BO CO THC TP

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

PHN 1

GVHD: NGUYN TH MINH NGUYT

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BO CO THC TP 1.1. Lch s thnh lp v pht trin nh my

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Hnh 1.1. Nh my bia VINAKEN

u nm 2000, cng vi s pht trin Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, ngy cng nhiu khch hng c nhu cu thng thc nhng lai bia c cht lng. Trong , c mt s khch hng khng nh, snh iu, quan tm c bit n mt lai bia ti c c cht lng cao do nh my bia VinaKen sn xut, vi s gim st v m nhn ca k s ngi c. Nm 2002 sau chuyn i cng tc bn c ca ng Dng Vng Hi ny sinh nh sn xut cc lai bia m bn ngi ta sn xut ni ting nh: bia en, bia vng, bia . ng thy nu mang v sn xut Vit Nam l mt tim nng hp dn i vi nn kinh t ang pht trin nc ta. Khi ng v nc sau mt thi gian xin giy php v mi cc chuyn gia bn c t vn th nh my ra i. Nh my nu nhng m u tin th nghim ti
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Hoa Vin in nh s 4 Phan nh Git phng 2 qun Tn Bnh vi sn lng 1500L/ ngy. Cng vi s ng h nhit tnh ca gim c i ng cn b k thut quyt a mt sn phm mi trn th trng Vit nam. V quyt tm a thng hiu mi ny phi pht trin mnh trong nc ta. V vy, m sau 3 nm sn xut v hc hi kinh nghim, nh my c sn phm trn th trng vi tn gi l Big Man Beer. Mt khc cng vi s pht trin ca thng hiu trn nh my khng dng li m nh my cng a ra quyt nh cho thm sn phm mi l bia ng chai, bia ly c tn cho sn phm mi l VinaKen. Sau mt thi gian hat ng, BIG MAN BEER pht trin v m rng chim lnh th trng n c khu vc min Trung. T Hu tr vo c 30 nh hng BIG MAN v hn 1000 i l VINAKEN nh:
Nh hng in nh phng II ng Phan nh Git Qun Tn

Bnh, TPHCM. Nh hng in nh Tn Ph 254 Ly Bn Bch P4 qun Tn Ph TPHCM. Nh hng Mi Mi 11 Tn c Thng qun 1 TPHCM. Nh hng 350 Trng Chinh qun Tn Bnh TPHCM. Thi trng trong nc: t H Ni n C Mau Th trng nc ngoi: Campuchia 1.2. a im xy dng Nh my xy dng ti a ch 32/21 p Tin Ln, x b im, huyn Hc Mn, thnh ph H Ch Minh ti khu cng nghip B im vi din tch mt bng 5000 m2.
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BO CO THC TP in thoi: (08) 425 451 Fax: (08)4254520 Email: vinaken@hcm.fpt.vn Tr s chnh:

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

a ch: 362/71 Cng Ha, P. 13, Q . Tn Bnh Tp. H Ch Minh T: (08)8100456 088104193 Fax: 84(08)8100456

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BO CO THC TP 1.3. S t chc, mt bng nh my 1.3.1. S t chc ca nh my

GIM C

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

PH GIM C IU HNH

PH GIM C KINH DOANH

QUN C

PHNG KINH DOANH

PHNG K TON

PHNG K THUT

T NGHIN

T NU

T LN MEN

T LC

T TBF

Hnh 1.2. S t chc ca nh my

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BO CO THC TP 1.4. Sn phm

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Hnh 1.3. Bia BIGMAN

Sn phm: Bia BIG MAN

Thnh phn: Nc, i Mch, hoa bia cn: 4,8 % th tch Dung tch: 2L 5L Hnh thc: lon Th trng h thng BIG MAN BEER nh: nh hng Hoa Vin in nh, nh hng Phc An Khang, nh hng FOREVER

Hnh 1.4. Sn phm bia VINAKEN

Sn phm: bia VINAKEN

Thnh phn: nc, malt, go, houblon

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BO CO THC TP cn: 5 6% th tch Dung tch: 900 ml Hnh thc: Chai nha trong (chai pet) Bao b ng gi: 12 chai/thng giy Phn phi: ti TPHCM v cc tnh ln cn

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Hnh 1.5. Sn phm bia vng, bia en

Sn phm: Bia vng, bia en

Thnh phn: nc, malt, go, houblon cn: 4,6 5% th tch Dung tch: 30 50 lt Hnh thc: bock Phn phi: Ti cc nh hang
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Hnh 1.6. Bia BIGKEN

Sn phm: BIG KEN

Thnh phn: nc, Malt, go, houblon cn: 4 5% th tch Dung tch: 330 ml Hnh thc: Chai thy tinh, mu xanh Bao gi: 24 chai/ thng xp Phn phi: ti TPHCM v cc tnh ln cn.
Sn phm: Bia hi

Thnh phn: Nc, malt, go, houblon cn: <4 % th tch Phn phi: TPHCM v cc tnh ln cn

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1.5. An ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy 1.5.1 An ton lao ng Cc cng nhn vn hnh my mc c hng dn cc thao tc v vn hnh thit b c nhiu kinh nghim v kh nng thch ng cao trong mi trng hp, lm vic tun th theo nguyn tc nghim ngt. Mi thng tin c ban qun l iu hnh theo ng qui nh da trn mt qu trnh nghin cu k lng v c ghi chp mt cch cn thn thun tin cho qu trnh kim tra v khc phc. mi thit b nim yt cc hng dn vn hnh, mi s c u c cc chuyn gia x l kip thi, nhanh chng m bo tin ca sn xut v an ton. Cc my mc c kim tra nh k. Cc ha cht s dng trong nh my u c dn nhn khoa hc, trnh s nhm ln trong khi s dng. H thng mt bng c b tr mt cch khoa hc nn gim c sc lao ng cng nh ngun nng lng ca nh my, bn cnh gim c nh hng qua li ln nhau. 1.5.2. Phng chy cha chy Cc cng nhn c hun luyn v cng tc phng chy cha chy, lun ch trng nng cao thc ca ngi cng nhn v vn ny. H thng c b tr hp l, an ton bng h thng cu dao dng rle t ng, gim thiu ti mc ti a vic s dng la trong nh my. Bn cnh cn b tr cc bnh cha chy cc b phn sn xut v thc cao ca ton b cng nhn vin trong nh my. Trong qu trnh sn xut tp trung vo mc ch an ton, v sinh v cht lng.

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m bo an ton ti sn, tnh mng ca mi ngi v trt t an ninh chung. Gim c nh my bia Vinaken qui nh vic phng chy cha chy nh sau: iu 1: Vic PCCC l nhim v ca mi nhn vin, mi cng nhn vin phi tch cc phng khng nn chy xy ra. n thi phi lun chun b sn sng khi cn cha chy kp thi v c hiu qu. iu 2: Nghim cm cng nhn vin v khch hng khng c ht thuc trong khu vc xng v nh kho, khng c dng la trn v hn trong khu vc thnh phm, xng sn xut. iu 3: i vi xng sn xut, cng nhn phi lm v sinh cng nghip, khng cc cht d chy bm trn thit b my mc v h thng dy dn in. Dc theo hnh lang xng khng hng ha lm cn tr li thot him. iu 4: S dng in an ton, c phch cm, cc mi dy in c bng keo. Khng dung giy bc thay cu ch. iu 5: Phi bo tr tt thit b my mc, v sinh cng nghip hng ngy. iu 6: Sp xp nguyn vt liu, hng ha trong kho v cc khu vc tp kt vt t phi m bo cc quy cch an ton. Xp thnh tng l, tng loi hng theo th t, cha li i li theo qui nh. Sp xp hng ha cch xa thit b in theo yu cu. iu 7: Dng c PCCC phi thng xuyn kim tra v bo qun tt. b tr nhng ni thch hp d thy, d ly. cm s dng vo cc vic khc. iu 8: Lc lng PCCC ca nh my c phn cng thng xuyn kim tra pht hin mi s h c kh nng gy chy. X l kp thi bo co cho cn b lnh o x l ngay. Ngn chn kh nng gy chy.
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iu 9: Trong tng trng hp cp in khng dng n du, phi dng n pin nhng khu vc c xng, cc cht d chy. iu 10: Nhng qui nh trn CB CNV phi chp hnhh ng. 1.6. X l nc thi nh my 1.6.1. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi sn xut bia Nc thi t qu trnh sn xut bia c thnh phn, tnh cht v nhit khng n nh, pht sinh t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh: nc lm lnh, nc ngng t, nc v sinh cc thit b ln men, thng nu, b cha, ng ng, sn nh, nc thi t bn ln men, nc ra chai,. Trong ng ch : + Nc t cng on ra b phn nu ng ha: ch yu l nc v sinh thng nu, b cha, bn ln men, c cha nhiu cn malt, tinh bt v cc hp cht hu c nn c hm lng nhim hu c rt cao. + Nc ra chai: c pH cao, y l dng thi c nhim cao. Nhn chung, nc thi cng nghip sn xut bia b nhim hu c cao. T s BOD5/COD cao, hm lng dinh dng N, P rt cao, thun li cho qu trnh x l bng phng php sinh hc.

