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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA CNG NGH
--- oOo ---

BI GING MN HC

CNG TRNH
X L NC THI
(Wastewater Treatment Works)
GIO TRNH DNG CHO CC SINH VIN
CHUYN NGNH K THUT MI TRNG

Bin son

L ANH TUN
- 2005 -

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
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LI M U
--- oOo --Con ngi l mt trong cc sinh vt sng trong t nhin v l mt phn ca h
sinh thi mi trng. Cc hot ng ca con ngi ngy cng tc ng n mi
trng sng cng r rt. Nc thi t cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot ang l
mt trong cc nguy c lm nhim v hy hot mi trng sng. Vic hn ch
v ngn chn nhim do nc thi l mt trong cc yu cu quan trng ca k
thut mi trng. Bi ging mn hc CNG TRNH X L NC THI ny
dnh cho cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh K thut Mi trng. Bi ging t trng
tm cho sinh vin cc nguyn l tnh ton v thit k c bn cho mt s hng
mc cng trnh x l nc thi. Sinh vin hc mn hc ny cn bt buc thc
hin thm 1 n mn hc, c xem nh mt chuyn nghin cu thc t
(case study).
Mn hc c 2 phn: Phn l thuyt c 2 tn ch (30 tit) v phn n 1 tn ch.
Phn n s thc hin sau khi hc phn l thuyt. Trong iu kin cho php,
Khoa Cng ngh s phi hp vi ging vin t chc cho sinh vin i thm mt
s chuyn ving thm cc cng trnh x l nc thi trong khu vc.
Cc thut ng s dng trong bi ging l cc t tng i quen thuc trong
nc. trnh nhm ln, mt s thut ng c phn ch thch ting Anh i km.
Ngoi cc bi ging chnh, sinh vin c th tham kho thm mt s ti liu tham
kho trnh by cui gio trnh. Sinh vin c th s dng cc ti liu tham kho
nh mt ti liu th hai cho vic b sung kin thc ca mnh.
Ti liu ny bin son da vo nhiu ti liu tham kho v nghin cu khc
nhau m ngi vit tch ly c. Mt s v d, hnh v, cu gii thch ... trong
bi ging c trch dch t cc ti liu ca cc tc gi trong ti liu tham kho.
Do khng c iu kin tip xc, trao i xin php trch dn cc ngun khc
nhau, mong qu v vui lng min chp. Bi ging ny ch s dng trong ni b,
khng mang tnh kinh doanh v li.
Mc du c nhiu c gng nhng bi ging khng th trnh khi cc khuyt
im, sai st, tc gi mong c nhn cc ph bnh ng gp ca cc bn
hon chnh dn cho cc bin son k tip.
Trn trng.
L Anh Tun

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MC LC
==========
trang ...
TRANG BA....................................................................................................
LI M U ................................................................................................. ii
MC LC....................................................................................................... iii
Chng 1 KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI................ 1
1.1 NH NGHA V CC KHI NIM......................................................... 1
1.1.1 nh ngha Nc thi ........................................................................... 1
1.1.2 Gii thiu mn hc ............................................................................... 1
1.1.3 Khi nim v Cng trnh X l Nc thi ............................................ 2
1.1.4 Cc phng php c bn X l Nc thi .................................... 3
1.1.5 Cc yu cu chnh ca mt Cng trnh XLNT...................................... 7
1.2 CC BC HNH THNH MT D N X L NC THI .............. 7
1.2.1 Tin trnh tng qut............................................................................... 7
1.2.2 iu tra, kho st.................................................................................. 8
1.2.3 nh khi lng nc thi.................................................................... 8
1.2.4 xut Phng n ............................................................................. 9
1.2.5 Phn tch cc Phng n..................................................................... 9
1.3 H S CNG TRNH XLNT................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Yu cu................................................................................................. 9
1.3.2 Tm tt cng trnh................................................................................. 10
1.3.3 Tp thuyt minh Cng trnh .................................................................. 10
1.3.3 Cc s liu - Ph lc............................................................................. 11
Chng 2 XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC
THI LIN QUAN N CC CH S THIT K CNG TRNH ................. 12
2.1 NC THI SINH HOT........................................................................ 12
2.1.1 Khi lng ............................................................................................ 12
2.1.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht ....................................................................... 13
2.2 NC THI SN XUT ......................................................................... 17
2.2.1 Khi lng ............................................................................................ 17
2.2.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht ....................................................................... 18
2.3 CC V D C BN XC NH CH S THIT K THY LC........... 19
2.3.1 Phng trnh Manning v phng trnh Hazen-Williams .................... 19
2.3.2 Xc nh ng knh ti u cho my bm........................................... 20
2.3.3 p trn thnh mng ............................................................................ 21
2.3.4 o lu lng nc thi ........................................................................ 21
2.3.5 Cn bng dng chy............................................................................. 22

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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3 CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC ................ 25
3.1 CNG TRNH LM SCH C HC....................................................... 25
3.1.1 Song chn rc ...................................................................................... 25
3.1.2 Mt s kiu song chn rc ................................................................... 27
3.2 B LNG CT ......................................................................................... 31
3.3 B LNG S CP .................................................................................. 37
3.4 B THU DU, B THU M .................................................................... 42
3.5 B LC.................................................................................................... 43
Chng 4 CNG TRNH LM SCH NC THI DI T ................ 48
4.1 CNG TRNH NH V SINH .................................................................. 48
4.1.1 Khi qut............................................................................................... 48
4.1.2 B tr Nh v sinh ................................................................................. 49
4.1.3 Phn loi Nh v sinh........................................................................... 51
4.1.4 B t hoi ............................................................................................. 53
4.3 H THNG G LC .............................................................................. 61
4.2 CNG TRNH GING THM .................................................................. 62
4.2.1 Nguyn l v S ging thm ........................................................... 62
4.2.2 Kt cu ging thm............................................................................... 64
4.3 CNH NG LC, TI ....................................................................... 65
4.3.1 Nguyn l ............................................................................................. 65
4.3.2 Thit k ................................................................................................ 65
4.3.3 Tnh ton mc ti thy lc v xc nh din tch.................................. 70
Chng 5 T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI ........................... 81
5.1 NGUYN L ........................................................................................... 81
5.2 CC CH TIU THIT K ....................................................................... 83
5.2.1 S liu thit k ..................................................................................... 83
5.2.2 S h thng cng trnh ................................................................... 83
5.2.3 Chn phng n x l ......................................................................... 85
5.3 V D THIT K MNG LI NC THI TH V K NGH ..... 86
5.4 QUN L CNG TRNH X L NC THI ...................................... 90
5.4.1 Nguyn tc chung ................................................................................ 90
5.4.2 Cng tc o lng ............................................................................... 90
5.4.3 Cng tc qun l .................................................................................. 91
BNG QUI I N V................................................................................ 92
PH LC ...................................................................................................... 93
TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................. 99
===========================================================

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Chng

KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI


--- oOo --1.1 NH NGHA V CC KHI NIM
1.1.1 nh ngha Nc thi
Tt c cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut trong mi cng ng u to ra cc
cht thi, cc th kh, lng v rn. Thnh phn cht thi lng, hay nc thi
(wastewater) c nh ngha nh mt dng ha tan hay trn ln gia nc
(nc dng, nc ma, nc mt, nc ngm, ...) v cht thi t sinh hot trong
cng ng c dn, cc khu vc sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip,
thng mi, giao thng vn ti, nng nghip, ... y cn hiu l s nhim
nc (water pollution) xy ra khi cc cht nguy hi xm nhp vo nc ln hn
kh nng t lm sch ca chnh bn thn ngun nc.
Nc thi cha x l (untreated wastewater) l ngun tch ly cc cht c hi
lu di cho con ngi v cc sinh vt khc. S phn hy cc cht hu c trong
nc thi c th to ra cc cht kh nng mi. Thng thng, nc thi cha x
l l nguyn nhn gy bnh do n cha cc loi c cht phc tp hoc mang cc
cht dinh dng thun li cho vic pht trin cho cc loi vi khun, cc thc vt
thy sinh nguy hi.
Ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii, vic i hi phi kim sot v x l ngun nc
thi tr thnh lut l bt buc. Hu ht cc ngnh sn xut u c cc ti liu
ch dn v tiu chun lm sch nc thi.
1.1.2 Gii thiu mn hc
Mn hc Cng trnh X l Nc thi (Wastewater Treatment Works) l mt trong
nhng mn hc bt buc i vi chuyn ngnh hc K thut Mi trng. Mn ny
l phn tip ni tip mn hc Phng php X l Nc thi. Mn hc t trng
tm phn gii thiu cc thit b, cng trnh trong chui x l nc. Cc kin thc
khoa hc c bn nh Ton hc,Vt l, Ha hc, ... to nn mng ban u cho
mn hc. Cc mn c s nh Thy lc, Thy vn, Kt cu cng trnh, nhim
mi trng ... l cc mn tin quyt cho mn hc ny. Phng php v Cng
trnh X l Nc thi l mn hc chuyn ngnh cho vic o to K s ngnh K
thut Mi trng.
Tuy nhin do gii hn thi gian v qui m o to, mn hc ny ch gii hn
mc hng dn vic kho st, thit k, xy dng v qun l vn hnh cc cng
trnh lm sch nc thi sinh hot dn dng v mt phn cng nghip vi qui m
nh (lin quan n mt cng ng khong 5.000 c dn tr li, mc nc thi ti
a trung bnh cho 1 c dn l 250 lt/ngy m) v va (mc t 5.000 n
50.000 - 100.000 c dn). Phn cng trnh x l nc thi cho mt cng ng
trn 100.000 c dn nm trong mt chuyn khc (nh Lun vn Tt nghip).
Mc tiu chnh ca mn hc l:
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Hiu c tiu chun cht lng i hi cho mt h thng x l nc thi


sinh hot v mt s ngnh cng nghip.
C kh nng nh lng vic chuyn ti thy lc nc thi n trm/nh
my x l nc thi.
C kh nng xc nh vic b tr v tp trung cc nh hng ca nc thi
n trm /nh my x l nc thi.
C kh nng thit k cc hng mc cng trnh x l nc thi.
Bit cch qun l, vn hnh mt h thng x l nc thi.

1.1.3 Khi nim v Cng trnh X l Nc thi


Cng trnh X l Nc thi l mt khi nim chung ch mt h thng t hp
bao gm cc hng mc cng trnh v thit b i km bin nc thi thnh nc
sch mc chp nhn c.
C 4 loi nc thi c th chy vo h thng x l nc:
Nc thi sinh hot c dn (domestic watsewater): do cc h dn thi ra qua
sinh hot gia nh, mua bn, vn phng, ...
Nc thi cng nghip (industrial watsewater): do cc nh my sn xut cng
nghip v tiu th cng nghip ni chung.
Nc thm lu/nc chy trn (infiltration/inflow): nc thm lu l tt c cc
loi nc chy vo h thng cng rnh do s r r, b v ng ng hoc
thm qua tng chn. Nc chy trn l lng nc ma chy vo h thng
cng rnh t h thng tiu nc ma, mi nh, h ph, ...
Nc ma (stormwater): nc trn mt do ma ti ch hoc tuyt tan.
Ty theo nhim v cng trnh v kh nng ti chnh, ngi ta c th tch ra tng
h thng x l nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip v nc ma ring r
hoc tng hp. Theo thi gian, nc thi c th t lm sch mt phn nh qu
trnh chuyn ha nc ton cu. Tuy nhin, hin nay con ngi cha th c
nhng tc ng ln vo s cn bng nc trong thin nhin nhm lm sch
ngun nc m ch c th can thip, to ra cc h thng x l nc thi b
nhim trc khi vo ngun tip nhn theo mt s tiu chun c nh
nc ban hnh.
Qui trnh tng qut ca ngun cp nc v vic x l nc thi:

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------NGUN TIP NHN

NC TH

H THNG
CP NC

CNG TRNH
LM SCH NC

MNG LI
S DNG NC

X L NC THI
TRIT (LN III)

X L NC THI
TH CP (LN II)

NC THI
CHA X L

X L NC THI
S CP (LN I)

H THNG X L NC THI

Hnh 1.1: Lin quan gia ngun cp nc v x l nc thi


1.1.4 Cc phng php c bn X l Nc thi
C nhiu phng php khc nhau trong x l nc thi, bng di y cho mt
tng quan v tng cng ngh v phng php. Trong thc t ty iu kin a
phng, ti chnh v chnh sch m ta c cc chn la c th khc nhau (v d
nh hnh 1.2). Sinh vin tham kho gio trnh Phng php x l nc thi v ti
liu lin quan hiu thm v vic la chn cng trnh.

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 1.1 : Tng quan v cng ngh v phng php x l nc thi
Cng ngh Phng php
Cng trnh
Mc tiu
x l
x l
x l
x l
- Tch cc cht l
- Tuyn ni
+ Ha L
lng v kh mu
- Hp ph
- Keo t...
X l
s b
- Trung ha v kh
- Oxy ha
+ Ha hc
c nc thi
- Trung ha
+ C hc

X l
tp trung

- Song chn rc
- B chn rc
- B lng t I

+ Sinh hc

- H sinh vt
- Cnh ng lc, ti
- Knh oxy ha
- Aeroten
- B lc sinh hc
- B lng t II

+ Kh trng

- Trm trn Clor


- Mng trn
- B tip xc

+ X l bn cn

- B metan
- Sn phi bn
- Trm x l c hc bn
cn

+ C hc

- B lc ct

+ Sinh hc

- B aeroten bc II
- B lc sinh hc bc II
- H sinh vt
- B kh nitrat

+ Ha hc

- B oxy ha

X l
trit

- Tch cc tp cht
rn v cn l lng
- Tch cc cht
hu c dng l
lng v ha tan

- Kh trng trc
khi x ra ngun
- n nh v lm
kh ngun cn

- Tch cc cht l
lng
- Kh nit v
phtpho

- Kh nit,
phtpho v cc
cht khc

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nc thi
cha x l

H thng
thu gom
nc thi

Li chn
rc, si
ln

Li chn
rc nh hn

My bm
nc thi

B lng ct

+)
Thu gom rc, bn ct
v bi
X L S B

X L TH CP

X L S CP
X l bn s cp

B lng bn ct
v vng ni

X l bn th cp

B sc kh

Chlorire st
(Loi Phophorus)

My nn kh

Hon lu bn hot tnh

Thu gom bn hot tnh c c


Sn phi bn

Kh trng

X L TRIT

San lp/
Betn ha
B tip xc Chlorine

RA NGUN NC

Hnh 1.2: Mt v d v s x l nc thi

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 1.1: S hng dn chn la mt h thng x l nc thi sinh hot da
vo c ca nc (hnh 1.3).
Nc c c nh
Khng b nhim cc loi bo
xc (cysts) v trng (ova)

Kh bng Chlor (Cl)


v Lng tr

Nc c c trung bnh

Lc

Thm thu

Lc chm qua ct

Nc c c cao
v c phng th nghim tt

Kinh ph?

C tin

Xy dng nh my
x l nc thi theo
tiu chun

t tin
C ct?
t
Lc nhiu lp:
Mng lc bng tro
tru/ x da / ct

Lc chm qua ct,


vi bin php tin
x l nh:
+ B lng
+ B lng ct nc
chy ngang
+ B lc ct sn

Hnh 1.3: S hng dn chn phng n x l c ca nc thi

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.1.5 Cc yu cu chnh ca mt Cng trnh XLNT
Mt cng trnh X l nc thi phi c xem xt trn c 3 ch tiu
(3E): k thut (Engineering), kinh t (Economics) v mi trng
(Environment).
Tng qut, mt d n x l nc thi tt cn c mt s c im sau:

Sau khi x l, nc thi phi gim c c, mu, mi, cng v cc


cht hu c gy bnh tha cc yu cu ca Nh nc.
Cng trnh cng n gin, cng bn vng v hin thc th cng tt
Cng trnh cn xem xt cc lin quan n mc lao ng vi chi ph
thp, gii hn vic phi nhp khu nguyn vt liu v chuyn gia nc
ngoi.
Cng trnh phi tha nhu cu pht trin dn s.
Cng trnh cn thit phi nm trong kh nng qun l, vn hnh v bo
dng ca cng ng a phng.
Cng trnh cn c tha nhn v ng tnh cao ca cng ng v c s
tham gia cng nhiu cng tt ca c dn, nguyn vt liu ti ch, ...

1.2 CC BC HNH THNH MT D N X L NC THI


1.2.1 Tin trnh tng qut
Vic hnh thnh mt d n hay mt cng trnh c th phi bt ngun t mt hay
nhiu chnh sch chung (general policies), cc ch trng cp chnh quyn s
c th hin bng cc vn bn, ngh quyt. Sau , cc qui hoch tng th
(master plans) c th s c vch nh. T qui hoch ny, cc chng trnh
(programs) ra i v tip theo l cc d n (project) c th. Trong chi tit d n c
th c nhiu hng mc cng trnh. Tuy nhin, cng c nhiu d n hay cng trnh
(c bit l loi nh hoc va) c th trc tip t cc ch trng chnh sch m
khng qua cc bc trung gian nh qui hoch tng th, chng trnh mc tiu, ...
Mt tin trnh tng qut t chnh sch n mt cng trnh nh sau:
Chnh sch

Qui hoch

Chng trnh mc tiu

D n

Cng trnh

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------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hnh 1.2: Tin trnh tng qut ca vic xy dng v thc hin d n
Vic thc hin mt cng trnh s c nhng bc i c bn sau:

iu tra, Kho st

Phng n cng trnh

Chn la phng n

Thit k cc hng mc
D ton cng trnh
Duyt, iu chnh
Thi cng, Xy dng
Bn giao, Qun l
Hnh 1.3. Cc bc c bn trong thc hin mt cng trnh
1.2.2 iu tra, kho st
Trc khi tin hnh vic xy dng mt n x l nc thi, cn thit phi c
bc iu tra, kho st v nh gi hin trng ca khu vc cng trnh cn
thc hin. Mt nhm iu tra kho st s c thnh lp nhm mc ch thu
thp cc d liu sau:
Bn t nhin khu vc vi cc im hoc ng ng cao vi t l
xch 1/500 - 1/5 000.
S liu v biu cc din bin tnh hnh kh tng thy vn khu vc.
S dn v s h trong khu vc cng trnh: s c dn hin ti v s c
dn phng on cho 5, 10 v 15 nm sau.
S lng v qui m cc hot ng sn xut trong vng: tiu th cng
nghip, cng nghip, ch bin nng thy hi sn, ...
Mc nc thi do sinh hot v sn xut: lu lng thi, thi on
thi v thnh phn lng nc thi.
Phng vn v nh gi ngun thu nhp v sc kho ca cng ng c
dn. nh gi s b theo cm tnh nh hng ca lng nc thi ln
cc hot ng v sc kho cng ng cng nh cnh quan mi trng.
Cc ch trng ca chnh quyn (nh hng pht trin, cc qui hoch
trc , qui nh chung v mi trng, ...) v nguyn vng nhn dn
khu vc.
Din tch xy dng cho php v cc ngun nguyn vt liu xy dng
cng nh ngun nng lng cho cng trnh v sau.
c lng kh nng cung cp ti chnh cho d n.
Cc d liu c tp hp v hnh thnh mt bo co s b nh gi ban u.
1.2.3 nh khi lng nc thi
Lu lng nc thi trong mt ngy m (m3/day) v lu lng nc thi cn
lm sch qua cng trnh (l/s hoc m3/h) ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh s ngi,
thi im, ma v, giai on sn xut... T hp cc iu kin bt li nht c s
liu thit k.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.2.4 xut Phng n
Cc chuyn gia cn xy dng cng nhiu phng n xem xt cng tt. Trc khi
xy dng cac phng n cn nh gi mc vn cn gii quyt. Hin nay,
c nhiu phng php x l nc thi, vy cn chn phng n no? Kt cu
cng trnh no l ph hp? Chi ph xy dng v vn hnh c vt qua kh nng
ti chnh cho php khng? Cc gii hn v din tch t? Qun l cng trnh ra
sao? Mi phng n phi nu ln mt mnh v mt yu ca n. Chn phng n
ti u (li ch cao, tha yu cu, chi ph t, vn hnh d, ...).
Khi xem xt mt h thng x l nc thi, cn thit lu ba yu t sau:
+ Ngun x nc thi
+ Khi lng v thnh phn nc thi
+ Xy dng v qun l cng trnh lm sch nc thi
Cng trnh x l nc thi, vi mc tiu chnh l ngn nga nh hng xu ca
nc thi n ngun nc chung, sc kho cng ng v sinh thi khu vc. C
quan qun l ti nguyn nc phi cung cp yu cu lm sch v nh gi tnh
trng ni nc thi x ra. Vic thit k xy dng cng trnh cn ch n kh
nng hp nht cc trm x l nc thi khc nhau nhm lm gim chi ph xy
dng, ngay c trong trng hp xy dng cng trnh bit lp nh x l nc thi
sinh hot ring, x l nc trn mt (ma) v x l nc thi sn xut.
1.2.5 Phn tch cc Phng n
Vic xem xt phn tch cc phng n bao gm cc mt sau:
Phn tch tnh hp l trong vic xy dng cng trnh.
Phn tch qui m cng trnh
Phn tch tuyn cng trnh
Phn tch vic chn la cc phng php x l
Phn tch chi ph
Phn tch kh nng qun l v bo dng cng trnh
Phn ny, sinh vin c th tham kho thm cc gio trnh kinh t xy dng, kinh
t mi trng v cc ti liu tham kho v phn tch d n.
1.3 H S CNG TRNH XLNT
1.3.1 Yu cu
Bt k cng trnh hay d n no cng phi c mt h s thuyt minh cng trnh
. Mc ch chnh ca vic lp h s l tm tt cc nghin cu kho st, phn
tch, tnh ton v kt lun kin ngh. Mi cng trnh v ngun ngn sch thng
c qui nh theo mt hnh thc trnh by ring (format). Mt h s thng gm
c 3 phn trong mc lc chnh:
Tm tt cng trnh
Phn thuyt minh
Phn ph lc
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------------------------------------------------------------------------------H s cng trnh thng c in ra r rng theo kh giy A4 (210 x 297 mm),
kiu ch chn phng, c nh s trang v sp xp theo mt trnh t nht nh.
H s phi c ng thnh tp vi ba cng. Phn ph lc c th ng chung
vi tp h s nu khng qu dy. Trng hp cng trnh ln, biu bng tnh ton,
bn , s nhiu th c th tch ra thnh mt tp ph lc ring.
S lng h s cn in ra ty thuc vo s lng cc cp thm quyn xem xt.
1.3.2 Tm tt cng trnh
Phn ny dng tm lt cc tiu ch quan trng lin quan n cng trnh. Phn
tm tt khng di qu 1 trang A4. Th t trnh by c th nh sau:

Tn cng trnh
V tr, a danh
C quan ch tr
+ Kho st
+ Thit k
+ Xy dng...
Thi gian
Kinh ph
+ a phng
+ Quc gia
+ Quc t

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

M s :

1.3.3 Tp thuyt minh Cng trnh


Tp thuyt minh cng trnh nhm l gii, m t phng php v minh ha cc tnh
ton cho cng trnh. Li l trong tp thuyt minh phi r rng, ngn gn nhng
y , cc ngn t chuyn mn i khi cng c thm phn gii thch:
1. Bi cnh (Background)
2. L gii (Justification)
3. Mc tiu (Objectives)
4. u ra v cc hot ng (Outputs and Activities)
5. u vo (Inputs)
6. Sp xp vic thc hin (Implementation Arrangements)
7. Qun l d n (Project Management)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI


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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.3.3 Cc s liu - Ph lc
-

Cc ch tiu thit k do nh nc ban hnh, tiu chun mi trng, ...


Cc s liu kho st ban u
Bn khu vc
Bnh b tr cng trnh
Bn v kt cu
Bn d ton cng trnh

Cc s liu, ph lc phi c nh s v ghi r ngun cung cp s liu.


==============================================================

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI


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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chng

XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI


LIN QUAN N CC CH S THIT K CNG TRNH
--- oOo --2.1 NC THI SINH HOT
2.1.1 Khi lng
Nc thi sinh hot thng khng c nh lng x ra theo thi gian trong ngy
v theo thng hoc ma. Lng nc thi sinh hot thng c tnh gn ng
da vo kinh nghim nh gi qua qui m khu vc sinh sng (thnh th, ngoi ,
nng thn), cht lng cuc sng (cao, trung bnh, thp), ... Vic o lu lng
lng nc thi cng rt cn thit nu c iu kin. Trong ngy, vic o lu
lng c th thc hin vo cc thi im t 6:00 - 8:00, 11:00 - 13:00 v 17:00 19:00. Trong nm, nn chn vic o nc thi vo ma h (thng 3, 4, 5).
S b trong 1 ngy m, c th ly lng nc thi khong 200 - 250 l/ngi cho
khu vc c dn s P < 10.000 ngi. Khu vc c P > 10.000 ngi c th ly vo
khong 300 - 380 l/ngi. Trong hon cnh hin ti khu vc ng bng sng
Cu Long c th ly lng nc thi khong 150 - 200 l/ngi.
Lng nc thi sinh hot v tnh cht tp trung nhim thng bin ng cao.
Nu lng nc cp gim, th tp trung nhim gia tng.
Lu lng dng chy nh nht cho h thng x l nc thi c th ly vo
khong 25% lu lng dng chy trung bnh.
i vi nc thi sinh hot, c th ly theo cc bng sau:
Bng 2.1 Khi lng cht bn c trong 1 m3 nc thi sinh hot
Cht
Cht bn (g/m3)
Khong
Hu c
Tng cng
BOD5
100
200
150
50
Lng
50
75
50
25
Khng lng
150
625
250
375
Ha tan
Cng ton b
450
450
900
300
Ngun: Imhoffk, 1972
Bng 2.2 Khi lng cht bn c trong nc thi sinh hot cho 1 ngi
Cht bn (g/ngi/ngy-m)
Khong
Hu c
Tng cng
BOD5
20
40
30
10
Lng
10
15
10
5
Khng lng
30
125
50
75
Ha tan
Cng ton b
90
90
180
60
Ngun: Imhoffk, 1972
Cht

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 2.3 Lng nc thi hng ngy cc cng trnh sinh hot v thng mi
Loi cng trnh
n v
Lng
BOD5
(kg/ v. ngy)
(v)
nc thi
(l/ v. ngy)
0.01
20
khch
Phi trng
0.01
20
ch ngi
Nh th
0.03
100
hi vin
Cu lc b ng qu
0.04
135
Xng (khng cht thi cng nghip) cng nhn
0.24
950
gng
Bnh vin
bin i
2200
my git
Tim git i
0.06
190
gng
Nh tr (khng km nh hng)
0.02
60
nhn vin
Vn phng (khng km cn tin)
0.01
20
ngi
Cng vin
0.01
20
mn
Nh hng
0.08
380
hc sinh
Trng ni tr
0.02
60
hc sinh
Trng tiu hc
0.02
75
hc sinh
Trng trung hc
0.02
60
ngi
Siu th
0.01
40
ngi
H bi
0.01
20
ngi
Sn vn ng
0.01
20
ch ngi
Nh ht
Ngun: S.N. Goldstein, W.J. Woberg, Wastewater Treatment Systems for Rural
Communities, 1973
Bng 2.3 Lng nc thi v BOD5 gn ng Hoa K v Chu u
Ni thi
n v
Mc thi
Trung bnh
(l/ngy)
(l/ngy)
Nh
630
250 - 1100
ngi
- Hoa K
225
ngi
- Chu u
Trng hc
280
180 - 370
hc sinh
- Ni tr
60
40 - 80
hc sinh
- Trng c cn tin
40
20 - 60
- Trng khng c cn tin hc sinh
30
20 - 40
khch
Nh hng
200
160 - 240
khch
Khch sn
600
300 - 1000
bnh nhn
Bnh vin
60
30 - 80
nhn vin
Vn phng
40
30 - 50
nhn vin
Ca hng tp phm

BOD5
(kg/ngy)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.1
0.14
0.02
002

Ngun: nh mc ca Benefield v Randall, 1980 (trch on)


2.1.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht
Nc thi sinh hot thng khng c xem mt cch phc tp nh l ngun
nc thi cng nghip v n khng c nhiu thnh phn c hi nh phenol, v
cc cht hu c c hi. Trong thit k cc trm x l nc thi, cc thng s v
lng cht rn l lng (suspended solids, SS) v BOD5, ... thng c s dng
gii hn. Tng cht rn (total solids, TS) c th ly theo hnh 2.1 hoc chng 225
l/ngi/ngy m hoc xp x 800 mg/l. Lng cht rn l lng c th ly chng
40% tng lng rn, hoc chng 350 mg/l. Trong s ny, khong 200 mg/l l
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------lng rn l lng c th lng ng chng 60% sau khong 1 gi yn nc,
c ly ra khi nc v x l vt l nh mt bin php lng s cp (primary
settling). Phn cn li, chng 100 mg/l l nhng cht khng th lng ng v c
th dng cc bin php x l ha hc hoc sinh hc loi thi. Hu ht bin
php x l th cp (secondary treatment process) l sinh hc. Phn cn li cui
cng phn ln l vi cht v c ca cht rn khng lng ng c, mun loi b
hon ton phi dng nhng bin php x l trit .
Tng cht rn
720 mg/L

Cht khong
290 mg/L

Cht khng ha tan


450 mg/L
Cht hu c
160 mg/L

Cht khong
10 mg/L

Cht keo
50 mg/L
Cht hu c
40 mg/L

Cht khong
15 mg/L

Cht hu c
40 mg/L

Cht khong
40 mg/L

Cht rn l lng
C th lng c
160 mg/L
Cht hu c
120 mg/L

Cht rn lc c
500 mg/L

Cht rn l lng
khng th lng c
60 mg/L

Cht rn l lng
220 mg/L

Hnh 2.1. Phn loi cht rn trong nc thi loi va


Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1991

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 2.4: Thnh phn c trng ca cc loi nc thi sinh hot
Cht nhim trong nc thi
Nng (mg/lt)
Loi mnh*
Loi yu*
Trung bnh*
700
Tng cht rn (TS)
350
1 200
250
Cht rn l lng (SS)
100
350
40
Nit tng s
20
85
200
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5)
100
300
500
Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)
250
1 500
10
Pht pht tng s
6
20
100
Du, m
50
150
0
Nitrt NO20
0
0
Nitrt NO30
0
Ngun: Ng.Th Kim Thi, L Hin Tho, 1999
*: c th phn theo nhim cao (mnh), va (trung bnh) v nh (yu)
V d 2.1:
Xc nh lu lng nc thi trung bnh ngy v lng BOD5 cho
mt khu c dn th vi cc s liu sau:
(a) Dn s
: 150 000 ngi
(b) Bnh vin
: 1 000 ging
(c) Nh hng
: 40 tim n, s thc khch trung bnh 40 ngi/tim
(d) i hc v cao ng : 1 trng vi 15 000 sinh vin, c cn tin.
(e) Trung tiu hc
: 30 000 hc sinh, khng c cn tin.
Gii: S dng bng 2.3, ta c:
Ngun thi
Dn c
Bnh vin
Nh hng
i hc
Trung hc

Mc thi
(m3/ngy)
150 000 x 0.225
1 000 x 0.6
1 600 x 0.03
15 000 x 0.06
30 000 x 0.04

Lu lng
(m3/ngy)
33 750
600
48
900
1 200
= 36 498

BOD5
(kg/ngy)

BOD5
(kg/ngy)

150 000 x 0.10


1 000 x 0.14
1 600 x 0.03
15 000 x 0.03
30 000 x 0.02

15 000
40
48
450
600
= 16 238

V d 2.2: Xc nh lng tp trung BOD5 trung bnh ca lng nc thi th


o c trong lin tip 12 ngy m nh sau:
Ngy th
1
2
3
4
5
6

BOD5 (mg/l)
525
350
475
200
250
300

Ngy th
7
8
9
10
11
12

BOD5 (mg/l)
300
375
425
525
475
400

Xc nh thm lch chun, tp trung mc 90% v 50%.


Gii: Sp xp chui s liu o BOD5 t nh n ln. Tnh xc sut xut hin nh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------hn hoc bng gi tr quan trc c (v tr im) theo cng thc, trong m
khong th t gi tr v n l tng s quan trc. Bng tnh nh sau:
Th t
1
2
3
4
5
6

BOD5
200
250
300
300
350
375

V tr im
4.17
12.50
20.80
29.20
37.50
45.80

Th t
7
8
9
10
11
12

BOD5
400
425
475
475
525
525

V tr im
54.20
62.50
70.80
79.20
87.50
95.80

Hnh 2.2 Quan h


BOD5 ~ P (x xi) %
Ly kt qu tnh
chm im ln giy
bn logarit (giy tn
sut, trc honh v
theo logarit).
Trc tung ch lng
BOD5, trc honh l
P (x xi) %.
V ng thng i
qua trung tm cc
im,
sao
cho
khong lch l nh
nht.

Trung bnh = 383 mg/l


Tr 90%
= 510 mg/l
Tr 50%
= 380 mg/l
Tr 10%
= 255 mg/l
lch chun=(2/3).(90% - 10%) = 2/3 (510 - 255) = 170 mg/l
*Ghi ch: Phng php ny tng t cch xc nh tn sut l xut hin trong
thy vn.

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2 NC THI SN XUT
2.2.1 Khi lng
Chng ta cn phn bit 2 loi:
nc thi cng nghip (industrial wastewater) l nc thi ca qu trnh
sn xut cng nghip.
nc thi khu cng nghip (industrial zone wastewater) l nc thi sn
xut cng thm lng nc thi sinh hot t cc nh v sinh, nh n, ... v
lng nc ma ri trong khu vc.
so snh gia nc thi sn xut cng nghip (nu nc thi c kh nng b
phn hy do vi sinh vt) v nc thi sinh hot, ngi ta a ra khi nim "s
dn tng ng" (the population equivalent, PE) qua c trng ch tiu nhu
cu oxy sinh ha BOD5 ch nhu cu oxy ca vi sinh vt trong mu nc thi
trong 5 ngy, 20C. Gi tr BOD5 tnh trn ton b lng nc thi cho 1 ngi
trong 1 ngy m l 60 - 100 gram (nu ly gi tr BOD20 th thng tnh 140
gr/ngi/ngy m). em chia ton b khi lng nc thi ca c s sn xut
cng nghip cho gi tr trn tnh ra s dn tng ng.
Tng qut, PE (mt s sch dng k hiu Np) tnh theo:

PE =
vi

C cn Q cn
Tp

(2-1)

Ccn v Qcn l nng v lu lng nc thi cng nghip.


Tp lng nc thi trn mi u ngi.

V d 2.3: Mt x nghip cng nghip thi ra 2 500 m3 nc thi/ngy vi lng


BOD5 l 200 mg/l. Xc nh s dn tng ng PE ng vi ch tiu BOD5 n v
l 95 g/ngi/ngy.
Gii:
PE =

200 . mg
1g
2500 . m

l
1000 . mg
ngay

1000 . l 1 . nguoi . ngay

= 5263 ngi
95 .g
1m 3

Ta c th da vo bng qui s dn tng ng ng vi qui m sn xut sau:


Bng 2.5: S dn tng ng (PE) ng vi qui m sn xut ca cc nh my
Nh my
Qui m sn xut
PE
Nh my sa khng sn xut pho-mt
Nh my sa c sn xut pho-mt
L st sinh
L st sinh
Nh my bia
Nh my sn xut tinh bt
Nh my thuc da
Nh my ch bin len
Phn xng ty
Nh my nhum (c cha lu hunh)
Nh my git
S r r du khong

x 1 000 lt sa
x 1 000 lt sa
x 1 con b (=2,5 con heo)
x 1 tn tht
x 1 000 lt bia
x 1 tn bp hoc la m
x 1 tn da
x 1 tn len
x 1 tn sn phm
x 1 tn vt liu
x 1 tn vi git
x 1 tn du

30 - 80
50 - 250
70 - 200
150 - 450
150 - 400
500 - 1 000
1 000 - 4 000
2 000 - 5 000
1 000 - 4 000
2 000 - 3 500
370 - 1 000
12 000

Ngun: I. Grulo, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, 1980.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht
Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi cng nghip rt a dng v ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t ca sn xut cng nghip gm nh lnh vc, nguyn liu tiu th,
loi cng ngh p dng, qui m hot ng, ... Mt s ti liu nc ngoi cho bit
khi lng nc thi cng nghip thng chim 30 - 35% tng lng nc thi
th. Khi tnh ton cng trnh x l chung nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, ta
cn c vo cht nhim bn sinh hot. Cht bn cng nghip phi gi li x l
cc b nhm bo m tnh an ton cho h thng dn v x l nc thi th.
Tnh cht ca nc thi thng c xc nh bng phn tch ha hc thnh
phn nhim bn. tuy nhin c y cc s liu thng gp nhiu kh khn
v thi gian, thit b v kinh ph. n gin, ngi ta thng da vo mt s ch
tiu nh nhit , mu sc, mi v, trong, pH, cht tro v khng tro, hm lng
cht l lng, cht lng ng, BOD, COD v mt s ch tiu khc do yu cu.
Vic xc nh hm lng BOD hoc SS chng hn, thng dn n vic xc nh
biu hm lng theo dng chy v tn sut nh hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3

Quan h Q ~ BOD ~ SS ~ P (x xi)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI


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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3 CC V D C BN XC NH CH S THIT K THY LC
2.3.1 Phng trnh Manning v phng trnh Hazen-Williams
Phng trnh Manning
TRONG NG C P
H SI

Phng trnh Hazen-Williams


TRONG NG C P
H SI

V = 0,849.CR 0, 63 S 0,54

V =

Q = 0,278.CD 2,63 S 0,54

(2-3)

--------------------------------H US

V = 1,318.CR 0, 63 S 0,54
Q = 0,432.CD 2, 63 S 0,54

(2-4)

0,397 2 / 3 1 / 2
D S
n
0,312 8 / 3 1 / 2
Q=
D S
n

(2 -5)

----------------------------------H US

0,590 2 / 3 1 / 2
D S
n
0,463 8 / 3 1 / 2
Q=
D S
n

V =

(2-6)

TRONG KNH H
H SI

trong cc cng thc trn:

1
V = R 2 / 3 .S 1 / 2
n

V - vn tc, Q/A, m/s (ft/s)


C - h s Chezy
R - bn knh thy lc, D/4, m (ft)
S - dc ng th nng = hf/L
Q - lu lng, m3/s (ft3/s)
D - ng knh ng dn
n - h s nhm (tra bng cc sch Thy
lc)

(2-7)

-------------------------------------------------

H US

V =

1,468 2 / 3 1 / 2
R .S
n

(2-8)

Phng trnh Manning v Hazen - Williams u c s dng trong tnh ton vn


tc v lu lng dng chy trong lng dn. T phng trnh ny ta c th xc
nh tn tht ct nc trong mt on dng chy no .
V d 2.4: Tnh tn tht ct nc trn ng ng di 1.000 m, ng knh trong
50 mm. Bit lng nc thi chy qua ng vi lu lng 0,25 m3/s, h s C =
130.
Gii: T cng thc (2-3):
V = 0 . 849 C ( D / 4 ) 0 . 63 ( h f / L ) 0 .54 =

Q
( . D 2 / 4 )

suy ra tn tht ct nc
10 , 7 Q 1 , 85 L
10 , 7 ( 0 , 25 ) 1 , 85 1000
hf =
=
2 , 96 m
C 1 , 85 D 4 , 87
130 1 , 85 ( 0 , 5 ) 4 , 87

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI


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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 2.5:

Thit k mt knh dn hnh ch nht bng btng vi:


Lu lng nc thi
Q = 2 m3/s
dc y knh
S = 0,001
H s nhm knh dn
n = 0,012

Gii: Theo l thuyt, knh hnh ch nht c mt ct thy lc tt nht khi:


Qmax khi d = b/2 vi d l su dng chy, b l b rng knh
Q = A.V =

1
AR
n

2/3

.S 1 / 2

A = b.d = (2d).d = 2.d2

vi

1
d
Q max =
2.d 2 .
0,012
2

2/3

d (m)

(0,001)

1/ 2

b (m)

=2

d = 0,8 m

b = 1,6 m

2.3.2 Xc nh ng knh ti u cho my bm


ung knh ti u l ng knh tha mn ng thi 2 yu cu:

Chi ph tng nng lng bm nh nht S1.


Chi ph u t trang b my bm va S2.

Nu gi T l tng chi ph /nm th T = S1 + S2 th ng knh ti u l ng knh


dT
c
= 0 , Kriengsak Udomsinrot, 1989, a ra cng thc sau:
d (d )
ng knh ti u:
trong :

d opt

(511,4 a1 T Q 2,8519 ) 0,17


=
(u r a 2 C 1,8519 ) 0,17

(2-9)

a1 - chi ph nng lng bm (ng/KWh)


T - thi gian bm vn hnh trong 1 nm, gi
Q - lu lng trung bnh nc thi, m3/s
u - hiu sut my bm (gm ng c v my bm), %
a2 - chi ph ng ng (ng/mt di x mt ng knh ng)
C - h s Hazen-Williams
r - h s hi phc

V d 2.6: Xc nh ng knh my bm ti u cho vic ht x mt lu lng


nc thi Q l 0,20 m3/s. Thi gian chy my l 20 gi/ngy. Gi s hiu sut ca
c ng c v my bm l 60%, ng dn c C = 100. Cho h s hi phc r =
0,0991. Gi thnh ng dn l 500 000 /(1m di x 1m ng knh), chi ph bm l
150 /kWh.
Gii: Thi gian chy my trong 1 nm:
T = 20 gi/ngy x 365 ngy/nm

= 7 300 gi

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI


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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------ng knh ti u:

d opt =

(511,4 a1 T Q 2,8519 ) 0,17


(511,4 150 7300 0,2 2,8519 ) 0,17
=
(u r a 2 C 1,8519 ) 0,17
(0,60 0,0991 500000 1001,8519 ) 0,17

dopt = 0.57391 m

Chn bm trn th trng c ng knh ng x l 600 mm.

Nhiu trng hp ta phi dng nhiu my bm thot nc, vic tnh ton mt
h thng nhiu my bm tr nn phc tp hn, ( ngh xem li cc Gio trnh v
sch v Bm v Trm bm).
2.3.3 p trn thnh mng
Ngi ta c th s dng p trn thnh mng c mt ct hnh ch nht hoc p
trn thnh mng hnh tam gic khng ch mc nc trong knh dn hoc
dng n o lu lng dng chy.
Cng thc c bn tnh cho tt c cc loi p trn l:

Q = mb . 2 g . H

2/3
o

vi

v2
Ho = H +
2g

(2-10)

vi b l b rng p trn, m l h s i vi p trn chy khng ngp, s b:


p trn thnh mng, m = 0,42
p trn c mt ct thc dng khng c chn khng, m = 0,45
p trn c mt ct thc dng c chn khng, m = 0,50
p trn nh rng, m = 0,35
v2/2g
Ho

H
P

Hnh 2.4: Cc thng s c bn xc nh lu lng qua p trn thnh mng


2.3.4 o lu lng nc thi
Lu lng nc thi l lng nc thi qua
mt mt ct trong mt n v thi gian, thng
ta c 2 cch: o bng lu tc k (hnh 2.6), o
mt ct t v o bng p trn thnh mng.
Phng php o, ngh xem trong cc sch
thy lc v thy vn.
Hnh 2.5: Mt kiu lu tc k trc ng

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3.5 Cn bng dng chy
Vic loi thi cht rn, c bit l bn ct, s lm thay i nhanh chng lng
dng chy cht thi. Trong mt h thng x l x l nc thi thng c mt khu
tr tm thi hoc mt b iu lu nhm loi b mt phn ln cht rn l lng
trong nc. Kch thc hoc th tch ca b iu lu thng c xc nh theo
thy nc thi hng ngy (the daily wastewater hydrograph).
C 2 phng php n gin:
1. M hnh sng vung (square-wave model): Dng chy nc thi thng c
biu hnh dn sng theo thi gian, tuy nhin nu ta xp x cc gi tr thi on
so vi tr trung bnh theo hnh vung nh mt th ta c th cn bng dng chy
theo hnh hc.
Ta cn c 3 gi tr lu lng nc thi theo thi on:
Qmax : Lng nc thi ln nht
Qmin : Lng nc thi nh nht
Qave : Lng nc thi trung bnh,

Q ave =
b=

Q
Qma

1
n

Q
i =1

(2-11)

Qavg Qmin
Qmax Qmin

Vs

x(1 ngay)

a = Qmax - Qavg

Qavg
b
Qmin
6:00

18:00

6:00

Gi

Hnh 2.5: M hnh sng vung cho dng nc thi trong 1 ngy
V d 2.7:
Hnh 2.5 cho dng nc thi trong 1 ngy (t 6:00 sng hm nay n 6:00 sng
ngy hm sau) theo m hnh ny. Vng din tch c gch sc th hin s thay i
ca lng chy thi trong 24 gi so vi tr trung bnh Qavg. Theo s cn bng khi
lng, ta c:

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Qavg(1 ngy) = Qmin (1 ngy) + (Qmax - Qmin)(b ngy)
b=

Q avg Q min

(2-12)

Q max Q min

Theo Hnh 2.5 , ta c

a = Qmax - Qavg

(2-13)

Nh vy dung tch b tr /lng s l :

Vs = a.b

(2-14)

2. ng cong ly tch (cumulative curve) xc nh th tch b cha ti thiu.


V d 2.8: Mt khu cng nghip x nc thi (tnh bng m3/h) nh sau:
Gi o
2:00
4:00
3
Qthi (m /h)
518.4
445.6
Gi o
14:00
16:00
Qthi (m3/h)
907.2
820.8
Yu cu xc nh th tch b cha ti
ngy.
Gii: Lp bng tnh ton sau:
Gi o
Lu lng thi
(gi)
(m3/h)
(1)
(2)
0:00
518.4
2:00
445.6
4:00
359.2
6:00
475.2
8:00
604.8
10:00
864.0
12:00
907.2
14:00
820.8
16:00
777.6
18:00
691.2
20:00
429.0
22:00
418.0
24:00

6:00
8:00
10:00
12:00
359.2
475.2
604.8
864.0
18:00
20:00
22:0
24:00
777.6
691.2
429.0
418.0
thiu cn bng lng nc thi hng

Th tch thi
(m3)
(3) = (2) x 2
1036.8
891.2
718.4
950.4
1209.6
1728.0
1814.4
1641.6
1555.2
1382.4
958.0
836.0

Ly tch th tch
(m3)
(5)
0.0
1036.8
1728.0
2246.4
3196.8
4406.4
6134.4
7948.8
9590.4
11145.6
12528.0
13489.0
14325.0

Ly trc honh l thi gian trong ngy (ct 1), trc tung l lu lng nc thi ly
tch (ct 5). Chm cc im tng ng t bng tnh. V ng cong ni lin cc
im ly tch vi nhau. Ni im 0 vi im tch ly trong 24 gi, ta c ng
trung bnh, v 2 ng thng x-x' v y-y' song song vi vi ng trung bnh v
tip xc vi im lm v im li ca ng ly tch ln lt ti A v B (hnh 2.7).
Khong cch thng ng gia x-x' v y-y' l th tch b cha cn c.

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16000

y'
14000
12000

Lng nc
thai luy tch
(m3)

10000

Th tch b

y
8000
6000

x'

4000

2000

Gi

Hnh 2.7:

0:00

22:00

20:00

18:00

16:00

14:00

12:00

10:00

8:00

6:00

4:00

2:00

0:00

ng cong ly tch th tch lng nc thi trong ngy

Theo hnh 2.7, th tch b ti thiu cn xy dng V = 2 000 m3.


Trong thc t, ngi ta thng gia tng th tch b khi xy dng khong 10% n
20% so vi tnh ton d phng cc trng hp gia tng lng nc thi bt
thng, i khi cn phi cng thm mt lng th tch nc cht no ty theo
nh hng ca cao trnh cng thot.
==============================================================

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chng

CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC


--- oOo --3.1 CNG TRNH LM SCH C HC
3.1.1 Song chn rc
Trong hu ht cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng bin php x l c hc u c
song chn rc (bar-rack/screen). Song chn rc l hng mc cng trnh x l s
b u tin nhm ngn gi rc bn th gm giy, bc nylon, cht do, c cy, v
hp, g, ... Cc loi rc ny c th lm tt nghn ng dn nc hoc lm
h hng my bm. Song chn rc l mt hay nhiu lp thanh an xen k vi
nhau (cn gi l mc song) t ngang ng dn nc thi. Rc sau khi ly ra
khi nc thi thng c em qua b phn nghin (grinder), t hoc chn ty
theo mc , kinh ph v cng ngh (xem hnh 3.1).

Hnh 3.1:

S trm x l c hc

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------i vi song chn rc, ta c th phn bit:
Theo khe h ca song chn c 3 kch c: loi th ln (30 - 200 mm), loi
trung bnh (16 - 30 mm), loi nh (di 16 mm ).
Theo cu to ca song chn: loi c nh v loi di ng.
Theo phng cch ly rc: loi th cng v loi c gii.
Thanh an trong song chn c th c hnh trn ( = 8 - 10 mm) hoc hnh ch
nht (tit din ngang (s x b) = 10 x 40 mm, 8 x 60 mm, ...). Hnh trn th thun li
cho dng chy nhng kh co rc, cn hnh ch nht th gy tn tht dng chy.
C nhiu hnh dng khc, tt nht l hnh bu dc, nhng chi ph loi ny cao.

Hnh 3.2: Cc kch thc v hnh dng ca thanh chn rc


Loi song chn rc di ng thng t c s dng do thit b phc tp v qun
l kh. Ph bin l loi chn rc dng thanh ch nht c nh, rc c ly bng
co st gn vi mt trc quay. Lng rc c gi li ph thuc vo khe h gia
cc thanh chn. Tu theo mc rc trong nc thi, ngi ta nh cc khe h
ca song chn, nu rng qu th s khng ngn rc hiu qu, cn nu hp qu th
cn tr dng chy.
Bng 3.1: Ch s thit k thanh chn
D liu thit k
Co rc bng tay
Kch thc thanh chn
+ B dy, inches (mm)
+ B bn, inches (mm)
Khong h, inch (mm)
dc ( )
Vn tc dng chy, ft/s (m/s)
Tn tht dng chy, inch (mm)

0.2 - 0.6 (5.08 - 15.24)


1.0 - 1.5 (25.4 - 38.1)
1.0 - 2.0 (25.4 - 38.1)
15 - 45
1.0 - 2.0 (0.3048 - 0.6096)
6 (152.4)

Co rc bng c hc
0.2 - 0.6 (5.08 - 15.24)
1.0 - 1.5 (25.4 - 38.1)
0.6 - 30 (15.24 - 72.6)
0 - 30
2.0 - 3.25 (0.6096 - 0.9906)
6 (152.4)

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995


Mt s lu khi thit k song chn rc:
Khng ch tc dng chy nc thi qua song chn t 0,5 - 1,0 m/s.
Nu lng rc W > 0,1 m3/ngy th c th ly rc bng tay.
Nu lng rc W 0,1 m3/ngy th c th ly rc bng c gii.
Tn tht ct nc khi i qua song chn rc c th xc nh theo:

hL = B( s / b) 4 / 3 .hv . sin

(3-1)

trong :
s l b dy thanh chn
b l khong h gia 2 thanh
hV l ct nc dng chy on gn n song chn rc, hV = V2/2g
l gc nghing ca thanh chn so vi chiu dng chy
B l h s hnh dng ca thanh chn, ly theo bng sau:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC
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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 3.2: H s hnh dng thanh chn rc
Hnh dng thanh
H s B
2,42
Thanh ch nht sc cnh vung
1,83
Thanh ch nht c u trn mt thng lu dng chy
1,79
Hnh trn
1,67
Thanh ch nht c u trn mt thng lu v h lu
0,76
Thanh hnh git nc
Ngun: Kriengsak Udomsinrot, Watsewater Engineering Design, AIT, 1989
3.1.2 Mt s kiu song chn rc
Hnh 3.3 l mt kiu song chn rc co bng tay, y l loi c dng ph bin
cc cng trnh u mi ca trm bm nc thi. Khi thit k cn lu l chiu
di rnh lm sch bng tay khng nn vt qu khong cch thun li cho vic
co rc bng tay, khong 3 m. Thanh chn rc thng khng nh hn 10 mm
theo chiu dy v 50 mm theo chiu su. Cc thanh ny c hn cht trong mt
khung cng vi cc khong cch ph hp vi dng c co rc. Pha trn knh
dn thng c cc tm y ngn cn mi hi ca nc thi. Knh dn nc
thi cn c thit k ngn cn cc tch t sn si v cc vt liu nng khc
lng t trong knh, nn xc nh b rng knh dn trc khu vc chn rc sao
cho vn tc dng chy ch gii hn trong khong 0,40 m/s - 0,80 m/s l tt nht.

Hnh 3.3: Mt kiu kt cu song chn rc co bng tay

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Song chn rc c b phn ly rc bng c gii rt a dng v hnh kiu, mi loi
u c u im v khuyt im ring (hnh 3.4).

Hnh 3.4: Mt s kt cu chn rc vi thit b lm sch bng c gii


(a) kiu vn hnh bng xch quay; (b) kiu bn co trt (theo Franklin Miller);
(c) kiu ti quay (theo Dresser Industries); (d) kiu u cp
Trong hnh 3.4(a), b phn co rc vn hnh bng xch quay theo mt u
dn, rc c cun theo chiu i xung ca dy xch v a ln mt mng lc .
u im ca kiu ny l vic ly rc tng i trit nht l cc loi rc "mm"
nh giy, vi, nylon,... cc thanh chn c bo v khi b h hi do cc mnh v
gy ra. Khuyt im l n thnh thong b kt do cc loi rc "cng" gy ra, ng
thi gp kh khn khi chnh sa bnh xch v cn thit phi tho nc khi lng
knh.
Hnh 3.4(b) l mt kiu ly rc theo cch trt, b phn co rc di chuyn
theo mt gi , ln n u gi , rc s t ri xung v a i ni khc.
nghing ca gi c th iu chnh ty theo tnh trng rc thi. u im ca
kiu ny l hu ht cc b phn ly rc u nm trn mc nc, c th d dng
lm sch v qun l m khng cn phi tho sch nc trong lng knh. Khuyt
im ca n l b phn co rc ch hotng trn mt chiu gi thay v lin tc
nh loi xch quay.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC
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L Anh Tun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hnh 3.4(c) l mt hnh thc ly rc theo kiu ti quay, b phn co rc
c gi trn gi nh vo trng lng ca dy xch. u im ca kiu nu l
b phn u bnh rng c kh khng b ngp chm trong nc thi. Khuyt im
ca n l chim nhiu khng gian lp t.
Hnh 3.4(d) cho mt kiu ly rc bng u cp, b phn co rc i ln
xung trn mt gi trc qua s chuyn ng ca h thng dy co v u trng
quay. B phn co i xung bng trng lng bn thn v nng ln bng cp
quay. u im ca kiu ny l b phn co rc t trng lng bn thn n m
nhn mt phn vic vn hnh c hc khi ri vo vng nc thi. Khuyt im ca
n l kh nng co rc b gii hn, qun l hi phc tp, cun cp hay b vng
do cht thi rn v b phn thng hm c hc thng b trc trt.
V d 3.1: nh hnh kch thc lin quan n vic thit k mt knh dn trc khi
i n mt b phn song chn rc co tay vi cc thng s tnh ton sau:
+ Lu lng thit k ln nht
Q = 1 m3/s
+ Vn tc dng chy i qua song chn rc
V = 0,5 m/s
+ Khong cch cc thanh chn rc
b = 50 mm
+ Chiu su dng chy trong knh ly rc
H = 1 m.
Tnh h s hu dng ca song lc v s lng rc qua song mi ngy, gi thit
song c kh nng gi 20 m3 rc /106 m3 nc thi.
Gii:
1. Tnh chiu rng cc thanh chn v b rng knh dn nc thi
Din tch mt lm sch qua song chn A:
Q
1
A= =
= 2 m2
V 0 ,5
Chiu rng mt lm sch qua song chn W:
A 2
W =
= =2 m
1
H
S khong h trn song chn rc n:

n=

W
2 .m 100 .cm
=
=
= 40 khong h
b 5.cm
1.m

Mi khong h c b rng b = 5 cm, tng s thanh chn s l 40 - 1 = 39 thanh,


mi thanh chn c rng 5 mm, vy chiu rng ca knh dn nc thi s l:
B = B rng cc khong h + B rng cc thanh chn
5

B = 2,00 + 39
= 2,195 2,2 m (lm trn)
1000

2. Tnh h s hu dng - efficiency coefficient ce - ca song chn rc (c nh


ngha l t s gia khng gian lm sch so vi b rng knh dn, h s ny cng
c dng khi tnh ton b rng knh)

ce =

n.b
40 50
=
= 0,91
B 2,2 1000

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Tnh ton s rc gi li song lc trong 1 ngy.
Khi lng rc gi li
= (20 m3/1.000.000 m3)(1 m3/s)(3600 s/h)(24 h/ngy)
= 1,73 m3 rc/ngy.
V d 3.2: Mt song co rc dng thanh ng vi khong h l b =25 mm lc
rc t nc thi n mt nh my x l qua mt ng dn hnh trn. Cho bit :
+ ng knh ng dn D = 1,25 m
+ H s nhm ng ng n = 0,013
+ dc ng ng S = 0,00064
+ Vn tc trung bnh dng nc Vavg = 0,8 Vmax (vn tc ln nht)
+ Kch thc thanh chn s = 10 mm (dy), b rng song chn 1,5 m

Yu cu xc nh
(1) vn tc trung bnh dng chy trong ng.
(2) s thanh chn cho b phn song co rc theo cc s liu trn.
(3) tn tht ct nc qua song chn ng vi Vavg.
Gii : Trng hp nc chy y ng, lu lng ln nht s l (p dng
phng trnh Hazen-Williams):
8/3
1/ 2
0,312.D 8 / 3 .S 1 / 2 0,312.(1,25) .(0,00064 )
Qmax =
=
= 1,10 m3/s
n
0,013
Vn tc ln nht ca dng chy trong ng:
Q
1,10
= 0,9 m/s
Vmax = max =
A
.(1,25)2 / 4
(1): Vn tc trung bnh dng chy nc thi trong ng
Vavg = 0,8 Vmax = 0,8 x 0,9 = 0,72 m/s
(2): S thanh chn yu cu tng ng vi knh thc khong h 25 mm
n = (b rng song chn - 1 khong h)/(1 khong h +b dy 1 thanh chn)
(1,5 1000 25) = 42,1 ==> Chn 42 thanh chn
n=
(25 + 10)
(3): Tn tht ct nc ng vi Vavg
hL = B( s / b) 4 / 3 .hv . sin
trong : thanh ch nht B = 1,83, s = 10 mm = 0,01 m, b = 25 mm = 0,025 m
hV l ct nc dng chy on gn n song chn rc, hV = Vavg2/2g
l gc nghing ca thanh chn so vi chiu dng chy, ly = 90
0,72 2
. sin 90 = 0,014 m
hL = 1,83.(0,01 / 0,025) 4 / 3
2 9,81

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.2 B LNG CT
B lng ct (grit chamber) dng chn gi nhng ht ct, sn nh c trong
nc thi, c bit l nhng h thng thot nc ma v nc thi chy chung.
Cc ht ct ny c th gy h hng my bm v lm nghn cc ng dn bn ca
cc b lng. Khi lng nc thi ln hn 100 m3/ngy th vic xy dng b lng
ct l cn thit. Dng chy trong cc b nn khng ch vo khong Vmax 0,3
m/s nhm m bo cc ht ct c th lng chm xung y, ng thi cng khng
nn nc chy vi vn tc nh hn 0,15 m/s lm cc lin kt hu c trong
nc thi lng ng.
Thi gian nc lu li trong b lng t 30 - 60 giy. Cc b lng ct c h thu ct
u b, ct c thu hi bng bin php th cng khi lng ct Wct ( 0,5
m3/ngy m, trn lng ny c th dng c gii nh bm phun tia, gu xc,
bm rut xon kiu Archimde, ...
Di y l mt s kiu b lng ct:

Hnh 3.5 l mt s b lng ct nc


chy thng vi h thu ct u knh, y
knh c dc ngc i = - 0,01, dc ca
h thu ct khng nh hn 45, cui knh l
mt p trn thnh mng thu hp bn hnh
loe. Dng chy qua p trn ny ging nh
chy qua l, vn tc trn mt cao hn di.
Mt s trng hp, ch ng khng ch
vn tc trong knh theo mun, ngi ta
lm mt bng khuy quay trn nh hnh v
(bng khuy cn lm nhim v gt y cc
cht thi ni). H thu ct c th b tr mt b
phn ly ct nh hnh 3.6.
Hnh 3.6: B phn thu hi ct
bng bm xon Archimde

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 3.3:
(1) Thit k mt b lng ct vi lu lng nc thi ln nht Qmax = 0,45 m3/s.
Cho thi gian nc lu li trong b l T = 1 pht v vn tc chy l V = 0,3 m/s.
B rng knh dn l B = 1,50 m.
(2) Xc nh kch thc ca p trn hnh loe cn thit. Cho chiu cao t y
knh n nh trn l P = 0,2 m (xem hnh 3.5).
Gii: (1) Tnh ton kch thc b lng ct
Chiu di b lng ct:
L = V.T
= 0,3 m/s x 60
= 18 m
Din tch mt ct t:
Chiu su lp nc:

Q 0,450
=
= 1,5 m2
V
0,3
A 1,5
H= =
= 1,0 m
B 1,5
A=

(2) Thit k p trn hnh loe


p trn hnh loe i xng c b tr cui knh dn. y l dng phi hp
gia bi ton dng chy qua mt p trn thnh mng v mt l. Loi ny c c
im l khi Q tng gp i, th chiu su dng chy cng tng gp i v nhng
vn tc dng chy khng i:
Q
2Q
V=
=
( B)( H ) ( B )(2 H )
vi B l b rng knh v H = (h + P) l su dng chy.
Ti im lu lng max, ct nc trn nh trn l:
h = H - P = 1,00 - 0,20 = 0,80 m
Lu lng qua p trn hnh loe c tnh theo cng thc:
Q = 1,57. 2 g .C.(l.h 3 / 2 ) = 7,5.(l.h 3 / 2 )
vi

l l b ngang mt nc qua hnh loe trn mc nc trn h.


C l h s lu lng, C = 0,6
g l gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2.
T cng thc trn Q = 0,45 = 4,173 x l x (0,8)3/2

l = 0,15 m

xc nh hnh dng ca mt hnh loe, ta tnh ton theo tin trnh sau:
Q = 4,17 l.h1/2.h
Xem l.h1/2 = 0,15.(0,8)1/2 = 0,13 l mt hng s;
ta c Q = 4,17(0,13) h 0,56 h
Q
h=
0,56
Lp bng tnh:

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC


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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lu lng
Q
(m3/s)
(1)
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10

su trn
h = Q/0,56
(m)
(2)
0,803
0,714
0,625
0,535
0,446
0,357
0,267
0,178

su
H = h + 0,20
(m)
(3)
1,003
0,914
0,825
0,735
0,646
0,557
0,467
0,378

B rng
l = 0,13/h1/2
(m)
(4)
0,145
0,153
0,146
0,177
0,194
0,217
0,254
0,307

Vn tc
V = Q/BH
(m/s)
(5)
0,298
0,291
0,282
0,271
0,257
0,239
0,213
0,176

T bng tnh, ta lp quan h h ~ l (ct 2 v 4) cng nh Q ~ V (ct 1 v 5).

+ B lng ct ngang nc chy vng


Loi ny c th p dng trong trng hp lu lng nc thi ln hn 2.000
m3/ngy m. Loi ny c u im l t tn din tch xy dng. B gm phn
lng, mng vng theo chu vi hnh trn ca b. y mng lm khe h rng
chng 0,10 - 0,15 m ct chui xung phn cha. Phn cha ny hnh chp ct.
Ct c ly ra bng my bm phun tia. Nguyn tc lm vic ca b loi ny
ging nh b lng ct ngang nc chy thng.

Hnh 3.7:
B lng ct nc chy vng
1. Tm phay
2. Nc k thut (cho bm phun)
3. ng dn ct (

1 H
1
<
< )
8
R
6

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC


33

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ B lng ct c sc kh
B lng ct loi ny thit k theo quan st chuyn ng ca cht lng xoy trn
lm cc ht rn trong cht lng tch ly li, nht l cc ht ct c ng knh ln
hn 0,2 mm, thi gian lu li trong b khong 2 n 5 pht ti thi im c lu
lng cc i. H thu ct c b tr di y ng dn chng 0,9 m di cc
ng thi kh. Cc ng thi kh c t v tr cch y b chng 0,45 - 0,60 m.

Hnh 3.8: Chuyn ng ca ht ct trong b lng c kh nn


Bng 3.3: Thng s thit k b lng ct vi bm kh nn
Thng s

Khong p dng

Khong
chun

Thi gian lu li trong b ti Q max, pht


+ Su
Kch thc b, ft ( 1 ft # 0,3048 m)
+ Rng
+ Di
T s Rng : Su
T s Di : Rng
My nn kh, ft3/min.ft (# 0.0929 m3/min.m)
Lng ct thu, ft3/Mgal (# 0,00748 m3/103 m3 nc)

2-5
7 - 16 (2,133 - 4,867)
25 - 65 (7,620 - 19,812)
8 - 23 (2,438 - 19,507)
1:1 - 5:1
3:1 - 5:1
2 - 5 (0,1855 - 0,4645)
0,5 - 27 (0,0037 - 0,2019)

1,5 : 1
4:1
2 (0,0149)

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995


V d 3.4: Xc nh kch thc b lng ct hot ng vi bm kh nn cho mt
knh dn nc thi c lu lng thi ln nht l Qmax = 30 000 m3/ngy, thi
gian cht thi trong knh ng vi Qmax l 3 pht, chiu su dng chy trong b l
H = 3 m. Dng my nn kh vi cng sut nn = 0,6 m3/pht.m, hiu sut a =
60% thi kh vo b. My nn kh ny c ko bi 1 m-t in hot ng
hiu sut m = 90%. Cho bit:
- ngp my khuy 2,5 m
- Tn tht ct nc ti ng khuy 300 mm, ng khuy di L = 2,8 m
- Tn tht ng ng khuy v van khong 30%
- Gi in tiu th Ce = 0.03 USD/KWh

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC


34

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tnh lng kh cn thit, cng sut kh ti u ra ca my nn kh v chi ph tin
in hng thng.
Gii :
Vi s liu cho, xc nh kch thc b
Lu lng knh max
Q = 30.000 m3/ngy
Thi gian lu li
T = 3 pht = V/Q
(V l th tch khi nc thi)
Th tch khi nc thi trong knh:
3.phut 30000.m 3 / ngay
= 62 ,5 m3 nc thi
V = T.Q =
24.gi 60.phut

A (m2)

Din tch mt thong:


V 62,5
A=
=
= 20,8 m2
H
3
Chn mt thong c
b di L = 8,5 m v b rng W = 2,5 m:
(8,5 x 2,5) = 21,25 m2 > 20,8 m2

L (m)
H (m)
Q (m3/s)

W (m)

Xc nh lu lng kh cn thit
Qair = 0,6 m3/pht. m x 8,5 m = 5,1 m3/pht
Xc nh cng sut:
Tnh ct p nc
h = (my khuy kh) + ( ngp my khuy kh) + (tn tht ng khuy v van)
h = 300 mm + 2500 mm + 30% (2800 mm) = 3,64 m
h = 3,64 x 9790 N/m2/m = 35.700 N/m2 (1 m p nc 20C = 9 790 N/m2)
Cng sut my bm kh P:
Q h 5,1 35.700
=
= 303.450 N.m/60 giy = 5058 Watt (1 W = 1 N.m/s)
P = air
0,60
b
P 5,06 kW
Chi ph bm kh mi thng Cm t ng c
T C e P 24.h / d 30.d / mo 0,03$ / kW .h 5,06kW
Cm = m
=
= 121.$ / mo
m
0,90

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC


35

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ B lng ct ng

Hnh 3.9: B lng ct ng


B lng ct ng c xy dng theo nguyn tc nc thi dn theo ng tip
tuyn vi phn di hnh tr vo b. Dng chy xoy vng theo trc, tnh tin i
ln. Cc ht ct b ri dn v y phu v c ly ra khi b.
Ti trng ca nc thi ln mt b c th ly vo khong 110 - 130 m3/m2. Tc
nc chy trong mng thu l 0,4 m/s. Ly thi gian nc lu tn T = 2 - 3,5 pht.
Tc nc dng ln 3 - 3,7 m/s.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3 B LNG S CP
B lng s cp (primary sedimentation tanks) l mt trong nhng tin trnh x l
nc thi c in nht, n c nhim v gi li cc cht khng ha tan, tri l lng
trong nc thi. Cc cht c th b gi li trong b gm:

Cc cht rn c kh nng lng;


Cc cht du, m v cc vt liu ni khc;
Mt phn cc cht ti hu c.

Theo tc gi Gerard Kiely (Environmental engineering, 1997), nu b lng s cp


c thit k v vn hnh tt th c khong 50 - 70 % cht rn l lng b gi li v
lm gim 25 - 40 % hm lng BOD5 trc khi i vo vic x l bng phng
php sinh hc (hnh 3.10).

Hnh 3.10: Quan h gia tc chy mt v t l cht thi rn lng ng


(McGhee, 1991) (cc ng t nt - - - - - - dng cho v d 3.5)
Ngi ta phn bit:
+ B lng s cp hot ng gin on: loi ny p dng khi lng nc thi t
v ch thi khng ng u (v d xng git o qun). B loi ny c
nguyn tc hot ng tng i n gin l ta c vic x nc thi vo mt b
cha (xem cch xc nh cch cn bng dng chy phn 2.3.5, chng 2) v
nc ng yn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (khong 1,5 - 2,5 gi),
sau khi cc cht rn lng xung, ta tho nc ra v cho lng x mi vo.
+ B lng hot ng lin tc: nc thi c x lin tc vo b v trong qu
trnh di chuyn cc cht rn l lng b gi li. C nhiu kiu b loi ny: b lng
ngang, b lng ng v b lng hnh trn.
Hnh 3.11 v 3.12 l s cc kiu b lng ch nht v hnh trn, cc b ny
ngoi chc nng lng bn ct cn thm nhim v thu ht cc cht cn vn nh
xng du, m, du nhn, cht do nh v cc cht thi ni khc.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc ht cht rn c tc lng khc nhau, n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh s
lng ht rn, hnh dng, trng lng ring, ng lc dng chy v c nhit
nc na. Mt s nh nghin cu v thy lc c gng xc nh qu trnh lng
bng mt phng trnh ton hc nhng n nay vn cha c th khi qut ha
c. n nay qu trnh lng ng hc thng xc nh bng cch thc nghim.
Vn tc lng ca thnh phn ht Vs c th ly theo cng thc:
g
Vs =
( s w ).d 2
(3-7)
18.
trong
g - gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2
- h s nht ng hc (dynamic viscosity), = ., N.s/m2
( l h s nht ng lc - kinematic viscosity - ca cht lng, m2/s v
l trng lng ring - density -, kg/m3)
s v w - ln lt l khi lng ring ca nc thi v nc tinh
d - ng knh ht, mm

Hnh 3.13: Mt kiu b x l s cp hnh trn


Ch tiu thit k b lng s cp gm:

Lng chy trn mt thong (surface overflow rate - SOR) (m3/day/m2)


Chiu su lp nc
c im hnh hc ca mt bng
Thi gian lu tn thy lc
Tc nc chy qua mt n v chiu di p trn thnh mng

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 3.4: Cc s liu thit k b lng s cp
Thng s
Khong bin thin
B lng s cp trc trm x l th cp

Thi gian lu tn, gi


Lu lng, gal/ft2.day (m3/m2.day)
- Trung bnh
- Ti a
Lu lng qua 1 n v chiu di p trn
gal/ft.day (m3/m.day)
B lng s cp c hon lu bn hot tnh

Thi gian lu tn, gi


Lu lng, gal/ft2.day (m3/m2.day)
- Trung bnh
- Ti a
Lu lng qua 1 n v chiu di p trn
gal/ft.day (m3/m.day)

Khong
chun

1,5 - 2,5

2,0

800 - 1.200 (32,56 - 48,84)


2.000 - 3.000 (81,4 - 122,1)

2.500 (101,75)

10.000 - 40.000 (124 - 496)

20.000 (248)

1,5 - 2,5

2,0

600 - 800 (24,42 - 32,56)


1.200 - 1.700 (48,84 - 69,19)

1.500 (61,05)

10.000 - 40.000 (124 - 496)

20.000 (248)

Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995


Bng 3.5: S liu thit k b lng s cp hnh ch nht v hnh trn
Thng s
B lng hnh ch nht
- chiu su, ft (m)
- chiu di, ft (m)
- chiu rng, ft (m) *

Vn tc thit b gt vng, ft/min (m/min)


B lng hnh trn
- chiu su, ft (m)
- ng knh, ft (m)
- dc y, in/ft (mm/m)

Khong bin thin

Khong chun

10 - 15 (3,048 - 4,572)
50 - 300 (15,24 - 91,44)
10 -80 (3,048 - 24,384)
2 - 4 (0,6096 - 1,2192)

12 (3,6576)
80 - 130 (24,384 - 39,624)
16 - 32 (4,8768 - 9,7536)
3 (0,9144)

10 - 15 (3,048 - 4,572)
10 - 200 (3,048 - 60,96)
0,75 - 2 (62,5 - 166,6)
0,02 - 0,05

12 (3,6576)
40 - 150 (12,192 - 45,72)
1 (83,3)
0,03

Vn tc thit b gt vng cn, r/min


Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995

* nu chiu rng b ch nht ln hn 20 ft (6,096 m) ta c th dng thit b gt


nhiu cnh, loi ny cho php thit k chiu rng b ln n 80 ft (24,384 m) hoc
hn na.
Nc thi c thnh phn kch thc ht nh bng.
Kch thc ht d, mm
% trng lng ht lng
Vn tc lng Vs (mm/s)
S Reynolds, Re

0,1
10
0,81
0,08

0,08
15
0,52
0,042

0,07
35
0,40
0,028

0,06
65
0,30
0,018

0,04
90
0,13
0,005

0,02
98
0,03
0,0006

0,01
100
0,008
0,00008

V d 3.5: Xc nh kch thc mt b lng s cp hnh vung x l 36.400


m3/day nc thi vi lng chy mt l SOR = 12 m3/ m2.ngy v thi gian lu
l 6 gi. Tnh lng thi loi ton b nu trong lng ring ca nc thi l 1,15.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q
36.400
=
= 3.033 m2
SOR
12
B hnh vung L = W = 3033 = 55,072 m, ly trn 56 x 56 m
Ap =

Gii: Din tch mt thong

Vi vic chn b hnh vung 56 x 56 m th lng chy mt thc t SOR' s l:


36.400
SOR =
= 11,607 m3/ m2.ngy
56 56
6
Chiu su b
= 2,901 m. Ly trn H = 3,0 m
H = V s .t = 12,033
24
Kim tra lng chy qua p trn (Weir overflow rate, WOR):
Q 36.400
= 650 m3/day/m
WOR =
=
W
56
V d 3.5: Thit k mt b lng s cp loi 60% cht rn l lng (SS) vi lu
lng dng nc thi trung bnh l 5.000 m3/ngy so vi h s lu lng max l
2,5. Xc nh mc gim ca BOD5.
Gii: Cn c vo th trong hnh 3.10 ta thy, gim 60% SS th tc chy
tr mt s cn l SOR = 35 m3/day.m2. ng thi gi tr ny cng dn n gim
32% BOD5.

Din tch mt thong: A p =

Q
5000
=
= 143 m2
SOR
35

Chn b trn c ng knh 13,5 m v chiu su b l 3m.


Th tch b :
V = 143 x 3 = 429 m3
Thi gian lu tn : T =

Vday
Q

Ti lu lng max: SOR =

429.m 3 24.h
= 2.06 h
5000.m 3 / m 2 .ngay

2.5 5000
= 87 m3/ day.m2.
143

Vi SOR = 87 m3/day.m2, tra li th hnh 3.10 ta xc nh c mc loi thi


SS l 38% v BOD5 gim 20%.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4 B THU DU, B THU M
Du m trong nc thi t cc nh my lc du, xng sa cha xe c, x
nghip ch bin thc phm gia sc, ... l cc cht c hi cho mi trng sinh
thi. Cch tnh ton kch thc v kt cu hai loi b thu du v b thu m th
tng t.
i vi cc cht cn vn ni c trong nc nh du (c kch thc ht khong
0,1 - 0,08 mm) v m (c kch thc ht ln hn 0,1 mm) th tc ni ln Umin
ca ht s c xc nh theo cng thc Stokes:
981 2 n d
U min =
.d .
(cm/s)
(3-8)

18
trong :
d - ng knh ht du, cm
n, d - ln lt l trng lng ring ca nc thi v du, g/cm3
- nht ca nc thi, 20C c th ly = 0,01 g/cm3.s
Chiu di ca b thu du c th xc nh theo cng thc:
v
(m)
(3-8)
L = . tt .h
U min
trong :
vtt - tc tnh ton ca dng chy
h - chiu su cng tc ca b
- h s chy ri theo quan h gia vtt/Umin, c th ly theo
vtt/Umin

20
1,75

15
1,65

10
1,5

Nu xy v vn hnh tt, c th thu hi 97 - 98% lng du trong nc thi.


V d 3.6:
Mt nh my lc du x c knh nc thi trn ln vi du cn vi lu lng thi
220 l/s. Hm lng du trong nc thi l 5.000 mg/l. Cho bit ht du c ng
knh d = 0,008 cm, nhit 20C, trng lng ring ca du l d = 0,87 g/cm3,
nc thi n = 1 g/cm3, nht ca mi trng nc thi l = 0,01 g/cm3.s. T
s vn tc dng chy ngang trong b v vn tc ni ti thiu l vtt/Umin = 10. Yu
cu xc nh kch thc b thu du.
Gii : Tc ni ln ca ht du:
981 2 n d 981
1 0,87
U min =
.d .
=
.0,008 2.
= 0,0465 cm/s = 0,00465 m/s
18
18
0,01

Vi vtt/ Umin = 10, ta c h s chy ri = 1,5


Vn tc tnh ton vtt = 10.Umin = 0,465 cm/s
Mt ct t b thu du:
Q
0,22
48 m2
= =
vtt 0,00465
Thanh gt du thng c chiu rng 1,2 - 1,5 m. Chn 4 thanh, chiu rng b thu
du ly l B = 6 m, 4 ngn. Khi chiu su cng tc ca b l:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------h=

w
48
=
=2m
B 64

Chiu di ca b thu du:


v
L = . tt .h = 1,5 10 2 = 30 m
U min
Dung tch b thu du:
W = B.L.h = 24 x 30 x 2 = 1.440 m3
Thi gian lng nc thi trong b thu du:
30 100
L
=
t=
= 107,52 pht # 1 gi 47 pht
v tt 0,465 60
3.5 B LC
Ngi ta c th dng cc ht sn si, ct, than ... loi b mt phn cc cht
rn l lng ca nc thi v lng BOD trc khi cho qua cc cng trnh x l
sinh hc hay ha hc khc. B lc thm hay b lc nh git (percolating hay
trickling filters) l mt trong cc hnh thc lc c in vi dng hnh hp trn , hnh
ch nht bng b tng hoc thp cha si, vi (c ng knh ht khong 25 100 mm). Kch thc cc b thng vo khong 1,0 - 2,5 m theo chiu su v c
ng knh khong 5 - 50 m, y b l cc tm lc thu hi nc thi qua
x l b lc thm. Gn y b c mt l nh thng kh. S b nh hnh v.

Hnh 3.14: S mt b lc thm


Cc yu t nh hng n vic x l v thit k b lc:
Thnh phn v kh nng x l ca nc thi;
Loi vt liu lc v b dy lp lc;
Tnh dn ti thy lc v hu c;
T s quay vng v sp xp nc thi;
Nhit nc thi;
S vn hnh ca h thng phn phi nc thi

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 3.6: Cc c trng ca b lc nh git
c trng thit k (vn tc)
Thp
Trung
Loi vt liu lc
Ti thy lc (x 1000 m3/m2. ngy)
Ti hu c (kg BOD5/m3. ngy)
% BOD b loi kh
Nitrat hoa

Si
40 - 100
3-6
50 - 70
Mt s

Si
10 - 40
1-3
80 - 85
C

Cao

Rt cao

Lc trn

Si
100 - 400
6 - 12
40 - 80
Khng

Plastic
150 - 900
< 30
65 - 85
t

Plastic/ Si
600 - 1800
> 20
40 - 85
Khng

Ngun: American Water Works Association (AWWA), 1992


Nhit ca dng nc thi cng cao th hiu qu lc cng ln. Cng thc kinh
nghim sau cho thy quan h gia hiu sut b lc v nhit nc thi:

Et = E20 .a t 20
trong :

(3-9)

Et - hiu sut b lc nhit nc thi t C


E20 - hiu sut b lc nhit nc thi 20 C
a - hng s thc nghim, a = 1,035

Thng thng, gin phun nc thi quay vi vn tc 1 vng/pht vi lng nc


thi phun ra mi t khong 30 giy. Nu tn sut phun ln hn 30 giy th phi
iu chnh gin quay chm li nhm gim s vng vi bi nc thi v vi trng
trn mt b. B lc c kh nng lm gim lng BOD. Tuy nhin hiu sut ca
vic gim BOD ty thuc rt nhiu vo thnh phn v ng u ca vt liu
lc. Hai cng thc kinh nghim sau tnh ton hiu sut gim BOD ca b:
Theo M hnh ca Hi ng Nghin cu Quc gia (The National Research
Council, NRC) ca M, 1948:

E=
trong :

100
1 + 0,448. W / VF

(3-10)

E - hiu sut gim BOD (efficiency of BOD removal) ca b lc


W - lng BOD vo (influent BOD), kg/ngy
V - lng lc thi (filter removal), m3
F - h s hon lu (recirculation factor) = (1+R)/(1 +0,1R)2
R = Qr/Q = lng hon lu/lng nc thi

Lu : + C th thay W/V bng L vi L l lng ti BOD (g/m3 mi ngy)


+ Theo Kriengsak Udomsinrot (AIT, 1989), h s thc nghim 0,448 ca
M c th thay bng 0,014 trong iu kin p dng ng Nam do iu kin x
l lc thi vng nhit i cao hn cc vng n i, dn n hiu sut cao hn.
Theo Cm nang M hnh Thc nghim Anh quc (The British Manual of
Practices Model), 1988:

L1
1
=
t 15
Lo 1 + K
A.s m / Q n

trong :

)]

(3-11)

L1 - lng BOD vo, mg/l


Lo - lng BOD ra sau khi x l, mg/l

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------K - h s lc (K = 0,02 vi sn si, = 0,4 vi plastic)
Asm - din tch mt thm (media surface area) v h s, m2/m3
(m = 1,41 vi sn si, = 0,73 vi plastic)
Qn - tc ti khi (volumetric loading rate) v h s, m2/m3.ngy
(m = 1,25 vi sn si, = 1,4 vi plastic)
- h s nhit (= 1,111), t - nhit ca nc thi, C
V d 3. 7: Nc thi th cho s liu sau:
Lng BOD5 ban u = 360 mg/l
Tiu chun BOD5 i hi = 25 mg/l
Dn s tng ng (PE) = 20.000 ngi vi lng thi 225 l/ngi.ngy
Nhit nc thi t = 20 C
Xc nh th tch mt b lc nh git n vi vt liu lc l sn si, nu t s hon
lu R l 1:1 v 2:1. S dng phng trnh NRC.

360 25
= 93%
360
Vi R = 1:1 = 1, s dng phng trnh NRC:

Gii: Hiu sut gim BOD yu cu:

E=

H s hon lu:
1+ R
1+1
F=
=
= 1,65
2
(1 + 0,1R)
1 + 0,1.1) 2
Lng ti BOD5 ban u:
W = 20.000 x 225 x 360 x 10-6 = 1620 kg/ngy
Phng trnh NRC:
100
100
E=
= 93 =
1 + 0,448. W / VF
1 + 0,448. 1620 / V (1,65)

V = 34.793 m3
Nu hiu sut hu dng l 80 % th V' = 34.793/ 80% = 43.491 m3
Vi R = 2:1 = 2
H s hon lu:
1+ R
1+ 2
F=
=
= 2.083
2
(1 + 0,1R)
1 + 0,1 2) 2
Phng trnh NRC:
100
100
E=
= 93 =
1 + 0,448. W / VF
1 + 0,448. 1620 / V (2,083)
3

V = 26.550 m
Nu hiu sut hu dng l 80 % th V' = 26.550/ 80% = 31.212 m3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC


45

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chn n = 10 b lc hnh trn vi kch thc: su h = 2,5 m, ng knh D = 40 m.

3,1416 40 2
D 2
Kim tra: Vtk = n.(
.h) = 10
2,5 = 31.416 m3 > 31.212 m3 (tha).
4
4

V d 3.8:

Cho BOD5 ca nc thi WBOD = 200 mg/l


Lng nc thi
WW = 1.400 m3/ngy
Th tch b lc nh git
Vtf
= 16.000 m3
S dng b lc nh git vn tc thp, khng c h thng hon lu.
Xc nh hiu sut lc h thng trong iu kin nhit i v lng BOD5 loi b.
Gii: Tnh lng ti BOD5
WW W BOD 1400.(m 3 / ngay ) 200.(mg / l )
L=
=
= 17,5 g/m3.ngy
3
Vtf
16000.(m )
H s hon lu
1+ R
F=
= 1 , v R = 0 (khng c lng nc thi hon lu)
(1 + 0,1R ) 2
Hiu sut b lc trong iu kin nhit i :
100
100
E=
=
= 84,41 %
1 + 0,014. L / F 1 + 0,014. 17,5 / 1
Lng BOD5 loi thi:
EffBOD = (1 - E).WBOD = (1 - 0,8441) x 200 = 31 mg/l
=============================================================

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46

Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chng

CNG TRNH LM SCH NC THI DI T


--- oOo --4.1 CNG TRNH NH V SINH
4.1.1 Khi qut
Con ngi v gia sc lun lun to ra cht thi t chnh mnh, ch yu l phn v
nc tiu. Cc cht thi ngi v gia sc l ngun mang nhiu vi trng mang
mm bnh (germs) nh tiu chy (diarrhoea), dch t (cholera), thng hn
(typhoid) hoc vim gan siu vi loi A (hepatitis A), ..., ngoi vn gy mi hi
kh chu v mt thm m. Hnh 4.1 cho thy cc ng i ca bnh tt do
nhim vi khun t cht thi ngi.

Hnh 4.1 : ng i ca s ly nhim bnh tt t cht thi con ngi v gia sc


V vy, cc cht thi ny cn phi c cng trnh tip nhn v x l ti ch trc
khi cho vo h thng chung. Cc h x gia nh hay tp th tr thnh mt nhu cu
khng th thiu trong mt x hi hin i v vn minh. Bng 4.1 cho thnh phn
cht thi ngi.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T


48

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 4.1: So snh thnh phn ha hc ca phn, nc tiu ca ngi v gia sc
Hm lng theo % trng lng
Loi cht thi
K2O
N
P2O5
0,5 - 0,6
0,32 - 0,50
0,45 - 0,6
Phn heo
0,3 - 0,5
0,2 - 0,7
0,07 - 0,15
Nc tiu heo
0,60
0,60
0,60
Rc thi sinh hot
0,48
0,49
0,25
Phn chung heo
1,00
0,37
0,50
Phn ngi
0,50
0,19
0,13
Nc tiu ngi
0,5 - 0,8
0,2 - 0,3
0,20 - 0,4
Phn ln nc tiu ngi
(Ngun: Nguyn ng c, ng c Hu (1968), Bi Thanh Tm (1984)
trch bi Trn Hiu Nhu, 2001)
4.1.2 B tr Nh v sinh
cc vng nng thn, ni c din tch rng ri, kinh ph v vt liu xy dng kh
khn, nh v sinh thng b tr bn ngoi nh , mang tnh cng ng (cho 1
hoc vi nng h s dng chung), cu trc n gin nhng m bo yu cu
v sinh mi trng, mt s khong cch ti thiu hnh 4.2 cn c tham kho.

Hnh 4.2 : Khong cch ti thiu tham kho khi b tr h x cng cng vng
nng thn
Nh v sinh nn b tr ni thp nht, cn cch xa ging v cc ngun nc khc
t nht 30 m, hng chy ca nc ngm phi chy theo hng t ging h x
trnh nc thi ngi chy vo ging. y h x phi cao hn mc nc
ngm tng trn. Lng phn thi tnh trung bnh cho mi ngi l 0,06 m3/nm.
H x dnh cho mt gia nh trung bnh t 4 - 6 ngi trong 5 nm, cn c khi
tch khong 1,5 m3 - 1,8 m3 (o su 1,5 - 1,8 m + 0,5 m, y rng 1 x 1 m2). Nu
c iu kin nn xy thnh xi mng - gch ngn mt phn nc phn tiu thm
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T
49

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------vo t. Mt s h nng dn c th s dng cht thi ngi hoai lm phn
bn cho cy trng (tuy nhin cch ny khng c khuyn khch v c th gy
nhim bn t v ly lan giun sn, vi khun), h cha cht thi c th dn n
mt hm biogas th tt hn (va c cht t, va c th tn dng phn bn,
nui c, ...). Nh v sinh c th xy dng theo nh mt kiu nh hnh 4.3.

Hnh 4.3 : Mt kiu nh v sinh n gin vng nng thn


Thng thng cc th, nh v sinh (bao gm trung ch tm ra, ch tiu, ch
x, ...) phi gn ni v lm vic v c b tr v tr thun li, mt phn nhm
tit kim din tch t ai, mt phn tin vic i li. Cc cht thi ca ngi
phi c dng nc c p lc mnh tng xung cc b t hoi hoc b phn
hy.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T


50

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1.3 Phn loi nh v sinh
C 3 dng chnh chn la khi quyt nh xy dng nh v sinh:
Bng 4.2: Phn loi nh v sinh theo nguyn l x l phn
Nguyn l
Tnh cht
x l phn
u im
Nhc im
Sch s, gn gng, Chi ph cao.
Vi khun ym kh
khng hoc t gy
s phn hy cc
Khng th dng
r r mi hi
cht thi ngi
nc mn v
sau mt thi gian
nc phn c
Thch hp cho
trong b t hoi.
T hoi
nhng vng t
v cc loi nc
cao, t ph sa
ny khng gip
nc ngt.
cho phn t hoi
c.

Dng
nh v sinh

Cht thi thm


qua cc tng t
v t lm sch
T thm

Dng kh

Dng ny khng
dng nc,
thng dng tro
bp, tro tru hoc
ct mn ph lp
phn.
C th thit k
phn v nc tiu
i n nhng
thng cha ring
bit.

Thch hp cho cc
vng t thm nc
tt nh cc vng
cao, vng i ni,
vng ging ct ven
bin
c UNICEF
xut xy dng kh
nhiu ni kh hn.
R tin
Phn ngi sau
mt thi gian trn
vi tro bp c th
dng lm phn
bn cho cy trng.

C th nh
hng phn no
i vi nn t
ni t nh v
sinh.

Khng c v
sinh v thm m
C mi hi
Nu khng che
y cn thn,
rui c th n
sinh sn.

Khi xt n vic c hay khng s chuyn vn phn i ni khc kt hp vi kh


nng c hoc khng c nc di cu th ta c th theo s khuyn co Bng
4.3 v 4.4:
Bng 4.3 : Phn loi b thi lin quan s dng nc v vn chuyn phn
C s vn chuyn phn
Khng vn chuyn phn
3. Xy dng loi nh v
1. Xy dng nh v sinh
sinh c nt x ni h cha
loi c nt nhn x nc
C dng nc
ni vi h thng dn thot phn hoc ao c hoc hm
biogas
nc
2. Xy dng loi nh v
4. Xy dng loi nh v
Khng dng
sinh vi loi h x thng
sinh vi h phn
nc
compost
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T
51

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 4.4: Cc hnh thc chuyn phn
Hnh thc vn chuyn
c im
Vn chuyn phn bn bng xe ht
hm cu
Ph hp vi cc vng th v ven
, th trn
Chi ph cao
V sinh tt
Vn chuyn phn bng cng lao
ng (ngi co v xe y)
Ph hp vi vng nng thn v
vng ni, ni khan him nc
Tit kim phn bn
Thiu v sinh
Vn chuyn phn bng thng
Ph hp vi vng nng thn v
vng ni, ni khan him nc
Tit kim phn bn
Thiu v sinh

Vn chuyn phn bng thng dng


c gii
Ph hp vi vng nng thn v
thnh th
C th lm phn bn
V sinh mc va

Phn bit b t hoi theo kt cu:


Bng 4.5 : Phn loi b thi theo kt cu
Loi b
S ngi s dng
15 - 20
B t hoi 2 ngn
20 - 50
B t hoi 3 ngn
> 50
B t hoi nhiu ( > 3) ngn
4
200
B phn hy

Dung tch
3.000 - 4.000 lt
4.000 - 10.000 lt
1.000 lt/ngi
1.000 lt/ngi

Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn loi theo kiu nh x c hay khng s chia tch phn
v nc tiu cho cc mc tiu x l v s dng khc nhau.
Nu xem xt n vic vn chuyn, x l v ti s dng phn th c th theo s
hnh 2.2 sau. Quan h ny l mt phn ca m hnh canh tc sinh thi khp kn
VACB (Vn - Ao - Chung - Biogas) nng thn.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T
52

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ngi

H X

Thng
cha

S DNG&
TI S DNG

VN CHUYN
& X L

THU GOM

Khng dng nc

H
tm

Dng nc

Hm
c nh

Nui
trn

B cha phn/
B t hoi

Cng
rnh

Xe ht
hm cu

Xe b
chuyn phn

H
Biogas

Xung ao, h *

Nui
to

Nui
c

Ao tr
H tr

Ti, bn rung
/ Trng c
Nui tru,
b, d,

Nui
g, vt

Thc phm
Hnh 2.2: M hnh VACB lin quan n vic s dng h x
Ghi ch:
* Nh x thi cht bi tit xung ao h (nh nh x ao c), trong mt s phn loi,
c xem l loi nh x khng dng nc.
4.1.4 B t hoi
B t hoi (septic tank) thng c thit k theo dng hnh trn bng cc cu
kin lp ghp sn, mt s ni c xu hng xy theo hnh ch nht (hnh 4.4). Cn
lu rng, b t hoi khc b lng ch l nc thi khng chy lin tc vo b
t hoi nn tnh n nh thy lc khng ng dng c.

Hnh 4.4: Kt cu hm cha phn v nc tiu


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T
53

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1.4.1 Kch thc b t hoi
Qui m xy dng nh v sinh c hiu l dung tch cn thit ca h cha phn
hay kch thc h cha, dung tch cha ca nh v sinh ty thuc vo 3 yu t:
mc thi ca tng c nhn (ngi ln hoc tr em), s lng ngi s dng nh
v sinh v thi gian s dng (thi gian phi ht sch hm cu). Tht s, kh c
th xc nh chnh xc dung tch ny, n mang tnh gn ng, vic tnh ton thin
v an ton, ngha l kt qu tha so vi nhu cu thc t.
Th tch h cha phn c th xc nh theo (Kalbermatten et al., 1980):
Nu kch thc h cha nh hn su 4 m:
V = A.d = 1.33 x C.P.N

(4-1)

Nu kch thc h cha ln hn su 4 m:


V = A.(d - 1) = C.P.N
(4-2)
Trong :
V
= th tch h cha phn (m3)
C
= mc thi phn (m3/ngi.nm). Ly theo bng 4.6.
P
= s ngi s dng (ngi)
N
= thi gian s dng (nm)
A
= din tch mt ct ngang h o (m2)
d
= su h o (m)
H s 1.33 c xem l h s gia tng an ton 30% cho th tch h cha phn.
Bng 4.6: Mc thi phn theo m3/ngi.nm
H cha t
H cha kh
Dng nc ra Dng giy chi Dng nc ra Dng giy chi
sch hu mn
sch hu mn
sch hu mn
sch hu mn
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.09
(Ngun: Kalbermatten et al., 1980)
V d 4.1: (theo ti liu ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)
Mt gia nh 6 ngi cn mt h cha chi ph thp. t trong khu vc l loi t
c thm rt thun li v n nh. Mc thy cp l 7 m di mt t. Xc nh
kch thc h cha phn cho yu cu s dng 10 nm trong 2 trng hp: h
hnh tr trn v h hnh khi ch nht. Lu rng gia nh dng nc ra hu
mn sau khi i tiu.
Gii: Theo cng thc (4-1):
V
= 1,33 x C.P.N = 1,33 x 0,06 x 6 x 10

= 4,8 m3

H cha phn nu lm theo hnh tr trn, ng knh hnh tr thng


c chn vo khong 1,0 - 1,5 m. Chn ng knh 1,25 m th su ca
h cha phn l:
Th tch h
su ca h cha phn =
(4-3)
Din tich chung quanh h hnh tr
Din tich chung quanh h =

D2

3.1416
1,25 2
4

= 1,23 m2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T


54

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------- su ca h cha phn =

4,8
1,23

= 3,91 m

Bng 4.7 v 4.8 l bng tnh th tch cho cc h cha kh (h x khng di nc)
v h cha t (h x c di nc) theo cng thc 4-1.
S nm
s dng
(nm)
4
6
8
10
12
15

Bng 4.7: Th tch h cha kh


Th tch (m3)
S ngi s dng
S ngi s dng
Dng nc ra sch hu mn Dng giy chi sch hu mn
4
6
8
10
12
4
6
8
10
12
1,28
1,92
2,56
3,20
3,84
4,60

1,92
2,88
3,84
4,79
5,32
6,40

2,56
3,84
4,84
5,80
6,76
8,20

3,20
4,60
5,80
7,00
8,20
10,0

3,84
5,32
6,67
8,20
9,64
11,8

1,92
2,80
3,84
4,60
5,32
6,40

2,88
4,20
5,32
6,40
7,48
9,10

3,84
5,32
6,67
8,20
9,64
11,8

4,60
6,40
8,20
10,0
11,8
14,5

5,32
7,48
9,64
11,8
13,96
17,2

(Ngun: ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)


S nm
s dng
(nm)
4
6
8
10
12
15

Bng 4.8: Th tch h cha t


Th tch (m3)
S ngi s dng
S ngi s dng
Dng nc ra sch hu mn Dng giy chi sch hu mn
4
6
8
10
12
4
6
8
10
12
0,85
1,28
1,71
2,13
2,56
3,20

1,28
1,92
2,56
3,20
3,84
4,60

1,71
2,5
3,41
4,20
4,84
5,80

2,13
3,20
4,20
5,00
5,80
7,00

2,56
3,83
4,84
5,80
6,76
8,20

1,28
1,92
2,56
3,70
3,84
4,60

1,92
2,88
3,84
5,80
6,76
8,20

2,56
3,84
4,84
5,80
6,76
8,20

3,20
4,60
5,80
7,00
8,20
10,0

3,88
5,32
6,76
8,20
9,64

11,9
(Ngun: ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)
Bng sau cho th tch h cha phn theo mt ct ngang v chiu su, tnh theo
cng thc 4 - 2.
Bng 4.9: Th tch h cha phn theo kiu v kch thc
Th tch h cha phn (m3)
Kiu v kch
Chiu
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
thc
su 1,0
Hnh trn, 1,00 m
Hnh trn, 1,25 m
Hnh trn, 1,50 m
Hnh vung, cnh 1,00 m
Hnh vung, cnh 1,25 m
Hnh vung, cnh 1,50 m

0,785
1,23
1,77
1,00
1,56
2,25

1,18
1,84
2,65
1,50
2,34
3,38

1,57
2,45
3,53
2,00
3,13
4,50

1,96
3,07
4,42
2,50
3,91
5,63

2,36
3,68
5,30
3,00
4,69
6,75

2,75
4,29
6,18
3,50
5,47
7,88

3,14
4,91
7,07
4,00
6,25
9,00

4,5

5,0

3,66
5,71
8,22
4,66
7,28
10,48

4,18
6,53
9,40
5,32
8,31
11,97

(Ngun: ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)


(Cc bi m trong bng trn l dng cho v d 4.2).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T


55

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 4.2: (theo ti liu ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)
Nh v d 4.1, dng bng tra xc nh th tch v hnh dng h cha.
Gii: Tra bng 4.7 cho h x kh, vi 6 ngi trong h v s dng h cha 10
nm, dng nc ra hu mn, ta c th tch thit k l 4.79 m3. S dng
bng 2.6 vi th tch 4.79 m3, ta c cc chn la cc kiu h cha sau (xem cc
bi m, chn s gn 4.79 m3, nghing v an ton):

H trn: ng knh 1,25 m x chiu su 4,0 m


H trn: ng knh 1,50 m x chiu su 3,0 m
H vung: cnh 1,00 m x cnh 1,00 m x chiu su 5,0 m
H vung: cnh 1,25 m x cnh 1,25 m x chiu su 3,0 m (th tch hi ht)
H vung: cnh 1,50 m x cnh 1,50 m x chiu su 5,0 m

Th tch (m3)

11
10

9
8
7
6
5
4

4,8

A
0

N
2

8 10 12

3
2
1

O
14

16

S nm s dng (nm)

18

15
14
13
12

20

E
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

S ngi s dng (ngi)

Ta cng c th s dng ton sau (hnh 4.6) xc nh th tch h cha:


on OA
- Thi gian s dng (nm)
on OB
- Mc thi phn (m3 /ngi.nm), ly bng 2.3.
on OC
- Th tch h cha (m3)
on DE
- S ngi s dng (ngi)

P
C
D 0.09 0.06

0.04

Mc thi phn (m3/ngi.nm)

Hnh 4.5: Ton xc nh th tch h cha phn


(Ngun: ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T


56

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 4.3: Dng v d 4.1, s dng ton xc nh th tch h cha phn.
Gii:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Chn im C. T bng 4.6, mc thi phn l C = 0,06


Chn im P, l s ngi s dng, v d ny l 6.
Ni CP c im T trn on OB.
K ng ni 2 im A v T c on AT.
Chn im N, l s nm thit k, y l 10 nm.
T im N, ko thng ln gp on AT, t im giao, ko ngang qua on
OB, im ct trn on OB l th tch thit k: # 4,8 m3.

Theo nghin cu ca Vin Pasteur Nha Trang, c tch th tch ngn cha
phn qui m gia nh, c th dng cng thc kinh nghim sau (Dng Trng
Ph, 2003):
Th tch ngn cha V (m3) = S ngi trong h x 0.04

(4-4)

Cng thc ny cng tng i ph hp vi mc thi phn theo s liu bng 2.3
ca Kalbermatten et al. (1980).
4.1.4.2 Kt cu v vn hnh b t hoi
Chiu su nc trong b t hoi ly khong chng 1,2 - 2,0 m. Lu cn b tr
tng chn gia cc ngn nhm gi li cc cht cn y v ngn cc vng bt
ni pha trn mt nc. Tm ngn ch T phi t ngp trong nc t nht 300
mm v nh ln khi mt nc 200 mm. Trn np b t hoi cn c np y nh
ht cn (ht hm cu) thng k (khong 3 - 5 nm). Cc hm v sinh t hoi
phi c ng thng kh thi cc kh hydrogen-sulfide (H2S), carbon-dioxite (CO2)
v methane (CH4) trnh n mn ph hoi cu kin b tng ct thp ca b.

Hnh 4.6: B t hoi 2 ngn kiu hnh khi ch nht

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L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hnh 4.7: B t hoi 3 ngn kiu hnh khi ch nht

Hnh 4.8: Mt kiu b t hoi 3 ngn hnh trn

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------i vi b t hoi 2 ngn, dung tch ca ngn th 1 khng nh hn 2/3 dung tch
ca c b, cn i vi b t hoi 3 ngn, dung tch ca ngn th 1 bng 1/2 dung
tch b. trnh lng cn, ng ng dn nc thi ra ti b phi t nghing
vi dc 1:50. i vi cc ng ng dn qu di, cn t ging kim tra.
i vi ng ng thot nc thi ra khi b, c th t ng ng c dc
nh hn, khong 1:100 n 1:50.
Ngoi ra, nhm cn cc cc cht kh trong b xm nhp vo cc ng ra ch T
mang theo cc cht thi l lng (ng T cn c chc nng ngn khng cho vng
theo nc thi ra ngoi), ta c th thit k thm cc kt cu lm lch kh nh hnh
4.9.

Hnh 4.9: Kiu ngn gii hn kh mang cc cht thi l lng vo ng ra T


B t hoi cn c xc nh nh l mt cng trnh v sinh s dng lu di nn
cn xem xt kt cu ca b cho chc chn. Khng c s dng cc cht alkalis
hoc cc cht ty ra nh thuc ty chlorine vo b t hoi. Nhng ha cht
ny s hy hoi hoc lm chm cc tin trnh sinh hc trong b. Trc khi s
dng b, cn thit phi y nc n ng ra ca b. Nu c th, thm vo
b mt t phn gia sc nh phn heo, b ang phn hy to iu kin cho cc
vi khun trong b hot ng. iu ny lm cho b hot ng hiu qu trong
nhng thi gian u. Ngoi ra, mt s ch phm vi sinh cho b t hoi (c bn
ngoi th trng) c th c s dng gia tng thi gian gia 2 ln ly cn.
Sau mt thi gian (hnh 4.11), khi b t hoi y cc cht lng ng th cn
phi ht loi ra ngoi. Thng thng, c nhng xe ht hm cu chuyn nghip vi
cc bm ht, ng dn v thng cha ca cc Cng ty V sinh s m nhn cng
vic ny, nh hnh di.

Hnh 4.10: Xe ht hm cu

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L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hnh 4.11: Biu xc nh thi gian bm ht b t hoi


Ngun: Bounds, T.R., Design and Performance of Septic Tanks, 1997
V d 4.4: Hai gia nh cn bn t vn cho thi gian cn thit ht b t hoi
ca h. Mt gia nh 4 ngi c b t hoi vi dung tch cha (1,8 x 2,0 x 1,0) m3
v gia nh kia c 5 ngi c b t hoi (2,0 x 2,2 x 1,3) m3.
Gii:
Gia nh c 4 ngi v b t hoi (1,8 x 2,0 x 1,0) m3 = 3,6 m3 = 3,600 L s
phi bm ht hm cu khong sau 6 nm (chn ng cong gn nht thin
v an ton: V = 3,785 L, trong biu ca Bounds).

Gia nh c 5 ngi v b t hoi (2,0 x 2,2 x 1,3) m3 = 5,72 m3 = 5720 L


s phi bm ht hm cu khong sau 9 nm.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3 H THNG G LC
G lc (mound) l mt h thng x l nc thi bng phng php thm lc qua
t c xy dng trn nn t ct xp lp. Phng php x l nc thi bng
g lc c pht trin vo u thp nin 1970 ti i hc Wisconsin (M). G lc
c s dng hiu qu :
Cc vng t thm rt chm c;
Cc vng t thm rt cn trn nn ;
Cc vng t thm rt c vi mc nc ngm cao trong ma ma.
Vit Nam, c th xy dng g lc cc g ct, i ct hoc cc ging ct dc
theo b bin hoc sn ni. Ta c th cho nc thi t nh v sinh qua b t
hoi, sau chuyn sang b bm chuyn v t y nc thi c bm vo g
lc trn mt t. y l bin php x l nc thi n gin nhng b hn ch l
cn mt din tch tng i ln v phi c ct. Trn g lc c th trng c, cy
xanh hoc vn hoa. S nh sau:

Hnh 4.12: S b tr g lc trong x l nc thi nh v sinh

Hnh 4.13: S nguyn l lc nc thi t b t hoi qua t

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kch thc g lc x xch trong khong 8 - 10 m chiu rng, 35 - 40 m chiu di
v khong 0,5 - 0,8 m chiu cao. Tuyn b tr g l ni thp hn khu vc nh ,
xa ngun ly nc, dc khong 12%. t p cho g lc l cc loi t ct, ct
pha tht hoc st, ni l ra ca ng bm nc c ri sn si hoc ct th.

Hnh 4.13 : Mt ct ngang g lc

Hnh 4.14: Mt ct ngang mt h thng g lc (theo Converse and Tyler, 1990)


4.2 CNG TRNH GING THM
4.2.1 Nguyn l v S ging thm
Ging thm l mt bin php cng trnh tng i n gin nhm x nc thi
qua mt phn x l i vo t c tip tc lm sch vo thm vo ngun
nc chung.

Hnh 4.15:

S mt ging thm

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn tc cn tn trng l ging thm khng c lm nhim bn v nhim
bnh ngun nc ngm v cc ngun nc t nhin khc. Ngoi ra, khi thit k
ging thm cn lu l thnh phn nc thi i vo ging thm khng c cn l
lng khng lm tc nghn ging. Mun nh vy, cn c b t hoi ln hoc b
phn hy. i vi nc ngm tng mt, y ging phi cao hn mc nc ngm
cao nht trong ma ma t nht 1,00 m. Nu mc nc ngm qu cao, st mt
t th c th xy dng h thng ti ngm, hoc g lc nh phn trc, lc
chi ph s cao hn. Nn xy ging v tr di hng nc chy ca ging ly
nc. Sau khi s dng mt thi gian di, cn lm sch li ging thm hoc xy
ging mi. Trong tnh ton ging thm, cn xc nh din tch thm. Din tch
thm cn thit c nh ngha l din tch b mt y thm nc v thnh ngoi
nm trong t thm nc. thm nc ty thuc vo loi t v chiu cao p
lc ct nc trong ging. Trng hp khng c iu kin kho nghim, c th ly
1 - 2 m2 din tch thm cho 1 ngi s dng. C th dng bng tra sau:
Bng 4.3 : Din tch thm c ch (m2, cho 1 ngi) khi xy ging thm
Nh
Trm tri
Trng hc
Loi t
(200 l/ng/day)
(100 l/h/d)
(65 l/h/d)
0,93
0,23
0,14
Ct th hoc si
1,40
0,37
0,23
Ct mn
2,30
0,60
0,37
Ct pha st
3,70
0,93
0,60
St trn nhiu ct hoc si
7,10
1,85
1,25
St trn t ct hoc si
St nng, t, t cng,
khng dng
khng dng
khng dng
khng thm nc,...
Ngun: J. Gruhler, 1980, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, V.K. Long dch
C th lm th nghim n gin sau xc nh thm ca t ngoi hin
trng: ti ch t ging, ni su y ging, o 1 h c kch thc hnh
vung 30 x 30 cm, su 20 cm. y nc (lm t 3 - 5 ln), tnh trung bnh thi
gian (pht) mc nc h xung 10 cm. Thm iu kin tt bn, lu lng thm:

qs

1200
2 , 5 .t + 6 , 2

(4-5)

trong :
qs - lu lng thm (l/m2/ngy)
t - thi gian (pht) cn thit
mc nc h xung 10 cm
V d 4.5: o t trung bnh = 2 pht
qs = 107 l/m2/ngy
Hnh 4.16: B tr o thi gian thm
Lu : Khi mi o ging khng nn o ngay m phi nc nhiu ln ri o th
chnh xc hn.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.2.2 Kt cu ging thm
Rt nhiu tc gi thit k nhiu kiu ging thm khc nhau. Di y l mt s
kiu tiu biu:

Hnh 4.17:

Ging thm cn khi lp t thm nc st mt t

Hnh 4.11: Ging thm t su khi lp khng thm nc dy


Ty theo lp t khng thm pha trn mt dy hay mng m ta quyt nh chn
kiu ging nng hay su. Ging thm nng c kinh ph xy dng r so vi ging
thm t su nhng cn thay th cc lp vn, si, ct thng xuyn. Mt tm
chn nh cng cn thit nu lng nc thi vo kh nhiu ( 0,5 l/s) c kh
nng gy xi. tng kh nng thm, pha bn ngoi y ca ging nn thm
si. Trn np ging c th b tr l thng hi. Mt s ging thm c thit k kt
hp gia lc nc thi v thot nc ma. Khi , lng nc nhn c vo
ging thm phi cng thm lng nc ma, hay cng ma (tnh bng
l/s.m2 hoc l/s. ha hoc mm/pht).

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.3 CNH NG LC, TI
4.3.1 Nguyn l
Nc thi c kh nng t lm sch qua qu trnh thm rt qua t ct nh l mt
phng thc x l t lc sinh hc v ha l, c gi tng qut l l x l nc
thi qua t (land treatment). Bng cch x nc thi sau khi x l s b qua mt
ho lc ngm hay mt cnh ng ti hay bi lc c din tch tng i rng, cc
cht cn l lng trong nc s b gi li tng t mt. Nh c xy v vi khun
ho kh m cc ht cht bn c xy ha v nc c lm sch thm
xung mt t. iu kin quan trng trong phng php ny l phi c lp t ct
kh dy lc, chiu dy ti thiu khong 0,2 - 0,5 m. Thc t cho thy kh
nng x l nc thi hu hiu din ra su 1,50 m t mt t. S dng
phng php lc nc thi theo chu k. Chu k lc c thay i bng chu k
thng thong vi lp vt liu lc. Ngoi ra, lng nc ny c th s dng
tng m trong lp th nhng v cung cp mt phn dng cht cho cy
trng.
Do trong nc thi cha mt lng N:P:K kh cao (theo tc gi Hong Hu,
1996, trong nc thi, m Nit khong 15 - 60 mg/l, Ln khong 3 - 12 mg/l v
Kali khong 6 - 25 mg/l) t t l 5:1:2 so vi nhu cu ca thc vt ni chung
khong 2:1:2 th ta c th s dng nc thi ti c nht l cc vng trng
rau xanh, c gia sc, ... nu trong nc thi khng c cc cht du m cng
nghip, lng mui khong khng qu 2 mg/l v khng cha cc kim loi nng
c hi c hm lng cao khc.
Mt vn cn lu khc l trong nc thi, c bit l nc thi sinh hot, c
cha nhiu mm bnh v trng giun sn. Nh vy khi ti vo cc cnh ng
cn phi c bc x l s b qua b lng ngang vi tc chy khong 1 mm/s
v tt hn nu c x l nhit khong 50 - 60C trong vi gi th c th tiu
dit c cc trng giun sn. Trong cc yu t, khu v sinh l mt trong cc iu
kin xem xt quan trng.
4.3.2 Thit k
Vic dng nc thi ti cng cn xem xt nhu cu nc ca cy trng theo
cc yu t loi cy trng, thi v, loi t v giai on sinh trng. Kch thc cc
ti cng khng nh hn 3 ha, nu hnh ch nht th b tr t l chiu
rng/chiu di khong 1:4 n 1:8, chiu di ca khong 300 - 1.500 m thun
li cho vic c gii ha. dc khu ti chn khong 0,02 v khu ti nn xa
khu dn c theo bng sau:
Bng 4.4 :
Khong cch v sinh n khu dn c
Lng nc thi
Khong cch n khu dn c (m)
(m3/ngy)
Bi lc
Cnh ng ti
200
300
200 - 5.000
400
500
5.000 - 50.000
1.000
1.000
> 50.000
Ngun: Hong Hu, X l nc thi, 1996
Ba hnh thc x l nc thi qua t thng dng l: lc chm (slow rate), thm
nhanh (rapid infiltration) v chy trn mt (overland flow). Trong hnh thc lc
chm cn c cc kiu tnh ton khc l: Kiu (1) tnh mc ti thy lc da vo tnh

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------thm ca t, kiu (2) tnh mc ti thy lc da vo nhu cu ti, ngoi ra cn c
kiu tnh mc ti thy lc da vo mc gii hn Nitrogen (xem cch tnh ton
4.3.3). Mi kiu ph hp vi tnh cht cng trnh ni x l, c th tham kho
bng 4.5.

Hnh 4.12:

X l nc thi bng cch lc chm qua t

Hnh 4.13: X l bng cch cho thm nhanh qua t

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hnh 4.14: Cnh ng lc bng chy trn mt


Trong 3 phng cch lm sch nc thi qua t ni trn, cch thc cho ti
chy trn mt cho hiu qu cao hn, xem bng 4.6.
Bng 4.5: So snh cht lng nc thi x l qua 3 phng thc lc chm, thm
nhanh v chy trn mtca h thng x l t nhin qua t
Gi tr o, mg/L
Thnh phn
Lc chm a
Thm nhanh b
Chy trn mt c
Trung
Ln
Trung
Ln
Trung
Ln
bnh
nht
bnh
nht
bnh
nht
< 15
10
<5
2
<5
BOD
<2
< 25
15
<5
2
<5
Cht rn l lng
<1
<3
1
<2
0.5
<2
Dung dch nitrogen (N)
< 0.5
<8
5
< 20
10
<8
Tng nitrogen N
3
<6
4
<5
1
< 0.3
Tng phoshorus P
< 0.1
a. Thm ca nc thi sau khi x l s cp hoc th cp qua su 1,5 m t
b. Thm ca nc thi sau khi x l s cp hoc th cp qua su 4,5 m t
c. Chy trn ca lng nc thi thnh ph lin tc chng 450 m mt dc
Ty theo hin trng ca t (loi t, hng dc, dc, tng nc ngm, mc
tiu s dng t,...) ngi ta c th mt phng thc x l hoc kt hp nhiu
phng thc khc nhau.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 4.6:
c trng xem xt
Tnh thm ca t

nhim tng
nc ngm tim
nng

S hi phc v tr
ca nc ngm

S s dng t
hin ti
S s dng t
tng lai
Qui m ca tuyn
cng trnh
c cht do l
mang i
dc

Quyn s dng
nc

Hng dn chn tuyn x l nc thi qua t


Kiu cng
Ghi ch
trnh
Chy trn
Ph hp vi vng t c tnh thm cao
mt
Tc ti thy lc gia tng theo tnh thm
Thm nhanh ca t
Lc chm
Thm nhanh B nh hng bi (1) mc gn st vi
Lc chm
cc tng nc mt, (2) s hin din ca
cc cng trnh thy ngm (3) hng chy
ca nc ngm (4) mc khi phc lp
nc ngm do ging nc hoc h thng
tiu ngm
Thm nhanh Kh nng tr li nc qua lc v hi phc
bi ging v h thng tiu ngm da trn
c s su cc tng nc mt, tnh thm
ca t, tnh lin tc ca cc cng trnh
ngm, chiu su x l hiu ch v kh nng
ngm nc trong khu vc cng trnh
Tt c cc
C th lin quan n cc s c t nhin v
tin trnh
mt no c th mu thun n vic s
dng t
Tt c cc
Vic pht trin th tng lai c th b nh
tin trnh
hng do s m rng h thng
Tt c cc
C th gp kh khn khi mua hoc thu t
tin trnh
cn thit xy dng cng trnh
Tt c cc
i khi phi loi bt hoc gii hn li qui
tin trnh
m ca tuyn cng trnh
Tt c cc
dc ln c th (1) gia tng chi ph cho
tin trnh
cng trnh t (2) gia tng him nguy xi
mn trong ma ma
Thm nhanh dc ln c th nh hng tnh cht
dng chy ngm
c ln c th gim thi gian chy trn
Chy trn
vng t x l v nh hng hiu qu x
mt
l.
dc nh th li yu cu tng chi ph cng
tc t to dc ln hn
Tt c cc
C th yu cu phi sp t lng nc
tin trnh
x l trong mt thy vc ring r

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hnh 4.15: S tin trnh chy trn mt vi nhiu hnh thc ti


(Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Watsewater Engineering, 1995)
Ngoi ra, mt s ni cn p dng vic x l nc thi qua cc vng t ngp
nc (wetland application), su ngp trong khong 0,1 - 1,8 m, hoc dng
nc thi x vo cc vng trng thp nui trng cc thc vt thy sinh ni
(floating aquatic plant) nh hnh 4.16.

Hnh 4.16: Mt s loi thy thc vt c kh nng hp th nc thi


(Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995)

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hnh 4.17 di l mt kiu knh lc bng thc vt. Bng cch cho nc thi
qua cc ng PVC c c l hoc ca cho dn vo cc on knh t ct si,
y knh c tri cc tm nylon, trong lng knh cc loi c c th hp thu cc
c cht trong nc thi nh c ui mo (cattail), nc thi sau khi c x l
qua thc vt c th thu hi bng mt ng PVC c c l y bn kia ca knh
lc.

Hnh 4.17: Mt ct ngang mt kiu knh lc bng thc vt


(Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995)
Bng 4.7:
c trng

S liu thit k tiu chun cho vic x l nc thi qua t


Lc chm
Thm nhanh
Chy trn mt

K thut p dng
Mc ti hng nm (m)
Din tch yu cu (ha) b
Mc ti hng tun chun (cm)
Tin x l ti thiu M
Hng x l nc thi
Cy trng

Ti phun/trn mt a
0.5 - 6
23 - 280
1.3 - 10
Lng s cp d
Bc thot hi & thm
Theo yu cu

Trn mt
6 - 125
3 - 23
10 - 240
Lng s cp e
Thm ch yu
Chn la

Ti phun/trn mt
3 - 20
6.5 - 44
6 - 40 c
Lc qua si & phn tn e
Trn mt, bc thot hi & thm
Theo yu cu

a. Bao gm cch nh lung - cy xi v bc lp bin.


b. Din tch tnh bng hectares khng bao gm cc vng m, ng s v knh
mng cho dng chy 3785 m3/ngy.
c. Khong tnh bao gm nc thi cha x l n ch ra th cp, mc thi cao
hn cho vic tin x l cao hn.
d. Hn ch vic s dng cng cng, canh tc hoa mu cho ngi dng trc tip.
e. Hn ch vic s dng cng cng.
(Ngun: Robert A. Corbitt, Standard handbook of Environmental Engineering,
1989)
4.3.3 Tnh ton mc ti thy lc v xc nh din tch
Mc ti thy lc (the hydraulic-loading rate) l khi lng nc ti trn mt n v
din tch t trong mt thi k tnh ton nh hng tun, hng thng hoc hng
nm. n v tng ng ca n l in/wk, (hoc cm/tun), in/mo (hoc cm/thng) v
ft/yr (hoc m/nm). Mc ti thy lc c th tham kho bng 4.8.
Tuy nhin, ty theo yu cu thc t, cch tnh ton c khc nhau da vo cc yu
t thit k gii hn c bn.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------U Tnh mc ti thy lc theo tnh thm ca t (h thng lc chm loi 1)
Phng trnh cn bng nc tng qut, trong thi k tnh l thng, c s dng
xc nh mc ti thy lc da vo tnh thm ca t:

LW ( P ) = ET P + W P
trong :
LW(P)
ET
P
WP

(4-6)

- mc ti thy lc nc thi da vo tnh thm ca t (cm/thng)


- lng bc thot hi thng tnh ton (cm/thng)
- lng ma thng tnh ton (cm/thng)
- lng thm ca t trong thng tnh ton (cm/thng)

Cc gi tr thit k nh ET v P cn da vo kt qu cc bi ton phn tch tn


sut s liu kh tng - thy vn (t nht chui s liu 15 nm lin tc) vi tn sut
thit k vt qu c ngh vo khong 90%. Gi tr ca WP c xc nh
bng cch tnh lng nc thm thng tnh ton, n ph thuc vo tng r,
chiu su lp nc ngm v h thng tiu nc trong khu vc. Lp t thm
c xem xt nm trong khong t 0 - 2,5 m. Trong thit k s b, tc thm
ln nht hng ngy ly vo khong 2 - 6 % lng thm ng ti thiu ca t. Tr
thit k mc thm theo thng c xc nh bng cch nhn tr thm ln nht
theo ngy vi tng s ngy hot ng trong thng. (xem v d 4.1)
U Tnh mc ti thy lc da vo gii hn Nitrogen
Nu lng nc thm trong h thng lc chm s i vo tng nc ngm s
dng, th theo Tiu chun Nc ung Thit yu, h thng phi c thit k sao
cho tp trung lng nitrat nitrogen khi i vo lp nc ngm khng vt qu
10 mg/l nitrogen. t c yu cu gii hn nitrogen ny, th mc ti thy lc
cho php s da vo vic xc nh mc ti nitrogen hng nm LW(N) v c so
snh vi lng nitrogen tnh ton trc LW(P). Cng thc tnh LW(P) sau:

LW ( N ) (mg / l ) =

2,54.C p ( P ET ) + 4,32.U
(1 f )(C N ) C p

(4-7)

trong :
LW(N) - mc ti thy lc cho php theo mc ti nitrogen hng nm, mg/l.
- tng s nitrogen tp trung trong lng nc thm, mg/l.
Cp
ET
- lng bc thot hi tnh ton, cm/yr.
P
- lng ma tnh ton, cm/yr.
U
- lng nitrogen hp thu bi cy trng, kg/ha.yr (xem bng 4.8)
2,54 v 4,32 - h s qui i n v
CN
- tng lng nitrogen tp trung trong nc thi, mg/l
f
- h s xc nh tng nitrogen loi ra do cch kh nitrit v bay hi.
H s f ph thuc vo mc ti v c trng ca thnh phn nc thi, cng nh
iu kin vi sinh vt trong vng hot ng ca t. Trong t thong kh, lng
thi nitrit c th t chng 15 - 25% lng nitrogen trong nc thi. Lng ny
c th cao hn nu t l carbon/nitrogen trong nc thi ln hn 2,0. Lng bay
hi amoniac s khng ng k khi pH nh hn 7,0 hoc khi nc thi c nng
nitrat cao (theo: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995).
Nu gi tr LW(N) tnh theo cng thc trn cao hn LW(P) th ly tr LW(P) lm gi tr

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------thit k. Nu ngc li, LW(P) > LW(P), th s dng tr LW(N) v sau so snh tng
thng mt gia LW(N) v LW(P), gi tr no nh hn th ly tr lm s liu thit k
theo thng. ET v P tnh theo phn tch tn sut nh trnh by phn trc.
Gi tr U ly theo bng 4.8.
Bng 4.8:
Mc hp th nutrient cho cc loi cy trng khc nhau
Loi cy trng
Mc hp th nutrient U, lb/acre.yr
(# x 1,1209 kg/ha.nm)
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Cy thc n gia sc
C Alfafla
C Brome
C Coastal Bermuda
C xanh Kentucky
C Quack
C Reed canary
C Rye
C ba l ngt (Sweet clover)
C ui tru cao (Tall fescue)
C vn (orchard grass)
Cy hoa mu
La mch (Barley)
Bp (Corn)
Bng vi (Cotton)
La min ht (Grain sorghum)
Khoai ty (Potatoes)
u nnh (Soybeans)
La m (Wheat)

200 - 480
116 - 200
350 - 600
180 - 240
210 - 250
300 - 400
180 - 250
158
135 - 290
230 - 250

20 - 30
35 - 50
30 - 40
40
27 - 41
36 - 40
55 - 75
16
26
20 - 50

155 - 200
220
200
180
245
280
240 - 290
90
267
225 - 315

63
155 - 172
66 - 100
120
205
94 - 128
50 - 81

15
17 - 25
12
14
20
11 - 18
15

20
96
34
62
220 - 288
29 - 48
18 - 4

(Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995)


Trng hp, cc gi tr (P - ET) tnh theo in/yr, U theo lb/acre.yr, th LW(N) s l:

LW ( N ) (mg / l ) =

C p ( P ET ) + 4,4.U

(4-8)

(1 f )(C n ) C p

V d 4.6: Xc nh mc ti thy lc cho mt h thng lc chm qua t thm


c v b gii hn bi mc nitrogen, theo s liu sau:
Thng

Lng ma (in.)

Bc thot hi tim th (in.)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

2,3
2,3
2,1
1,6
0,4
0,2
0,1
khng ng k
0,2
0,6
1,0
2,2

0,7
1,5
3,1
3,9
5,2
6,5
7,0
6,5
4,4
3,9
1,5
0,8

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gi thit:
Lng ma thit k cho trn c tnh t chui 10 nm ma.
Lng bc thot hi trung bnh thng cho bng trn l chun cho khu vc
Tuyn cng trnh gn nh bng phng.
Loi t l t tht pha st, dy vi thm 0,35 in./h (9 mm/h).
Loi cy trng l c vng bin Bermada.
Khu cha nc c cho hnh thnh t lng nc tr li trong ma ng.
Chy trn, nu c, s c thu thp v tr cho vic ti s dng.
Tng s nitrogen trong nc thi l Cn = 20 mg/l.
Lng nitrogen tp trung cho thm l Cp = 10 mg/l.
H s tn tht do kh nitrit/bay hi l 0,15.
S ngy khng vn hnh ca h thng l 0.
Gii:
1. Xc nh lng thm theo thng (Wp). Chn gi tr thit k 4% ca gi tr thm
nh nht, tc thm thit k theo thng l:
Wp = (0,35 in/h)(24 h/d)(0,04)(30 d/mo) = 10 in/mo
2. Xc nh mc ti thy lc da vo tnh thm ca t LW(P). S dng phng
trnh (4-6), gi tr LW(P) s bng hiu s gia tng lng nc tn tht (ET + Wp)
v lng ma, trnh by theo bng tnh sau:
Lng nc tn tht, in
Thng
(1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Tng nm

ET
(2)
0,7
1,5
3,1
3,9
5,2
6,5
7,0
6,5
4,4
3,9
1,5
0,8
45,0

Wp
(3)
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
10,0
120,0

(ET+Wp)
(4) = (2) + (3)
10,7
11,5
13,1
13,9
15,2
16,5
17,0
16,5
14,4
13,9
11,5
10,8
165,0

Lng nc phi x l, in
P
(5)
2,3
2,3
2,1
1,6
0,4
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,2
0,6
1,0
2,2
13,0

Lw(p)= (ET + Wp) - P


(6) = (4) - (5)
8,4
9,2
11,0
12,3
14,8
16,3
16,9
16,5
14,2
13,3
10,5
8,6
152,0

3. Xc nh lng nitrogen hp th hng nm, tra bng 4.9, ly:


U = 400 lb/acre.yr
4. Xc nh mc ti nitrogen hng nm cho php LW(N), dng phng trnh (4 -8):

LW ( P ) =

(10.mg / l )(13,0 45,0.in / yr ) + 4,4.(400.lb / acre. yr )


= 205,7 in/yr
(1 0,15)(20.mg / l ) (10.mg / l )

5. So snh 2 gi tr LW(P) v LW(N): bi v LW(N) > LW(P) nn chn mc ti thy lc l


(xem ct s 6 trong bng tnh): LW(P) = 152 in/yr lm gi tr thit k.

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ghi ch:
Nu LW(N) nh hn LW(P) th gi tr thng ca LW(N) s c chn v s c so
snh tip vi gi tr thng tng ng ca LW(P). Nu c gi tr no nh hn s lm
tr s ti thy lc thit k theo thng. Cc gi tr tng thng s c cng li c
mc ti thy lc thit k theo nm.
U Tnh mc ti thy lc da vo nhu cu ti (h thng lc chm loi 2)
Nhu cu nc ti ti thiu (R) ca mt v cy trng trong mt thi on tnh
ton no c xc nh bng lng nc cn thit (th hin bng chiu dy
lp nc) b cho lng nc mt i do bc thot hi cng vi cc tn tht do
thm, nc cho gieo ht, kim sot kh hu, phn bn hoc ha cht, ... i vng
t kh hn v gn bin, lng thm thng c yu cu nhm hn ch vic
tp trung s nhim mn n tng r. Trong cc trng hp nh vy, lng thm
thng xc nh vo khong 10 - 25 % lng nc ti.

R=

Tng qut:

ET P
1 ( LR / 100)

(4-9)

trong :
R
ET
P
LR

- nhu cu ti ti thiu, mm hoc in.


- bc thot hi v ma, mm hoc in.
- lng ma, mm hoc in.
- lng thm, %

Thc t, h thng phn phi nc khng th ti ng u cho c cnh ng v


mt s nc b mt i trong qu trnh phn phi, do vy lp nc ti thc (D) s
ln hn lp nc ti theo nhu cu ti thiu R. Lp nc ti thc c xc
nh theo:
R
,
mm hoc in
(4-10)
D=
E u / 100
vi Eu l hiu sut ti ca h thng phn phi nc, tnh bng %. Gi tr ca Eu
c th ly theo bng 4.9.

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 4.9: Bng tra h thng ti v cc iu kin s dng
H thng phn
Kiu canh tc ph hp v iu kin s dng
phi nc
Cy trng
a hnh
t
Ti phun
+ Di chuyn
bng tay

+ Cy n tri, ng c,
nho, rau mu thp cy

+ dc dc = 20%

+ Min IR= 0,1in/h


WHC= 3,0 in

+ C bnh xe
ln

+ Cc loi cy trng c
chiu cao di 1 m

+ dc dc = 15%

+ Min IR= 0,1in/h


WHC= 3,0 in

+ t c nh

+ Khng hn ch

+ Khng hn ch

+ Min IR=0,05 in/h

+ Bn c nh

+ Tt c cc loi hoa
mu tr cy vn cao

+ dc dc = 15%

+ Min IR= 0,3in/h


WHC= 2,0 in

+ Sng phun di
ng

+ ng c, ng cc, cy
mu, vn rau

+ dc dc = 15%

+ Min IR= 0,3in/h


WHC= 6,0 in

Ti mt
+ Bin hp n
15 in.

+ ng c, ng cc,
vn nho

+ dc dc = 7%
dc ngang = 0,2%

+ Bin rng n
100 in.

+ ng c, ng cc,
vn cy n tri

+ dc dc = 0,5 1,0%
dc ngang = 0,2%

+ Min IR= 0,3in/h


WHC = 6,0 in
Chiu su phi tha
dc ngang
+ Min IR= 0,1in/h
Min IR khng hn ch khi
chiu di tng rnh c
iu chnh ly nc
Chiu su phi tha
dc ngang

+ Ti trn b

+ Ng cc, cy mu, la

+ dc dc = bng

+ Min IR= 0,3in/h

Nc

Hiu sut
ti

+ SL : Khng hn ch
CL : Nc c TDS cao
c th gy chy l
+ SL : Khng hn ch
CL : Nc c TDS cao
c th gy chy l
+ SL : Khng hn ch
CL : Nc c TDS cao
c th gy chy l
+ SL : Cn dng chy
ln.
CL : Nc c TDS cao
c th gy chy l
+ SL: 100 - 1000
gal/min-unit
CL : Nc c TDS cao
c th gy chy l
+ SL : Cn dng chy
trung bnh.
CL : cn dng chy ln

70 - 80 %

+ SL: cn dng chy


trung bnh

65 - 85 %

+ SL: cn dng chy

75 - 90 %

70 - 80 %
70 - 80 %
70 - 80 %

70 - 80 %

65 - 85 %

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------H thng phn
phi nc

Cy trng

Kiu canh tc ph hp v iu kin s dng


a hnh
t

Nc

Hiu sut
ti

nc, cy n tri

phng
dc ngang = 0,2%

WHC = 6,0 in
Chiu su phi tha
dc ngang

trung bnh

+ Ti di
(lung)

+ Rau, mu, cy n tri,


vn nho

+ dc dc = 3%
dc ngang = 10%
(xi mn mnh)

+ Min IR= 0,1in/h


Min IR khng hn ch khi
chiu di tng rnh c
iu chnh ly nc
Chiu su phi tha
dc ngang

+ SL: cn dng chy


trung bnh

70 - 85 %

+ Ti theo
ng ng
mc

+ Rau, mu, cy n tri,


vn nho

+ dc dc = 8%
(gn sng)
dc ngang = 10%
(xi mn mnh)

+ Min IR= 0,1in/h


Max IR khng hn ch khi
chiu di tng rnh c
iu chnh ly nc
Khng cy xi t

+ SL: khng hn ch

70 - 85 %

Ti nh git

+ Vn cy n tri, vn
nho, rau, vn m cy

+ Khng hn ch

+ Min IR=0,02 in/h

Ghi ch:
Min IR = Minimum Infiltration Rate = thm ti thiu ca t
WHC = Water-Holding Capacity = Kh nng gi nc ca t
TDS = Total Dissolved Solids = Tng cc cht rn khng ha tan trong nc

70 - 85 %

1 in = 25,4 mm
1 ft = 0,3048 m
1 gal = 3,7854 lt

(Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995)

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 4.7: Xc nh mc ti thy lc thit k cho mt h thng dng nc thi
ti, s dng cc s liu v gi thit sau:
1. Mt cnh ng canh tc 2 v ma trng bp v u. Tr s ET - P (tnh theo in.)
theo thng c cho nh bng di :
Thng
ET - P

1
-3,69

2
-2,59

3
-1,82

4
1,34

5
1,02

6
4,74

7
8,56

8
6,68

9
2,05

10
1,06

11
-2,10

2. Lng thm l LR = 10%


3. Dng h thng ti phun t ng dn t gia ng.
Cho hiu sut ti Eu = 80%.
Gii:
Lp bng tnh c kt qu nh sau:
Thng
Gi tr tnh theo inches (in.)
ET - P
100/(100 - LR)
(100/Eu)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3,69
1
- 2,59
2
- 1,82
3
1.25
1.11
1,34
4
1.25
1.11
1.02
5
1.25
1.11
4.74
6
1.25
1.11
8.56
7
1.25
1.11
6.68
8
1.25
1.11
2.05
9
1.25
1.11
1.06
10
- 2.10
11
- 2.98
12
Tng nm

LW(R)
(5)=(2)(3)(4)

1.86
1.42
6.58
11.89
9.28
2.85
1.47
35.35

Ghi ch:
Gi tr tnh ton ca LW(R) cn phi c so snh vi mc ti thy lc cho php
trn c s gii hn LW(N) nh trong v d 4.1. Nu LW(N) > LW(R) th lng nitrogen
tp trung cho nc thi dng ti phi c lm gim thng cc bin php
tin x l nhm t gi tr LW(N) = LW(R), hoc cn phi thm lng nc sch vo
lng nc thi c tng lng nc ti yu cu. Trong thc t, cn phi c
khu tr nc thi c iu chnh v lng khi lng nc thi x ra nhiu hn
lng nc m cy trng cn.

U Tnh ton din tch t yu cu


Tng s din tch t cn thit cho mt h thng lc chm bao gm din tch canh
tc, cng thm cc din tch ph nh t cho cng trnh tin x l, vng m
ngn cch an ton khu c dn, ng giao thng v cc khu ao h tr nc.
Din tch yu cu cho mc ti thy lc thit k tnh theo cng thc sau:
(Q. ft 3 / d )(365.d / yr ) + V s . ft 3 / yr
(4-11)
Aw =
( Lw .in / yr )(1,0. ft / 12.in)(43.560. ft 2 / ac)
trong :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T
77

12
-2,98

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aw - din tch thit k, acres
Q - lu lng nc thi trung bnh ngy, ft3/yr
Vs - th tch khu tr nc ma ti thiu b tn tht do bc hi, thm, ft3/yr
Lw - mc ti thy lc thit k
Theo khuyn co, tng din tch t cn thit cho h thng lc chm da vo tnh
thm ca t (h thng loi 1) vo khong 60 - 200 acres (# 24 - 80 ha) v nu
da vo nhu cu ti ca cy trng (h thng loi 2) trong khong 175 - 550
acres (# 70 - 220 ha) cho mc lu lng dng chy trung bnh 1 Mgal/d (#
43,8126 l/s = 3,7854 m3/d.)
Nu Q tnh bng m3/d, Vs tnh bng m3/yr, Lw tnh bng cm/yr th Aw cng thc
(4-13) s c tnh bng hectares bi :

Aw =

40,6945.[(365.Q ) + Vs ]
Lw

(ha)

(4-12)

(xem v d 4.9)
Nu bit su t cho php nhn nc thi trong nm hay cn gi l mc s
dng an ton (safe application rate) th ta cng c th xc nh din tch t cn
thit tng i n gin nh v d 4.3.
V d 4.8 : X l nc thi qua t cho 1 khu dn c. Cho bit:
1. Dn s khu vc P
= 5.000 ngi
2. Mc s dng an ton = 1,5 m/nm
( su t cho php nhn nc thi/nm)
3. Mc x nc thi
= 150 l/ngi.ngy
4. Lng BOD5 u vo = 210 mg/l
Tnh din tch cn thit cho cnh ng ti, ng thi xc nh mc ti cc cht
hu c.
Gii:
Tnh din tch ti
Mc x nc thi ton khu = 150 l/ngi.ngy x 5.000 ngi = 750.000 l/ngy
Mc x trong 1 nm

= 750.000 x 10- 3 m3/ngy x 365 ngy/nm


= 273.750 m3/nm

Mc chp nhn an ton

= 1,5 m/nm

Din tch t cn thit

Mc ti BOD

273.750
= 182.500 m2 = 182,5 ha
1,5
210
=
= 1,15 mg/l.ha
182.5

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------U Tnh th tch khu tr
Khu tr nc thi, nh ch th v d 4.1 v 4.2, s c yu cu xy dng khi
lng nc thi phi ra ln hn mc ti thy lc thit k. thit k th tch
khu cha nc, cn lp bng tnh ton cn bng nc theo thng, nh minh ha
v d 4.4. Th tch khu tr c tnh ban u phi c iu chnh theo mt
bin thin lng ma, bc hi, thm ca khu tr Vs trc v sau thi on tnh.
Cho mt h thng lc chm s dng cho cy trng, lng nc thi s dng b
khng ch theo thi on tng trng ca cy trng, khu tr phi cn i trong
thi on tnh t 1 - 3 thng trong iu kin kh hu bnh thng v khong 4 - 7
thng cho cc vng t c kh hu lnh pha bc. Lng nc ti trong trng
hp trng c lu nin hoc cc cy trng 2 -3 v /nm c th ko di thi gian
tnh ton. Trong cc vng c iu kin tuyt ph hay ng c th rt ngn thi
gian cho t trng c lu nin hay t rng.
V d 4.9:
Tnh ton th tch khu tr nc cn thit cho mt h thng lc chm bng cch
dng phng trnh cn bng nc. Cc s liu v gi thit cho trc:
1. Lu lng dng chy trung bnh l 1 Mgal/ngy v hu nh khng i theo
thng.
2. Mc ti thy lc ly theo v d 4.1.
3. Gi thit Vs = 0 trong giai on u tnh ton.
Gii:
1. Xc nh din tch t yu cu, s dng cng thc (4-13):

Aw =

(Q. ft 3 / d )(365.d / yr ) + V s . ft 3 / yr
( Lw .in / yr )(1,0. ft / 12.in)(43.560. ft 2 / ac)

Aw =

(10 6 .gal / d )(0,134. ft 3 / gal )(365.d / yr ) + 0


= 88,5 acres
(152.in / yr )(1,0. ft / 12.in)(43.560. ft 2 / ac)

2. Chuyn i mc ti thy lc thit k theo thng thnh mc ti thy lc th tch


tng ng (Vw), s dng phng trnh sau:
A (acres) Lw (in / yr )
(4-13)
V w (acre. ft / yr ) = w
12.in / ft
Ly kt qu tnh Lw v d 4.1, lp bng tnh ton nh di. Trong bng ny nn
khi u tnh ton vi thng bt u ma h (hoc cui ma ma), l thng bt
u ma trng cy mu. Trong v d ny ly l thng 11 ca nm.

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L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thng
(1)
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Tng

Mc ti
thy lc
(Lw)
(2)
10,5
8,6
8,4
9,2
11,0
12,3
14,8
16,3
16,9
16,5
14,2
13,3
152,0

Gi tr tnh bng acres-ft


Mc ti th
Th tch nc
Chnh lch
tch nc thi
thi s dng
v th tch
(Vw)
(Qm)
(S)
(3) = Aw.Lw/12
(4)
(5) = (4) - (3)
16,0
93,4
77,4
30,0
93,4
63,4
31,4
93,4
62,0
25,6
93,4
67,8
12,4
93,4
81,0
2,7
93,4
90,7
- 15,8
93,4
109,2
- 26,8
93,4
120,2
- 31,2
93,4
124,6
- 28,3
93,4
121,7
- 11,1
93,4
104,5
- 4,7
93,4
98,1
1.120,8
1.120,8

Th tch
tch ly
( S)
(6)
0,0
16,0
46,0
77,4
103,0
115,4
118,1
102,3
75,5
44,3
16,0
4,9

3. Da vo kt qu tnh ton ca bng trn, trong ct (6) cho thy gi tr tnh ton
th tch ly tch theo thng ln nht l 118,1 acres-ft, xy ra vo thng 5.
4. Th tch khu cha thit k cui cng c xc nh bng cch lp li cc bc
tnh ton trc vi gi tr chnh lch th tch nc nm Vs trong phng trnh (413) v chnh lch th tch nc theo thng Vs trong tnh ton thay i th tch
nc theo thng, (S = Vs + Qm - Vw), nhm tnh s thay i lng nc do
ma, bc hi v thm. xc nh (Vs, cn thit phi xc nh din tch mt ban
u As ca khu cha nc, bng cch xc nh th tch ban u v gi thit chiu
su nc. S dng phng trnh sau tnh Vs:

Vs = (P - Epond - thm)(As)

(4-14)

Vi Epond l bc hi mt thong ca ao h.
==============================================================

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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chng

T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI


--- oOo --5.1 NGUYN L
Khi tin hnh xy dng mt khu cng nghip, khu lin hp sn xut, ngi lm
cng tc qui hoch v thit k cng trnh cn phi ngh n vic xy dng mt hay
nhiu t hp cng trnh x l nc thi. y qu thc l mt cng vic rt kh
khn v tn km trong k thut mi trng do tnh phc tp v a dng ca s
din bin v s lng cng nh cht lng nc thi khi kt hp vi tiu chun
v sinh mi trng v tnh kinh t trong sn xut. T hp cng trnh x l nc
thi l mt chui lin hon cc hng mc cng trnh x l tng cp nhm gim
dn cc cht mun loi b trong bn thn nc thi cho n khi chng t c
cc yu cu sch cn thit. Lng nc sau khi i qua t hp cng trnh c th
c x ra ngun nc chung hoc quay vng mt phn hoc ton th li nh
my sn xut (hnh 5.1).

Hnh 5.1: T hp mt cng trnh x l nc thi

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI


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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong vic quyt nh xy dng t hp cng trnh, 3
nhn t chnh quan trng c gi l 3E, gm K
thut (Engineering), Mi trng (Environment) v
Kinh t (Economic) cn phi hi ha vi nhau, mc
thch hp gia cc nhn t ny cng ln th cng
trnh cng t cht lng cao nh m phng sau:
Hnh 5.1: Quan h 3E
Mu m nht trong hnh 5.1 cho thy mc hiu qu ca cc 3 nhn t, mu
nht hn ch mc giao nhau gia 2 nhn t. Tuy nhin, y ch l mt cch nh
gi c tnh cm quan da vo 3 nhn t chnh, vic quyt nh cng trnh cn ph
thuc vo cc nhn t ph nh chnh sch ca nh nc, trnh x hi, lut l,
... Chong ny khng i su vo vic phn tch kinh t - x hi ca cng trnh. Khi
kho st thit k mt t hp cng trnh, tin trnh xem xt theo s sau:

Hnh 5.3 : Cc bc thit k cng trnh x l nc thi


Trong cc bc trnh by trong s , vic chn la qui trnh x l thit k
cng trnh mang tnh cht quyt nh quan trng. Mt cng trnh c thit k, xy
dng v vn hnh hiu qu ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh k nng ca k
s thit k, chin lc ca nh qun l, kh nng u t xy dng cng trnh v
trang b cc thit b my mc, cht lng thi cng v lp t my mc v chi ph
xy dng v vn hnh bo dng ...
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI
82

Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.2 CC CH TIU THIT K
5.2.1 S liu thit k
Da vo cc s liu iu tra v s lng v hm lng nc thi gy nhim v
tiu chun lm sch, cc tnh ton sau phi c xc nh:
U Ti lng thit k (kg BOD5/ngy)
c xc nh trn c s o c lng nc thi trong 24 gi ca ngy trong
tun c lng thi cao nht. Lu lng thit k phi tnh n lng nc ma
v lng thm t cc ni khc v cng trnh. Trng hp thiu s liu c th
ly lu lng ca h thng thot nc c ri tng thm 25% lm s liu thit k
(theo Hammer M.J., Water and Watsewater Technology, New York, 1977)
U Cht lng dng thi
Cht lng dng thi thng c c quan qun l mi trng ban hnh qui
nh. Theo , cc nh my phi c h thng x l nc thi nhm lm sch
nc mc cho php ti thiu trc khi ti s dng hoc ra ngun nc
khc. Cc qui nh ny phi c t nht cc ch tiu thng s BOD, TS, SS, vi sinh
v pH. Ngoi ra, ty theo yu cu c th c thm COD, du m, kim,
photphat, nit, surphua, axit, kh c, cc kim loi nng v tng carbon, ...
U Cn bng cht rn
Tu yu cu x l m ta c s cng ngh x l. Cn bng cht rn nhm xc
nh kch thc cc b cha tm thi, cc b tch bn cn v kch thc cc ng
dn, knh dn v my bm bn. Cn thit phi c s liu o c v lng cht
rn trong nc thi ln nht trong ngy v ti lng trung bnh cc cht hu c.
5.2.2 S h thng cng trnh
Nhm pht ha tin trnh x l v xc nh s b cc knh thc khong cch cn
thit m bo an ton v sinh v din tch xy dng. Lu din tch h thng bao
gm c cng trnh chnh (b cha, b x l, b lc, ...) v cc cng trnh ph tr
khc (kho bi, ng giao thng, in, nc, ...). Ngoi ra, cc thng tin lin quan
n din tch khu m v hng gi thnh hnh cng cn a vo s h thng.
Bng 5.1: Khong cch v sinh t cng trnh n khu nh (mt)
Loi cng trnh
Qui m cng trnh (x 1.000 m3/ngy m)
X l c hc c sn phi bn
X l sinh hc nhn to c sn phi bn
Bi lc
Cnh ng ti
H sinh hc
MOT (Mng Oxy ha Tun hon)
Aeroten ko di thi gian lm thong
Trm bm

0,2
150
150
200
150
200
150
70
15

0,2 - 5
400
200
200
200
200
200
100
20

5 - 50
400
400
500
400
20

50
500
500
1.000
1.000
30

(Ngun: I. Gruhler, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, 1980)

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 5.2: Din tch cn thit xy dng cng trnh x l
Din tch (ha)
Lu lng nc thi
3
(m /ngy m)
X l c hc
X l sinh hc nhn to
1,3 - 1,0
0,7 - 0,5
5.000
2,0 - 1,5
1,2 - 0,8
10.000
2,5 - 2,0
1,5 - 1,0
15.000
3,0 - 2,3
1,8 - 1,2
20.000
4,3 - 3,5
2,5 - 1,6
30.000
6,0 - 4,5
3,2 - 2,0
40.000
(Ngun: I. Gruhler, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, 1980)

Hnh 5.3: S phn khi x l nc thi

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.2.3 Chn phng n x l
Ty theo qui m ca lng nc thi, tch cht ca nc thi, iu kin kinh t k
thut v yu cu v sinh ca c quan chc nng ta s quyt nh chn phng
n x l. Ta c th chn phng php x l theo mc x l (xem bng 5.3) v
theo khi lng nc thi (xem bng 5.4).
Bng 5.3: La chn phng php x l theo mc cht lng (mg/l)
Phng php x l
Mc x l
Mc x l
theo COD
theo BOD
+ Phng php x l c hc
> 80
25 - 80
+ Phng php x l sinh hc tng phn
25 - 80
15 - 25
+ Phng php x l sinh hc ton phn
15 - 25
< 15
+ Phng php x l sinh hc trit (x l
< 15
thm trn h sinh hc, b lc ct, ...)
Bng 5.4: La chn cng trnh n v trong dy chuyn x l nc thi
Cng sut trm x l (m3/ngy)
Hng mc cng trnh

Di
50

n
300

n
5.000

n
10.000

n
30.000

n
50.000

Hn
50.000

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+

Phng php x l c hc
+ Song chn rc
+ B lng ct ng
+ B lng ct ngang
+ B lng ct nc chy vng
+ B lng 2 v
+ B lng ng
+ B lng ngang
+ B lng trn
+ B Metanten
+ Sn phi bn
+ B lc chn khng
+ B lc ly tm
+ Trm kh trng

Phng php x l sinh hc


+ Bi lc ngm
+ Cnh ng ti
+ Bi lc chm
+ B Biphin cao ti
+ B Biphin thng
+ H sinh hc
+ B hiu kh (aeroten)
+ B nn bn

Ch thch:
Du cng (+): kin ngh s dng Du tr (-): kin ngh khng nn s dng
Ngun : Hong Hu, X l nc thi, 1996
Lu : Trng hp lu lng nc thi nh hn 5.000 m3/ngy nhng lng
BOD5 cao th vn nn s dng b mtaten.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.3 V D THIT K MNG LI NC THI TH V K NGH
Nc thi ca mt khu th c tp hp qua mt chui cc ng ng ngm
bng b tng ct thp. ng ng c chn di mt ng khong 1 - 3 m
su (ty thuc vo gradient thy lc). Nhnh ng ng c kch thc thc t
nh nht, ng knh 0,15 m, nm cht u h thng ni lin vi nhm cc h
gia nh. Ty thuc vo s cm gia nh (hoc cm c xng) m kch thc ca
ng dn ni tip s gia tng dn, c th ln n vi mt (2 - 3 m) khi chy n ch
ra ca h thng. thnh ph Boston (Hoa k) ng ng nh my x l nc
thi ln n 8,3 m ng knh khi ra bin. Kch thc v su ng ng
nm di mt ng, ty thuc vo a cht v a hnh rt nhiu. Trong thit k
mng nc thi, mt s ch tiu sau thng c ngh:
1. Vn tc dng chy trong ng nh nht l Vmin 0,75 m/s.
2. Vn tc dng chy trong ng ln nht chng bo xi l Vmax 3,5 m/s
3. Trong thit k mng nc thi, dng lu lng dng chy
(5-1)
QF = 3 DWF (vi mc thi 700 l/ngi/ngy)
tnh lu lng v thm ln nht theo t l nc ma/nc ngm chy n
ng ng. Trong , DWF (Dry Weather Flow) l dng chy trong iu kin thi
tit ma kh. Theo kinh nghim ti Anh quc, DWF c th ly vo khong 225
l/ngi/ngy.
4. Lng nc n mng ng ng:
Qc = 3 DWF + I + E
(5-2)
vi I l lng thm (do ma chy trn) v E l lng nc x t khu k ngh.
5. Gi tr E ty thuc vo tnh cht sn xut ca khu k ngh, trng hp khng
c s liu o c chnh xc, c th ly theo bng 5.5:
Bng 5.5 : Mc thi c lng t cc khu k ngh
Qui m sn xut
Khng/C h thng ti s dng v tr nc thi ?
k ngh
Khng
C
K ngh nh
2 l/s trn mi ha
0,5 l/s trn mi ha
K ngh trung bnh
4 l/s trn mi ha
1,5 l/s trn mi ha
K ngh nng
8 l/s trn mi ha
2,0 l/s trn mi ha
6. Nu tnh theo s nh trong mt cm, lng nc thi sinh hot cho mi nh
(tnh trung bnh mi nh l 1 gia nh c 4 ngi):
Q mi nh = 4 x 0,225 = 0,9 m3/ngy/nh.
Lu : cc s liu nu trn c th tham kho t cc ti liu hng dn tnh ton
thit k theo tng quc gia hoc khu vc.
d hng hiu c cc bc thit k mng ng ng nc thi, ta c th
theo cc bc ca v d sau. Tht ra, hin nay c cc phn mm my tnh c th
gip ta x l bi ton nc thi kt hp vic x nc ma. V d di y l mt
trng hp tham kho Brassil (bi ton ca nm 1978) v c gii theo
phng php ca Vin Nghin cu Thy lc ti Wallingford, Anh quc (1981).
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d 5.1:

Hnh 5.4 : Mng nc thi cho v d 5.1 (Brassil, 1981)


Xem xt mt mng ng ng nc thi c b tr nh hnh 5.4, trong c 7
cm ngi nh v cc c xng k ngh . Trong cm 1 c 200 ngi nh v 0,3 c
xng k ngh nh, ng ng trong ny l ng n di 120 m vi gradient thy
lc l 1/180. Su cm khc cng c xy dng pha h lu cm 1 vi cc chi
tit nh, xng, ng ng, giadient ghi trong hnh v. Yu cu thit k cc
ng ng dn tha yu cu ca vic xy dng mng thot nc thi.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------S dng phng trnh Colebrook - White tnh ton vn tc trong mi ng
ng:
k

2,5l

(5-3)
V = 2 2.g.D.S f log10 s +
3,7 D D 2.g .D.S f

trong
D - ng knh ng, m
Sf - gradient thy lc, m/m
ks - chiu cao ca g nhm, m. y ly ks = 0,3 mm cho ng btng.
- nht ng lc ca cht lng = 1,003 x 10-6 m2/s ti 20C
Gii:
Thit lp bng tnh ton gm 17 ct tnh nh phn di, trong
Ct (1)
: nh s cm phn b
Ct (2)
: nh s cm phn b trc
Ct (3)
: nh s tng cm phn b (cng dn)
Ct (4)
: nh s lu lng t thng lu (l/s)
Ct (5)
: nh s ngi nh cho mi cm (ci)
Ct (6)
: nh lng nc thi t cc ngi nh (l/s)
Ct (7)
: nh din tch khu k ngh cho mi cm (ha)
Ct (8)
: nh loi k ngh cho mi cm (nh/ trung bnh /nng)
Ct (9)
: nh lu lng n v nc thi t khu k ngh mi cm (l/s/ha)
Ct (10)
: nh lu lng cho nc thi k ngh, (10) = (7) x (9)
Ct (11)
: nh s tng lu lng t cc nh v khu k ngh, (11) = (6)+(10)
Ct (12)
: Gi tr tng dng chy t ct (11) cng dn t thng lu
Ct (13)
: Gi tr gradient ng ng
Ct (14)
: Gi nh kch thc ng knh ng dn
Ct (15)-(16) : Vn tc v lu lng tnh theo phng trnh Colebrook - White
: Nu kch thc ng knh khng tha s gi nh kch thc li
Ct (17)
: Ghi ch
So snh lu lng dng chy tnh ct (12) vi lu lng thc ct (16) xem
c tng xng hay khng. Nu khng, knh thc ng ng phi gia tng, v.v...

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cm

(1)

Cm
trc

Tng
cm

(2)

Lu
lng
trc
(l/s)

(3)

(4)

S
ngi
nh

(5)

Lu
lng
(l/s)

(6)

Din
tch
khu
k
ngh
(ha)

Loi
k
ngh

(7)

Lu
lng
n
v l/s/
ha

(8)

(9)

Lu
lng
nc
thi
k
ngh

(10)

Tng
lu
lng
cm
(l/s)

(11)

Tng
dng
chy
nt
(l/s)

(12)

Gradi
ent
thy
lc

(13)

1
2
3
4

1
1-2
1-2
1-3

200

12.5 *

0.3

Nh

0.6 **

13.1

13.1

1/180

1-2
1-2
1-3

13.1
32.6
32.6

280

17.5

0.5

TBnh

2.0

19.5

140

8.75

1.1

Nng

8.8

17.6

32.6
32.6
50.2

1/180
1/120
1/200

1-4

50.2

200

12.5

1.8

Nng

14.4

26.9

77.1

5
6
1-6
7

1-5
1-6

110

6.975

0.9

Nh

1.8

8.8

8.8

1/250

160

10.0

2.3

TBnh

9.2

19.2

1-7

105.1

350

21.9

2.1

Nng

16.8

38.7

19.2
105.1
38.7

1/238
1/100
1/53

Kch
thc
ng
(mm)

(14)

Vn
tc
trong
ng
(m/s)

(15)

Lu
lng
trong
ng
(m/s)

Ghi
ch

(16)

(17)

150
225
225
225
225
300

0.81
1.06
0.96
1.16
1.01
1.21

14.9
43.6
39.3
47.8
41.3
88.2

tng

150
225
225
300
300

0.7
0.9
0.92
1.72
2.38

12.6
36.8
37.8
125.0
174.0

tng

t
t
tng
t

tng
t
t

Ghi ch::
* Cho vic s dng dn dng: 4 ngi/ngi nh vi mc s dng 225 l/ngi/ngy.
Mc thi max trong ma = 6 DWF, Q = 0,0625 l/s/h
**
Mc thi max t cc khu k ngh = 6 DWF trung bnh
(theo s liu ca Brassil, 1981)

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.4 QUN L CNG TRNH X L NC THI
5.4.1 Nguyn tc chung
Mt cng trnh hot ng c hiu qu phi thc hin tt trong tt c cc khu t
bc kho st, thit k, n xy dng v vn hnh. Trong thit k cn phi ngh
n cc hng mc cng trnh h tr cho vic qun l vn hnh lu di v sau, bao
gm cc cng trnh o c, cng trnh lm sch, cng trnh bo dng, ... Khi
to thun li cho cng vic qun l th cng trnh cng hot ng thun li v m
bo tui th lu di. Khi a cng trnh vo hot ng phi c cc h s sau:

H s thit k chi tit cng trnh bao gm cc thuyt minh v bn v.


H s k thut cc dng c, thit b my, thit b in trong h thng.
Cc vn bn nghim thu tng hng mc cng trnh nh bin bn th
nghim ca t gim nh xy dng v mi trng.
Cc giy php ca ban gim st ngun nc v mi trng, bin bn tha
thun cc ban chuyn mn v bo h lao ng v k thut an ton, phng
chy cha chy.
S ghi chp v cc vn bn bo co lin quan n cng trnh.
Qui trnh vn hnh v bo dng nh k cng trnh.

5.4.2 Cng tc o lng


o lng nhm xc nh cc ch s hot ng ca h thng. Kt qu o lng
cn dng kim nh thit k v hiu chnh cc thng s my mc thit b. Ty
theo tnh cht ca cng trnh m b tr cc thit b o thch hp, v d cng trnh
lm sch nc thi sinh hot cn o lu lng nc thi, thit b ly mu nc
xc nh cn lng v nhu cu oxy sinh hc BOD5.
i vi cc h thng c lng nc vo v ra di 10 l/s, c th dng p trn
thnh mng hnh ch nht hoc tam gic t trong 1 mng h. Trng hp p
trn hnh tam gic, mp trn mng v sc nhn, gc ct l 90, th lu lng nc
thi tnh theo cng thc:

Q = 0,0146.h 2 / 3

(l/s)

(5-4)

vi h l ct nc pha thng lu (cm), o vo khong 4 ln chiu cao p trn.

Hnh 5.5:

Ca trn o lu lng nc thi (Q < 10 l/s)

Trng hp Q > 10 l/s th c th dng mng Venturi. Nu knh dn co hnh dng


khng ng nht th mt mt ct tng i n nh no ta c th b tr o lu
lng bng lu tc k.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mu nc c th ly n gin bng chai thy tinh c nt y, khi a chai xung
mt su no ri rt nhanh nt y li nc trn vo trong chai, xong
nhanh chng rt lai ln, y kn, ghi nhn dn ngoi chai, nhn phi ghi r tn
mu, a im ly mu, su, ngy gi v ngi ly mu. Mu nc c tr
trong thng nc v chuyn n phng phn tch cht lng nc cng sm
cng tt. (Nn tham kho thm cc ti liu hng dn thu v phn tch mu
chuyn ch mu v phng th nghim trc thi gian qui nh.)
xc nh cn lng trong nc, ngi ta dng mt dng c ly mu l loi
gu hnh tr c dung tch t 1 - 2 lt lm bng inox. Ly mu nc vng tip kh
(acrten) ch khuy trn tng i ng u nht. Khi khng c phu Imhoff
xc nh cn lng, ta c th dng ng thy tinh c chia vch. Rt 1 lt mu nc
vo ng thy tinh c chia vch. yn khong 30 pht vo ghi li kt qu lng
cn lng.
5.4.3 Cng tc qun l
Cc dng c ly mu phi sch v c t nht 2 ci mi loi d phng. Nhn
vin ly mu v vn hnh trm phi c trang b cc dng c, o qun bo h,
gng tay, khu trang ... trnh nhim c, nhim khun do vi trng v cc c
cht hin hu trong nc thi. Trm x l phi c t thuc cp cu y t, bnh
cha chy, nh v sinh, ni ra tay cho nhn vin. Tng hng mc cng trnh
phi gi sch s, chng bong st, h hng, phi c ni cp xp dng c, cc li i
li phi dy c v dn rc. Cc t iu khin my mc, t in phi c bng ch
dn v cnh bo nguy him. Khng cho tr em v gia sc vo khu vc trm x l.
qun l tt trm x l nc thi, cn c:

Ch dn chung.
S phng lm vic, phng iu khin thit b, phng th nghim, hng
mc cng trnh, ng i, v tr cc ca ra vo, cu thang, chiu sng.
Cc thit b o lng in, my n v kim sot cc ng ng, b cha,
knh dn, ca van, ...
Qui trnh vn hnh, thao tc v theo di.
S nht k hot ng.
Lch bo dng my mc v thit b.
K hoch s cu v d phng vic x l tai nn.

==============================================================

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L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------BNG QUI I N V
U . S . units
acre/(Mgal/d)
Btu
Btu/lb
Btu/ft2 . 0F . h
bu/acre . yr
ft/ h
ft/min
ft2/capital
ft3/capital
ft3/gal
ft3/ft . min
ft3/lb
ft3/Mgal
Ft2/Mgal . d
ft3/ ft2 . h
ft3/ 103 gal . min
ft3/min
ft3/s
ft3/ 103 ft3 . min
gal
gal/acre . d
gal /ft . d
gal/ft2 . d
gal/ft2 . d
gal/ft2 . d
gal/ft2 . d
gal/ft2 . min
gal/ft2 . min
gal/ft2 . min
gal/min . ft
hp/103 gal
hp/103 ft3
in
in Hg (600F)
lb
lb/acre
lb/103 gal
lb/hp . h
lb/Mgal
lb/Mgal
lb/ft2
lb/in2 (gage)
lb/ft3 . h
lb/103 ft3 . d
lb/ton
Mgal/acre . d
Mgal/d
Mgal/d
min/in
tons/acre


0.1069
1.0551
2.3241
5.6735
2.4711
0.3048
18.2880
0.0929
0.0283
7.4805
0.0929
0.0624
7.04805.10-3
407.4611
0.3048
7.04805. 10-3
1.6990
2.8317.10-2
0.001
3.7854
0.0094
0.0124
0.0407
0.0017
0.0283
40.7458
2.4448
40.7458
58.6740
12.4193
0.1970
26.3342
25.4
3.3768
0.4536
1.1209
0.1198
0.6083
0.1198
1.1983.10-4
4.8824
6.8948
16.0185
0.0160
0.5000
0.9354
3.7854.103
4.3813.10-2
3.9370
2.2417


9.3536
0.9478
0.4303
0.1763
0.4047
3.2808
0.0547
10.7639
35.3147
0.1337
10.7639
16.0185
133.6805
0.0025
3.2808
133.6805
0.5886
35.3145
1,000.0
0.2642
106.9064
80.5196
24.5424
589.0173
35.3420
2.4542. 10-2
0.4090
0.0245
0.0170
8.052.10-2
5.0763
0.0380
3.9370.10-2
0.2961
2.2046
0.8922
8.3452
1.6440
8.3454
8345.4
0.2048
0.1450
0.0624
62.4280
2.0000
1.0691
0.264.10-3
22.8245
0.2540
0.4461

SI units
ha/(103m3/d)
kJ
kJ/kg
W/m2 . 0C
bu/ha . yr
m/h
m/h
m2/capital
m3/capital
m3/ m3
m3/ m . min
m3/kg
m3/103 m3
m2/103 m3 . d
m3/ m2 . h
m3/ m3 . min
m3/h
m3/s
m3/ m3 . min
L
m3/ha .d
m3/m . d
m3/m2 . d
m3/ m2. h
L/ m2 . min
L/ m2 . d
m/h
L/ m2 . min
m3/ m2. d
L/min . m
kW/ m3
kW/ 103 m3
mm
kPa Hg (600F)
kg
kg/ha
kg/m3
kg/kW . h
g/ m3
kg/m3
kg/m2
kPa (gage)
kg/m3 . h
kg/m3 . d
kg/tonne
m3/ m2 . d
m3/d
m3/s
min/102 mm
Mg/ha

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO


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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PH LC
B XY DNG
TIU CHUN XY DNG

QUI PHM K THUT AN TON LAO NG TRONG VN HNH


KHAI THC CC H THNG CP THOT NC
QPXD 66 - 77
(C hiu lc t ngy 1 - 1 - 1978)
--- oOo --... trch ...
4. CC CNG TRNH X L NC
Trm x l nc sch
4.1

Tt c cc cng trnh x l nc (b trn, b lng, b lc, v.v...) phi c lan


can cao 0,8 m bao quanh.
4.2
Khi d tr ha cht v s dng ha cht phi c hng dn c th ring do
c quan qun l cp trn xt duyt.
4.3
Nhng my dng bc xp hoc trn ha cht phi c chng t k thut
bo m an ton khi vn hnh.
4.4
Cng nhn bc xp, vn chuyn nghin v pha ha cht phi mt qun o
lao ng, eo knh bo him, khu trang, gng tay v i ng cao su. sau khi
lm xong phi c tm ra sch.
4.5
Kho cha, nghin v ry than hot tnh, bung pha dung dch ha cht phi
c qut thng gi.
Ty theo loi ha cht, c th lp thm b phn lc vo vo qut thng gi bo
m khng kh thi ra ngoi t tiu chun cho php.
4.6
Trong kho cha v ni s dng ha cht d chy n, cc thit b phi bo
m an ton theo quy nh trnh gy ra chy n. Cm lm cc cng vic
c th pht sinh ra tia la. Phi c bin "cm la" treo ni d nhn.
4.7
Cc thng cha dung dch clorua vi phi lm bng vt liu khng b clo n
mn (chum vi snh, b tng ct thp lt gch men, v.v...) c np y kn
v c b phn khuy trn chu a xt.
4.8
Kho bo qun clorua vi phi t khu vc cui hng gi ch o, cch
ly vi cch cng trnh khc, trnh m t, c nh sng mt tri ri vo.
Ca s kho phi lng knh sn trng.
4.9
Kho phi lm bng vt liu khng chy v khng dn nhit, t nht phi c
hai ca trt tip m ra ngoi.
4.10 B hoc ging h cha ha cht phi c lan can c nh cao 0,8 m
bao quanh. Ch c vo b hoc ging khi trong khng cha ho cht
v thau ra sch.
4.11 Khi kim tra, c ra hoc sa cha b lng, b lc, b cha phi mang dy
an ton v buc vo ni chc chn. Sau khi c ngi vo phi kh trng
b bng clorua vi.
4.12 Vic s cu khi b tai nn do ha cht gy ra v vic phng chy v cha
chy trong phng th nghim ha phn tch nc xem hng dn ph lc
1 ca qui phm ny.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trm lm sch nc bn
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25

4.26
4.27

4.28

4.30
4.31
4.32
4.33

Khi ly mu nc bn phn tch phi eo gng tay bng cao su.


Khi s dng clo theo qui nh chng 8, cn khi s dng cc ha cht
khc theo qui nh cc iu t 4.4 n 4.10.
Nu cc cng trnh x l nm trong nh kn phi bo m thng gi.
Cm c ra li chn rc bng tay m phi dng cc dng c chuyn
dng.
Cm kim tra v sa cha nhng b phn quay ca li chn rc khi li
ang chuyn ng.
Khi li chn rc su qu 1,2 m phi c sn ph c ra v lan can
cao 0,8 m bao quanh.
Rc li chn rc phi c nhanh chng thu vo b ring v c kh
trng bng clorua vi.
Cn ly b lng ct ra trong trng hp khng ch n sn phi ct th
phi rc ln mt lp vi bt hoc clorua vi.
Cm s dng ct ly b lng ct ra san lp nn hoc dng trong xy
dng.
Cm dng nhng dng c ty tin nh que gy v.v... gt vt ni, du
m v.v... m phi dng thit b chuyn dng.
Trong v chung quanh khu vc b m tan ch c s dng cc thit b v
dng c in chuyn dng cho cc mi trng d chy n.
mi b m tan phi lp mt p k kim tra p sut kh. p k phi
nim ch.
Khi p sut kh trong h thng kh ca b m tan tng qu gii hn cho
php hoc khi c s c phi x kh theo ng ng ring cch xa khu vc
b v cc cng trnh kin trc khc ti thiu 200 m. Kh x ra c t
u ng, khi i phi c bin php an ton theo qui nh ca c quan
phng chy v cha chy v c quan kim tra v sinh, ng thi phi c
phng n x l s c.
khu vc c b cha kh m tan khng c t la, ht thuc v mi
hot ng khc c th pht sinh tia la. Phi c bin "cm la".
Cm dng nhng dng c c th pht sinh tia la sa cha ng ng
dn kh v b cha kh m tan. Trong trng hp cn sa cha m khng
c dng c an ton th phi co bin php lm sch kh m tan trong ng
ng v b.
trnh gy n v ng c, cng nhn lm vic trm kh phi thng
xuyn kim tra mng li v cc thit b dn kh, phi c y dng c
phng chy v cha chy trong tnh trng sn sng.
4.29
Khi kim tra ng ng dn kh v b cha kh m tan, cm dng n c
ngn la h, phi dng n in cm tay in p khng qu 12 vn.
Khi mt thit b c trong b b hng, ch c php sa cha thit b
sau khi ly ra ngoi b.
Tt c cng nhn lm vic cc cng trnh lm sch nc bn phi mt
qun o bo h lao ng v mang cc dng c bo him cn thit trnh
nhng nh hng xu n sc kho.
Phi c y nc tm v x phng cho cng nhn lm vic cc trm
lm sch nc bn.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO


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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kh trng nc
4.34
4.35
4.36

4.37
4.38

Kh trng nc cp v nc bn sinh hot u phi theo ng tiu chun


v sinh qui nh trong "Tiu chun thit k cp nc, thot nc th".
Khi dng clo kh trng phi tun theo cc qui nh chng 8 ca quy
phm ny.
Qu trnh amni ha nc phi tin hnh c lp v theo cc yu cu sau:
a) Phi bo m thng gi tt.
b) Cc thit b in v thng gi phi c bo m an ton khng gy n.
c) Khng kh nhim bn phi c ht t trn xung.
d) Cm dng qut thng gi chung cho c hai bung clo ha v amoni ha.
Khi vn chuyn, bo qun v s dng amniac phi tun theo cc quy nh
trong "Quy phm k thut an ton cc bnh chu p lc".
Cng nhn vn hnh cc my amni ha phi c y trang b phng h
theo ch hin hnh.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO


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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GI TR GII HN CC THNG S V NNG


CHT NHIM (TCVN 5945 - 1995)
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Thng s
Nhit
pH
BOD5
COD
Cht rn l lng
Arsen
Cadimi
Ch
Clo d
Crom (V)
Crom (II)
Du m khong
Du m thc vt
ng
Km
Mangan
Niken
Photpho hu c
Photpho tng
St
Tetracloetylen
Thic
Thy ngn
Tng nit
Tricloetylen
Amoniac
Florua
Phenol
Sunfua
Xyanua
Coliform
Tng hot phng x
Tng hot phng x

n v
0

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml
Bq/l
Bq/l

Gi tr gii hn
A
B
C
45
40
40
5-9
5.5 - 9
6-9
100
50
< 20
400
100
50
400
100
50
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.02
0.01
1
0.2
0.1
2
2
1
0.5
0.1
0.05
2
1
0.2
5
1
KPH
30
10
5
5
1
0.2
5
2
1
5
1
0.2
2
1
0.2
1
0.5
0.2
8
6
4
10
5
4
0.1
0.1
0.02
5
1
0.2
0.01
0.005
0.005
60
60
30
0.3
0.3
0.05
10
1
0.1
5
2
1
1
0.05
0.001
1
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.05
10000
5000
0.1
0.1
1
1

Ghi ch
KPH: Khng pht hin c
A: X vo khu vc nc c dng lm ngun cung cp nc sinh hot.
B: X vo nc dng cho giao thng thy, ti tiu, tm.
C: X vo cng thnh ph hoc nhng ni quy nh.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO


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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cht lng nc - Nc thi sinh hot Gii hn nhim cho php


(TCVN 6772 : 2000)
Water quality - Domestic wastewater standard.

1 Phm vi p dng.
Tiu chun ny p dng i vi nc thi ca cc loi c s dch v, c s cng
cng v chung c nh nu trong bng 2 (sau y gi l nc thi sinh hot) khi
thi vo cc vng nc quy nh.
Tiu chun ny ch p dng cho nc thi sinh hot ti cc khu vc cha c h
thng thu gom, x l nc thi tp trung.
Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho nc thi cng nghip nh quy nh trong
TCVN 5945 1995.
2 Gii hn nhim cho php.
2.1 Cc thng s v nng thnh phn nhim trong nc thi sinh hot khi
thi ra cc vng nc quy nh, khng c vt qu gii hn trong bng 1.
2.2 Cc mc gii hn nu trong bng 1 c xc nh theo cc phng php
phn tch quy nh
trong cc tiu chun tng ng hin hnh.
2.3 Tu theo loi hnh, qui m v din tch s dng ca c s dch v, cng cng
v chung c,
mc gii hn cc thnh phn nhim trong nc thi sinh hot c p dng c
th theo bng 2.
Bng 1 Thng s nhim v gii hn cho php
TT

Thng s nhim

n v
Mc I

1
2
3
4

pH
BOD
Cht rn l lng
Cht rn c th lng
c
5 Tng cht rn ho tan
6 Sunfua ( theo H2S)
7 Nitrat (NO3-)
8 Du m (thc phm)
9 Phosphat (PO43-)
10 Tng coliforms
KQ: Khng qui nh

Gii hn cho php


Mc III Mc IV

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l

5-9
30
50
0,5

Mc
II
5-9
30
50
0,5

mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100 ml

500
1.0
30
20
6
1000

500
1.0
30
20
6
1000

Mc V

5-9
40
60
0,5

5-9
50
100
0,5

5-9
200
100
KQ

500
3.0
40
20
10
5000

500
4.0
50
20
10
5000

KQ
KQ
KQ
100
KQ
10 000

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO


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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bng 2
TT

Loi hnh c s
Dch v/ Cng
cng/ Chung c

Khch sn

Nh tr, nh khch

Bnh vin nh, trm


x

Qui m, din tch s dng


ca c s dch v, cng
cng, chung c
Di 60 phng
T 60 n 200 phng
Trn 200 phng

Mc p
dng cho
php
theo
bng 1
Mc III
Mc II
Mc I

T 10 n 50 phng
Trn 50 n 250 phng
Trn 250 phng

Mc IV
Mc III
Mc II

T 10 n 30 ging
Trn 30 ging

Mc II
Mc I
Mc I

Bnh vin a khoa

Tr s c quan nh
nc , doanh
nghip, c quan
nc ngoi, ngn
hng, vn phng

Trng hc, vin


nghin cu v cc
c s tng t

Ca hng bch ha,


siu th

10

Ch thc phm ti
sng

Nh hng n ung,
nh n cng cng,
ca hng thc phm

Khu chung c

T 5000 m2 n 10000 m2
Trn 10000 m2 n 50000 m2
Trn 50000 m2

Mc III
Mc II
Mc I

T 5000 m2 n 25000 m2
Trn 25000 m2

Mc II
Mc I

T 5000 m2 n 25000 m2
Trn 25000 m2

Mc II
Mc I

T 500 m2 n 1000 m2
Trn 1000 m2 n 1500 m2
Trn 1500 m2 n 25000 m2
Trn 25000 m2

Mc IV
Mc III
Mc II
Mc I

Di 100 m2
T 100 m2 n 250 m2
2
2
Trn 250 m n 500 m
Trn 500 m2 n 2500 m2
Trn 2500 m2

Mc V
Mc IV
Mc III
Mc II
Mc I

Di 100 cn h
T 100 n 500 cn h
Trn 500 cn h

Mc III
Mc II
Mc I

Ghi ch

Phi kh trng nc thi trc khi


thi ra mi trng
Phi kh trng nc thi. Nu c
cc thnh phn nhim ngoi
nhng thng s nu trong bng 1
ca tiu chun ny, th p dng gii
hn tng ng i vi i vi cc
thng s quy nh trong TCVN
5945 - 1995

Din tch tnh l khu vc lm vic


Cc vin nghin cu chuyn ngnh
c th, lin quan n nhiu ho
cht v sinh hc, nc thi c cc
thnh phn nhim ngoi cc
thng s nu trong bng 1 ca tiu
chun ny, th p dng gii hn
tng ng i vi cc thng s
quy nh trong TCVN 5945-1995

Din tch tnh l din tch phng n

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO


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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TI LIU THAM KHO


--- oOo --1. B Xy dng - Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni, 1993
Gio trnh Cp Thot nc, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
2. Bounds, T.R., 1997.
Design and Performance of Septic Tanks, Site Characterization and
Design of Onsite Septic Systems, ASTM STP 901, M.S. Bedinger, A.I.
Johnson, and J.S. Fleming, Eds., American Society for Testing Materials,
Philadelphia.
3. Calvin Victor Davis, 1952
Handbook of Applied Hydraulics, Nxb. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York
4. Nguyn Ngc Dung, 1999
X l nc cp, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
5. