CHUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T

I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh
a) Phng php
Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng : A B C D + + , ta thng bnh phng 2 v ,
iu i khi li gp kh khn hy gii v d sau
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 . A B C A B A B A B C + + + +

v ta s dng php th :
3 3
A B C +
ta c phng trnh :
3
3 . . A B A BC C + +
b) V d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau : 3 3 1 2 2 2 x x x x + + + + +
Gii: k 0 x
Bnh phng 2 v khng m ca phng trnh ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + + + , gii
phng trnh ny d nhin l khng kh nhng hi phc tp mt cht .
Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh :
3 1 2 2 4 3 x x x x + + +
Bnh phng hai v ta c :
2 2
6 8 2 4 12 1 x x x x x + + +
Th li x = 1 tha
Nhn xt : Nu phng trnh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + +
M c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x k x + +
, th ta bin i phng trnh v dng :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x sau bnh phng ,gii phng trnh h qu
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau :
3
2
1
1 1 3
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + + + +
+
Gii:
iu kin : 1 x
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh ?
Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no?
Ta c nhn xt :
3
2
1
. 3 1. 1
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + +
+
, t nhn xt ny ta c li gii nh sau :
3
2
1
(2) 3 1 1
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + +
+

Bnh phng 2 v ta c:
3
2 2
1 3
1
1 2 2 0
3
1 3
x
x
x x x x
x
x

+


+
+

Th li : 1 3, 1 3 x x + l nghim
Qua li gii trn ta c nhn xt : Nu phng trnh : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + +
M c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . f x h x k x g x
th ta bin i ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x
2. Trc cn thc
2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung
1
a) Phng php
Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim
0
x
nh vy phng trnh lun a v c dng
tch ( ) ( )
0
0 x x A x ta c th gii phng trnh ( ) 0 A x
hoc chng minh ( ) 0 A x
v nghim , ch
iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh ta c th nh ga ( ) 0 A x
v nghim
b) V d
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh sau :
( )
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 2 3 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + +
Gii:
Ta nhn thy : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 5 1 3 3 3 2 2 x x x x x +
v ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 4 3 2 x x x x +
Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v :
( )
2 2
2 2
2 4 3 6
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 1
x x
x x x x x x x
+

+ + + + +
D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh .
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau (OLYMPIC 30/4 ngh) :
2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + + +
Gii: phng trnh c nghim th :
2 2
5
12 5 3 5 0
3
x x x x + +
Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch v dng
( ) ( ) 2 0 x A x
, thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch nh sau :
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
12 4 3 6 5 3 3 2
12 4 5 3
2 1
2 3 0 2
12 4 5 3
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

+ + + +
+ + + +
_
+ +


+ + + +
,
D dng chng minh c :
2 2
2 2 5
3 0,
3
12 4 5 3
x x
x
x x
+ +
< >
+ + + +
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh :
2 3 3
1 1 x x x +
Gii :k
3
2 x
Nhn thy x=3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 3 3
2 3
2 2 3
3
3 3 9
3
1 2 3 2 5 3 1
2 5
1 2 1 4
x x x
x
x x x x
x
x x
1
+ +
+
1
+ +
1
+
+ +
1
]
Ta chng minh :
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2 3 3
3
3 3
1 1 2
1 2 1 4 1 1 3
x x
x x x
+ +
+ + <
+ + + +
2
3
3 9
2 5
x x
x
+ +
<
+
Vy pt c nghim duy nht x=3
2.2. a v h tm
a) Phng php
Nu phng trnh v t c dng A B C + , m : A B C
dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca
x
. Ta c th gii nh sau :
A B
C A B
A B

, khi ta c h: 2
A B C
A C
A B

+
'

2
b) V d
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh sau :
2 2
2 9 2 1 4 x x x x x + + + + +
Gii:
Ta thy : ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 9 2 1 2 4 x x x x x + + + +
4 x khng phi l nghim
Xt 4 x
Trc cn thc ta c :
2 2
2 2
2 8
4 2 9 2 1 2
2 9 2 1
x
x x x x x
x x x x
+
+ + + +
+ + +
Vy ta c h:
2 2
2
2 2
0
2 9 2 1 2
2 2 9 6
8
2 9 2 1 4
7
x
x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x x

+ + +

+ + +
'