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PHN 2

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BO CO THC TP 2.1. Tng quan v bia 2.1.1. Khi nim

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Bia (t ting Php: bire : Anh: beer hoc c: bier) ni mt cch tng th, l mt loi ung cha cn c sn xut bng qu trnh ln men ng l lng trong mi trng lng v n khng c chng ct sau khi ln men. Dung dch ng khng b ln men thu c t qu trnh ngm nc gi l hm bia hay "nc bia". Ht ng cc, thng thng l la mch c thnh mch nha. Cc ung cha cn c lm t s ln men ng c trong cc ngun khng phi ng cc chng hn nc hoa qu hay mt ong ni chung khng c gi l "bia", mc d chng cng c sn xut t cng mt loi men bia-da trn cc phn ng ha sinh hc. Qu trnh sn xut bia c gi l nu bia. Do cc thnh phn s dng sn xut bia c khc bit ty theo tng khu vc, cc c trng ca bia nh hng v v mu sc cng thay i rt khc nhau v do c khi nim loi bia hay cc s phn loi khc. 2.1.2. Lch s Bia l mt trong cc ung lu i nht m loi ngi to ra, c nin i t nht l t thin nin k 5 trc cng nguyn v c ghi chp li trong cc th tch c ca Ai Cp c i v Lng H (Mesopotamia) Ging nh phn ln cc cht cha ng khc c th b ln men mt cch t nhin, rt c th l cc ung tng t nh bia c pht minh mt cch c lp gia cc nn vn minh trn ton th gii. Vic kim nh ha hc cc bnh gm c pht hin ra rng bia (tng t nh ru vang) c sn xut khong 7.000 nm trc khu vc ngy nay l Iran v l mt trong s cc cng ngh sinh hc bit, trong cc quy trnh sinh hc ca s ln men c p dng.
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S b sung hoa bia vo bia to v ng, bo qun v hng v cho bia l mt pht kin tng i mi, trong thi Trung c nhiu hn hp khc ca cc loi tho mc thng thng c cho vo bia ch khng phi hoa bia. Cc hn hp ny thng thng c gi l gruit. Hoa bia c trng ti Php sm nht l vo khong th k IX, vn bn c nht cn st li c ghi chp v vic s dng hoa bia trong bia c nin i vo nm 1067 bi n tu vin trng kim nh vn Hildegard: "Nu ngi ta nh lm bia t yn mch, n c chun b cng hoa bia." Ti chu u, trong thi Trung c, bia ch yu c sn xut trong gia nh. Vo th k XIV v XV, vic sn xut bia dn dn chuyn t hot ng gia nh sang hot ng th cng. Ngy nay, cng nghip bia l cng vic kinh doanh khng l ton cu, bao gm ch yu l cc t hp c ra i t cc nh sn xut nh hn.[9] Trong khi bia ch yu l ung cha cn th mt s bin thi ca n cng tn ti, xut pht t th gii phng Ty, l cc loi bia i qua cng on x l loi b bt cn, sn xut ra ci gi l bia khng cn. 2.2. Tng quan v nguyn liu sn xut 2.2.1. Nc Nc rt cn thit cho s sng, l dung mi phn cc mnh, c kh nng ha tan nhiu cht. Trong iu kin bnh thng nc l cht lng khng mu, khng mi, khng v. Khi ho rn n c th tn ti 5 dng tinh th khc nhau. Nc l hp cht chim phn ln trn tri t Tnh cht vt l: o Khi lng phn t: 18 VC
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o Khi lng ring : 1g/ml ( 00C, 1atm) o Nhit si: 1000C

2.2.1.1. Gii thiu chung v nc 2.2.1.1.1. Ngun nc Trong t nhin nc c phn lm 3 ngun chnh l: Nc b mt, nc ma v nc ngm. 2.2.1.1.2. Vai tr ca nc trong cng ngh sn xut bia Nc tham gia trc tip vo qui trnh cng ngh bia nh: ngm i mch, nu malt, lc dch nha, ln men, trong cng on chit rt, to nn sn phm cui cng. C th ni nc l cng ngh chnh sn xut bia, do trong bia c hm lng nc chim n 90- 92% trng lng bia. Thnh phn v hm lng ca chng nh hng rt ln n qui trnh cng ngh v cht lng bia thnh phm. Nc cng ngh c s dng trong qui trnh nu malt, nu go, ra b, ngm i mch. 2.2.1.2. Cc phng php s l nc Lng trong v lc c hc: Thng thng ta cho nc chy vo cc b cha nc ln v cho chy ra vi vn tc nh, chm hoc lc qua ct. Nu nc cha nhiu cht bn hu c dng keo th dng cht d kt ta Al2(SO4) hay FeCl3. Phng php lm mm nc - Phng php nhit: un nng nc h cng tm thi.
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Phng php ngui: Da trn c s chuyn cc bicacbonac (Ca v Mg) v cc cacbonac tng ng vi dch Ca(OH)2 ba ha. Phng php trung ha bng dch acid: Trong nu bia ta thng dng aicd lactic, acid ny s chuyn bicacbonac (Ca v Mg) v nhng lactat tng ng.

Phng php trao i ion: y l phng php tin b c hiu qu cao St trng nc ra nm men v thit b

Phng php l hc: Nc c lc qua mng siu lc, rt hiu qu song rt t tin. Phng php ha l: Dng tia quang tuyn chiu qua nc, dit khun, hiu qu cao, khng gy mi cho nc.

- Phng php ha hc: + Phng php chlo ha: Cl2 + 2H2O = 2HCl + HClO HClO = HCl + O nguyn t. Oxy nguyn t c kh nng dit khun rt mnh. + Phng php ozon ha: Liu t 1-2 g/m3 dit hu ht vi sinh vt c trong nc. Dng dng in c in th ln v tn s cao i qua khng kh, O2 s chuyn v O sau sc vo nc. 2.2.2. Malt i mch Malt i mch l ht i mch c ny mn trong iu kin nhn to. Malt l nguyn liu truyn thng, thit yu khng th thiu c trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Qua qu trnh ny mm mt lng ln enzyme xut hin v tch tr trong ht i mch nh: enzyme amylase, enzyme protease. Cc
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enzyme ny l nhng nhn t thc hin vic chuyn cc cht trong thnh phn ht i mch thnh ngun dinh dng m nm men c th s dng to thnh sn phm bia. 2.2.2.1. Gii thiu chung v malt i mch 2.2.2.1.1. Phn loi malt Theo mc ch s dng i mch c chia thnh 2 nhm: i mch 2 hng v i mch a hng :

a.

b.

Hnh 2.1. Cy i mch (a- i mch hai hng, b- i mch a hng)

a.

b.

Hnh 2.2. Ht malt (a- malt vng, b- malt en)

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Trong cng nghip: Dng i mch sn xut bia hoc cc ngnh thc phm khc s dng i mch thng dng ging i mch 2 hng (gi l Hordeum Distichum). Trong nng nghip: Dng chn nui hoc ch bin cc loi thc n cho gia sc, gia cmThng dng ging i mch nhiu hng (gi l Hordeum Polystychum). 2.2.2.1.2. Vai tr ca malt i vi cng ngh sn xut bia Sn lng i mch hng nm trn th gii khong 135 triu tn. Trong , 21 triu tn c dng to ra 17 triu tn malt phc v cho nhu cu ca th gii. Trong s ny 94% dng sn xut 1,6 t lt bia hng nm, 4% sn xut ru trng ct, 2% dng sn xut gim. Malt l mt loi bn thnh phm v giu cht dinh dng, c h enzyme c bit phong ph, ch yu l amylase v protease. 2.2.2.1.3. Mt s c tnh ca malt i mch c tnh thc vt: i mch gm gieo trng (Hordeum sativum-jessen) thuc nhm thc vt c ht (Spermophyta), phn nhm b t (Angiospermae), lp mt l mn (Monocotyledonae), h la m (Grainae). i mch gieo trng l loi thc vt mt nm. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm: i mch ma ng (gieo ht ma ng, thu hoch vo ma h) v i mch ma xun (gieo ht ma xun, thu hoch vo ma thu). Chu k sinh trng ca i mch thng thng l 100-120 ngy.

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Cu to ca ht malt i mch:

Hnh 2.3. Cu to ht i mch

Gm 3 b phn chnh: V ht, phi v ni nh. - V ht (Hull): V ht chia thnh 3 b phn chnh: v tru, v la v v aloron. Phn ny thng chim t 8-15% trng lng ht. - Phi (Grows): L c quan sng, h hp ca ht. Phi thng chim t 2,5-5% trng lng ht. Trong phi c t 37-50% cht kh l thnh phn nit, khong 7% cht bo, 5-6% ng saccharose, 7-7,5% pentose, 6-6,5% cht tro v mt s t thnh phn khc. Ring tinh bt hu nh rt t. - Ni nh (Endosperm): Chim t 45-68% trng lng ht. Phn ny ca ht i mch gi vai tr quyt nh cht lng ca ht i mch trong sn xut bia. Thnh phn chnh trong ni nh l ht tinh bt hnh trn, c kch thc rt ln (t 20-30) hoc rt b (t 2-10). Rt t nhng ht c kch
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thc trung bnh. Nu hm lng protein trong i mch cng cao th cng nhiu ht tinh bt kch thc nh. Tinh bt i mch c nhit h ha l 75-800C. Tnh cht ny cn phi lu khi nu bia. Tinh bt qua h ha th khi ng ha s nhanh v thun li hn. Nhng ht tinh bt, ngoi thnh phn l tinh bt, cn cha mt s tp cht khc nh: Nit 0,5-1,5%, tro 0,2-0,7%, acid bo 0,6%. 2.2.2.2. Thnh phn ha hc ca malt i mch Thnh phn ha hc ca malt rt phc tp: ph thuc vo ging, ngun t ai, kh hu, k thut canh tc v iu kin bo qun. Sau y l mt s thnh phn quan trng ca malt nh hng n cng ngh sn xut bia. 2.2.2.2.1. Nc Nc c nh hng ln n qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun ht, hm m ca ht cao lm cho qu trnh h hp v t t nng ca ht tng. y l nhn t lm tn hao cht kh ca ht trong qu trnh bo qun. Mt khc, lng nc c trong ht l iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin. V vy hm m ti a cho php bo qun ht l: 13%. 2.2.2.2.2. Glucide Gm 4 nhm: Monosaccharid bao gm: glucose, fructose vi cng thc tng qut C6H12O6 v xitose (C5H10O5) Disaccharid ch yu l saccharid v mantose vi cng thc tng qut C12H22O11
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Trisaccharid: Chim nhiu nht trong thnh phn glucid ca ht i mch, ch yu l tinh bt, cellulose, hemicellulusose, pentozose, amilan v cc hp cht dng keo. Trong tinh bt v hemicellulusose c vai tr quan trng trong sn xut bia. Tinh bt L cu t chim v tr s mt v khi lng cng nh ngha trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Trong cng ngh sn xut bia, tinh bt c 2 chc nng: - L ngun thc n d tr cho phi.
- Ngun cung cp cht ha tan cho dch ng trc lc ln men.

