Ch3 - Khong Gian Vecto

Bi ging mn hc i s A
1
Chng 3:
KHNG GIAN VECT
L Vn Luyn
lvluyen@yahoo.com
http://www.math.hcmus.edu.vn/lvluyen/09tt
i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin Tp. H Ch Minh
L Vn Luyn (HKHTN HCM) Chng 3. Khng gian vect 22/05/2010 1 / 86
Ni dung
Chng 3. KHNG GIAN VECT
1. Khng gian vect
2. T hp tuyn tnh
3. C s v s chiu ca khng gian vect
4. Khng gian vect con
5. Khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh
6. Ta v ma trn chuyn c s
1. Khng gian vect
1. Khng gian vect
nh ngha. Cho V l mt tp hp vi php ton +. V c gi l
khng gian vect trn R nu mi u, v, w V v , R ta c 8
tnh cht sau:
(1) u+v = v+u;
(2) (u+v)+w = u+(v+w);
(3) tn ti 0 V : u+0 = 0+u = u;
(4) tn ti u
V : u
+u = u+u
= 0;
(5) ()u = (u);
(6) ( + )u = u + u;
(7) (u+v) = u+v;
(8) 1.u = u.
1. Khng gian vect
Khi ta gi:
mi phn t u V l mt vect.
mi s R l mt v hng.
vect 0 l vect khng.
vect u
l vect i ca u.
V d. Xt V = R
n
= (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) [ x
i
R, i 1, n.
Vi u = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
), v = (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
) R
n
v R, ta nh
ngha php cng + v nhn . v hng nh sau:
u+v = (a
1
+ b
1
, a
2
+ b
2
, . . . , a
n
+ b
n
);
u = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
).
Khi R
n
l khng gian vect trn R. Trong :
Vect khng l 0 = (0, 0, . . . , 0);
Vect i ca u l u = (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
n
).
1. Khng gian vect
V d. Tp hp M
mn
(R) vi php cng ma trn v nhn ma trn vi
mt s thc thng thng l mt khng gian vect trn R. Trong :
Vect khng l ma trn khng
Vect i ca A l A.
V d. Tp hp
R[x] = p(x) = a
n
x
n
+ . . . + a
1
x + a
0
[ n N, a
i
R, i 1, n
gm cc a thc theo x vi cc h s trong R l mt khng gian vect
trn R vi php cng vect l php cng a thc thng thng v php
nhn v hng vi vect l php nhn thng thng mt s vi a
thc.
V d. Tp hp R
n
[x] gm cc a thc bc nh hn hoc bng n theo
x vi cc h s trong R l mt khng gian vect trn R.
1. Khng gian vect
V d. Cho V = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) R
3
[ 2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ x
3
= 0.
Khi V l khng gian vect trn R.
V d. Cho W = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) R
3
[ x
1
+ x
2
2x
3
= 1.
Khi W khng l khng gian vect, v
u = (1, 2, 1) W, v = (2, 3, 2) W,
nhng u + v = (3, 5, 3) / W
Mnh . Cho V l mt khng gian vect trn R. Khi vi mi
u V v R, ta c
i) u = 0 ( = 0 hay u = 0);
ii) (1)u = u.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
2. T hp tuyn tnh
1.1 T hp tuyn tnh
1.2 c lp v ph thuc tuyn tnh
2. T hp tuyn tnh
2.1 T hp tuyn tnh
nh ngha. Cho u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
V . Mt t hp tuyn tnh ca
u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
l mt vect c dng
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ . . . +
m
u
m
vi
i
R
Khi , ng thc trn c gi l dng biu din ca u theo cc
vect u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
.
V d.
Vect u = (4, 4, 2) l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect
u
1
= (1, 1, 2), u
2
= (2, 3, 1), u
3
= (0, 1, 2), v
u = u
1
+ 2u
2
u
3
.
Vect 0 lun lun l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
v
0 = 0u
1
+ 0u
2
+ . . . + 0u
m
.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
Hi. Lm cch no bit u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
?
Ta c u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
khi phng trnh
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ . . . +
m
u
m
()
c nghim
1
,
2
, . . .
m
R.
Xt trng hp khng gian R
n
. Gi s
u = (b
1
, b
2
, . . . , b
n
)
u
1
= (u
11
, u
21
. . . , u
n1
);
u
2
= (u
12
, u
22
. . . , u
n2
);
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u
m
= (u
1m
, u
2m
. . . , u
nm
).
Khi ()
_
_
u
11
1
+ u
12
2
+ . . . + u
1m
m
= b
1
;
u
21
1
+ u
22
2
+ . . . + u
2m
m
= b
2
;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u
n1
1
+ u
n2
2
+ . . . + u
nm
m
= b
n
.
()
2. T hp tuyn tnh
Ma trn ha () ta c
_
_
_
_
u
11
u
12
. . . u
1m
b
1
u
21
u
22
. . . u
2m
b
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u
n1
u
n2
. . . u
nm
b
n
_
_
_
_
Tc l
(u
1
u
2
. . . u
m
[ u
)
Nh vy, kim tra u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
trong R
n
ta lm nh sau:
Lp ma trn ha (u
1
u
2
. . . u
m
[ u
) (1)
Nu (1) v nghim, kt lun u khng phi l t hp tuyn tnh
ca u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
.
Nu (1) c nghim
1
,
2
, . . .
m
th u l t hp tuyn tnh v
c dng biu din theo l u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
:
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ . . . +
m
u
m
2. T hp tuyn tnh
V d. Xt xem u = (3, 1, 4) c l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect
u
1
= (1, 2, 1), u
2
= (1, 1, 1), u
3
= (2, 1, 1) hay khng?
Gii. (u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
) =
_
_
1 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
1 1 1 4
_
_
d
2
:=d
2
2d
1
d
3
:=d
3
d
1
_
_
1 1 2 3
0 1 5 7
0 2 3 7
_
_
d
1
:=d
1
+d
2
d
3
:=d
3
2d
2
_
_
1 0 3 4
0 1 5 7
0 0 7 7
_
_
d
3
:=
1
7
d
3
d
1
:=d
1
3d
3
d
2
:=d
2
5d
3
_
_
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1
_
_
.
H phng trnh c nghim duy nht (
1
;
2
;
3
) = (1; 2; 1).
Vy u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
Dng biu din ca u l u = u
1
+ 2u
2
+ u
3
.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
u
1
= (1, 2, 5), u
2
= (1, 3, 7), u
3
= (2, 3, 4) hay khng?
Gii. (u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
) =
_
_
1 1 2 4
2 3 3 3
5 7 4 5
_
_
d
2
:=d
2
2d
1
d
3
:=d
3
5d
1
_
_
1 1 2 4
0 1 7 5
0 2 14 15
_
_
d
1
:=d
1
d
2
d
3
:=d
3
2d
2
_
_
1 0 9 9
0 1 7 5
0 0 0 5
_
_
H v nghim v 0x + 0y + 0z = 5. Vy u khng l t hp tuyn
tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
u
1
= (1, 2, 5), u
2
= (1, 3, 7), u
3
= (2, 3, 4) hay khng?
Gii. (u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
) =
_
_
1 1 2 4
2 3 3 3
5 7 4 10
_
_
d
2
:=d
2
2d
1
d
3
:=d
3
5d
1
_
_
1 1 2 4
0 1 7 5
0 2 14 10
_
_
d
1
:=d
1
d
2
d
3
:=d
3
2d
2
_
_
1 0 9 9
0 1 7 5
0 0 0 0
_
_
Nghim ca h l (
1
;
2
;
3
) = (9 + 9t, 5 7t, t)
Vy u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
Dng biu din ca u l u = (9 + 9t)u
1
+ (5 7t)u
2
+ tu
3
.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
V d. Trong khng gian R
4
cho cc vect u
1
= (1, 1, 1, 1);
u
2
= (2, 3, 1, 0); u
3
= (1, 1, 1, 1). Tm iu kin vect
u = (a, b, c, d) l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
Gii.
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
) =
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 a
1 3 1 b
1 1 1 c
1 0 1 d
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 a
0 1 0 b a
0 3 2 c a
0 2 2 d a
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 2 1 a
0 1 0 a + b
0 0 2 4a + 3b + c
0 0 2 3a + 2b + d
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 2 1 a
0 1 0 a + b
0 0 2 4a + 3b + c
0 0 0 a b c + d
_
_
_
_
.
u l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
th h c nghim, tc l
a + d = b + c.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
2.2 c lp v ph thuc tuyn tnh
nh ngha. Cho u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
V . Xt phng trnh
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ . . . +
m
u
m
= 0. ()
Nu () ch c nghim tm thng
1
=
2
= . . . =
m
= 0 th
ta ni u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
(hay u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
) c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu ngoi nghim tm thng, () cn c nghim khc th ta ni
u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
(hay u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
) ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Ni cch khc,
Nu phng trnh () c nghim duy nht th u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
c
lp tuyn tnh.
Nu phng trnh () c v s nghim th u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
ph
thuc tuyn tnh.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
3
cho cc vect u
1
= (1, 2, 3);
u
2
= (2, 5, 1); u
3
= (1, 1, 9). Hi u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp hay ph thuc
tuyn tnh?
Gii. Xt phng trnh
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+
3
u
3
= 0