+ + + + +

Th li tha; vy phng trnh c 2 nghim : x=0 v x=
8
7
Bi 5. Gii phng trnh :
2 2
2 1 1 3 x x x x x + + + +
Ta thy : ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 1 2 x x x x x x + + + +
, nh vy khng tha mn iu kin trn.
Ta c th chia c hai v cho x v t
1
t
x
th bi ton tr nn n gin hn
Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau :
( )
2 2
3 1 3 1 x x x x + + + +
4 3 10 3 2 x x
(HSG Ton Quc
2002)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 5 2 10 x x x x x +
2 3
4 1 2 3 x x x + +
2 3 3
1 3 2 3 2 x x x +
2 3
2 11 21 3 4 4 0 x x x +
(OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +
2 2
2 16 18 1 2 4 x x x x + + + +
2 2
15 3 2 8 x x x + + +
3. Phng trnh bin i v tch
S dng ng thc
( ) ( ) 1 1 1 0 u v uv u v + +
( ) ( ) 0 au bv ab vu u b v a + +
2 2
A B
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
2 3 3 3
1 2 1 3 2 x x x x + + + + + +
Gii: ( ) ( )
3 3
0
1 1 2 1 0
1
x
pt x x
x

+ +

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :

2 2 3 3 3 3
1 x x x x x + + + +
Gii:
+ 0 x , khng phi l nghim
3
+ 0 x , ta chia hai v cho x:
( )
3 3 3
3 3
1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
x x
x x x x
x x
_
+ +
+ + +

,
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
2
3 2 1 2 4 3 x x x x x x + + + + + +
Gii: : 1 dk x
pt ( ) ( )
1
3 2 1 1 0
0
x
x x x
x

+ +

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh :

4
3 4
3
x
x x
x
+ +
+
Gii:
k: 0 x
Chia c hai v cho
3 x +
:
2
4 4 4
1 2 1 0 1
3 3 3
x x x
x
x x x
_
+

+ + +
,
Dng hng ng thc
Bin i phng trnh v dng :
k k
A B
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
3 3 x x x +
Gii:
k:
0 3 x
khi pt cho tng ng :
3 2
3 3 0 x x x + +
3
3
1 10 10 1
3 3 3 3
x x
_
+

,
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau :
2
2 3 9 4 x x x +
Gii:
k: 3 x phng trnh tng ng :
( )
2
2
1
3 1 3
1 3 9
5 97
3 1 3
18
x
x x
x x
x x x

+ +

+ +

+ +

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau :

( ) ( )
2
2
3 3
2 3 9 2 2 3 3 2 x x x x x + + + +
Gii : pt
( )
3
3 3
2 3 0 1 x x x +
4
II. PHNG PHP T N PH
1. Phng php t n ph thng thng
i vi nhiu phng trnh v t , gii chng ta c th t ( ) t f x
v ch iu kin ca
t
nu
phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin t quan trng hn ta c th gii c phng trnh
theo t th vic t ph xem nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c th t hon ton
( ) t f x
thng l nhng phng trnh d .
-Nu bi ton c cha ( ) f x , ( ) g x v ( ). ( ) f x g x k (vi k l hng s) khi c th t : ( ) t f x
, khi ( )
k
g x
t

-Nu bi ton c cha ( ) ( ) ; ( ). ( ) f x g x f x g x t v ( ) ( ) f x g x k + khi c th t:

( ) ( ) t f x g x t suy ra
2
( ). ( )
2
t k
f x g x

-Nu bi ton c cha

2 2
a x
th t
sin x a t
vi
2 2
t

hoc
cos x a t
vi 0 t
-Nu bi ton c cha
2 2
x a
th t
sin
a
x
t
vi { } ; \ 0
2 2
t
1

1
]
hoc
cos
a
x
t
vi
[ ]
0; \
2
t

' ;

-Nu bi ton c cha
2 2
x a +
ta c th t
. tan x a t
vi ;
2 2
t
_


,
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + +
iu kin: 1 x
Nhn xt.
2 2
1. 1 1 x x x x +
t
2
1 t x x
th phng trnh c dng:
1
2 1 t t
t
+
Thay vo tm c 1 x
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
2
2 6 1 4 5 x x x +
Gii
iu kin:
4
5
x
t 4 5( 0) t x t + th
2
5
4
t
x

. Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau:
4 2
2 4 2
10 25 6
2. ( 5) 1 22 8 27 0
16 4
t t
t t t t t
+
+
2 2
( 2 7)( 2 11) 0 t t t t +
Ta tm c bn nghim l:
1,2 3,4
1 2 2; 1 2 3 t t t t
Do 0 t nn ch nhn cc gi tr
1 3
1 2 2, 1 2 3 t t + +
T tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh l:
1 2 2 3 va x x +
Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin
2
2 6 1 0 x x
5
Ta c:
2 2 2
( 3) ( 1) 0 x x x , t ta tm c nghim tng ng.
n gin nht l ta t : 2 3 4 5 y x + v a v h i xng (Xem phn dt n ph a v h)
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau:
5 1 6 x x + +
iu kin: 1 6 x
t 1( 0) y x y th phng trnh tr thnh:
2 4 2
5 5 10 20 0 y y y y y + + + ( vi 5) y
2 2
( 4)( 5) 0 y y y y +
1 21 1 17
,
2 2
(loai) y y
+ +

