
g 


 
 

   !




 g

g




<
 y cco (x ; y0) = 0

y0

(1)c

 xx = f (y0)
yy0 = t
)

y = f (x)
(x)))

y=

f (x)dx + c

 x = f (t) 5 dx = f 0(t):dt
yy0 =

dy
= t:dt = t:f 0(t):dt
dx

x=R
f (t)

y = t:f 0(t) dt + c

 

x = f (t)
x= R
f (t)
cc
c
y0 = g(t) (= yx0 )
y = g(t)f 0(t)dt + c

 co (y; y 0) = 0

 y
y0 = f (y))
(y))
Z

x =

dy
dy
dx =
= y0 = f (y)
(y) dx
f (y)
dx

dy
+ c c
f (y)

 y = f (y0) yy0 = t

dy
= t
dx
R f 0(t)dt
x
x=
t

y = f (t) ,

dx =

()c

dy
f 0(t)dt
=
t
t

R f 0(t)dt
+c
t
y = f (t)
x=

y = f (t)

y0 = g(t)

f 0(t)dt
g(t)
$
R f 0(t)dt
x=
+c

g(t)
:
y = f (t)

dy
= y0 = g(t))
g(t))
dx

dx =

1yy0 + y0 x + 1 = 0
0 c
xx = y0 + y0 + 1
y) ccy0 = t c

x = t  + t + 1c

R

1
dx
dx = f 0(t)dt = (t + 1)dt
1)dt)) y = t(t + 1)dt + c=
c= t  + t  + cc
3

(
x = t + t + 1


1
cccccc
y = t3 + t + c
3

c

 y + y0 = 1c

 x c

dy
cost:dt
dy
y = si nt
c )
= cost ) dx =
=
= dt c
0
y = cost
dx
cost
cost

x= t+ c
cccccccost =

6 0c c
y = sin t
y = si n(x + c)ccost =
6 0c

cost
t = ( + 1) c
cost = 0 )


y = sint = 1
1 c


 gg


!"c
cc

 (x)dx + N (y)dy = 0

(3)c



o

#$%&

Z
Z
 (x):dx +
N (y):dy = C

}  1(x):N 1 (y):dx +  (x):N 1 (y):dy = 0

(30)

U

N 1(y):  (x)c
 1 (x)
N (y)
dx +
dy = 0
0 c
  (x)
N 1(y)
c

 (1
(1 + x)y dx + (1 + y)x  dy = 0
0 c
x  :yc
1+ y
1+ x
dx +
dy = 0
0 c

x
y
R 1+ x
R1+ y
1
1
)
dx +
dy = C,
C , + ln jxj
+ ln jyj = C c x y =
6 0
cc


x
y
x
y

x = y = 0
cc
c

z
'

 g( y
y0 = f (x ; y) = '

1:

xy0 = y + x: tan (y=x)

:

y0 =

x+ y
x y

y
x

y
y
y
y0 = + t an
= '
x
x
x

y
y

x 1+
1+
x =
x = ' y
y0 =
y
y
x
1
x 1
x
x
)

(4)c

3:

y0 =

x  + 3xy + y
)
x  + y

y0 =

y
 = u = u(x)
o

#$%

x

x  1+ 3 y=x+ (y=x)  

x  + (y=x)  

y0 = u + x

y = x:uccc)

1+ 3y=x+ (y=x) 
+ (y=x) 

)
= ' ( xy )c

du
c
dx

du
du
= ' (u)c , x
= ' (u) uc
dx
dx
du
dx
' (u) u =
=
6 0
0
' (u) u
x

(4)
(4) , u + x

()