1
(1, 2, 3) +
2
(2, 5, 1) +
3
(1, 1, 9) = (0, 0, 0)
_
_
_
1
+ 2
2
+
3
= 0;
2
1
+ 5
2
+
3
= 0;
3
1

2
9
3
= 0.
Ma trn ha h phng trnh, A =
_
_
1 2 1
2 5 1
3 1 8
_
_
.
Ta c r(A) = 3 nn h c nghim duy nht. Suy ra u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp
tuyn tnh.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
3
cho cc vect u
1
= (1, 1, 1); u
2
= (2, 1, 3);
u
3
= (1, 2, 0). Hi u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp hay ph thuc tuyn tnh?
Gii. Xt phng trnh
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+
3
u
3
= 0
( + 2
2
+
3
, +
2
+ 2
3
, + 3
2
) = (0, 0, 0)
_
_
_
1
+ 2
2
+
3
= 0
1
+
2
+ 2
3
= 0
1
+ 3
2
= 0
Ma trn ha h phng trnh, A =
_
_
1 2 1
1 1 2
1 3 0
_
_
.
Ta c r(A) = 2 nn h v s nghim. Suy ra u
1
, u
2
, u
3
ph thuc
tuyn tnh.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
Nhn xt. H vect u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
tn ti vect u
i
l t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect cn li. Tht vy,
Nu u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
ph thuc tuyn tnh th c
1
,
2
, . . . ,
m
R khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho
m
j=1
j
u
j
= 0. Gi s
i
,= 0, khi
u
i
=
1
j=i
j
u
j
.
Nu c u
i
sao cho u
i
=

j=i
j
u
j
th
m
j=1
j
u
j
= 0, trong
i
= 1 ,= 0, iu ny chng t u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
Mnh . Cho V l khng gian vect trn R v S = u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
l tp hp cc vect thuc V . Khi

Nu S ph thuc tuyn tnh th mi tp cha S u ph thuc
tuyn tnh.
Nu S c lp tuyn tnh th mi tp con ca S u c lp
tuyn tnh.
H qu. Cho u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
l m vect trong R
n
. Gi A l ma trn c
c bng cch xp u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
thnh cc dng. Khi
u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi A c hng l r(A) = m.
T H qu trn ta s xy dng thut ton kim tra tnh c lp
tuyn tnh ca cc vect trong R
n
2. T hp tuyn tnh
Thut ton kim tra tnh c lp tuyn tnh ca cc
vect trong R
n
Bc 1: Lp ma trn A bng cch xp u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
thnh cc dng.
Bc 2: Xc nh hng r(A) ca A.
Nu r(A) = m th u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu r(A) < m th u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Trng hp m = n, ta c A l ma trn vung. Khi c th thay Bc
2 bng Bc 2 sau y:
Bc 2: Tnh nh thc detA.
Nu detA ,= 0 th u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
c lp tuyn tnh.
Nu detA = 0 th u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
5
cho cc vect u
1
= (1, 2, 3, 5, 1);
u
2
= (1, 3, 13, 22, 1); u
3
= (3, 5, 1, 2, 5). Hy xt xem u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c
lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Gii.
Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 2 3 5 1
1 3 13 22 1
3 5 1 2 5
_
_
d
2
:=d
2
d
1
d
3
:=d
3
3d
1
_
_
1 2 3 5 1
0 1 10 17 2
0 1 10 17 2
_
_
d
3
:=d
3
+d
2
_
_
1 2 3 5 1
0 1 10 17 2
0 0 0 0 0
_
_
Ta c r(A) = 2 < 3. Suy ra u
1
, u
2
, u
3
ph thuc tuyn tnh.
2. T hp tuyn tnh
3
cho cc vect
u
1
= (2m + 1, m, m + 1);
u
2
= (m2, m1, m2);
u
3
= (2m1, m1, 2m1).
Tm iu kin u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp tuyn tnh.
Gii. Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
2m + 1 m m + 1
m2 m1 m2
2m1 m1 2m1
_
_
Ta c
[A[ =
2m + 1 m m + 1
m2 m1 m2
2m1 m1 2m1
c
1
:=c
1
c
3
======
m m m + 1
0 m1 m2
0 m1 2m1
ct 1
====
m
m1 m2
m1 2m1
= m(m1)(m + 1).
Do u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi
[A[ , = 0 m(m1)(m + 1) ,= 0 m ,= 0 v m ,= 1.
3.1 Tp sinh
3.2 C s v s chiu
3.1 Tp sinh
nh ngha. Cho V l khng gian vect v S V. S c gi l tp
sinh ca V nu mi vect u ca V u l t hp tuyn tnh ca S. Khi
, ta ni S sinh ra V hoc V c sinh bi S, k hiu V = S).
3
, cho
S = u
1
= (1, 1, 1); u
2
= (1, 2, 1); u
3
= (2, 3, 1).
Hi S c l tp sinh ca R
3
khng?
Gii. Vi u = (x, y, z) R
3
, kim tra xem u c l t hp tuyn tnh
ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
khng?
Ta lp h phng trnh
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
) =
_
_
1 1 2 x
1 2 3 y
1 1 1 z
_
_
_
_
1 1 2 x
0 1 1 x + y
0 0 1 x + z
_
_
.
H c nghim. Suy ra u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
. Vy S l
tp sinh ca R
3
.
3
, cho
S = u
1
= (1, 1, 1); u
2
= (2, 3, 1); u
3
= (3, 4, 0).
3
khng?
Gii. Vi u = (x, y, z) R
3
, ta lp h phng trnh
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
) =
_
_
1 2 3 x
1 3 4 y
1 1 0 z
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 x
0 1 1 x + y
0 0 0 4x 3y + z
_
_
.
Vi u
0
= (1, 1, 1) th h trn v nghim.
Vy u
0
khng l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
. Suy ra S khng l
tp sinh ca R
3
.
2
[x], cho
S = f
1
= x
2
+ x + 1; f
2
= 2x
2
+ 3x + 1; f
3
= x
2
+ 2x + 1.
2
[x] khng?
Gii. Vi f = ax
2
+ bx + c R
2
[x], kim tra xem f c l t hp tuyn
tnh ca f
1
, f
2
, f
3
khng?
Xt phng trnh
1
f
1
+
2
f
2
+
3
f
3
= f.
_
_
_
1
+ 2
2
+
3
= a;
1
+ 3
2
+ 2
3
= b;
1
+
2
+
3
= c.
Ma trn ha,