T ta tm c cc gi tr ca
11 17
2
x

Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau :

( )
( )
2
2004 1 1 x x x +
Gii: k 0 1 x
t
1 y x
pttt ( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 1002 0 1 0 y y y y x +
Bi 5. Gii phng trnh sau :
2
1
2 3 1 x x x x
x
+ +
Gii:
iu kin: 1 0 x <
Chia c hai v cho x ta nhn c:
1 1
2 3 x x
x x
+ +
t
1
t x
x
, ta gii c.
Bi 6. Gii phng trnh :
2 4 2 3
2 1 x x x x + +
Gii: 0 x khng phi l nghim , Chia c hai v cho x ta c:
3
1 1
2 x x
x x
_
+

,
t t=
3
1
x
x
, Ta c :
3
2 0 t t +
1 5
1
2
t x
t

Bi tp ngh
Gii cc phng trnh sau
2 2
15 2 5 2 15 11 x x x x +
2
( 5)(2 ) 3 3 x x x x + +
2
(1 )(2 ) 1 2 2 x x x x + +
2 2
17 17 9 x x x x + +
2
3 2 1 4 9 2 3 5 2 x x x x x + + +
2 2
11 31 x x + +
2 2 2
2 (1 ) 3 1 (1 ) 0
n
n n
x x x + + +
2
(2004 )(1 1 ) x x x +
( 3 2)( 9 18) 168 x x x x x + + + +
3 2 2
1 2 1 3 x x +
Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp bi n gin, i khi
phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii
2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin :
6
Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh:
2 2
0 u uv v + + (1) bng cch
Xt 0 v phng trnh tr thnh :
2
0
u u
v v

_ _
+ +

, ,
0 v th trc tip
Cc trng hp sau cng a v c (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . a A x bB x c A x B x +

2 2
u v mu nv + +
Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn c phng trnh v t theo
dng ny .
a) . Phng trnh dng : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . a A x bB x c A x B x +
Nh vy phng trnh ( ) ( ) Q x P x c th gii bng phng php trn nu
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
. P x A x B x
Q x aA x bB x

'
+

Xut pht t ng thc :

( ) ( )
3 2
1 1 1 x x x x + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 4 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 x x x x x + + + +
( ) ( )
4 2 2
4 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + +
Hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn v d nh:
2 4
4 2 2 4 1 x x x + +
c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai
2
0 at bt c +
gii
nghim p
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
( )
2 3
2 2 5 1 x x + +
Gii: t
2
1, 1 u x v x x + +

Phng trnh tr thnh : ( )
2 2
2
2 5
1
2
u v
u v uv
u v

Tm c:
5 37
2
x
t

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :

2 4 2
3
3 1 1
3
x x x x + + +
Bi 3: gii phng trnh sau :
2 3
2 5 1 7 1 x x x +
Gii:
k: 1 x
Nhn xt : Ta vit ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 7 1 1 x x x x x x + + + + +
ng nht thc ta c: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 2 1 7 1 1 x x x x x x + + + + +
t
2
1 0, 1 0 u x v x x + + > , ta c:
9
3 2 7
1
4
v u
u v uv
v u

Ta c :
4 6 x t
7
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh :
( )
3
3 2
3 2 2 6 0 x x x x + +
Gii:
Nhn xt : t 2 y x + ta hy bin pt trn v phng trnh thun nht bc 3 i vi x v y :
3 2 3 3 2 3
3 2 6 0 3 2 0
2
x y
x x y x x xy y
x y

+ +

Pt c nghim : 2, 2 2 3 x x
b).Phng trnh dng :
2 2
u v mu nv + +
Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhg nu ta bnh phng hai v th
a v c dng trn.
Bi 1. gii phng trnh :
2 2 4 2
3 1 1 x x x x + +
Gii:
Ta t :
2
2
1
u x
v x

'

khi phng trnh tr thnh :

2 2
3 u v u v +
Bi 2.Gii phng trnh sau :
2 2
2 2 1 3 4 1 x x x x x + + + +
Gii
k
1
2
x . Bnh phng 2 v ta c :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x + + + +
Ta c th t :
2
2
2 1
u x x
v x
+
'

khi ta c h :
2 2
1 5
2
1 5
2
u v
uv u v
u v

Do
, 0 u v
.
( )
2
1 5 1 5
2 2 1
2 2
u v x x x
+ +
+
Bi 3. gii phng trnh :
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + +
Gii:
k 5 x . Chuyn v bnh phng ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 5 2 5 20 1 x x x x x + +
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s
,
: ( ) ( )
2 2
2 5 2 20 1 x x x x x + + +
vy ta khng th t
2
20
1
u x x
v x