Tinh bt c phn b ch yu mt ni nh v mt phn t phi, tn ti di dng nhng khi lp th, kch thc kh b. Ht tinh bt ca i mch c 2 kch c:
- Ht to: Dng hnh cu hay hnh ovan, ng knh 20-30m. - Ht b: Hnh cu hay hnh que, kch thc khong 2-10m.

Cc ch s l hc ca tinh bt: - T trng: 1,5-1,6

- Nhit lng ring: 0,27 Kcal/Kg0C - D dng kt lng bng nc.

Tinh bt khng tan trong nc lnh v cc dung mi hu c trung tnh nhng c kh nng ht nc v trng n rt ln. Ty vo tng loi tinh bt m im h ha (l nhit m h s trng n v nht ca tinh bt t gi tr ln nht) khc nhau:
- Ng v i mch: 800C - Go: 750C GVHD: NGUYN TH MINH NGUYT Trang 21

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- Khoai ty: 650C

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Tnh h ha ca tinh bt c ngha quan trng trong sn xut bia, tinh bt c h ha s ng ha nhanh hn v trit hn. Tinh bt gm 2 polysacharid: amylose v amylosepectin Amylose: Chim 17-24% trng lng tinh bt, l mt polymer dng xon thng, gm 60-600 gc glucose c ni vi nhau qua cu oxy 1,4glucocid. Amylosepectin: Chim t 76-83% trng lng tinh bt, l mt polymer dng xon nhnh, gm khong 2000 gc glucose c ni vi nhau qua cu oxy -1,4-glucocid mch chnh v -1,6-glucocid mch nhnh.

Cellulose

c phn b ch yu tru, chim khong 20% cht kh ca v. Phn t cellulose 2000-10000 gc ng glucose sp xp thnh mch di xon li thnh tng chm v vy cu trc chng rt dai v kh b phn ct trong mi trng bnh thng. Cellulose khng tan trong nc, khng thay i thnh phn cu trc v ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng trong qu trnh lc dch ng. Hemixellulose L thnh phn ch yu to nn t bo v l mt phc h gm pentose, hexose, v acid uronic. Hemixellulose b thy phn to thnh hexose v pentose di tc dng ca enzyme sitaza. Cc ng n trn s ha tan bn vng vo dch ng to thnh cht chit l ngun dinh dng quan trng cho nm ln men pht trin.
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Cc hp cht pectin v cht dng keo

Cc hp cht pectin c phn b thnh t bo to ra mng trung gian, chim nhiu nht l proteinpectin. Cc cht dng keo khi ha tan trong nc nng th to thnh dung dch c nht cao v v chng c bn cht l hydratcacbon nn khi b thy phn s cho ra cc ng n nh galactose v xitose. S tn ti ca hp cht pectin v cht dng keo ny trong dch ng mt mt lm tng v m v c kh nng to v gi bt ca bia thnh phm, mt khc chng lm cho dch c nht cao gy kh khn trong qu trnh lc.

Saccharid thp phn t ( hay cn gi l saccharid n gin )

Ch yu gm mt s ng n v ng kp, chim nhiu nht trong nhm ny l saccharose (108% cht kh ca ht), c phn b nhiu phi (chim 5,5% tng cc cht trong phi ht). Lng glucose v fructose trong i mch l khng ng k: 0,3-0,4%. Cc loi ng n gin tuy khng nhiu nhng chng ng vai tr quan trng trong s pht trin ca phi ht c bit giai on m mm. 2.2.2.2.3. Cc hp cht nit Chim hm lng 9-11% so vi lng cht kh ca ht. Tn ti di dng cao phn t, mt phn nh di dng thp phn t d ha tan v c tnh cht khc vi nhm cao phn t phi protid. Protid Khi lng v cht lng protid trong i mch c ngha c bit quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut bia. Ty protid ch chim mt t l kh nh
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(4-5%) song chng li tham gia tch cc trong qu trnh cng ngh v gp phn quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm. Qu trnh phn gii protid di tc dng ca enzyme l mt trong nhng qu trnh quan trng nht, nhng sn phm ca s phn gii thng c phn t lng thp hn, chng s tham gia vo s tc dng tng h vi nhng thnh phn khc, c bit trong trng hp ny l s to thnh melanoit cht gy cho bia c mi thm, v ngt v kh nng to bt ca bia v sau. Trong i mch c c protid n gin (protein) protid phc tp (proteit)
- Protid n gin: C cc i din tiu biu l leucosin, edectin,

hordein v glutein. Trong : + Leucosin: Khng tan trong nc, c nhit kt ta 590C v d tch khi dch ng. + Edictin: Khng tan trong nc l, nhit bt u kt ta >90 0C, kh tch ra khi dch ng, l mt trong nhng yu t gy c bia. + Hordein: Khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung dch acid hay kim. Hm lng chim 3,5-3,7% trong lng cht kh ca ht i mch. + Glutelin: Chim khong 3% cht kh ca ht i mch, thng b thi cng b malt khi nu.
- Protid phc tp: Di dng lin kt gia protid v nhng cht phi

protid khc nhau, in hnh l Nucleoprotid, Lipoprotid v Glucoprotid, chng km ha tan v ha tan khng bn vng song li kh b ra khi dch ng.
- Acid amin t do: 0,1% so vi lng cht kh, tuy t song tc dng

ca chng l rt ln, chng cung cp cho nm men pht trin ng thi l tc nhn chnh to melanoid thi k sy malt.
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BO CO THC TP 2.2.2.2.4. Cc hp cht khng cha nit

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Gm cc h cht hu c v v c nhng khng cha nit v d ha tan trong nc. i din tiu biu ca nhm l polyphenol, cht ng, fitin , acid hu c, vitamin v cht khong.
- Polyphenol: Tp trung ch yu trong v phn ln nhng hp cht

ha tan tn ti trong bia u l nhng dn xut catechin (nhm flavornoid) cc hp cht ny kt hp vi protid cao phn t to phc cht d kt lng lm tng bn keo ca sn phm, y l c tnh c gi tr cao trong cng ngh sn xut. Nhng cng chnh hp cht ny l nhn t lm xu i hng v v ng ca bia.
- Cht ng v cht cht: Ph thuc vo nhm lipoid chnh chng gy

ra v ng kh chu cho bia. Cng nh polyphenol cc cht ng v cht tp trung ch yu v v vy bng cch ngm ht trong mi trng kim nh th d dng loi b chng ra khi ht.
- Fitin: L mui ng thi ca canxi v magie vi acid inozit-

photphoric C6H6O6(H2PO3)6 tp trung ch yu v: 0,9% cht kh ca v, khi b thy phn s to nn inozit v acid phosphorid, y l ngun cung cp photpho cho nm men, thm vo chnh fitin lm tng chua cho dch cho giai on ng ha.
- Vitamin: Ch yu l vitamin nhm B ( B1, B2, B6 ) v vitamin C,

PP2, tin vitamin A,E, acid pantotenic, biotin, acid pholievic v nhiu dn xut vitamin khc.
-

Cht khong: P2O5 , SiO2 , K2O, MgO, CaO , Na2O, SO32-, Fe2O3,Cl. 2.2.2.2.5. Cht bo v lipid Hm lng cht bo v lipid chim 2,5-3% hm lng kh ca ht, tp trung ch yu phi v lp aloron. Nhng du bo ny c mu vng cafe nht v mi thm nh. Cc ch s ca du bo:
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BO CO THC TP + Ch s acid: 16 + Ch s x phng: 181 + Ch s Iod: 125

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Cht bo v lipid l nguyn nhn lm gim bn keo ca bia thnh phm. 2.2.2.2.6. Enzyme Bn cht ca enzyme cng l protein. Chng tham gia xc tc cc phn ng ha sinh trong ht i mch. Trong ht lun c hai nhm enzyme chnh:
a. Nhm enzyme xc tc cho qu trnh oxy ha kh:

Chng tham gia vo qu trnh trao i nng lng ca t bo sng khi ht h hp hoc phn hy him kh cc glucid. giai on u ca vic to malt chng tng cng hot ng nhanh, trong qu trnh sy malt chng hu nh b ph hy.
b. Nhm enzyme thy phn: C ba nhm

Nhm enzyme thy phn cc hp cht glucid: Diastase thy phn cc glucid c mch polyme tng i n gin nh tinh bt. Sitase thy phn cc glucid c mch polyme phc tp hn nh hemixenlulose. Nhm enzyme thy phn protid: Trong nhm ny tiu biu c Proteinase xc tc chuyn protid thnh albumose v pepton. Peptiddase chuyn polypeptid v peptid thnh acid amin. Amidase tc dng deamin ha cc acid amin to thnh cc acid hu c v v c, ng thi ph v cc mi lin kt amin (-CO-NH-) ca cc mui amin.

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NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Nhm enzyme esterase: Tham gia lm v cc mi lin kt este gia cc hp cht hu c vi nhau hoc gia hp cht hu c v v c. Tiu im c lipase thy phn este ca glycerin v mt s loi ru vi cc acid bo bc cao. 2.2.3. Houblon v ch phm houblon 2.2.3.1. Gii thiu chung v hoa houblon Cc nguyn cu cho thy rng bia c sn xut t nhng nm 70 trc cng nguyn bi ngi Babylon nhng trong cng ngh sn xut s khai y, hoa houblon cha c s dng. Trong cc ti liu ghi chp li, hoa houblon bt u c s dng trong sn xut bia ti c v Cng Ha Sc thi gian t nm 1000-1200 v nc Anh s dng vo th k XIV. Hin nay houblon c trng rt rng ri c Nam v Bc bn cu, thnh cng trong vic trng cy houblon cn phi t yu cu c mt k thut v iu kin kh hu. 2.2.3.2. Vai tr ca houblon i vi cng ngh sn xut bia Tn khoa hc: Homalus Lupulus. Trong cng ngh sn xut bia, houblon cn c gi vi tn gi khc l hoa bia. Hoa houblon l nguyn liu c bn v l ngun nguyn liu chnh khng th thay th trong cng ngh sn xut bia v n gp phn to mi thm, v c trng cho bia, houblon lm trong bia nh kh nng to bt kt ta protein, tng bn sinh hc ca bia nh cc cht khng khun, tng kh nng gi bt cho bia thnh phm.