A =
_
_
1 2 1 a
1 3 2 b
1 1 1 c
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 a
0 1 1 a + b
0 0 1 2a + b + c
_
_
H c nghim. Vy f l t hp tuyn tnh ca f
1
, f
2
, f
3
. Suy ra S l
tp sinh ca R
2
[x].
3.2 C s v s chiu
nh ngha. Cho V l khng gian vect v B l con ca V. B c
gi l mt c s ca V nu B l mt tp sinh v B c lp tuyn tnh.
3
, cho
B = u
1
= (1, 1, 1); u
2
= (1, 2, 1); u
3
= (2, 3, 1).
Kim tra B l c s ca R
3
.
Gii. B l tp sinh ca R
3
. (theo v d trn)
Kim tra B c lp tuyn tnh.
Lp ma trn A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 1 1
1 2 1
2 3 1
_
_
.
Ta c r(A) = 3 (hoc [A[ = 1). Suy ra B c lp tuyn tnh. Vy B l
c s ca R
3
.
3
, cho
S = u
1
= (1, 1, 2); u
2
= (2, 3, 3); u
3
= (5, 7, 4).
Hi S c l c s ca R
3
khng?
3
, cho
S = u
1
= (1, 1, 1); u
2
= (2, 1, 0); u
3
= (1, 1, 0); u
4
= (1, 4, 1).
Hi S c l c s ca R
3
khng?
2
[x], cho
S = f
1
= x
2
+ x + 1; f
2
= 2x
2
+ x + 1; f
3
= x
2
+ 2x + 2
Hi S c l c s ca R
2
[x] khng?
S chiu
B . Gi s V sinh bi m vect, V = u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
). Khi mi
tp hp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V c khng qu m phn t.
H qu. Gi s V c mt c s B gm n vect. Khi mi c s
khc ca V hu hn v c ng n vect.
nh ngha. Cho V l khng gian vect, s chiu ca V , k hiu l
dimV, l s vect ca tp c s. Trong trng hp v hn chiu, ta k
dimV = .
3
, cho
B = u
1
= (1, 1, 1); u
2
= (1, 2, 1); u
3
= (2, 3, 1).
Khi B l c s ca R
3
. Do dimR
3
= 3.
n
, xt B
0
= e
1
, e
2
, . . . , e
n
, trong
e
1
= (1, 0, 0, . . . , 0),
e
2
= (0, 1, 0, . . . , 0),
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
e
n
= (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1).
Vi u = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) R
n
. Ta c
u = x
1
e
1
+ x
2
e
2
+ + x
n
e
n
.
Do B
0
l tp sinh ca R
n
. Mt khc B
0
c lp tuyn tnh nn B
0
l
c s ca R
n
. B
0
c gi l c s chnh tc ca R
n
. Nh vy
dimR
n
= n
.
V d. Khng gian vect M
mn
(R) c c s
B
0
= E
ij
[ , i 1.m, j 1, n,
trong E
ij
l ma trn loi mn ch c mt h s khc 0 duy nht l
h s 1 dng i ct j. Do M
mn
(R) hu hn chiu v
dimM
mn
(R) = mn.
V d. Khng gian R
n
[x] gm cc a thc theo x bc khng qu n vi
h s trong R, l khng gian vect hu hn chiu trn R c
dimR
n
[x] = n + 1 vi c s B
0
= 1, x, . . . , x
n
.
V d. Khng gian R[x] gm tt cc a thc theo x vi h s trong R,
l khng gian vect v hn chiu trn R vi c s B
0
= 1, x, x
2
, . . ..
H qu. Cho V l khng gian vect c dimV = n. Khi
i) Mi tp con ca V cha nhiu hn n vect th ph thuc tuyn
tnh.
ii) Mi tp con ca V cha t hn n vect khng sinh ra V .
B . Cho S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V v u V l
mt vect sao cho u khng l t hp tuyn tnh ca S. Khi tp hp
S
1
= S u c lp tuyn tnh.
nh l.
Cho V l mt khng gian vect hu hn chiu vi dimV = n. Khi
i) Mi tp con c lp tuyn tnh gm n vect ca V u l c s
ca V .
ii) Mi tp sinh ca V gm n vect u l c s ca V .
Nhn din c s ca khng gian V c dimV = n
V dimV = n nn mi c s ca V phi gm n vect. Hn na, nu
S V v s phn t ca S bng n th
S l c s ca V S c lp tuyn tnh.
S l tp sinh ca V.
V d. Kim tra tp hp no sau y l c s ca khng gian vect
ca R
3
?
a) B
1
= u
1
= (1, 2, 3), u
2
= (2, 3, 4).
b) B
2
= u
1
= (2, 1, 3), u
2
= (2, 1, 4), u
3
= (2, 3, 1), u
4
= (3, 4, 5).
c) B
3
= u
1
= (1, 2, 1), u
2
= (1, 3, 2), u
3
= (2, 1, 2)
d) B
4
= u
1
= (2, 1, 0), u
2
= (1, 2, 3), u
3
= (5, 0, 3)
Gii.
a) b) B
1
, B
2
khng phi l c s ca R
3
v s vect khng bng 3.
c) B
3
= u
1
= (1, 2, 1), u
2
= (1, 3, 2), u
3
= (2, 1, 2)
Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 2 1
1 3 2
2 1 2
_
_
.
Ta c detA = 3. Suy ra B
3
c lp tuyn tnh. Mt khc s vect
ca B
3
bng 3 = dimR
3
nn B
3
l c s ca R
3
d) B
4
= u
1
= (2, 1, 0), u
2
= (1, 2, 3), u
3
= (5, 0, 3)
Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
2 1 0
1 2 3
5 0 3
_
_
.
Ta c detA = 0. Suy ra B
4
khng c lp tuyn tnh. V vy B
4
khng l c s ca R
3
2
[x], cho
S = f
1
= x
2
+ x + 1; f
2
= 2x
2
+ 3x + 1; f
3
= x
2
+ 2x + 1.
Hi S c l c s ca R
2
[x] khng?
Gii. V dimR
2
[x] = 3 v s phn t ca S bng 3 nn S l c s ca
R
2
[x] khi S c lp tuyn tnh hoc S l tp sinh.
Cch 1. Kim tra S c lp tuyn tnh.
Xt phng trnh
1
f
1
+
2
f
2
+
3
f
3
= 0
_
_
_
1
+ 2
2
+
3
= 0
1
+ 3
2
+ 2
3
= 0
1
+
2
+
3
= 0
Ma trn ha,