'
+

.
Nhng may mn ta c : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
20 1 4 5 1 4 4 5 x x x x x x x x x + + + +
Ta vit li phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 5 3 4 5 ( 4 5)( 4) x x x x x x + + + . n y bi ton c gii
quyt .
Cc em hy t sng to cho mnh nhng phng trnh v t p theo cch trn
3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton
8
T nhng phng trnh tch ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 0 x x x + + +
, ( ) ( )
2 3 2 3 2 0 x x x x + + +
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh
dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht .
T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau .
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
( )
2 2 2
3 2 1 2 2 x x x x + + + +
Gii:
2
2 t x +
, ta c : ( )
2
3
2 3 3 0
1
t
t x t x
t x

+ +

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :

( )
2 2
1 2 3 1 x x x x + + +
Gii:
t :
2
2 3, 2 t x x t +
Khi phng trnh tr thnh : ( )
2
1 1 x t x + + ( )
2
1 1 0 x x t + +
By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c chn :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 3 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
1
t
x x x t x t x t x
t x

+ + + + +

T mt phng trnh n gin : ( ) ( )

1 2 1 1 2 1 0 x x x x + + +
, khai trin ra ta s c pt sau
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau :
2
4 1 1 3 2 1 1 x x x x + + +
Gii:
Nhn xt : t
1 t x
, pttt:
4 1 3 2 1 x x t t x + + + +
(1)
Ta rt
2
1 x t
thay vo th c pt: ( ) ( )
2
3 2 1 4 1 1 0 t x t x + + + +
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t
( ) ( )
2
2 1 48 1 1 x x + + + khng c
dng bnh phng .
Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo
( ) ( )
2 2
1 , 1 x x +
C th nh sau : ( ) ( ) 3 1 2 1 x x x + +
thay vo pt (1) ta c:
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
2
2 2 4 4 2 9 16 x x x + + +
Gii .
Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 16 2 4 16 2 9 16 x x x x + + + +
Ta t :
( )
2
2 4 0 t x . Ta c:
2
9 16 32 8 0 x t x +
Ta phi tch ( ) ( )
2 2 2
9 2 4 9 2 8 x x x + +
lm sao cho
t

c dng chnh phng .

Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch
4. t nhiu n ph a v tch
Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng phng trnh v t m khi gii n
chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan h gia cc n ph a v h
Xut pht t ng thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
3 a b c a b c a b b c c a + + + + + + + + , Ta c
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
0 a b c a b c a b a c b c + + + + + + +
T nhn xt ny ta c th to ra nhng phng trnh v t c cha cn bc ba .
9
2 2 3 3 3
7 1 8 8 1 2 x x x x x + + +
3 3 3 3
3 1 5 2 9 4 3 0 x x x x + + +
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh :
2 . 3 3 . 5 5 . 2 x x x x x x x + +
Gii :
2
3
5
u x
v x
w x

'

, ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2
3 3
5 5
u v u w u uv vw wu
v uv vw wu u v v w
w uv vw wu v w u w
+ + + +

+ + + +
' '

+ + + +

, gii h ta c:
30 239
60 120
u x
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau :
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +
Gii . Ta t :
2
2
2
2
2 1
3 2
2 2 3
2
a x
b x x
c x x
d x x

'
+ +

, khi ta c :
2 2 2 2
2
a b c d
x
a b c d
+ +

'

Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1)
2 2
4 5 1 2 1 9 3 x x x x x + + +
2)
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2 4
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x + + + +
5. t n ph a v h:
5.1 t n ph a v h thng thng
t ( ) ( ) , u x v x
v tm mi quan h gia ( ) x
v ( ) x
t tm c h theo u,v. Chng hn i
vi phng trnh:
( ) ( )
m m
a f x b f x c + + ta c th t:
( )
( )
m
m
u a f x
v b f x

'
+

t suy ra
m m
u v a b + +
. Khi ta c h
m m
u v a b
u v c
+ +
'
+

Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:

( )
3 3 3 3
25 25 30 x x x x +
t
3 3 3 3
35 35 y x x y +
Khi phng trnh chuyn v h phng trnh sau:
3 3
( ) 30
35
xy x y
x y
+

'
+

, gii h ny ta tm c
( ; ) (2;3) (3; 2) x y . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l {2;3} x
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
4
4
1
2 1
2
x x +
iu kin:
0 2 1 x
10
t
4
4
2 1
0 2 1, 0 2 1
x u
u v
x v

'

Ta a v h phng trnh sau:

4
4
2
2 4 4
4
1
1
2
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
u v
u v
u v v v

' '
_

+ +

,
Gii phng trnh th 2:
2
2 2
4
1
( 1) 0
2
v v
_
+ +

,
, t tm ra
v
ri thay vo tm nghim ca phng trnh.
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau:
5 1 6 x x + +
iu kin: 1 x
t
1, 5 1( 0, 0) a x b x a b +
th ta a v h phng trnh sau:
2
2
5
( )( 1) 0 1 0 1
5
a b
a b a b a b a b
b a