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Ngoi ra, hoa houblon cn c tc dng nh mt cht xc tc lm gim pH cho dch ng (nh thnh phn cc acid ng c trong hoa). To pH ph hp cho qu trnh ln men. 2.2.3.3. Cu to hoa houblon Houblon thuc h dy leo, sng lu nm (30-40 nm), chiu cao trung bnh t 10-15m. Hoa houblon c hoa c v ci trn mt cy. Trong sn xut bia ch s dng hoa ci cha th phn, hoa c khng dng v lng lupulin v cht ng rt thp. Cu to ca hoa gm: Cung hoa, cnh hoa v phn hoa. Trong , cnh hoa chim 66-67%, cung hoa chim 12-14%, phn hoa chim 19-20% trng lng ca hoa. Hoa c hnh qu trng, di t 3- 4 cm, khi chn c mu vng n vng ong. 2.2.3.4.Thnh phn ha hc ca houblon
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa houblon

Thnh phn Nc Tng Cht ng Tinh Du Phn Tanin ng Kh Pectin

T l 10,0 15,0 0,5,0 4,0 2,0 2,0

Thnh phn Acid amin Protein Cht bo Tro Xenlulose,lignin v nhng cht cn li

T l 0,1 15,0 3,0 8,0 40

Trong thnh phn trn, cc hp cht ng, tinh du phn hoa ng vai tr quan trng trong sn xut bia. Ngoi ra, cc thnh phn khc nh tanin, protein, ng kh cng c ngha nht nh trong cc bc cng ngh. - Cht ng: L thnh phn c gi tr nht ca hoa houblon, to v ng c trng, tham gia vo s to thnh bt v gip bo qun bia c lu
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- Cht cht tannin: Hm lng trung bnh khong 4% trng lng

hoa, tanin c vai tr nht nh trong qu trnh cng ngh, t nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n cht lng bia. Hoa houblon bt u chn th hm lng tanin trong hoa cng bt u gim. Tn ti trong hoa nh nhng ht bi mu xm, d dng ha tan trong nc nng, acetone, etanol, methanol. - Tinh du Tinh du phn hoa houblon chim t 0,17-0,65% trng lng hoa, ch yu thuc nhm tecpen (C5H8)n v mt phn l cc cu t c mang oxy, i din chnh l geraniol (C10H18O). Tinh du hoa iu kin gia nhit nh d b oxy ha, khi tc dng gy mi s thay i nhiu, thm ch to ra mi khng ph hp cho sn phm bia nh mi ti. Cc tinh du c nhm OH d tc dng vi cc thnh phn acid bo thnh nhng este phc tp. Trong qu trnh bo qun, nhng hp cht khc nhau ca tinh du s b thy phn mt phn, dn n thay i tnh cht gy thm c hi cho bia. Trong qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon, i b phn nhng cu t gy hng u bay hi ht, song mt s cu t khc li bin i hnh thnh nhng sn phm mi bn hng hn tn ti trong bia. 2.2.3.4. cc dng hoa houblon trn th trng Trn th trng hin nay ph bin ba dng hoa houblon: dng cnh hoa kh, dng vin, v dng cao trch ly.

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a.

b.

Hnh 2.4. Hoa houblon (a- hoa houblon, b- houblon dng vin)

Dng cnh hoa kh: Hoa c sy kh n m < 13%, sau c p cht thnh bnh, bc kn trong cc loi giy c bit m khng kh khng thm tch qua c, ng thi c th np thm kh tr ngn ti a tnh trng gim cht lng trong qu trnh bo qun. Dng hoa houblon ht, vin: thun li cho vn chuyn v bo qun, ta c th nghin nt hoa kh thnh dng bt, sau cho vo my p vin nh hnh thu gom th khi chng li, gi kn nhng vin houblon ny trong cc bc giy c bit c np thm kh tr ging nh cnh hoa. Dng hoa cao trch ly: Dng dung mi hu c nh hecxan, methanol, metylen chlorit hoc tricloetylen trch ly cht ng trong hoa ra dung mi, sau bng bin php thch hp tch dung mi s thu c dung dch cao houblon st c mu xanh l cy m. Gi tr hoa houblon trong cng nghip cn c vo tng hp cht ng, tinh du v tanin c trong hoa. i vi cht ng thng da vo phn - acid ng (tnh theo % trng lng hoa).
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BO CO THC TP 2.2.4. Nm men

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Nm men l vi sinh vt n bo thuc ging Saccharomyse c hnh cu hoc hnh elip, kch thc 6- 9 m. Sinh sn v tnh bng cch ny chi, phn cch hoc to bo t. Nm men pht trin tt nhit 8- 250C.
2.2.4.1.

Vai tr ca nm men trong sn sut bia

L mt tc phm cn thit khng th thiu c trong qu trnh ln men bia. Chuyn ha c cht trong dch ng thnh cc sn phm chnh (ru etylic v CO2) v cc sn phm ph (aldehid, ru bc cao) tn ti trong bia sau ny.

2.2.4.1.

Cc c tnh c bn v nm men bia Nm men l c th n bo c cu to tng i phc tp v khng c kh nng quang hp. Sinh sn bng phng php ny chi hoc t phn i t bo. Nm men dng cho sn xut bia thuc ging Saccharomyces, chng c kh nng hp th cht dinh dng trong mi trng nc mch nha nh cc loi ng ha tan, hp cht nit (acid amin, peptid) vitamin cc nguyn t vi lng qua mng t bo. Nm men l loi h hp ty tin, s to thnh ru theo c ch embenMayerhof- Parnas (hay cn gi l qu trnh ng phn glycolytic) theo c ch ny th 1g glucose s to ra 0,51g ru etylic v 0,49g CO2 trn thc t mt phn glucose tiu tn cho qu trnh tng sinh khi nn 1g glucose ch to ra 0,46g ru etylic v 0,44g CO2.

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Hin nay nm men bia c 2 loi chnh l S.carlsbergensis (chng ln men chm) v S.cereviceae xt v mt hnh thi th gia chng khng c g khc nhau, nhng xt v mt c im sinh ha gia chng c s khc nhau, da vo nng lc ln men ng disaccharit melibiose ca chng. loi S. carlsbergensis c cha gen MEL cc gen ny to ra enzyme ngoi bo l galactodase (melibiase) c kh nng chuyn ha ng melibiose (gm c ng glucose v galactose) trong khi S.cereviae khng c cha gen MEL do khng c kh nng chuyn ha ng melibiose. Cng c th da vo nhit phn bit s khc nhau gia chng, chng ln men ni c th pht trin nhit 370C, cn chng ln men chm th khng th ln men nhit ny. Theo cng ngh sn xut bia truyn thng:
- Chng nm men chm ln men nhit 7- 150C nhit 00C

nm men chm vn hot ng. Sau khi ln men xong cc t bo nm men kt li v lng xung y.
- Chng nm men ni ln nhit 18- 220C, nhit di 100C

hot tnh nm men gim mnh. Sau khi ln men xong cc t bo nm men kt thnh chm b hp thu vo kh CO2 v ni ln trn b mt. 2.2.4.1.1. Hnh thi nm men T bo nm men c kch thc rt b (5- 10) nn khng th quan st t bo nm men bng mt thng. Mun thy c phi quan st di knh hin vi. T bo nm men c hnh van, mu trng ng. nhn bit t bo gi hay t bo con da vo so chi, nu t bo c qu nhiu so chi th chng t t bo gi, nu t bo khng c hoc c t so chi th t bo vn ang trong giai on pht trin.

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Thnh t bo c cu trc bn cng vi chiu di khong 25nm, chim khong 25% trng lng t bo, thnh t bo c cu to bi hai thnh phn chnh l glucan v mannan, ngoi ra cn c chitin v mt t protein. Glucan l mt polyme phc tp ca cc tiu phn ng glucose, mc d c cu trc khng gian, nhng glucan nm ch yu mt trong thnh t bo tip gip mng nguyn sinh cht, glucan l thnh phn ch yu cu to nn thnh t bo, nn mt i phn ny th thnh t bo s b ph hng hon ton. Mannan l mt polyme phc tp ca ng manose, chng ch yu tp trung mt ngoi ca thnh t bo nhng khng phi l thnh ch yu cu to nn thnh t bo bi v khi loi b phn ny i th hnh dng ca thnh t bo khng bin i. Chitin l thnh phn hydratcacbon ln th ba thnh t bo, l mt polyme ca N acetyl glucosanmin, chitin nm st cc vt so chi, chitin l thnh phn to nn vng xung quanh vt so chi. Protein chim khong 10% trng lng kh ca thnh t bo, t nht cng c mt s protein tn ti i dng mt s enzyme c lin kt vi thnh t bo.V d nh glucanaza v mannaza l tc nhn gy s mm ha thnh t bo cc chi non c th pht trin c. Trong s cc enzyme invertase, alkalin photphotase v lipase th invertase l enzyme c mang bn cht mannoprotein, thnh phn mannan chim ti 50% v ng vai tr quan trng to nn s bn vng ca phn t enzyme. Phn nhiu cc protein cn li trong thnh t bo kt hp vi mannan, iu ny c th do mannan l hp cht ng vai tr cu trc cng nh enzyme trong thnh t bo. Ngoi ra c tnh kt chm ca t bo cng chu nh hng bi cu trc mannoprotein ca thnh t bo.

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BO CO THC TP 2.2.5. Th liu 2.2.5.1. Gii thiu chung v th liu

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

a. Vai tr ca nguyn liu thay th trong sn xut bia Trong sn xut bia, vic dng th liu thay cho malt ty thuc vo iu kin ch quan v khch quan, c th nhm cc mc ch sau: H gi thnh sn phm Ci thin mt vi tnh cht cu sn phm - To ra chng loi bia c cc mc phm cp cht lng khc nhau
-

Theo n t hng ca ngi tiu dng. b. Mt s c tnh ca nguyn liu thay th Go: V kh nng thay th ca malt i mch trong sn xut bia th go l loi ng cc c dng nhiu hn c. Go c s dng nhiu cc nc Chu hoc Vng Trung ng. Trong thnh phn cht kh ca go th tinh bt chim 75%, 8% protein, 11,5% cht bo, 0,5- 0,8% cellulose, 1-1,2% cht khong.