A =
_
_
1 2 1 0
1 3 2 0
1 1 1 0
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 0
_
_
H c nghim duy nht
1
=
2
=
3
= 0. Vy S c lp tuyn
tnh. Suy ra S l c s ca R
2
[x].
Cch 2. Kim tra S l tp sinh.
Xem li v d
3
, cho
S = u
1
= (1, m2, 2), u
2
= (m1, 3, 3), u
3
= (m, m + 2, 2).
Tm iu kim m S l c s ca R
3
.
Gii. Do s phn t ca S bng 3 nn S l c s ca R
3
khi S c lp
tuyn tnh.
Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 m2 2
m1 3 3
m m + 2 2
_
_
. Ta c detA = mm
2
.
Suy ra, S c lp tuyn tnh khi detA ,= 0. Nh vy, S l c s ca
R
3
th m ,= 0 v m ,= 1.
4.1 nh ngha
4.2 Khng gian sinh bi tp hp
4.3 Khng gian dng ca ma trn
4.4 Khng gian tng
4.1 nh ngha
nh ngha. Cho W l mt tp con khc ca V . Ta ni W l mt
khng gian vect con (gi tt, khng gian con) ca V , k hiu
W V, nu W vi php ton (+, .) c hn ch t V cng l mt
khng gian vect trn R.
V d. W = 0 v V l cc vect con ca V . Ta gi y l cc
khng gian con tm thng ca V .
nh l. Cho W l mt tp con khc ca V . Khi cc mnh
sau tng ng:
i) W V .
ii) Vi mi u, v W ; R, ta c u + v W v u W.
iii) Vi mi u, v W; R, ta c u + v W.
V d. Cho W =
_
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) R
3
[ 2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= 0 . Hi W c l
khng gian con ca R
3
khng?
Gii.
Ta c W R
3
.
0 = (0, 0, 0) W (v 2.0 + 0 0 = 0). Suy ra W ,= .
Vi mi u = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) W, ngha l 2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= 0,
v = (y
1
, y
2
, y
3
) W ngha l 2y
1
+ y
2
y
3
= 0
v R. Ta c
u + v = (x
1
+ y
1
, x
2
+ y
2
, x
3
+ y
3
). Ta c
2(x
1
+ y
1
) + (x
2
+ y
2
) (x
3
+ y
3
) =
(2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
) + (2y
1
+ y
2
y
3
) = 0 + 0 = 0.
Suy ra u + v W. (1)
u = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
). Ta c
2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
= (2x
1
+ x
2
x
3
) = 0 = 0.
Suy ra u W. (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra W R
3
.
Nhn xt. Cho V l khng gian vect v W V. Khi :
Nu W l khng gian con ca V th 0 W.
Nu 0 / W th W khng l khng gian con ca V.
.
V d. Cho W =
_
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) R
3
[ 3x
1
+ 2x
2
4x
3
= 1 . Hi W c
l khng gian con ca R
3
khng?
Gii. Ta c 0 = (0, 0, 0) / W (v 3.0 + 2.0 4.0 = 0 ,= 1). Suy ra W
khng l khng gian con ca R
3
.
V d. Cho W =
_
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) R
3
[ x
1
= 2x
2
x
3
. Hi W c l khng
gian con ca R
3
khng?
Gii. Vi u = (2, 1, 1) v v = (4, 2, 1). Ta c u, v W.
u + v = (6, 3, 2) / W (v 6 ,= 2.3.2). Suy ra W khng l khng gian
con ca R
3
.
nh l. Nu W
1
, W
2
l khng gian con ca V th W
1
W
2
cng l
mt khng gian con ca V .
Chng minh.
W
1
W
2
V (v W
1
V , W
2
V )
0 W
1
W
2
(v 0 W
1
, 0 W
2
)
Vi mi u, v W
1
W
2
; R.
V u, v W
1
nn u + v W
1
(v W
1
V ).
V u, v W
1
nn u + v W
2
(v W
2
V ).
Suy ra u + v W
1
W
2
.
Vy W
1
W
2
V.
nh l. Nu W
1
, W
2
l khng gian con ca V, ta nh ngha
W
1
+ W
2
= w
1
+ w
2
[ w
1
W
1
, w
2
W
2
.
Khi W
1
+ W
2
cng l mt khng gian con ca V .
Chng minh.
W
1
+ W
2
V (v W
1
V , W
2
V )
0 = 0 + 0 W
1
+ W
2
(v 0 W
1
, 0 W
2
)
Vi mi u = u
1
+ u
2
, v = v
1
+ v
2
W
1
+ W
2
; R.
V u
1
, v
1
W
1
nn u
1
+ v
1
W
1
(v W
1
V ).
V u
2
, v
2
W
1
nn u
2
+ v
2
W
2
(v W
2
V ).
Ta c
u+v = (u
1
+u
2
)+(v
1
+v
2
) = (u
1
+v
1
)+(u
2
+v
2
) W
1
+W
2
.
Vy u + v W
1
+ W
2
.
Vy W
1
+ W
2
V.
4.2 Khng gian con sinh bi tp hp
nh l. Cho V l khng gian vect trn R v S l tp con khc rng
ca V. Ta t W l tp hp tt c cc t tuyn tnh ca S. Khi :
i) W V.
ii) W l khng gian nh nht trong tt c cc khng gian con ca
V m cha S.
Khng gian W c gi l khng gian con sinh bi S, k hiu W = S).
C th, nu S = u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
th
W = S) =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
m
u
m
[
i
R
2
, ta xt S = u = (1, 2). Khi
W = S) = a(1, 2) [ a R = (a, 2a) [ a R.
3
, ta xt
S = u
1
= (1, 2, 1), u
2
= (1, 2, 0).
Khi
S) = tu
1
+ su
2
[ t, s R = (t s, 2t + 2s, t) [ t, s R
Nhn xt. V khng gian sinh bi S l khng gian nh nht cha S
nn ta quy c ) = 0.
3
, cho
W = (a + 2b, a b, a + 2b) [ a, b R
a) Chng minh W l khng gian con ca R
3
.
b) Tm mt tp sinh ca W.
Gii. a) Ta c 0 W v 0 = (0, 0, 0) = (0 + 2.0, 0 0, 0 + 2.0)
Vi u, v W v R,
u = (a
1
+ 2b
1
, a
1
b
1
, a
1
+ 2b
1
) vi a
1
, b
1
R
v = (a
2
+ 2b
2
, a
2
b
2
, a
2
+ 2b
2
) vi a
2
, b
2
R. Khi :
u + v = ( (a
1
+ a
2
) + 2(b
1
+ b
2
), (a
1
+ a
2
) (b
1
+ b
2
)
, (a
1
+ a
2
) + 2(b
1
+ b
2
) ) W (v a
1
+ a
2
, b
1
+ b
2
R).
u = (a
1
+ 2b
1
, a
1
b
1
, a
1
+ 2b
1
) W
(v a
1
, b
1
R).
Vy u + v, u W. Suy ra W R
3
.
b) Ta c W = (a + 2b, a b, a + 2b) [ a, b R
= a(1, 1, 1) + b(2, 1, 2) [ a, b R
V mi vect thuc W u l t hp tuyn tnh ca
u
1
= (1, 1, 1), u
2
= (2, 1, 2) nn S = u
1
, u
2
l tp sinh ca W.
nh l. Cho V l khng gian vect v S
1
, S
2
l tp con ca V . Khi
, nu mi vect ca S
1
u l t hp tuyn tnh ca S
2
v ngc li
th S
1
) = S
2
)
Chng minh. V mi vect ca S
1
u l t hp tuyn tnh ca S
2
nn S
1
S
2
). Mt khc S
1
) l khng gian nh nht cha S
1
nn
S
1
) S
2
). L lun tng t ta c S
2
) S
1
).
3
cho
S
1
= u
1
= (1, 1, 4), u
2
= (2, 1, 3),
S
2
= u
3
= (1, 2, 1), u
4
= (5, 1, 10).
Chng minh S
1
) = S
2
).
nh l. [v c s khng ton vn] Cho V l mt khng gian vect
hu hn chiu v S l mt tp con c lp tuyn tnh ca V . Khi ,
nu S khng l c s ca V th c th thm vo S mt s vect c
mt c s ca V .
4
, cho
S = u
1
= (1, 0, 2, 1, u
2
= (1, 0, 4, 4).
Chng t S c lp tuyn tnh v thm vo S mt s vect S tr
thnh c s ca R
4
.
Gii. Lp A =
_
u
1
u
2
_
=
_
1 0 2 1
1 0 4 4
_
_
1 0 2 1
0 0 2 3
_
.
Ta c r(A) = 2 bng s vect ca S. Suy ra S c lp tuyn tnh.
Da vo A ta c th thm vo S hai vect
u
3
= (0, 1, 0, 0), u
4
= (0, 0, 0, 1).
R rng S = u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, u
4
ltt. Suy ra S l c s ca R
4
.
nh l. Cho V l mt khng gian vect hu hn chiu sinh bi S.
Khi tn ti mt c s B ca V sao cho B S. Ni cch khc, nu
S khng phi l mt c s ca V th ta c th loi b ra khi S mt s
vect c mt c s ca V .
3
, cho W sinh bi
S = u
1
= (1, 1, 1), u
2
= (2, 1, 3), u
3
= (1, 2, 0).
Tm mt tp con ca S l c s ca W.
Gii. Xt phng trnh
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+
3
u
3
= 0
( + 2
2
+
3
, +
2
+ 2
3
, + 3
2
) = (0, 0, 0)
_
_
_
1
+ 2
2
+
3
= 0
1
+
2
+ 2
3
= 0
1
+ 3
2
= 0
Ma trn ha h phng trnh,
A =
_
_
1 2 1
1 1 2
1 3 0
_
_
_
_
1 2 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
_
_
_
_
1 0 3
0 1 1
0 0 0
_
_
.
Suy ra h c nghim l
1
= 3t,
2
= t,
3
= t. Vy
3tu
1
+ tu
2
+ tu
3
= 0.
Cho t = 1, ta c 3u
1
+ u
2
+ u
3
= 0 nn
u
2
= 3u
1
u
3
.
Suy ra u
2
l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
3
. Do u
1
, u
3
l tp sinh
ca W, hn na n c lp tuyn tnh nn n l c s ca W.
4.3 Khng gian dng ca ma trn
nh ngha. Cho ma trn A = (a
ij
) M
mn
(R)
A =
_
_
_
_
a
11
a
12
. . . a
1n
a
21
a
22
. . . a
2n
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a
m1
a
m2
. . . a
mn
_
_
_
_
.
t
u
1
= (a
11
, a
12
, . . . , a
1n
);
u
2
= (a
21
, a
22
, . . . , a
2n
);
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u
m
= (a
m1
, a
m2
, . . . , a
mn
)
v
W
A
= u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
).
Ta gi u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
l cc vect dng ca A, v W
A
l khng gian
dng ca A.
B . Nu A v B l hai ma trn tng ng dng th W
A
= W
B
,
ngha l hai ma trn tng ng dng c cng khng gian dng.
nh l. Gi s A M
mn
(R). Khi , dimW
A
= r(A) v tp hp
cc vect khc khng trong dng ma trn bc thang ca A l c s ca
W
A
.
V d. Tm s chiu v mt c s ca khng gian dng ca ma trn
A =
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
2 5 1 4
5 11 2 8
9 20 3 14
_
_
_
_
.
Gii. A =
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
2 5 1 4
5 11 2 8
9 20 3 14
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
0 1 3 2
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Suy ra dimW
A
= r(A) = 3 v mt c s ca W
A
l
u
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1); u
2
= (0, 1, 3, 2); u
3
= (0, 0, 0, 1).
Thut ton tm s chiu v c s ca mt khng gian con ca
R
n
khi bit mt tp sinh
Gi s W = u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
) R
n
(u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
khng nht thit
c lp tuyn tnh). tm s chiu v mt c s ca W ta tin hnh
nh sau:
Bc 1. Lp ma trn A bng cch xp u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
thnh cc dng.
Bc 2. Dng cc php BSCTD a A v dng bc thang R.
Bc 3. S chiu ca W bng s dng khc 0 ca R (do bng
r(A)) v cc vect dng khc 0 ca R to thnh mt c s ca W.
V d. Cho W sinh bi S = u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, u
4
trong u
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1);
u
2
= (3, 6, 5, 7); u
3
= (4, 8, 6, 8); u
4
= (8, 16, 12, 20). Tm mt c s ca
khng gian W.
Gii. Lp
A =
_
_
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
3 6 5 7
4 8 6 8
8 16 12 20
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Do W c dimW = 3 v c mt c s
v
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1); v
2
= (0, 0, 1, 2); v
3
= (0, 0, 0, 1).
Nhn xt. V dimW = 3, hn na, c th kim chng u
1
, u
2
, u
4
c
lp tuyn tnh nn ta cng c u
1
, u
2
, u
3
l mt c s ca W.
V d. Tm mt c s cho khng gian con ca R
4
sinh bi cc vect
u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, trong u
1
= (1, 2, 1, 3); u
2
= (2, 4, 3, 0);
u
3
= (3, 6, 4, 4).
Gii. Lp
A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 2 1 3
2 4 3 0
3 6 4 4
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 3
0 0 1 6
0 0 0 1
_
_
.
Do c dimW = 3 v c mt c s
v
1
= (1, 2, 1, 3); v
2
= (0, 0, 1, 6); v
3
= (0, 0, 0, 1).
Nhn xt. Trong v d trn, v r(A) = 3 nn u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp tuyn
tnh, v do u
1
, u
2
, u
3
cng l mt c s ca W.
4.4 Khng gian tng
nh l. Cho V l khng gian vect trn R v W
1
, W
2
l khng gian
con ca V . Khi :
i) W
1
+ W
2
l khng gian con ca V.
ii) Nu W
1
= S
1
) v W
2
= S
2
) th
W
1
+ W
2
= S
1
S
2
).
4
cho cc vect u
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1);
u
2
= (3, 6, 5, 7); u
3
= (4, 8, 6, 8); u
4
= (8, 16, 12, 16); u
5
= (1, 3, 3, 3);
u
6
= (2, 5, 5, 6); u
7
= (3, 8, 8, 9); u
8
= (6, 16, 16, 18).
t W
1
= u
1
, u
2
, u
3
, u
4
) v W
2
= u
5
, u
6
, u
7
, u
8
). Tm mt c s v
xc nh s chiu ca mi khng gian W
1
, W
2
v W
1
+ W
2
.
Gii.
Tm c s ca W
1
Lp A
1
=
_
_
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
3 6 5 7
4 8 6 8
8 16 12 16
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Do W
1
c s chiu l 2 v mt c s l
v
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1); v
2
= (0, 0, 1, 2).
Tm c s ca W
2
Lp A
2
=
_
_
_
_
u
5
u
6
u
7
u
8
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
1 3 3 3
2 5 5 6
3 8 8 9
6 16 16 18
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 3 3 3
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Do W
2
v
3
= (1, 3, 3, 3); v
4
= (0, 1, 1, 0)
Tm c s ca W
1
+ W
2
Ta c W
1
+ W
2
sinh bi cc vect
v
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1); v
2
= (0, 0, 1, 2); v
3
= (1, 3, 3, 3); v
4
= (0, 1, 1, 0).
Lp A =
_
_
_
_
v
1
v
2
v
3
v
4
_
_
_
_
=
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
0 0 1 2
1 3 3 3
0 1 1 0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 2 1 1
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Suy ra W
1
+ W
2
w
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1); w
2
= (0, 1, 1, 0); w
3
= (0, 0, 1, 2).
5. Khng gian nghim ca h phng trnh
tuyn tnh
5.1 M u
5.2 Tm c s ca khng gian nghim
5.3 Khng gian giao
5.1 M u
V d. Cho W l tp tt c cc nghim (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) ca h phng
trnh tuyn tnh thun nht:
_
_
x
1
+ 2x
2
3x
3
+ 5x
4
= 0;
x
1
+ 3x
2
13x
3
+ 22x
4
= 0;
3x
1
+ 5x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 0;
2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
7x
4
= 0.
Ma trn ha h phng trnh, ta c
A =
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 5
1 3 13 22
3 5 1 2
2 3 4 7
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 17 29
0 1 10 17
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Vy h c nghim l
(x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = (17t + 29s, 10t 17s, t, s) vi t, s R
Do
W = (17t + 29s, 10t 17s, t, s) [ t, s R
= (17t, 10t, t, 0) + (29s, 17s, 0, s) [ t, s R
= t(17, 10, 1, 0) + s(29, 17, 0, 1) [ t, s R
t u
1
= (17, 10, 1, 0), u
2
= (29, 17, 0, 1). Theo biu thc trn, vi
u W th u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
. Suy ra
W = u
1
, u
2
).
Hn na u
1
, u
2
c lp tuyn tnh, nn u
1
, u
2
l c s ca W. Suy
ra dimW = 2.
Nhn xt. Vect u
1
v u
2
c c bng cch cho ln lt t = 1, s = 0
v t = 0, s = 1. Ta gi nghim u
1
, u
2
c gi l nghim c bn ca
h.
nh l. Gi W l tp hp nghim (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) ca h phng
trnh tuyn tnh thun nht
_
_
a
11
x
1
+ a
12
x
2
+ . . . + a
1n
x
n
= 0;
a
21
x
1
+ a
22
x
2
+ . . . + a
2n
x
n
= 0;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a
m1
x
1
+ a
m2
x
2
+ . . . + a
mn
x
n
= 0.
Khi , W l khng gian con ca R
n
v s chiu ca W bng s n t
do ca h.
Nh vy W = u R
n
[ Au
= 0 vi A l ma trn cho trc v

u = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
)
5.2 Tm c s ca khng gian nghim
Thut ton
Bc 1. Gii h phng trnh, tm nghim tng qut.
Bc 2. Ln lt cho b n t do cc gi tr
(1, 0, . . . , 0), . . . , (0, 0, . . . , 1) ta c cc nghim c bn u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
.
Bc 3. Khi khng gian nghim c c s l u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
m
.
V d. Tm c s v s chiu ca khng gian nghim sau
_
_
x
1
+ 2x
2
3x
3
+ 5x
4
= 0;
x
1
+ 3x
2
13x
3
+ 22x
4
= 0;
3x
1
+ 5x
2
+ x
3
2x
4
= 0;
2x
1
+ 3x
2
+ 4x
3
7x
4
= 0,
Gii. Ma trn ha h phng trnh, ta c
A =
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 5
1 3 13 22
3 5 1 2
2 3 4 7
_
_
_
_
d
2
:=d
2
d
1
d
3
:=d
3
3d
1
d
4
:=d
4
2d
1
_
_
_
_
1 2 3 5
0 1 10 17
0 1 10 17
0 1 10 17
_
_
_
_
d
1
:=d
1
2d
2
d
3
:=d
3
+d
2
d
4
:=d
4
+d
2
_
_
_
_
1 0 17 29
0 1 10 17
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
.
Suy ra nghim ca h l
u = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
, x
4
) = (17t + 29s, 10t 17s, t, s) vi t, s R.
Cc nghim c bn ca h l
u
1
= (17, 10, 1, 0), u
2
= (29, 17, 0, 1).
Do , nu W l khng gian nghim th B = u
1
, u
2
c s ca W v
dimW = 2.
5.3 Khng gian giao
Cho V l khng gian vect v W
1
, W
2
l khng gian con ca V. Khi
W
1
W
2
l khng gian con ca V. Hn na nu W
1
= S
1
), W
2
= S
2
)
th u W
1
W
2
khi v ch khi u l t hp tuyn tnh ca S
1
v u l t
hp tuyn tnh ca S
2
.
4
cho cc vect u
1
= (1, 2, 1, 1),
u
2
= (1, 2, 2, 3), u
3
= (2, 4, 3, 4), u
4
= (1, 3, 3, 3), u
5
= (0, 1, 1, 0). t
W
1
= u
1
, u
2
, u
3
), W
2
= u
4
, u
5
). Tm c s ca khng gian W
1
W
2
.
Gii. Gi u = (x, y, z, t) W
1
W
2
V u W
1
nn u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
1
, u
2
, u
3
.
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
u
_
=
_
_
_
_
1 1 2 x
2 2 4 y
1 2 3 z
1 3 4 t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 1 2 x
0 1 1 x z
0 0 0 2x + y
0 0 0 x 2z + t
_
_
_
_
Suy ra u W
1
th 2x + y = 0 v x 2z + t = 0 (1)
V u W
2
nn u l t hp tuyn tnh ca u
4
, u
5
.
_
u
4
u
5
u
_
=
_
_
_
_
1 0 x
3 1 y
3 1 z
3 0 t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 x
0 1 3x + y
0 0 y + z
0 0 3x + t
_
_
_
_
Suy ra u W
2
th y + z = 0 v 3x + t = 0 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c
_
_
2x + y = 0
x 2z + t = 0
y + z = 0
3x + t = 0
Ma trn ha

A =
_
_
_
_
2 1 0 0
1 0 2 1
0 1 1 0
3 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
A =
_
_
_
_
2 1 0 0
1 0 2 1
0 1 1 0
3 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
d
1
:=d
1
d
4
d
2
:=d
2
d
1
d
4
:=d
4
3d
1
_
_
_
_
1 1 0 1
0 1 2 2
0 1 1 0
0 3 0 2
_
_
_
_
d
2
:=d
2
d
1
:=d
1
d
2
d
3
:=d
3
d
2
d
4
:=d
4
3d
2
_
_
_
_
1 0 2 1
0 1 2 2
0 0 3 2
0 0 6 4
_
_
_
_
d
3
:=
1
3
d
3
d
1
:=d
1
+2d
3
d
2
:=d
2
2d
3
d
4
:=d
4
+6d
3
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 1/3
0 1 0 2/3
0 0 1 2/3
0 0 0 0
_
_
_
_
Suy ra nghim ca h l
u = (x, y, z, t) = (
1
3
a,
2
3
a,
2
3
a, a) vi a R.
Nghim c bn ca h l u
1
= (
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
, 1).
Suy ra W
1
W
2
c c s l u
1
= (
1
3
,
2
3
,
2
3
, 1).
nh l. Cho W
1
, W
2
l hai khng gian con hu hn chiu ca V . Khi
dim(W
1
+ W
2
) = dimW
1
+ dimW
2
dim(W
1
W
2
).
6.1 Ta
6.2 Ma trn chuyn c s
6.1 Ta
nh ngha. Cho V l khng gian vect v B = u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
l
mt c s ca V . Khi B c gi l c s c sp ca V nu th
t cc vect trong B c c nh. Ta thng dng k hiu
(u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
)
ch c s c sp theo th t u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
.
nh l. Cho B = (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
) l c s ca V . Khi mi vect
u V u c biu din mt cch duy nht di dng
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
n
u
n
.
Chng minh.
S tn ti. V B l c s ca V nn B l tp sinh. Vi u V th u
l t hp tuyn tnh ca B. Suy ra, tn ti
1
,
2
, . . .
n
R
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
n
u
n
.
S duy nht.
Gi s u c mt dng biu din khc
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
n
u
n
.
Ngha l:
u =
1
u
1
+ +
n
u
n
=
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
n
u
n
.
Khi
(
1

1
)u
1
+ (
2

2
)u
2
+ + (
n

n
)u
n
= 0.
Do B l c s nn B c lp tuyn tnh, ta c
1

1
=
2

2
= =
n

n
= 0
hay
1
=
1
,
2
=
2
, . . . ,
n
=
n
.
iu ny chng t u c mt dng biu din duy nht.
Ta
Nh vy, nu B = (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
) l c s ca V v u V th u s c
dng biu din duy nht l:
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
n
u
n
.
Ta t
[u]
B
=
_
_
_
_
_
2
.
.
.
n
_
_
_
_
_
.
Khi [u]
B
c gi l ta ca u theo c s B.
3
, ta c c s chnh tc
B
0
= e
1
= (1, 0, 0), e
2
= (0, 1, 0), e
3
= (0, 0, 1).
Vi u = (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) ta c: u = x
1
e
1
+ x
2
e
2
+ x
3
e
3
.
Suy ra [u]
B
0
=
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
= u
.
Nhn xt. i vi c s chnh tc B
0
= (e
1
, e
2
, . . . , e
n
) ca khng
gian R
n
v u = (x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) R
n
ta c
[u]
B
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
x
1
x
2
.
.
.
x
n
_
_
_
_
_
= u
.
V d. Khng gian R
2
[x] c c s chnh tc l
B
0
= x
2
, x, 1.
Vi f = ax
2
+ bx + c, ta c [f]
B
0
=
_
_
a
b
c
_
_
.
Phng php tm [u]
B
Cho V l khng gian vect c c s l B = (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
) v u V .
tm [u]
B
ta i gii phng trnh
u =
1
u
1
+
2
u
2
+ +
n
u
n
()
vi n
1
,
2
, . . .
n
R. Do B l c s nn phng trnh () c nghim
duy nht
(
1
,
2
, . . . ,
n
) = (c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
n
).
Khi [u]
B
=
_
_
_
_
_
c
1
c
2
.
.
.
c
n
_
_
_
_
_
.
Lu . Khi V = R
n
, gii phng trnh () ta lp h
(u
1
u
2
. . . u
n
[ u
)
3
, cho cc vect
u
1
= (1, 2, 1), u
2
= (1, 3, 1), u
3
= (2, 5, 3).
a) Chng minh B = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) l mt c s ca R
3
.
b) Tm ta ca vect u = (a, b, c) R
3
theo c s B.
Gii.
a) Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 2 1
1 3 1
2 5 3
_
_
. Ta c |A|=1, suy ra u
1
, u
2
, u
3
c lp tuyn tnh. Vy B l c s ca R
3
.
b) Vi u = (a, b, c), tm [u]
B
ta lp h phng trnh
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[ u
)
_
_
1 1 2 a
2 3 5 b
1 1 3 c
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 4a b c
0 1 0 a + b c
0 0 1 a + c
_
_
Vy [u]
B
=
_
_
4a b c
a + b c
a + c
_
_
.
2
[x] cho
f
1
= x
2
+ x + 1, f
2
= 2x
2
+ 3x + 1, f
3
= x
2
+ 2x + 1.
a) Chng minh B = (f
1
, f
2
, f
3
) l mt c s ca R
2
[x].
b) Tm ta ca vect f = x
2
+ 3x + 3 theo c s B.
c) Cho [g]
B
=
_
_
2
3
4
_
_
, tm g?
Gii.
a) Kim tra B l c s (t lm)
b) Vi f = x
2
+ 3x + 3, tm [f]
B
ta i gii phng trnh
f =
1
f
1
+
2
f
2
+
3
f
3
_
_
_
1
+ 2
2
+
3
= 1;
1
+ 3
2
+ 2
3
= 3;
1
+
2
+
3
= 3.
Ma trn ha,

A =
_
_
1 2 1 1
1 3 2 3
1 1 1 3
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 2
0 0 1 4
_
_
Vy [f]
B
=
_
_
1
2
4
_
_
.
c) Ta c [g]
B
=
_
_
2
3
4
_
_
, suy ra g = 2f
1
+ 3f
2
4f
3
g = 2(x
2
+ x + 1) + 3(2x
2
+ 3x + 1) 4(x
2
+ 2x + 1)
= 4x
2
+ 3x + 1.
Mnh . Cho B l c s ca V. Khi , vi mi u, v V, R ta
c:
[u + v]
B
= [u]
B
+ [v]
B
.
[u]
B
= [u]
B
.
6.2 Ma trn chuyn c s
nh ngha. Cho V l mt khng gian vect v
B
1
= (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
), B
2
= (v
1
, v
2
, . . . , v
n
).
l hai c s ca V . t
P = ([v
1
]
B
1
[v
2
]
B
1
. . . [v
n
]
B
1
).
Khi P c gi l ma trn chuyn c s t c s B
1
sang c s
B
2
v c k hiu (B
1
B
2
).
3
, cho
B = (u
1
= (1, 2, 3), u
2
= (2, 3, 1), u
3
= (3, 1, 3))
l c s ca R
3
. Gi B
0
l c s chnh tc ca R
3
. Khi
(B
0
B) = ([u
1
]
B
0
[u
2
]
B
0
[u
3
]
B
0
) = (u
1
u
2
u
3
) =
_
_
1 2 3
2 3 1
3 1 3
_
_
Nhn xt. Nu B = (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
) l mt c s ca R
n
v B
0
l c
s chnh tc ca R
n
th
(B
0
B) = (u
1
u
2
. . . u
n
)
Phng php tm (B
1
B
2
)
Gi s B
1
= (u
1
, u
2
, . . . u
n
) v B
2
= (v
1
, v
2
, . . . v
n
) l hai c s ca V.
Ta thc hin nh sau:
Cho u l vect bt k ca V , xc nh [u]
B
1
.
Ln lt thay th u bng v
1
, v
2
, . . . v
n
ta xc nh c
[v
1
]
B
1
, [v
2
]
B
1
, . . . , [v
n
]
B
1
.
Khi
(B
1
B
2
) = ([v
1
]
B
1
[v
2
]
B
1
. . . [v
n
]
B
1
)
c bit, khi V = R
n
, xc nh (B
1
B
2
) ta c th lm nh sau:
Thnh lp ma trn m rng (u
1
u
2
. . . u
n
[ v
1
v
2
. . . v
n
)
Dng cc php bin i s cp trn dng a ma trn trn v
dng (I
n
[P).
Khi (B
1
B
2
) = P.
3
, cho hai c s
B
1
= (u
1
= (1, 1, 1), u
2
= (1, 2, 1), u
3
= (2, 3, 1))
v
B
2
= (v
1
= (1, 3, 2), v
2
= (1, 2, 4), v
3
= (3, 3, 2)).
Tm ma trn chuyn c s t B
1
sang B
2
.
Gii. Cho u = (a, b, c) R
3
, xc nh [u]
B
1
. Ta lp
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[u
)
_
_
1 1 2 a
1 2 3 b
1 1 1 c
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 a b + c
0 1 0 2a + b + c
0 0 1 a c
_
_
Nh vy [u]
B
1
=
_
_
a b + c
2a + b + c
a c
_
_
.
Thay ln lt u bi v
1
, v
2
, v
3
ta c
[v
1
]
B
1
=
_
_
6
3
1
_
_
, [v
2
]
B
1
=
_
_
5
4
5
_
_
, [v
3
]
B
1
=
_
_
2
5
5
_
_
.
Vy (B
1
B
2
) =
_
_
6 5 2
3 4 5
1 5 5
_
_
.
Cch khc
Lp ma trn m rng
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[ v
1
v
2
v
3
)
_
_
1 1 2 1 1 3
1 2 3 3 2 3
1 1 1 2 4 2
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 6 5 2
0 1 0 3 4 5
0 0 1 1 5 5
_
_
. Suy ra (B
1
B
2
) =
_
_
6 5 2
3 4 5
1 5 5
_
_
.
nh l. Cho V l mt khng gian vect hu hn chiu v B
1
, B
2
, B
3
l ba c s ca V . Khi
i) (B
1
B
1
) = I
n
.
ii) u V, [u]
B
1
= (B
1
B
2
)[u]
B
2
.
iii) (B
2
B
1
) = (B
1
B
2
)
1
.
iv) (B
1
B
3
) = (B
1
B
2
)(B
2
B
3
).
H qu. Cho B
1
= (u
1
, u
2
, . . . , u
n
); B
2
= (v
1
, v
2
, . . . , v
n
) l hai c s
ca khng gian R
n
. Gi B
0
l c s chnh tc ca R
n
. Ta c
i) (B
0
B
1
) = (u
1
u
2
. . . u
n
).
ii) (B
1
B
0
) = (B
0
B
1
)
1
.
iii) u V, [u]
B
1
= (B
0
B
1
)
1
[u]
B
0
.
iv) (B
1
B
2
) = (B
0
B
1
)
1
(B
0
B
2
).
V d. Cho W l khng gian con ca R
4
sinh bi cc vect:
u
1
= (1, 2, 2, 1), u
2
= (0, 2, 0, 1), u
3
= (2, 3, 4, 1).
a) Chng minh B = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) l mt c s ca W.
b) Cho u = (a, b, c, d), tm iu kin u W. Khi tm [u]
B
.
c) Cho v
1
= (1, 0, 2, 0); v
2
= (0, 2, 0, 1); v
3
= (0, 0, 0, 1). Chng minh
B
= (v
1
, v
2
, v
3
) cng l mt c s ca W. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t
B sang B
.
Gii.
a) Chng minh B = (u
1
, u
2
, u
3
) l mt c s ca W.
Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 2 2 1
0 2 0 1
2 3 4 1
_
_
. Ta c r(A) = 3, suy ra B
c lp tuyn tnh. V W = B) nn B l c s ca W.
b) Cho u = (a, b, c, d), tm iu kin u W. Khi tm [u]
B
.
Ta c u W khi u l t hp tuyn tnh ca B.
Lp h phng trnh
u
1
u
2
u
3
[u
)
_
_
_
_
1 0 2 a
2 2 3 b
2 0 4 c
1 1 1 d
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 a + 2b 4d
0 1 0 a 3b + 7d
0 0 1 b 2d
0 0 0 2a + c
_
_
_
_
Da vo h phng trnh, u W th 2a + c = 0. Suy ra
[u]
B
=
_
_
a + 2b 4d
a 3b + 7d
b 2d
_
_
c) Cho v
1
= (1, 0, 2, 0); v
2
= (0, 2, 0, 1); v
3
= (0, 0, 0, 1). Chng minh
B
= (v
1
, v
2
, v
3
) cng l mt c s ca W. Tm ma trn chuyn c s t
B sang B
.
Ta thy cc vect v
1
, v
2
, v
3
u tha iu kin 2a + c = 0 nn theo
cu a), cc vect ny thuc W.
Mt khc, d thy rng B
= (v
1
, v
2
, v
3
) c lp tuyn tnh nn B
cng
l c s ca W (do dimW = [B[ = 3 = [B
[ ). Dng kt qu cu b) ta
c
[v
1
]
B
=
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
, [v
2
]
B
=
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
, [v
2
]
B
=
_
_
4
7
2
_
_
Suy ra (B B
) =
_
_
1 0 4
1 1 7
0 0 2
_
_
.
3
, cho
S = (u
1
= (1, 1, 3), u
2
= (1, 2, 1), u
3
= (1, 1, 2))
T = (v
1
= (1, 2, 2), v
2
= (1, 2, 1), v
3
= (1, 1, 2))
a) Chng t S v T l c s ca R
3
.
b) Tm ma trn chuyn c s t S sang T (k hiu (S T)).
c) Cho u R
3
tha [u]
T
=
_
_
2
3
2
_
_
. Tnh [u]
S
.
Chng t S v T l c s ca R
3
Ta c dimR
3
= 3 = s vec t ca S. Do , S l c s ca R
3
khi S c
lp tuyn tnh. Lp A =
_
_
u
1
u
2
u
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 1 3
1 2 1
1 1 2
_
_
. Ta c r(A) = 3,
suy ra S c lp tuyn tnh. Vy S l c s ca R
3
.
Lm tng t cho T.
b) Tm ma trn chuyn c s t S sang T (k hiu (S T))
Lp ma trn m rng
(u
1
u
2
u
3
[ v
1
v
2
v
3
)
_
_
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 2 1
3 1 2 2 1 2
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 3 0 1
_
_
. Suy ra (S T) =
_
_
1 0 0
1 1 0
3 0 1
_
_
c) Cho u R
3
tha [u]
T
=
_
_
2
3
2
_
_
. Tnh [u]
S
.
Ta c [u]
S
= (S T)[u]
T
=
_
_
1 0 0
1 1 0
3 0 1
_
_
_
_
2
3
2
_
_
=
_
_
2
5
4
_
_
.

Ch3 - Khong Gian Vecto

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Bi ging mn hc i s A

l tp hp cc vect thuc V . Khi

= 0 vi A l ma trn cho trc v

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