+ + +
'

Vy
11 17
1 1 5 1 1 5
2
x x x x x

+ +
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
6 2 6 2 8
3 5 5
x x
x x
+
+
+
Gii
iu kin: 5 5 x < <
t ( )
5 , 5 0 , 10 u x v y u v < <
.
Khi ta c h phng trnh:
2
2 2
( ) 10 2
10
2 4 4 4 8
( ) 1 2( )
3 3
u v uv
u v
u v u z
uv u v

+ +
+

' '
_
+ + +

,
b) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc hai v ly tha bc hai:
2
( ) ax b c dx e x + + + + vi
d ac
e bc

+
'
+

Cch gii: t: dy e ax b + + khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:

( )
( )
2
2 2
( )
dy e ax b
dy e ax b
dy e c dx e x
c dy e x dy e

+ +
+ +

' '
+ + + +
+ + +


->gii
Nhn xt: D s dng c phng php trn cn phi kho lo bin i phng trnh ban u v dng tha
mn iu kin trn t n ph.Vic chn
;
thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng :
( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + + + l chn c.
c) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc ba v ly tha bc ba.
( )
3
3
ax b c dx e x + + + + vi
d ac
e bc

+
'
+

Cch gii: t
3
dy e ax b + + khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:
11
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
3
3
3
( ) ( )
dy e ax b dy e ax b
c dy e acx bc
dy e c dx e x c dx e ac d x dy bc c dx e x dy e

+ + + +
+ +


' ' '
+ + + + + + + + + +




Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
2
1 4 5 x x x + + +
2)
2
3 1 4 13 5 x x x + +
3)
3 3
2 3 3 2 x x +
4)
2
4 9
7 7 0
28
x
x x x
+
+ >
5)
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x +
6)
( )
3 3 3 3
35 35 30 x x x x +
7)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + +
8)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + +
( ) ( )
2
15
30 4 2004 30060 1 1
2
x x x + +
3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x +
9)
3 2 3
4
81 8 2 2
3
x x x x +
10)
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x +
5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II
Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a v h i xng loi II
Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
( )
( )
2
2
1 2 (1)
1 2 (2)
x y
y x

+ +

'
+ +

vic gii h ny th n gin

By gii ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t ( ) y f x
sao cho (2) lun ng , 2 1 y x + ,
khi ta c phng trnh :
( )
2
2
1 ( 2 1) 1 2 2 x x x x x + + + + +
Vy gii phng trnh :
2
2 2 x x x + +
ta t li nh trn v a v h
Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc 2 :
( )
( )
2
2
x ay b
y ax b

+ +

'
+ +

, ta s xy dng c phng trnh

dng sau : t y ax b + + , khi ta c phng trnh : ( )
2 a
x ax b b



+ + +
Tng t cho bc cao hn : ( )
n
n
a
x ax b b



+ + +
Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng :
( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + + + v
t
n
y ax b + + a v h , ch v du ca

???
Vic chn
;
thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng :
( ) ' '
n
n
x p a x b + + + l chn c.
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
2
2 2 2 1 x x x
iu kin:
1
2
x
Ta c phng trnh c vit li l:
2
( 1) 1 2 2 1 x x
t 1 2 1 y x th ta a v h sau:
2
2
2 2( 1)
2 2( 1)
x x y
y y x

'

Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c ( )( ) 0 x y x y +

12
Gii ra ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh l:
2 2 x +
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
2
2 6 1 4 5 x x x +
Gii
iu kin
5
4
x
Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau:
2 2
4 12 2 2 4 5 (2 3) 2 4 5 11 x x x x x + + +
t 2 3 4 5 y x + ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
2
(2 3) 4 5
( )( 1) 0
(2 3) 4 5
x y
x y x y
y x

+
'
+

Vi 2 3 4 5 2 3 x y x x x + +
Vi 1 0 1 1 2 x y y x x +
Kt lun: Nghim ca phng trnh l {1 2; 1 3} +
Cc em hy xy dng mt s h dng ny ?
Dng h gn i xng
Ta xt h sau :
2
2
(2 3) 2 1
(1)
(2 3) 3 1
x y x
y x

+ +

'
+

y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng chng ta vn gii h

c , v t h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau :
Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh:
2
4 5 13 3 1 0 x x x + + +
Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc :
2
13 33
2 3 1
4 4
x x
_
+

,
t
13
2 3 1
4
y x + th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m chng ta c th gii c.
thu c h (1) ta t : 3 1 y x + + , chn
,
sao cho h chng ta c th gii c , (i xng
hoc gn i xng )
Ta c h :
( )
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 3 1 0 (1) 3 1
(*)
4 13 5 0 (2)
4 13 5
y y x y x
x x y
x x y

+ + + +

' '
+ + +
+

gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2): v mong mun ca chng ta l c nghim
x y
Nn ta phi c :
2 2
2 3 1
4 13 5




+
, ta chn c ngay
2; 3
Ta c li gii nh sau :
iu kin:
1
3
x , t
3
3 1 (2 3), ( )
2
x y y +
Ta c h phng trnh sau:
2
2
(2 3) 2 1
( )(2 2 5) 0
(2 3) 3 1
x y x
x y x y
y x

+ +

+
'
+

Vi
15 97
8
x y x


Vi
11 73
2 2 5 0
8
x y x
+
+
13
Kt lun: tp nghim ca phng trnh l:
15 97 11 73
;
8 8

+
' ;


Ch : khi lm quen, chng ta c th tm ngay
;
bng cch vit li phng trnh
ta vit li phng trnh nh sau:
2
(2 3) 3 1 4 x x x + + +
khi t 3 1 2 3 x y + + , nu t 2 3 3 1 y x + th chng ta khng thu c h nh mong mun , ta
thy du ca

cng du vi du trc cn.

Mt cch tng qut .
Xt h:
( ) . . (1)
( ) '. ' (2)
f x A x B y m
f y A x m
+ +
'
+

h c nghim x = y th : A-A=B v m=m,

Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc ( ) y g x
thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh
Nh vy xy dng pt theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm ngc v tm c v hn na h phi gii c.
Mt s phng trnh c xy dng t h.
Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + +
2)
2
4 13 5 3 1 0 x x x + + +
3)
3 2 3
4
81 8 2 2
3
x x x x +
4)
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x +
5)
( ) ( )
2
15
30 4 2004 30060 1 1
2
x x x + +
6)
3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x +
Gii (3):
Phng trnh :
( )
3
3 2 3 3
27 81 8 27 54 36 54 27 81 8 3 2 46 x x x x x x +
Ta t :
3
3 2 81 8 y x
Cc em hy xy dng nhng phng trnh dng ny !
14
III. PHNG PHP NH GI
1. Dng hng ng thc :
T nhng nh gi bnh phng :
2 2
0 A B +
, ta xy dng phng trnh dng
2 2
0 A B +
T phng trnh
( ) ( )
2 2
5 1 2 9 5 2 1 0 x x x x + + ta khai trin ra c phng trnh :
( )
2
4 12 1 4 5 1 9 5 x x x x x + + +
2. Dng bt ng thc
Mt s phng trnh c to ra t du bng ca bt ng thc:
A m
B m

'

nu du bng (1) v (2) cng

dt c ti
0
x
th
0
x
l nghim ca phng trnh A B
Ta c :
1 1 2 x x + +
Du bng khi v ch khi 0 x v
1
1 2
1
x
x
+ +
+
, du bng khi v ch khi
x=0. Vy ta c phng trnh:
1
1 2008 1 2008 1
1
x x x
x
+ + + +
+
i khi mt s phng trnh c to ra t tng :
( )
( )
A f x
B f x

'

khi :
( )
( )
A f x
A B
B f x

'

Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi nghim l
v t vic on nghim khng c, ta vn dng bt ng thc nh gi c
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh (OLYMPIC 30/4 -2007):
2 2
9
1
x x
x
+ +
+
Gii: k 0 x
Ta c : ( )
2 2
2
2 2 1
2 2 1 9
1 1 1
x
x x x
x x x
1
_ _
1
1
+ + + + +

1
] + + + 1
, ,
]
Du bng
2 2 1 1
7 1 1
x
x x

+ +
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh :
2 4 2 4
13 9 16 x x x x + +
Gii: k: 1 1 x
Bin i pt ta c :
( )
2
2 2 2
13 1 9 1 256 x x x + +
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
13. 13. 1 3. 3. 3 1 13 27 13 13 3 3 40 16 10 x x x x x + + + + +
p dng bt ng thc Csi:
( )
2
2 2
16
10 16 10 64
2
x x
_


,
15
Du bng
2
2
2 2
2
1
5 1
3
2
10 16 10
5
x
x
x
x
x x

+



'

Bi 3. gii phng trnh:

3` 2 4
3 8 40 8 4 4 0 x x x x + +
Ta chng minh :
4
8 4 4 13 x x + +
v
( ) ( )
2
3 2
3 8 40 0 3 3 13 x x x x x x + + +
Bi tp ngh .
Gii cc phng trnh sau
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+ + +
+
4 4 4
1 1 2 8 x x x x + + +
4 4 4
2 8 4 4 4 4 x x x + + +
4 3 3
16 5 6 4 x x x + +
3` 2 4
3 8 40 8 4 4 0 x x x x + +
3 3 4 2
8 64 8 28 x x x x + + +
2
2
1 1
2 2 4 x x
x x
_
+ +

,
3. Xy dng bi ton t tnh cht cc tr hnh hc
3.1 Dng ta ca vc t
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, Cho cc vc t: ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; u x y v x y
r r
khi ta c
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
u v u v x x y y x y x y + + + + + + + +
r r r r
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t , u v
r r
cng hng
1 1
2 2
0
x y
k
x y

, ch t s phi dng

. . .cos . u v u v u v
r r r r r r
, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
cos 1 u v
r
3.2 S dng tnh cht c bit v tam gic
Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u , th vi mi im M trn mt phng tam gic, ta lun c
MA MB MC OA OB OC + + + + vi O l tm ca ng trn .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi M O .
Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt mt phng Th MA+MB+MC nh nht
khi im M nhn cc cnh AB,BC,AC di cng mt gc
0
120
Bi tp
1)
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 x x x x x x + + + + + + +
2)
2 2
4 5 10 50 5 x x x x + +
IV. PHNG PHP HM S
S dng cc tnh cht ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p dng sau
y:
Hng 1: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: ( ) f x k
Bc 2: Xt hm s ( ) y f x
Bc 3: Nhn xt:
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k
do
0
x
l nghim
16
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k > >
do phng trnh v nghim
Vi
0 0
( ) ( ) x x f x f x k < <
do phng trnh v nghim
Vy
0
x
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Hng 2: thc hin theo cc bc
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: ( ) ( ) f x g x
Bc 2: Dng lp lun khng nh rng ( ) f x v g(x) c nhng tnh cht tri ngc nhau v xc nh
0
x
sao
cho
0 0
( ) ( ) f x g x
Bc 3: Vy
0
x
l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.
Hng 3: Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng ( ) ( ) f u f v
Bc 2: Xt hm s ( ) y f x , dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu
Bc 3: Khi ( ) ( ) f u f v u v
Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu
Da vo kt qu : Nu ( ) y f t
l hm n iu th ( ) ( ) f x f t x t
ta c th xy dng c
nhng phng trnh v t
Xut pht t hm n iu : ( )
3 2
2 1 y f x x x + + mi 0 x ta xy dng phng trnh :
( )
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
3 1 2 1 2 3 1 (3 1) 1 f x f x x x x x + + + + , Rt gn ta c phng trnh
( )
3 2
2 3 1 2 3 1 3 1 x x x x x + +
T phng trnh ( )
( )
1 3 1 f x f x +
th bi ton s kh hn ( ) ( )
3 2
2 7 5 4 2 3 1 3 1 x x x x x + + +
gi hai bi ton trn chng ta c th lm nh sau :
t 3 1 y x khi ta c h :
3 2 3
2
2 7 5 4 2
3 1
x x x y
x y
+ + +

'

cng hai phng trnh ta c:

( ) ( )
3 2
2 1 1 x x + + + =
3 2
2y y +
Hy xy dng nhng hm n iu v nhng bi ton v t theo dng trn ?
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 4 4 4 3 2 9 3 0 x x x x x + + + + + + +
Gii:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 x x x x f x f x + + + + + + +
Xt hm s ( )
( )
2
2 3 f t t t + + , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c
1
5
x
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh
3 2 2 3
4 5 6 7 9 4 x x x x x + +
Gii . t
2 3
7 9 4 y x x +
, ta c h : ( ) ( )
3 2
3
3
2 3
4 5 6
1 1
7 9 4
x x x y
y y x x
x x y
+

+ + + +
'
+

Xt hm s : ( )
3
f t t t + , l hm n iu tng. T phng trnh
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
5
1 1 1 7 9 4
1 5
2
x
f y f x y x x x x
x

+ 1 + + +
t ]

17
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh :
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x +
V. PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA
1. Mt s kin thc c bn:
Nu
1 x
th c mt s t vi
;
2 2
t
1

1
]
sao cho : sint x v mt s y vi [ ]
0; y
sao cho
cos x y
Nu 0 1 x th c mt s t vi
0;
2
t
1

1
]
sao cho : sint x v mt s y vi
0;
2
y
1

1
]
sao cho
cos x y
Vi mi s thc x c
;
2 2
t
_


,
sao cho :
tan x t
Nu :
x
,
y
l hai s thc tha:
2 2
1 x y + , th c mt s t vi 0 2 t , sao cho
sin , cos x t y t
T chng ta c phng php gii ton :
Nu :
1 x
th t sint x vi
;
2 2
t
1

1
]
hoc
cos x y
vi [ ]
0; y
Nu 0 1 x th t sint x , vi
0;
2
t
1

1
]
hoc
cos x y
, vi
0;
2
y
1

1
]

Nu :
x
,
y
l hai s thc tha:
2 2
1 x y + , th t
sin , cos x t y t
vi 0 2 t
Nu
x a
, ta c th t :
sin
a
x
t
, vi
;
2 2
t
_