()
c1 ; c ; :::; cn u = c ;  = 1; n
' (u) u = 0
0
 y = c :x ;  = 1; n
' (u) u 0)
)
0

u0 =

du
y
= 0
0 u
u = c=
dx
x

y = cx

(4x
(4x  y)dx + xydy = 0
0 c

x
dy
y 4x 
1 y
y
 c
y0 =
=
=
dx
xy
 x
y

y
u  u 4
u
u= )
u + x du
=
=
dx
x
 u
u

4+ u
du
udu
dx
c
=
)
x
,
=

dx
u
4+ u
x
c

)
ln(4 + u) = ln jxj + lnjcj = ln c
x
y 
c
c

4+
= c
,
4 + u = c,
x
x
x


4x + y cx = 0c
xy0 = 3xey=x + yc
y
y
y0 = 3ey=x + c
x
du
y
du
u
u = c u + x
= 3eu + uc ) x
= 3eu c
x
dx
dx
R u
R dx
du
dx
)
= 3 ,
e :du = 3
+ cc
u
e
x
x
,
e u = 3 ln jxj + cc
ey=x + 3 ln jxj + c = 0c
c



 gg

) g


) y
y0 + p(x)y = q(x)

(5)c

 q(x)
q(x) =
6 0(5)

q(x)
q(x) = 0(5)
0
(5),,

y0 + p(x)y = 0

(6)
(6)(6)
(6)

@ 
*
#$% c
 (6)
dy
dy
= p(x)dx c
= p(x):y ,
y
dx
ccc

R
R
R dy

lnyc = p(x)dx c
= p(x)dx + ln jcj,
y

y0 =

)
,

y = c:e

p(x) dx

(7)

c c

 (5)
(5)
R

y = c(x):e
)

p(x ) dx

($)

y0 + p(x):y = c0(x):e

c(x) =

q(x):e

p(x )dx

p(x ) dx

q(x)c
q(x)

+ C

c0(x) = q(x):e

p(x ) dx

(9)c

 (9) ($) (5)

Z
R
R
R

p(x ) dx

p(x )dx
y = C:e
+e
: q(x)e p(x) dx :dx

(10)

o o o o c
R

cyy1 (x) = e p(x ) dx c

R
R
c(x)
(x) = q(x)e p(x)

dx

:dx c

cy
y = C:y1 (x) + y1 (x):(x)
(x):(x) c
c

(1
(1 + x  )y0 + xy = 1
1 c
x
1
x
1
p(x)
q(x) =
c
y=
p(x) =



1+ x
1+ x
1+ x
1 + x
R x
1
1

dx

= e  ln j 1+ x j = p
yy1(x) = e 1 + x 
1 + x
R
p
R 1
R
x
1
(x) =
e 1+ x dx :dx = p
dx = ln jx + 1 + x  j

1+ x
1 + x

 ) y0 +

y = C:y1 (x) + y1 (x):(x)

)

y = Cp

p
1
1
+ p
ln j x + 1 + x  j
1 + x
1 + x

@ S   x y
x = x(y) x

x 0 + p(y)x = q(y)
c

y
y0 +
x
x0 =

1
= 0
0 c
x y

dx
= y x x 0 + x = yc
dy
R

xx 1 (y) = e  dy = e y
R
R
R
(y) = y:e  dy dy = y:ey dy
R
1
1  y 1 R y
y e
e ydy = y ey yey dy



1  y
1 y 1 R y
e ) dy
= y e ( ye



1
1
1
1
1
= yey yey + ey = (y y + )ey


4



1
1

x = C:e y +
y y +


)

(y) =




 g)g(B
( B ecnulli )cc
c

 y0 + p(x)y = q(x)y

(11)c

 c

(11)
@ 
*
#$%
(11) yc
y y0 + p(x)y1

= q(x)c ) yy1

1
u0 + p(x):u = q(x)c
1
u0 + (1 ):u = (1 ):q(x) c

= u)
u)

u0 = (1 )y :y0

ucc c c
cc
c

p
(y
(y + xy)dx = xdy
xdy c
p
y + xy
dy
y
1 1
 y0 =
=
=
+ p y c
dx
x
x
x
1
1 1
1
,
y0
y = p y  B ecnulli
= c
x
x

y  c
1

1 1
1
1 1
1
p
y  = p c()
( )u
u = y  = y)
u0 = y  y0c
x
x

c
1
1
) () ,
u0
u = p c
x
x
1
1
,
u0
u = p cc
c
x
 x
,

1


y0

c
R 1
R1
R 1
R 1
p e x dx :dx :e x dx c
u = C:e x dx +
 x
p
p
p
p
p R 1
p
u=
y c
c
dx)= C x + x: ln x ccccc u
dx)=
u = C x + x(
x
p
)
y = x(C + ln x)  c

@@ B ecnul l i x
cx 0 + p(y):x = q(y):x

( =
6 0 ; 1)c



 g+


> (x; y): dx + Q(x; y):dy = 0

(1)c

>y 0(x; y) = Q0x (x; y)c >

>y 0 = Qx 0c
ccccccc(13)c

@ 
*
#$%c
(13)
(13) c
9 u(x; y) : du = >(x; y): dx + Q(x; y): dy
dy (1)
(1)du = 0c
)

u(x; y) = C (1)c

u(x;
u(x; y)
c

cc
Zx
Zy
cc u(x; y) =
>(x; yo):dx +
Q(x; y): dy
xo

>(x; y):dx +

cc u(x; y) =

(14)c

yo

Q(x o; y):dy

xo

(15)c

yo

c (3x
(3x  y 4xy)dx + (x 3 4x y + 1y3 )dy = 0
0 c
c>
>y0 = 3x  $xy

Q0x = 3x  $xy

) >y0 = Q0x c

u(x; y)c
u(x;
u(x; y) = ?c
) u(x;

(14)
( 14) x o = 0 ;

yo = 0
0 cc

u(x; y) =
,

Rx
o

> (x; 0)dx +

Ry
0

Q(x; y)dy =

Rx
0

0dx +

Ry
0

(x 3 + 4x y + 1y3)dy = C c

u(x; y) = x 3y x  y + xy4 = C c

u(x; y) = x 3 y x  y + 3y4 = C cc

@ 
*
#$%
,
*cc
(13)c
u0x = > (x; y)c
u0y = Q(x; y)c
Z
Z
>(x; y)dx + C(y) (a)
(a)
u(x; y) =
Q(x; y)dy + C(x) (b)c
5 u(x; y) =

)
)

C(y)C(x)c
(a)
(a)c
hR
i0
R
C(y) = C 0(y)dy + C c
)
C 0(y) = Q(x; y)
> (x; y):dx )
y

C(y)(a) u(x; y)c

c

c c
c >
>y0 = 3x  $xy = Q0x c
(3x  y 4xy)dx + (x 3 4x y1y3 )dy = 0
0
) (3x
c
u(x; y)
y)
ccu0x = 3x  y 4xy u0y = x 3 4x y + 1y3c
R
)
u(x; y) = (3x y 4xy3 ) dx + C(y) = x 3y x  y + C(y)
C(y)()
()c
0
3

3
3
  0
3
) C(y) = (x 4x y + 1y ) (x y x y ) y = 1y c
R
)
C(y) = 1y3dy = 3y4 + C C(y) ()c
u(x; y) = x 3 y x  y + 3y4 = C cccc c
c
c

c 3x
3x (1 + ln y) dx +
c

x3

y dy = 0
0 c
y
>
>y0 =

c

u(x;
u(x; y) c
( 14)c x
x o = 0 ; yo = 1c
c
) u(x; y)(14)