Hn (a- cy la, b- go)

2.5.

Go c coi l mt th liu hng u trong sn xut bia, do hm lng glucid v protein kh cao, kh nng chuyn ha thnh cht ha tan tt (c th t n 90% cht kh)
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BO CO THC TP

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Cng ging nh i mch, ht thc bao gm cc b phn: V tru, v qu, v ht, lp aloron, ni nh v phi. C th s dng thc sn xut bia sau khi m mm. Khi tin hnh m mm v ng ha ta nn ch cc c im sau: + Khi lng v ca thc nhiu, hm lng polyphenol cao, cho nn khi ngm ht nn s dng nc c cng cacbonat cao. + V thc dy, v vy thi gian ngm ko di n 3 ngy, ngm nhit t 12- 180C. + ng ha nhit 670C v dch ha 770C. Bp: S dng cc nc M la tinh hoc Chu phi. c tnh ca ht bp l c phi ht kh ln, chim khong 9- 15% trng lng ca ht v vy thnh phn ha hc ca bp khc nhiu so vi go v i mch, c th tnh theo % trng lng ht: W=10-11, glucid = 66-70, protid =10-12, cht bo = 5-5,5, cellulose = 2-2,5, tro =1,5-2. Cht bo c trong phi vi hm lng kh cao (23-45% trng lng phi) nn thng lm gim cht lng k thut cao ca bia, gim bn bt bia, khi bia b oxy ha th cho mi kh chu. Do , khi dng bp lm th liu cn phi b phi cng v ht. Tinh bt ca bp v go kh bn vng di tc dng phn gii ca enzyme amylase Go m: Do c tnh ca go m khng c tru nh ht i mch, mt khc hm lng gluten qu cao, v vy mun dng go m lm th liu cho malt i mch thng phi cho m mm s gy tr ngi cho qu trnh lc dch ng v lc bia, dch kh trong theo yu cu.

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u: hm lng tinh bt trong u khng ln, thng nh hn 40% trng lng. V vy trong nu bia ngi ta khng s dng u vi vai tr l nguyn liu thay th cho malt m vi ngha khc. Trong u cha cc glucozit c tnh saponin, lm cho bia c kh nng to bt mnh. Trong u cn cha cc vitamin: A1, B1, B2, C, E, K, v cc cht kch thch tng trng i vi nm men. Hm lng enzyme trong u cao hn nhiu so vi enzyme i mch. ng saccharose: c s dng nh ngun th liu cao cp. a trc tip di dng tinh th vo ni un si vi hoa hoc a vo di dng siro trong qu trnh chit bia (i vi cc loi bia ngt). ng glucose: di dng bt tinh th, thu c t phng php thy phn tinh bt bng acid. Trong thc t rt t dng v gi thnh ngun nguyn liu ny rt cao, khng p ng gi tr kinh t. 2.2.6. Cc cht ph gia Trong cng ngh sn xut bia, ngoi nhng nguyn liu khng th thiu c nh trnh by nh trn, ngi ta cn phi dng n nguyn liu hoc cc ha cht ph. Ty theo yu cu cng ngh m m s dng cc cht vi hm lng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, ta gi chung nhm nguyn liu ny l cht ph gia v chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: + Nhm ph gia gin tip: Bao gm tt c cc ha cht c s dng trong qui trnh cng ngh, song khng c php c trong thnh phn sn phm. V d: cc loi bt tr lc, cc ha cht dng v sinh thit b, v sinh phn xng nh H2SO4, NaOH, KMnO4,

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BO CO THC TP

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+ Nhm ph gia trc tip: gm tt c cc nguyn liu v ha cht c php c mt trong thnh phn sn phm vi s kim sot cht ch hm lng cho php. V d: nhm ha cht s l cng, iu chnh kim ca nc nu bia nh CaCl2, Na2SO4, HCl.Nhm ha cht a vo ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha nhng thnh phn nh acid ascobic, H2O2,

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BO CO THC TP

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PHN 3

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BO CO THC TP 3.1. Qui trnh sn xut

Malt Nghin Nc

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

Go Nghin Malt lt

m ha

Dch ha

H ha

ng ha Lc tch b v ra b Caramen Houblon ha

C n Cao houblon

Lng trong Lm ngui Me n

X l nm men
Thu hi nm men

C n

Lm lnh Nm men Ln men chnh Thu hi CO2 Ln men ph

Bt tr lc

Lc trong

C n X l CO2

Bo ha CO2

ng chai Sn phm

Thanh trng

Dn nhn

S 3.1 Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut bia chai VINAKEN GVHD: NGUYN TH MINH NGUYT Trang 39

BO CO THC TP 3.2. Thuyt minh qui trnh 3.2.1. Nghin

NH MY BIA VINAKEN

3.2.1.1. mc ch, yu cu v c s l thuyt Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin malt l: p nh ht nguyn liu thnh nhiu mnh tng din tch b mt tip xc gia nguyn liu vi nc, lm cho nc xm nhp vo ni nh nhanh hn, thc y qu trnh thy phn din ra nhanh chng v trit hn. Yu cu: nghin ht malt sao phn ni nh dp nh nhng phn v ht gi cng nguyn vn cng tt nhm trnh cc cht nh tanin, lignin ha tan vo dch bia v lm gim cht lng ca bia thnh phm. Mt khc, lp v malt ny c th s dng nh mt cht tr lc, do cu trc v ch yu l xenlulose nn khi lc v tru c xp cng knh to thnh mao qun nhm gip qu trnh lc bia tt hn. C s l thuyt: cu to ca ht malt gm v v ni nh. Hai hp phn ny khc nhau v thnh phn, tnh cht vt l, c l, ha hc v cng khc nhau chc nng v vai tr trong cng ngh sn xut dch ng. V ca ht: cu to ch yu t xenlulose, lignin, cc hp cht polyphenol, cht khong cht mu, cht ng v mt t pentozan. Xellulose l hp cht khng ha tan trong nc v khng b thay i cu trc di tc dng ca enyme amylase, protease trong qu trnh thy phn; cc cht cn li nh hng trc tip n dch ng, lm cho dch ng c v ng cht kh chu. Nu nghin v ht cng mn lng cht ng cht trch ly vo dch ng cng nhiu. V tru cng ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh lc trong.

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Nu kch thc cng mn s gy bt cc mao qun khin cho qu trnh lc tr nn kh khn hn. Ni nh: Ni nh ca malt ch yu gm: tinh bt, dextrin, ng, protein. Cc hp phn ny trong qu trnh ng ha di tc dng ca enzyme s chuyn thnh cc hp cht c phn t lng b, d ha tan v l ngun thc n chnh cho nm mc trong qu trnh ln men. V vy, qu trnh thc hin sao cho phn ni nh c nghin nh. 3.2.1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca thit b nghin a. Thit b nghin malt: H thng cu to nh hnh v. Rul nghin c ch to bng thp hoc gang, mt nhn. C 2 phng php nghin malt l nghin kh v nghin t. Cu to thit b nghin malt 1. Phu tip liu 2. Tm gt kim loi 3. Trc nghin 4. V my 5. Vt hiu chnh 6. Motor 7. Ca tho liu 8. Chn

Hnh.3.1.Thit b nghin malt hai cp trc

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Nguyn l hot ng: Malt c cp vo phu nhp liu, xung cp trc nghin th nht chng b p v, v ht c tch ra, ni nh b thot ra ngoi v c lm nh. Sau , nguyn liu ri xung cp trc nghin th hai v tip tc nghin nh phn ni nh. Mc d malt qua hai cp trc nghin nhng do nguyn l hot ng ca hai cp trc ny l quay ngc chiu nhau nn v malt khng b nghin nt, khc vi thit b nghin a. b. Thit b my nghin go (thit b nghin a): Cu to thit b gm mt sng phn loi, trong c mt Roto quay. Pha trn Roto lp nhiu a, trn mi a gn nhiu li dao bng thp.

1. Phu nhp liu 2. Tm gt kim loi 3. V my 4. a 5. Li ba 6. Bulng 7. Motor 8. Dy curoa 9. Sng

10. Ca tho liu 11. chn

Hnh 3.2. Thit b nghin a

Nguyn l hot ng: Tng t nh thit b nghin malt nhng thay v nghin trc th trc nghin go ta dng thit b nghin a. Go khi a vo s b li ba p vo v ct nh ri a xung sng, ht go sau nghin t
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kch thc th thu hi ca tho liu. Go cha t kch thc tip tc y ln thc hin qu trnh p, ct. 3.2.2. Qu trnh thy phn (Qa trnh dch ha) 3.2.2.1. Mc ch cng ngh To iu kin ti thch v nhit , pH ca mi trng h enzyme thy phn c trong malt phn ct cc hp cht cao phn t thnh sn phm c phn t thp, ha tan bn vng to thnh cht chit ca dch thu phn v l ngun dinh dng cho nm men trong qu trnh ln men. 3.2.2.2. C s l thuyt Cc h enzyme trong qu trnh thy phn: + amylase: xc tc cho qu trnh thy phn lin kt 1,4- glucid ca tinh bt. Nhit thch hp l: 720C pHopt : 5,5 5,8 Sn phm to thnh ch yu l dextrin, mt t glucose v maltose. + amylase: Xc tc cho qu trnh thy phn lin kt 1,4- glucocid theo tng cp trn ton mch amylose v amylopectin, b ngng li khi gp lin kt 1,6- glucocid. Nhit thch hp l: 650C pHopt : 4,8 5,0 Sn phm to thnh ch yu l maltose.

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+ amylase: Xc tc cho qu trnh thy phn lin kt 1.4- glucocid v 1.6- glucocid trn ton mch amylose v amylopectin. Nhit thch hp l : 750C pHopt : 5,5 Sn phm to thnh ch yu l glucose, maltose. + Proteinase: xc tc chuyn protid thnh albumoza v pepton. Nhit thch hp l 500C, pH 4,6 5,0. + Peptidase: chuyn polypeptid v peptid thnh acid amin. a. Qu trnh h ha: Dch phi trn (go v nc) c bm t thit b cha sau khi nghin vo ni go, b xung 250g CaCl2, 300ml H2SO4, tin hnh gia nhit n 720C gi trong 20 pht cho h enzyme - amylase hot ng thy phn tinh bt, tip tc gia nhit ln 830C gi trong 10 pht tinh bt c h ha, dng nc h nhit xung 720C gi trong 20 pht (b xung thm 300ml enzyme termamyl) tip tc thy phn tinh bt, sau gia nhit ln 100 0C gi trong 10 pht nhm thanh trng dch v v hot enzyme. Cho nc lnh vo h nhit ni go xung chun b cho qu trnh m ha.

Hnh 3.3. Ni nu go

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Dch phi trn (malt v nc) c bm t thit b cha sau khi nghin vo ni nu malt, b xung 300ml acid lactic, gia nhit ln 500C gi trong 10 pht to iu kin ti u cho enzyme protease hot ng phn ct cc lin kt peptid, thy phn protein thnh peptid n gin v cc acid amin. 3.2.2.3. Yu cu cht lng dch ha: Tinh bt khng cn st li trong dch. Dng phng php th Iod kim tra xem cn tinh bt cha c thy phn st li trong dch hay khng. Nu nh vi git iot vo dch m c mu xanh tm lng tinh bt vn cha c thy phn hon ton. Nu sau khi nh iot m mu vng cnh gin khng thay i th yu cu cht lng dch thy phn. 3.2.3. Qu trnh ng ha Qu trnh ng ha bt u khi ta trn dch h ha vo trong ni malt lc ny nhit t 650C gi nhit ny trong 40 pht cho h enzyme amylase xc tc cho qu trnh thy phn lin kt 1,4 glucocid theo tng cp trn ton mch amylose v amylopectin sn phm to thnh ch yu l maltose, tip tc gia nhit ln 750C gi trong 30 pht h enzyme amylase xc tc cho qu trnh thy phn lin kt 1,6-glucocid trn ton mch amyloseza v amylosepectin sn phm to thnh ch yu l glucose, maltose. Kt thc qu trnh ng ha; gia nhit ln 760C bm sang cng on lc tch b. 3.2.4. Qu trnh lc tch b v ra b a. Mc ch cng ngh: Lc trong dch ng, thu hi trit dch ng trong b chun b lm thc n cho nm men trong cng on ln men.
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Tch pha rn ra khi lng thu ly dch ng. b. C s l thuyt: Thnh phn ca dch cho sau khi kt thc qu trnh ng ha gm 2 hp phn: pha rn v pha lng.
- Pha rn (hay cn gi l b malt): gm cc cu t khng ha tan ca bt

nghin.
- Pha lng (nc nha, dch ng): Bao gm nc v cc hp cht thp

phn t c trch ly hon ton trong . hai tch ring bit khi hn hp dch cho, phng php thng thng l nn chng ln nhng vt cn c cu trc dng li. Cc phn t ca pha rn b gi li trn li cn pha lng i qua. Khi cc pha rn c gi li chng s to thnh lp lc ph. Cu trc v dy ca lp lc ph ng vai tr quan trng n cht lng dch sau khi lc v tin trnh lc. Qu trnh lc b malt c tin hnh theo hai bc: u tin, p tch dch ct. Bc th hai l ra b thu hi tt c nhng phn dinh dng cn bm li trong b. Qu trnh chit rt cht ha tan giai on ra b da trn c s ca s khuch tn. Lp lc ph c hnh thnh do pha rn (b malt). Bn trong lp b to thnh nhiu mng dn ziczac vi kch thc v mt khc nhau. S lng mng dn, kch thc v hnh dng ca chng c ngha quyt nh n tc lc v dch trong ca ng. Mt khc, cu trc h thng mng dn li ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t, trong yu t quan trng nht l mc nghin ca nguyn liu. Nu qu trnh nghin nguyn liu l nghin mn, kch thc phn t trong bt nghin b th b malt s to thnh lp lc nn cht, kch thc cc mng dn rt b, cc mng ny rt d b ngn khi c

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mt phn t kch thc ln ri vo. S tc cc mao dn s dn n gim tc lc. Tc lc v trong ca dch ng ph thuc vo cc yu t nhit lc, nht, v mc nghin ca v nguyn liu: Nu nhit ca dch cho tng th tc lc cng tng. Nhit lin quan n nht ca dch cho,nhit tng th nht ca dch cho s gim nn qu trnh lc c thc hin d dng hn. Nu v malt c nghin th, phn b ca chng s to ra mt lp lc xp. Nh vy qu trnh lc d dng. Nu v malt c nghin mn, kch thc cc phn t trong bt nghin b th b malt s to thnh 1 lp lc nn. Yu cu: Dch lc phi trong, hiu sut thu hi cao, lng ng cn st li < 1,5 Bx. 3.2.5. Houblon ha Mc ch cng ngh v c s l thuyt: - Trong cao houblon c cha polyphenol c kh nng lm keo t cc protein khng tan trong dch ng to kt ta. Ta ny nu tn ti trong dch ln men s bao quanh nm men khin nm men b mt hot tnh, cn ta tn ti trong bia thnh phm lm gim tnh cm quan cho bia v lm cho bia nhanh h hng. - Ha tan cht ng, cht thm vo dch ng lm cho bia c v ng v hng thm c trng.
- Polyphenol, cht ng, cc hp cht cha nit l nhng cht to sc

cng b mt c hot tnh cao, nh tc dng ny m CO 2 c gi bn hn trong bia thnh phm.

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- Tng bn sinh hc ca bia nh cc cht khng khun bn trong thnh phn ca houblon. - Ngoi ra khi nu cao houblon nhit cao s lm tng cng mu v gim nht cho dch. 3.2.6. Tch cn v lm lnh Mc ch cng ngh v c s l thuyt: Dch ng sau khi kt thc qu trnh houblon ha c nhit cao v mt lng cn rt ln. Nhit cao lm cho nm men khng hot ng c, cn lm cn tr hot ng ca nm men. Thnh phn ca cn trong dch ng: ch yu l cc protein, polyphenol, cht ng, cht khong v cc hp cht khc. Chng cn tr hot ng ca nm men, khi cc cn ny lng xung y th ko nm men lng theo, lm gim mt ca nm men trong qu trnh ln men. Gy nh hng n qu trnh ln men bia. Chnh v vy m ta cn phi tch cn v lm lnh nhit ph hp vi nhit ca nm men. 3.2.7. Qu trnh ln men 3.2.7.1. Mc ch cng ngh v c s l thuyt: Mc ch ca qu trnh l to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh nm men hot ng chuyn ha c cht thnh ru, CO2 v cc sn phm ph nh ru bc cao, acid hu c, diaxetyl 3.2.7.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men Cht lng ca chng nm men sn xut: thu nhn cc loi bia c cht lng cao th cht lng ca chun nm men l mt trong nhng yu t quan
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trng m ta phi quan tm n. Nm men cht lng km nu cung cp cho qu trnh ln men th cht lng bia cng s gim d cho dch trc khi ln men c cht lng tt. Do vy nm men trc khi s dng phi c kim tra mt cch cn thn v nghim ngt. Lng nm men gieo cy ban u: Mt nm men nh hng n mc ln men v thi gian ln men. Nu lng nm men khng dn n mc ln men thp, tc ln men s ko di, ngc li nu mt gieo cy ban u qu cao cng nh hng n cht lng bia thnh phm. Nng cht ha tan ca dch ln men: y cng l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n cht lng ca bia, nm men v thi gian ln men. Nu nng qu cao s nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca nm men, bi v khi nng cao n s to nn p sut thm thu cao lm cho nguyn sinh cht ca t bo nm men teo li, iu ny lm hn ch kh nng trao i cht ca nm men, n mt lc no lm cho t bo nm men khng hot ng c, nu nng cht ha tan thp lm cho cht lng ca bia km i v mt s thnh phn trong bia cha y . Nhit ln men: Nhit ln men nh hng trc tip n nm men, v th n nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca bia. Nu khng ch nhit ln men cao hay tht u nh hng c th n cht lng bia thnh phm. Ln men nhit cao s thu nhn c cc kt qu: - Thi gian ln men nhanh. - Mt nm men ti a t c cao hn so vi nhit thp.
- Ln men trit hn nhng hm lng cc sn phm ph (c bit l

diacetyl) to ra nhiu hn. - Lng sinh khi to ra nhiu hn nhng lng t bo cht tng.

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- T l hm lng gia cc cu t trong bia khng cn i, cht lng bia gim.

Ln men nhit thp nhm cc mc ch ch yu nh sau: p sut ln men: trong tin trnh ln men ta duy tr p sut mc 0.5-1at gi hm lng CO2 trong bia, i vi nhiu nh my vit duy tr p sut gip cho vic thu hi CO2 d dng hn, khng p sut cao v p sut cao v p sut cao (3-4 at) lm ph v t bo nm men v nh ch qu trnh ln men. Cng khuy trn: cng khuy trn trong qu trnh l hon ton t nhin, khng phi dng cnh khuy m ta da vo s chnh lch nhit pha trn v pha di tank ln men m cht lng t chuyn ng, khi cht lng chuyn ng lm cho nm men chuyn ng theo v phn b u trong khi dch, nm men s tiu th c cht nhanh v trit hn. Kt qu thi gian ln men c rt ngn. Ngoi cc yu t cn c nhiu yu t khc nh hng n qu trnh ln men nh nng sn phm to thnh, hm lng oxi v th oxi ha kh 3.2.7.3. Cc bin i xy ra trong qu trnh ln men: + mu: Cng mu trong qu trnh ln men gim mt cch ng k, nguyn nhn l do cc hp cht polyphenol d b oxi ha b kh v sau kt lng. + S to bt: S to bt l mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca bia. Bt c to thnh giai on ln men chnh v mt s cng on tip theo. Do qu trnh ln men trong tank ln men dng kn nn khng th quan st c, cho nn y ch cp n s to bt cp nhn ging phng th nghim.