,
, tng t cho trng hp khc
x l s thc bt k thi t :
tan , ;
2 2
x t t
_


,
Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ?
Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin ( ) x f t
th phi m bo vi mi
x
c duy nht mt t , v iu
kin trn m bo iu ny . (xem li vng trn lng gic )
2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ?
T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin: cos3 sin t t , ta c th to ra c phng trnh v t
Ch :
3
cos3 4cos 3cos t t t
ta c phng trnh v t:
3 2
4 3 1 x x x
(1)
Nu thay
x
bng
1
x
ta li c phng trnh :
2 2 2
4 3 1 x x x
(2)
Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi : (x-1) ta s c phng trnh v t kh:
3 2 2
4 12 9 1 2 x x x x x +

(3)
Vic gii phng trnh (2) v (3) khng n gin cht no ?
Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x,.hy xy dng nhng phng trnh v t theo kiu
lng gic .
3. Mt s v d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau :
( ) ( )
2
3 3
2
2 1
1 1 1 1
3 3
x
x x x

1
+ + +
1
]
Gii:
iu kin :
1 x
18
Vi
[ 1; 0] x
: th
( ) ( )
3 3
1 1 0 x x +
(ptvn)
[0;1] x
ta t : cos , 0;
2
x t t
1

1
]
. Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
1 1
2 6 cos 1 sin 2 sin cos
2 6
x t t t
_
+ +

,
vy phng trnh c nghim :
1
6
x
Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau :
1)
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+ + +
+
HD:
1 2cos
tan
1 2cos
x
x
x
+

2)
( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 x x x + + s:
1
2
x
3)
3
3 2 x x x +
HD: chng minh
2 x >
v nghim


Bi 3 . Gii phng trnh sau:
3
6 1 2 x x +
Gii: Lp phng 2 v ta c:
3 3
1
8 6 1 4 3
2
x x x x
Xt :
1 x
, t [ ]
cos , 0; x t t . Khi ta c
5 7
cos ; cos ; cos
9 9 9
S

' ;

m phng trnh bc 3 c
ti a 3 nghim vy cng chnh l tp nghim ca phng trnh.
Bi 4. .Gii phng trnh
2
2
1
1
1
x
x
_
+

,
Gii: k:
1 x >
, ta c th t
1
, ;
sin 2 2
x t
t
_


,
Khi ptt: ( )
2
cos 0
1
1 cot 1
1
sin sin2
2
t
t
x t

Phng trnh c nghim : ( )

2 3 1 x +
Bi 5 .Gii phng trnh :
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2 1
x
x
x
x x x
+
+
+ +

Gii: k
0, 1 x x t
Ta c th t : tan , ;
2 2
x t t
_


,
Khi pt tr thnh . ( )
2
2sin cos 2 cos 2 1 0 sin 1 sin 2sin 0 t t t t t t +
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim
1
3
x
19
Bi tp tng hp
Gii cc phng trnh sau
( )
3
3 2 2
1 2 2 x x x x +
2
2 2 30 2007. 30 4 2007 30. 2007 x x x +
2
12 8
2 4 2 2
9 16
x
x x
x

+ >
+
3 3 3
1 1 2 x x x + +
3 3
1 2 1 x x x + + +
4 5 3 1 2 7 3 x x x x + + + + + +
( )
2 2
3 1 3 1 x x x x + + + +
4 3 10 3 2 x x
(HSG Ton Quc 2002)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 5 2 10 x x x x x +
2 3
4 1 2 3 x x x + +
2 3 3
1 3 2 3 2 x x x +
2 3
2 11 21 3 4 4 0 x x x +
(OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + + + + +
2 2
2 16 18 1 2 4 x x x x + + + +
2
2
3 3 2
2
3 1
x x
x x
x
+ +
+ +
+
12 2 1 3 9 x x x + +
3 2 4 4
1 1 x x x x + + + +
2
4 3 3 4 3 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + +
3 2 4
1 1 1 1 x x x x x + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 16 2 4 16 2 9 16 x x x x + + + +
2
(2004 )(1 1 ) x x x +
( 3 2)( 9 18) 168 x x x x x + + + +
2 4 2
3
3 1 1
3
x x x x + + +
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
3 3
2 1 3 1 1 0 x x x + + +
2
2008 4 3 2007 4 3 x x x +
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 1 1 1 3 8 2 1 x x x x + + + +
2
12 1 36 x x x + + +
( )
3 3
4 1 1 2 2 1 x x x x + + +
1 1 1
2 1 3
x
x x
x x x

+ +
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + +
3 3
6 1 8 4 1 x x x +
( ) ( )
2
15
30 4 2004 30060 1 1
2
x x x + +
2
4 9
7 7
28
x
x x
+
+
2 2
4 4 10 8 6 10 x x x x
3 x x x x +
20