Rx
Ry x 3
y dyc
)
u(x; y) = 0 3x (1 + ln 1)dx + 1
y
y
x

)
u(x; y) = x 3 + (x  ln y y ) = x 3 + x 3 ln y y + 1 = C c
0

3x 
= Q0x
y

 u
u(x;
(x; y) = x 3 (1 + ln y) y = C
Cc
c

>y0 =

6 Q0x (1)
(1)

@@  c

cc

h
i
cc = (x; y)(x;
y)
(x; y): >(x; y)dx + Q(x; y)dy = 0c

u(x; y) (x;
(x; y)
u(x;

c-./0 12 /038

g c
cc T 

c

(:Q) x 0 = (:> ) y 0c

(16)c

= (x) ; = (y) = (u)

; u = u(x; y)c

xy
xy ln y:dx + (x  + y

c

1 + y):dy = 0

= (y)
(y) c
ccc
(y)(16) c
h
i 0 h
i 0
p
) (y):(x  + y : 1 + y ) = (y):xy ln y c
x

x = 0:xy ln y + x:: ln y + x:c

1
0
1
(y) = c
)
= )

y
y
h
i
p
1



: xy ln y:dx + (x + y : 1 + y :dy = 0
0
c
y
p
x
+ y:  + y :dy = 0cc
,
x: ln ydx +
y
)

1c
u(x; y) = ? x o = 0 ; yo = 1
i y
h

p
p
Rx
Ry x 
1

u(x; y) = 0 0 dx + 1
:dy= x  : ln jyj + (1 + y) 1 + y = C c
+ y: 1 + y :dy=
1
y
3
p
1
,
x  ln jyj + (1 + y) 1 + y = C c u(x; y)
c
3
c

c

(y
(y xy ):dx + x:dy = 0

= (u)
ccc
= (x y ))(16)c
h
i 0 h
i 0
)
(u):x = (u)(y xy ) c
x

u = x yc

x  y:0 + = x  y:0(y xy ) + :(1 xy)

1
1
0
1
1
=  c
(u) =
=  = ,

x y
u
u
x y
i
1 h
)
: (y xy):dx + x:dy = 0
0
c
x  y
1
1
1
dy = 0c
:dx +
 
x y
x
xy

u(x;
(14)
x o = 1 ;
u(x; y)
y)
( 14)
Rx 1
Ry 1
1
u(x;
u(x; y) = 1

dy = C c
:dx
+
1 xy
x x
1
x 1 y

, u(x; y) = ln jxj +
= Cc
x
1
xy 1
1
1
1
,
u(x; y) = ln jxj + 1
+ = Cc
x
xy x
1
c
C
+ ln jxj = C
xy
c
c
c
c

c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

yo = 1c

c
c
c

9
  
  9 





o (x; y; y0 y00 ) = 0

(1)y00 = f (x; y; y0 )

- y = ' (x; c1; c )

(3)

- y = ' (x o; c01; c0)

yo = y(x o)
-
yo0 = y0(x o)
-

()

(4)
(5)

(x; y; c1 ; c ) = 0

(6)

    " 
"##



 gg
#y

o  o (x; y0; y00 ) = 0
o 
*
#$%  y
y0 = p = p(x)
)

(1)

) y00 = p0

o (x; p; p0 ) = 0 (10)

(x;
(x; p; c1 ) = 0
0 p
p = y0
(1) H (x; y; c1 ; c) = 0

 (1
(1 x  ) y00 xy0 = 
 yy0 = p

) y00 = p0

) (1 x )p0 xp = 
x

p
, p0
p=

1 x
1 x
 ( )
R

> = c1:e

d
1 x 

dx

+e

x
1 x 

dx

:e
1 x

x
1 x 

dx

:dx

= p

R
1
c1
 arcsin x

c1
p
+ p
:dx = p
+ p
c
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x
R
R
R
 arcsin x
c
p 1
p
+
y = y0dx = >dx =
:dx + cc
1 x
1 x

y = c1:ar csi nx + (ar csi nx)  + cc

c
c



 gg#x

o cco (y; y0; y00 ) = 0

yx0 = p = p(y)
o 
*
#$%cccy
dp
= 0
o y; p; p
dy

)
c

()c

) y00 = yx0 :p0(y) = p

dp
c
dy

(0)c

(0)(y; p; c1) = 0yy0 = p

(y; y0; c1 ) = 0

()
()
H (x; y; c1; c ) = 0 c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c

c yy
yy00 = y0 + 1

dp
c
dy
R pdp
R dy
dp
) () , yp
= p + 1 ,
=
+ ln c1c

dy
p +1
y
, ln jp + 1j = ln jc1 yj , p + 1 = c1 :yc
p
,
p = y0 = c1 :y 1c
p
dy
yy0 =
= c1 y 1c
dx
R
R
dy
p
p
)
c1y 1 = x + cc
= dx + c ,
c1
c1y 1
4
 (c1y 1) = (x + c) c c
c
c1
cccy
y0 = p

c

c
c
c

()
() c

) y00 = p

yy 00 3y0 = 4y

y(0) = 1

c
c
y0(0) = 0
dp
cyy0 = p ) y00 = p c
dy
dp
)
yp p = 4yc
ypc
c
dy
dp
3
)
B ecnulli c

p = yp 1c
dy y

3 
dp
c

p = yc
dy y
dp
3
u0
p
p = u ) p
= u0y )

u = yc
dy

y
3
c
, u0 u = 4yc
y
)

cc
c

u = c1 :e

, u = p = y0 = c1:y3 4yc

c
c
c
c

3
y

dy

+e

3
y

dy

R
: 4y:e

3
y

dy

:dy = c1 =y3 + y3(

4
)c
y

cc1 = 4c

p
dy
= y y 1c
dx
R
R
p
dy
p
,
= dx + c y 1 = t ) y = t  + 1 ) dy = tdt c
y y 1
R tdt
= x + cc
,
t(t  + 1)
p
, arct an t = x + c , arctan y 1 = x + cc
y0 =

cc = 0c

p
arct
arct an y 1 = x c

    $%&'(
%
)

y 1 = t an x ) y = 1 + t an x =

1
c
cos x

o /'45g(  y00 + p(x)y0 + q(x)y = f (x)

(1)

f (x) =
6 0(1)
0
(1)

f (x) = 0(1)
0
(1)

y00 + p(x)y0 + q(x)y = 0

()

o 
*
#$%
+

#$%  2,()




y1 (x) y (x) ()

y (x) = c1:y1 + c :y

()



y1(x)
(x) y(x)
(x)
y1
(3) ()
(3)
()
=
6 const ) y (x) = c1:y1 + c:y
y

y1(x)y(x)

y1 (x) 
y (x) = u(x):y1 (x)

(4)

(4) () ( y0 = u0:y1 + u:y10 y00 = u00:y1 + u0:y10 + u:y100)

) y1 :u00 + (y10 + p:y1 ):u0 = 0
, ln u0:y =
, u0 =

p(x)

u00
y10
=


p(x)
u0
y

p(x):dx

dx

y1
Z

y = y1 :

u(x) = y1:
R

R e

p(x )dx

dx

y1

p(x )dx

(6) (L i u V i n)

dx

y1

(5)

(1 x  )y0 + xy0 y = 0
0
 (1
 y1 = x
R

(6))
( 6))

y = x:

Re

x
dx
x  1

x

dx = x:

R x 1
dx = x  + 1
x

y (x) = c1 :x + c :(x  + 1)


y
(sin x cosx)y00 3 sin x:y0 + (cosx + sin x)y = 0
0
y1 = ex

sin x
R e sin x cosx
y = ex :
ex
R

(6))
( 6))

dx

dx

#$%   2,

y00 + p(x)y0 + q(x)y = f (x)

(1)

(1)
(1) y = y (x) + Y (x) y (x)

() Y (x)
(1)
o 
*
#$% 6
Y (x) 

- y (x) = c1 :y1 + c :y

(7)
(7) (1)
(1)))

Y (x) = c1(x):y1 + c(x):y

Y 0 = c01 :y1 + c0 :y + c1 :y10 + c:y0

(7)

- c1(x) ; c (x)c01:y1 + c0 :y = 0

)

($)

Y 00 = c01:y10 + c0 :y0 + c1:y100 + c :y00

Y
Y 0; Y 00 (1)

Y 00 + p(x):Y 0 = c01:y10 + c0:y0 f (x)

(9)
0
c1:y1 + c0:y = 0
($)(9) 
c01:y10 + c0:y0 = f (x)

(10)

- (10)
( 10)c1(x); c(x)
c y00

1 0
y = x c
x


-

 y00

1 0
y = 0
x

y1 = 1
(4)
( 4))

y =

1
e x
R

dx

dx =

1 
x


x
= c1 + c:x 

y (x) = c1 + c

-  Y (x) = c1(x) + c(x):x 
0
c1(x) + c0(x):x  = 0
c1(x) ; c(x) cc
c
c01(x):0 + c0(x):x = x
$
$
1 
x3

0


c1(x) = x
c1 (x) =
1
1
1

 ) Y (x) = x 3 + x:x  = x 3c
)
)
1




6

3
: c0(x) =
: c (x) = 1x


1
y(x)
c
y(x) = c1 + c:x  + x 3c c
3
c
c

 
 $,
%&-
 
(+

o 4( 

y00 + py0 + qy = f (x)

; (p ; q = const)

o 
*
#$%  (1)
y(x) = y (x) + Y (x)


y (x)4 6 
7 y00 + py0 + q = 0
()  y = ex

()
()

(1)

ex (  + p + q) = 0

 + p + q = 0

(3) ()

a): (3)
1 =
6  ( = p 4q
0 )

y (x) = c1:e1 x + c:e x

p
1 =  =  =
( = 0 )
b): (3)


y1 = e 1 x ; y = e  x

y1 = ex ; y = x:ex

(4)

y (x) = ex (c1 + c :x)

(5)

c): (3)

1; = a i b (
y1 = eax : cosbx ; y = eax : sin bx

y (x) = eax (c1: cosbx + c: sin bx)

(6)

E uler cei ' = cos' + i sin ' c

)
)

y1 = e(a+ i b)x = eax (cosbx + i sin bx)c

y = e(a i b)x = eax (cosbx i sin bx)c

ccc c

y00 + 5y0 6y = 0c

c   + 5 6 = 0c

1 = 1 ;  = 6 (a + b+ c = 0)

y (x) = c:e + c:e

6x

cc y00 + 4y + 4y = 0c
c   + 4 + 4 = 0c

1 =  = 
y (x) = e

x (c
1

+ c:x)

cc y" + 4y0 + 13y = 0c


cc  + 4 + 13 = 0c

 = 9

01; =  3i

y (x) = e

x (c cos3x
1

+ c sin 3x)

0 )

Y (x)4
6
7(1)
(x)
(1)

( )
Y

Y (x)
(x)
ccc ccy00 y0 + y =

ex
x

()c

cc
-

 y
y00 y0 + y = 0
   + 1 = 0

1 =  = 1

y (x) = ex (c1 + c:x)

-

 ()
Y
Y (x) = c1:ex + c(x):xex c
c1(x) ; c (x)
(x)
( 0 x
( 0 x
c1 :e + c0 :xex = 0
c1 :e + c0:xe = 0
x
e
ex
,
c01 :(ex ) 0 + c1 :(x:ex ) 0 =
c01 :ex + c0(ex + x:ex ) =
x
x
( 0

c1 = 1
c1 = x
Y (x)
)
,
1
c = ln jxj
c0 =
x
Y (x) = xex + xex : ln jxj
()
() y(x)
y(x) = ex (c1 + c :x) x:ex + xex : ln jxj
jxj

oo

.+

 8 
.  67
 g


Y1 (x) y00 + py0 + qy = f 1 (x) Y (x)

yy00 + py0 + qy = f  (x)
(x)
Y
Y1(x) + Y(x)
yy00 + py0 + qy = f 1(x) + f  (x)
(x) c
c
c

cc y
y00 y = x + ex

ccc

y00 y0 = 0 c

  = 0 ,

() c
()

 = 0 ;  = 1c yy1 = e0:x = 1 ; y = ex c

y (x) = c1 + c :ex c

Y1(x) = c1 (x) + c(x):ex y00 y = x

0
c1 + c0 :ex = 0
(I )c
c1(x) ; c (x)
c01 :0 + c0 :ex = x
Y (x) = a1 (x) + a (x):ex y00 y = ex
0
a1 + a0 :ex = 0
(I I )c
a1 (x) ; a (x)
a01 :0 + a0 :ex = ex
(I
( I )
) (I I )c

(I ) ,
)

c01 + c0 :ex = 0

c01:0 + c0:ex = x

Y1 (x) =

(I I ) ,

c01(x) = x
x
c0(x) = x
e

x
+ (x + 1):e


a01 + a0 :ex = 0

a01 :0 + a0:ex = ex

x

x
c

c(x) = (x + 1):e x
c1(x) =

a01 (x) = ex

)
a0 (x) = ex

a1(x) =
a(x) = ex

1 x
e
 c

1 x
e + ex c

()
() y(x)
y(x) = y (x) + Y1(x) + Y(x)c

Y (x) =

y(x) = c1 + c:ex

x
+ (x + 1):e


x

1
e


x

+ e x c

 
 $%&-(/0
,

1"
 
(+



(
+

yy00 + py0 + qy = f (x)
f (x) = ex :>n (x)

(1)
(1)

()

 R >n (x) n
=
6 ) Y (x) = ex :Qn (x)
) Y (x) = x:ex :Qn (x)
) Y (x) = x  :ex :Qn (x)
cc y00 + y0 = x:e

(o )

cccc
-

 yy00 + y0 = 0
)   +  = 0,

1 = 0 ;  = 

) y (x) = c1 + c:e

x

; ( = 1)c

 = 1 =
6 1;)

Y (x) = ex :Qn (x) = (Ax + B ):e

Y 0(x) = Ae x + ( Ax B ):e

Y 00(x) = Ae x Ae x + (Ax + B ):e x Y

Y 0(x) ; Y 00(x)
(x) (o )
Y 00 + Y 0 = ( Ax B ):e

A= 1
Ax B = x ,
B = 0

(1) ,
,
)

Y (x) = x:e

xe

(x) = c1 + c :e
(o ) yy(x)

x

xe x

( +
y00 + py0 + qy = f (x)

ccccc f (x) = >n (x): cosx + Qm (x): sin x

i =
6 )

(3)c

Y (x) = Rs (x): cosx + Ts (x): sin x

R
s = maxf n ; mg
Rs (x) ; Ts (x)
(x)

i )

h
i
Y (x) = x: Rs (x): cosx + Ts (x): sin x

cc y
y00 + 4y = 3x: cosx + 5 sin x
x c
ccc
  + 4 = 0

1; = i c

i = i 1; s = maxf n; mg = maxf 1; 0g = 1c

h
i
Y (x) = x: (Ax + B ): cosx + (Cx +
): sin x c
c
c

cc y00 + y = 4x: sin x

(o )c

cccc
-

y00 + y = 0

  + 1 = 0

(o o )

1; = i c

) (o o )cy (x) = c1: cosx + c : sin x c

(o ) i = i 1;s = 1
h
i
Y (x) = x: (Ax + B ) cosx + (Cx +
): sin x c

Y 00 + Y = (4Cx + A + 
): cosx + (C B + 4Ax): sin x

4x: sin x c

$
$
4C
=
0





C=


A=
A+
= 0
,
,
B=
4A = 4






:
:


=
C B = 0

0
1
Y (x)c
0
1

) Y (x) = x  : cosx + x: sin x c

(o ) cy(x) = c1 : cosx + c: sin x x : cosx + x: sin x c
c
c

z
(
+

y00 + py0 + qy = f (x)

h
i
f (x) = ex : >n (x): cosx + Qm (x): sin x

y
y = ex :

= (x)c

y0 = ex ( : + 0 )c
y00 = ex (  : + ::0 + 00 )c
h
i
) y00 + py0 + qy = ex 00 + :0 +  : + :p: + p:0 + q: c
h
i
c
c
ex >n (x): cosx + Qm (x): sin x c

c
c

(4)c

)
)

00 + ( + p) + ( + p + q): = >n (x): cosx + Qm (x): sin x

(5)c

c
c

ccc y
y00 + y = e x :4x: sin x

(o )c

cc
= 1 ; p = 0 ; q = 1c
y = e x :
( 5))
(5))

) c c y0 ; y00 c
c
00 0 +  = 4x: sin x

(o )c

(o
(o ))   +  = 0

1; = 1 i c

(x)
(x) = (Ax + B ): cosx + (Cx +
): sin x c
h
i
) y(x) = e x :(x) = e x (Ax + B ): cosx + (Cx +
): sin x c
oo

.o o c

c

g
!9(:+
x = ' (t) )
c

yx0 = yt0:t 0x =
00
yxx
=

yt0
c c
x 0t

y = y(x) = y' (t)

c
c
c

y0 0
y00:x 0 y0:x 0
t
: t 0x = t t t 0 3 t t t c
0
xt
(x t )

g /;5g</0=+
y = u(x):' (x)c

3

2
  " 4'+5
%&
 y00 + p(x)y0 + q(x)y = 0
y =
X1

) y0 =
) y00 =

X1

(1)

an :x n = ao + a1 :x + a :x  + ::: + an :x n + :::

(o )

n= 0

n:an :x n 1

n= 1
X1

n(n 1)an :x n 

n= 

y0 ; y00 (1)

ao ; a1 ; a ; : : : ; an (o
(o ))
c
c

6"
7 


>

c
o (I
(I )
)
$ 0



y10 = f 1 (x; y1 ; y; : : : ; yn )



y = f  (x; y1 ; y; : : : ; yn )
y30 = f 3 (x; y1 ; y; : : : ; yn )
(I )




:::::::::::::::::::::


:
0
yn = f n (x; y1 ; y ; : : : ; yn )
ui (x) ; i = 1; n
n

o u
$
yi (x o) = yi o
o
:
i = 1; n
o yi (x) = ' (x; c1 ; c ; : : : ; cn )

a): y(x)
a):
y(x) (I
( I )
) $c1; c ; : : : ; cn

b): yi (x o) = yi o ; i = 1; n
b):
n
c10 ; c0 ; : : : ; cno 
$
yi (x o) = ' i (x ; c10 ; c0 ; : : : ; cno)
:

i = 1; n


?>
@ 
 
 gg
/0
!  
 . 

$ 0



y10 = a11 y1 + a1 y + + a1n yn + f 1(x)
y = a1 y1 + a y + + an yn + f (x)
(I I )
:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::




:
yn0 = an1 y1 + any + + ann yn + f n (x)



( )

0
y = y + :ex
(1)
0 = 3y 3 + 4:ex ()
 (1)
) (1) ,

y00 = y0 0 + ex

y00 y = ex

(3)) ()
() (3)
(3)

(4) (4) ()

(4) y = c1 :ex + c e x + x:ex

)

y0 = c1:ex c :e

+ (x + 1):ex

yy ; y0 (1)
= y y0 + ex =

c1ex + 3c :e x + (x + 1):ex

c
c
c

S c
c