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Hnh 3.4. H thng tank ln men

Cc qu trnh ln men bia:

a. ln men chnh:

* Mc ch: Ln men chnh l qu trnh chuyn cht ng v cc dextrin c phn t lng thp thnh ethanol, CO2 v mt s sn phm ph khc nh: acid hu c, ester, glyceryl, aldehyd nhm to mi v cho bia. * Cc bin i trong qu trnh ln men chnh: Qu trnh ln men chnh chuyn ha dch ng thnh bia non thng qua nhng quy trnh c bn sau: - Qu trnh sinh l: th hin r cc giai on u, giai on tng sinh khi ca nm men. Thc cht y l qu trnh ln men hiu kh, nm men thc hin qu trnh trao i cht v nng lng sinh sng v pht trin.
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- Qu trnh sinh ha: tng mnh dn vo cui giai on th hai. Vo cui giai on ln men hiu kh chuyn sang dn k kh. y l qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ng thnh ethanol v CO2 theo cc phng trnh sau: Phng trnh h hp: C6H12O6+ O2 Phng trnh sinh ha: C6H12O6 6CO2 +6H2O +Q1 2C2H5OH +2CO2 +Q2

Nm men s dng cc hydrat cacbon theo quy lut t nhng ng n gin nht (ng n glucose, fructose), khi cn ngun ng n nm men s tn cng n cc loi ng kp (saccharose), cn cc destrin bc thp nm men ch s dng mt phn, phn cn li s c s dng trong qu trnh ln men ph.
-

Qu trnh l ha: trong qu trnh ln men chnh, qu trnh l ha cng

xy ra mng m: pH t 5,5-5,6 dch ng ban u gim dn v pH 4,24,6 trong bia non do s to thnh CO 2 v cc hp cht hu c, pH thp khng nh hng n chua ca bia. c bit cc acid hu c d bay hi phn ng vi ru theo phn ng ester ha to mi thm cho bia. *Qu trnh ln men chnh c chia lm 4 giai on: - Giai on u: Khi dch ng v men c bm vo tank ln men nhit 9oC th sau 24 gi nm men bt u pht trin. Trong giai on ny oxy rt cn cho s pht trin ca t bo nm men do vy lng oxy cn thit ha tan vo dch ng c m bo bng cch cho tip xc trc tip vi dch ng trong thi gian lm lnh (khng kh c v trng bng tia cc tm trc khi bm vo dch ng) hoc cng c th sc kh v trng sau khi gieo men ging vo. Lng oxy ha tan vo dch ng khng ch lu lng 60-80 lt/gi.

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c im chnh ca giai on ny l to bt trng mn xung quanh b mt dch ln men, lc ny lng CO2 to ra nhiu, li nhit thp nn chng ha tan ht vo dch ln men. Giai on ny ko di t 24-36 gi. - Giai on hai: Gi l giai on to bt thp. Lc ny lng CO2 to ra nhiu hn v c xu hng mun thot ra ngoi di dng bt ly ti. Trn mt bong bng ny hnh thnh mt lp hp ph n phn gm nhng cht c sc cng b mt nh protein, cht ng, polyphenol lm cho CO2 khng th thot ra khi b mt ca lp trn cng thot ra ngoi mi trng m chng li b hp ph li vi nhau to thnh bt. Giai on ny cht lng ha tan gim vi tc 1% mi ngy v ko di t 2-3 ngy. - Giai on ba: Trong giai on ny qu trnh ln men xy ra l mnh nht. Tiu hao c cht vi tc 1-1,5% mi ngy m. Lng CO2 to ra nhiu v mt phn thot ra ngoi nhng li c thu hi ti s dng tip. Bt lc ny xp v bng ln cao, b mt bt trng dn v chuyn sang mu nu (do xy ra s oxy ha cc cht trn b mt lm thay i mu lp bt). Giai on ny ko di t 3-4 ngy. - Giai on cui: Bt xp dn, mu sc ca lp bt cng b bin i, s tiu hao cht ha tan din ra chm khong 0,2-0,5% mi ngy m. Khi thy hm lng cht ha tan ch cn li 30-35% so vi lng cht chit ban u th ta dng qu trnh ln men chnh li. Lc ny t bo nm men to thnh nhng lp nh bng v lng xung y. Sn phm giai on ny gi l bia non. Nh vy trong qu trnh ln men chnh mt lng ng k CO 2 cn thit cho bia c thot ra ngoi. Do vy m sau khi ln men chnh lng CO2 trong bia cha t mc bo ha cn thit v th phi iu chnh qu trnh ln men chnh li khi m lng cht ha tan gim cn 2,0-2,2% hoc ng khong 3,2-4,2 plato nm men tip tc chuyn ha lng c cht ny khi chuyn sang nhit thp hn l qu trnh ln men ph
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* Xc nh thi im kt thc ln men chnh: Cng v cui ca qu trnh, tc ln men cng gim. Nu trong 12 gi tc ln men chnh gn n thi im kt thc. Mt khc cng v cui, tc kt lng ca nm men cng nhanh, trong ca bia tng nhanh dn theo thi gian. V vy mun kim tra thi im kt thc ln men chnh, ta ch cn xc nh nhanh ch s nng ng trong dch ln men v xem xt tc kt lng ca nm men. Bnh thng th qu trnh ln men chnh c th xem l kt thc khi 6065% lng cht ha tan ban u b tiu hao.

b.

Qu trnh ln men ph:

Qu trnh ny c thc hin khi hm lng maltose v cc loi ng n gin khc trong dch men hu nh b hp th ht, cn li lng ng c kh nng ln men c (ch yu l maltoriose) ang khong 11,2%. Ln men ph 0-2oC. * Mc ch: Ln men tip phn cht kh cn li sau khi ln men chnh, bo ha CO 2 v tng cng mi v cho bia, to trong cho bia. a nhit xung thp hn ch xm nhp v ph hoi bia do vi sinh vt gy ra v hn ch s hot ng ca nm men. duy tr hm lng CO2 cn thit th lc ny ta phi iu chnh p trong tank a p sut ln 11,5kg/cm3, nhit ln men 0-2oC. thi gian thng ko di 6-10 ngy trong 2-3 ngy u ln men ph, cc ngy cn li l giai on chn bia. Trong giai on ny l giai on oxy ha kh c ngha rt quan trng v nh c qu trnh ny m lng diacetyl c th gim i 50%.
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Kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh thng cha mt lng t bo nm men v mt s ht cn mn khc. Bc sang giai on ln men ph c bit l thi gian u cc ht ny cn trng thi sng ng. Nguyn nhn dn n hin tng ny l do qu trnh vn tip din, tuy vi tc rt b nhng do s to thnh kh CO2 c chiu hng lm si bt ln b mt. khi qu trnh ln men ph tt dn v nhit cn bng th cc ht c kch thc b bt u lng v bia s trong. Mt khc, do iu kin nhit thp s to thm mt lng ethanol ng k, lc ny hu ht nm men s c kt lng nhanh hn. Thi gian ln men ph v chn l giai on rt quan trng nu giai on ny b rt ngn s khng m bo c cc tiu chun cht lng v, bt v bn ca bia. Thi gian ln men ph nhanh nht l 3-6 ngy, lu nht l 30-40 ngy. * Qu trnh sinh trng nm men tri qua 4 giai on: - Giai on u (pha tim n): nm men cha sinh sn m ch thch nghi vi mi trng. giai on ny ch lm gim lng c cht t 9,1-7,8 plato mi ngy. - Giai on hai (pha tng sinh khi): giai on ny th tc sinh sn ca nm men t cc i, sinh khi tng mnh, lng c cht gim vi tc mnh t 5,8-3,9 plato mi ngy. - Giai on ba (pha n nh): giai on ny s t bo sinh ra bng s t bo cht i cht dinh dng cn t, lng c cht gim 0,2 plato mi ngy. - Giai on cui (pha t vong): s lng t bo nm men cht tng nhanh cht dinh dng cn kit t bo gi ci nhit 0-2 oC v p sut 1,4-1,5 at th nm men khng pht trin na v men lng xung bt u thu men. * Cc bin i xy ra trong qu trnh ln men:
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- Qu trnh ln men ph nhit thp, diacetyl s dn dn gim i, mt s t bo nm men cht v t phn. Chnh cc sn phm t phn ca nm men c nh hng n hng v v ca bia. - Trong sut qu trnh ni bt, CO2 gp phn y O2 ra lm hn ch cc vi sinh vt hiu kh pht trin, trnh hin tng oxy ha lm gim cht lng ca bia. - Trong bia xut hin nhiu dng lin kt ha hc v ha l khc nhau ca CO2 - Bia non trong dn do h nhit . - Qu trnh chn bia khi mi v b hm bin mt, v ngt s bin ht khi ln men ht lng cht kh cn li. V ng gt s dn mt ht, v cay t s b bin mt v nm men s lng xung y khi qu trnh ln men ph kt thc.

3.2.8. Lc trong- tng tr bia 3.2.8.1. Mc ch cng ngh v c s l thuyt * Mc ch: Lm cho bia c trong sang theo ng yu cu cht lng, tch

trit cc phn t rn lng, khuch tn trong bia.

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- Lm tng tnh n nh v bn vng v sinh ha hc cho bia. - Loi b ton b nm men v vi sinh vt cn st li trong bia.
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Cht tr lc c s dng ch yu l bt diatomit, loi bt ny c

ch bin t xc ca mt s loi vi sinh vt n bo, thuc lp vi to, gm ba loi: loi 700, loi 500, loi 200. Bt diatomit c u in l khng gy nh hng n mu sc, mi v, pH ca bia. * C s l thuyt: Trong qu trnh ln men ph v tng tr, bia c lm trong mt cch t nhin nhng cha t n mc cn thit, mu bia vn cn rt c do cn cha nhiu nm men, cc ht phn tn c hc cc phc cht proteinpolyphenol, nha ng phn ln cc cu t ny lm gim bn ca bia nu chng tn ti, do ta cn loi b chng ra khi bia thnh phm. lm c iu nay, cn phi xy dng mt mng lc c kch thc cc l trn mng lc phi b hn kch thc ca cc phn t m ta cn loi ra ngoi. C hai vt liu xy dng nn mng lc ph bin hin nay: vi lc, ng lc c hai vt liu khi lc ta phi ph ln chng mt lp bt tr loc. Trong cng on lc trong bia c p dng ti nh my, bt tr lc c dng l diatomit (cn c mt tn gi khc l kizengua), l hn hp cht khong nhiu cu t, trong chim nhiu nht v c gi tr nht l hp phn hydrosilicat. Diatomit c ch bin t xc ca diatomei mt loi vi sinh vt n bo, sng trn bin, thuc lp vi to. Khi cht, xc ca chng chm xung y, t tp thnh lp dy, to thnh m. Thnh t bo ca chng cha ch yu l SiO2. Trn th gii hin nay c rt nhiu m diatomit. Nguyn liu th sau khi khai thc c lm sch loi cc tp cht, sau c nung nhit 800oC, nghin v phn loi theo kch thc trung bnh ca cc ht diatomit vo khong 2-10m. Do tnh phn tn cao ca t bo diatomei, bt diatomit c b mt rt ln (kh nng to b mt ln chnh l nguyn nhn to ra kh nng hp th mnh ca diatomit) v li rt nh. Khi lng ring ca
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chng l 500-600 kg/m3 cn t trng thc l 2000-2200kg/cm3, phn tn ca chng c khi t ti 92% cn kh nng hp th nc gp 5 ln th tch ca chng. Hin nay trn th trng c bn rt nhiu loi bt diatomit c kch thc ht khc nhau, gi dao ng t 8000-15000/kg, bt cng mn lc bia cng trong. Phn ln cc xng sn xut va v nh u dng bt diatomit c xut x t Trung Quc v Nht Bn. 3.2.8.2. Yu cu cht lng i vi bia sau khi lm trong - trong: ng nh, khng c tp cht. - mu (EBC): 7-8 3.2.9. Bo ha CO2 v tng tr bia Trong thc t sn xut, t khi vic bo ha CO2 theo phng php t nhin li t n nng cn thit (t bit l bia ng chai cht lng cao). V vy vic bo ha b sung CO2 cho bia l cng vic khng th b qua c. Nu bia khng c b sung CO2 th s khng m bo c cht lng cho bia. nh my, b sung CO2 trc tip t cc bnh thu hi CO2. Cht lng ca CO2 b sung phi m bo, khng cha O2, khng cha vi sinh vt nhim tp cht, h thng bo ha CO2 thng v sinh. Bia sau khi bo ha CO2 thng cha trong cc thng chu p sut trong thi gian t 2-3 ngy CO2 ha tan ht vo trong bia (ban u CO2 lin kt cc thnh phn trong bia cn lng lo sau mt thi gian th lin kt mi bn vng). cc tank cha nay thng b tr h thng lm lnh sao cho h nhit bia xung 0-2oC. y l cng on trung gian bo qun bia trc khi chit chnh v vy thng cha cn m bo tuyt i v sinh. 3.2.10. Chit rt bia

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- n nh cht lng v hng v c trng ca bia trong qu trnh vn chuyn. * Nguyn tc chit rt: Chit bia vo trong chai c ra sch c tm quan trng c bic, trong qu trnh ny cn m bo: - Khng lm tn tht bia .
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Ton b cc chai u rt lng bia.

- Cht lng ca bia khng b nh hng: trnh s nhim tp vi sinh vt, s xm nhp oxi, s tht thot CO2. Phng php chit bia: Hin nay c nhiu phng php chit, nh my s dng phng php chit c p sut d (p sut trong b cha ca my chit c p sut ln s y bia vo trong chai c p sut nh hn) v nhit thp (8oC). 3.2.11. Thanh trng bia 3.2.11.1. Mc ch qu trnh thanh trng Qu trnh thanh trung nhm tiu dit ton b cc t bo vi sinh vt gy bnh trong bia gip ko di thi gian bo qun v thun li cho ngi tiu dng khi s dng. 3.2.11.2. Cc bin i trong qu trnh thanh trng Vt l
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Xut gradient nhit : s tng gim nhit ca sn phm theo tng giai on trong sut qu trnh thanh trng. S thay i t trong, th tch sn phm.

Ha hc

- S thay i tc cc phn ng ha hc nh: thy phn, oxy ha, to phc ca cc thnh phn c trong bia Ha l - S bay hi ca mt s cht bay hi c trong bia.
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Thanh trng bia cng c th dn n vn c dng keo cho sn phm.

Vn ny ph thuc vo thnh phn protein ca bia, nhit , thi gian un nng. Protein cao phn t l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra vn c dng keo trong giai on thanh trng. mt mc no , cc hp cht polyphenol ngng t cng gp phn vo vic lm hng bia. Ha sinh
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S thay i tc cc phn ng ha sinh: s thay i ny ty thuc vo

s thay i ca hot ng ca enzyme. - giai on u ca qu trnh thanh trng, nhit tng dn khi enzyme bt u hot ng mnh lm tng tc phn ng. Nu giai on gia nhit, lm ngui ko di s dn n lm thay i cht lng sn phm. - giai on thanh trng th tc ca cc phn ng s tng hay gim ty thuc vo s thay i hot tnh ca enzyme theo nhit . Cm quan

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Thanh trng bia s dn n nhng thay i bt li cho hng, v v

mu sc ca sn phm. Ngay sau khi thanh trng, nhng s thay i rt kh nhn ra, nhng sau mt thi gian bo qun th chng mi l r. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n s thay i l do s hnh thnh hp cht melanoid. Vi sinh
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c ch cc vi sinh vt c trong bia nh mt s loi vi khun, nm men.

3.2.11.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thanh trng

H vi sinh vt trong mu thanh trng

Hm lng vi sinh vt: hm lng vi sinh vt trong mu cng nhiu, t c mc v trng theo quy nh th ch x l nhit phi nghim ngt vi nhit cao hn v thi gian di hn. Do vic hn ch s lng vi sinh vt ban u trong mu trc khi thanh trng l rt cn thit thng qua vic tun th cht ch cc quy nh trong sn xut v v sinh cng nghip. Thnh phn cc loi vi sinh vt c mt trong mu cng l mt vn cn lu trong qu trnh thanh trng. Mu c cha cc loi vi sinh vt chu nhit th nhit x l phi nghim ngt hn v nhit v thi gian s l. Thnh phn ha hc ca mu: i vi sn phm dng lng th nhit v thi gian thanh trng ph thuc vo gi tr pH ca sn phm. Sn phm c gi tr pH cng thp th nhit v thi gian thanh trng gim. Tnh cht vt l ca mu:

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Sn phm dng lng trong qu trnh x l nhit s sut hin cc dng i lu t qu trnh truyn nhit s nhanh v t hiu qu cao hn so vi sn phm dng rn.

3.2.12. Dn nhn * Mc ch: Nhn mc sn phm l thnh phn khng th thiu khi sn phm lu thng trn th trng. em li hnh thc d nhn cho b ngoi, phn bit c xut x sn phm * Yu cu i vi nhn: Cc thng tin v hnh nh trn nhn phi c in mt cch r rng, mu sc v cch b tr trn nhn phi hi ha, hp dn ngi tiu dng. Nhn cn phi m bo dy khng thy c mu sc v hnh dng ca chai, ngay c khi nhn b m. Nhn phi chu c xt trnh phn hy trong qu trnh ra chai, chu c nc. Khng b qun di iu kin m hay kh. Thng thng 2 mt ca nhn c trng mt lp polimer va c tc dng chng m va c tc dng chng qun nhn.

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PHN 4

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4.1 Xc nh ethanol Nguyn tc: Cn c nhit si thp hn nc. Da vo tnh cht ny ta tin hnh chng ct tch cn ra khi mu. Sau dng Ancolmeter o cn ca dch chng ct hoc dng bnh t trng xc nh t trng dch chng ct, t xc nh hm lng cn trong mu. 4.2. Xc nh CO2 Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng chun acid-baz vi ch th phenolphthalein 1% cho 1 lng d v chnh xc cho dung dch Na2CO3, bit trc nng . Chun Na2CO3 d bng dung dch HCl c nng chnh xc. 4.3 Xc nh chua Nguyn tc: Da vo phn ng trung ha gia lng acid c trong mu vi dd NaOH bit trc nng , vi ch th phenolphtalein 1%. chua c biu din bng s ml NaOH 0.1N tiu tn cho 10ml mu. 4.4 Xc nh mn
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Khi cho dung dch chun AgNO3 vo dung dch trung tnh c cha NaCl s xy ra phn ng: AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + 2KNO3 Khi NaCl trong dung dch phn ng ht vi AgNO 3, 1 git AgNO3 d s phn ng vi ch th K2CrO4 to kt ta AgCrO4 mu gch. l du hiu nhn bit im kt thc ca qu trnh chun . 2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 = Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3 T th tch AgNO3 tiu tn, c th tnh ra hm lng NaCl ca bia. 4.5 Kim tra hm lng cht ha tan Nguyn tc: Xc nh hm lng cht ha tan trong bia bng Saccharimeter 200C.

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MC LC MC LC......................................................................................................66

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hong nh Ha. CNG NGH SN XUT MALT V BIA. NXB Khoa Hc K Thut H Ni, (nm 1998), (trang 15-27). 2. Nguyn Th Hin. MALT V BIA. NXB Khoa Hc K Thut H Ni, (nm 2008), (trang 11-27). 3. Nguyn c Lng. CNG NGH ENZYM. NXB H Quc Gia TP. HCM, (nm 2004), (trang 24- 26). 4. L Thanh Mai. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH NGNH CNG NGH LN MEN. NXB Khoa Hc K Thut, (nm 2006), (trang 15 -27). 5. L Ngc T. HA SINH CNG NGHIP. NXB Khoa Hc K Thut, (nm 1998), (trang 10-28). 6. Nguyn Vn Vit. NM MEN BIA V NG DNG, HIP HI RU BIA NGK VIT NAM. NXB Nng Nghip,(nm 2001). 7. CC TIU CHUN V BIA. (TCVN). (trang 60- 61). GVHD: NGUYN TH MINH NGUYT Trang 66

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8. TI LIU CA CNG TY. (trang 1-10).

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9. HTTP://TAILIEU.VN/XEM-TAILIEU/CONG-NGHE-SAN-XUAT-MALT-VABIA.166193.HTML-KUNZE.W, TECHNOLOGY BREWING AND MALTING, VLB BERLIN(1999). 10. HTTP://BAIGIANG.VIOLET.VN/SHOW/ENTRY_DI/3322134.HTML.

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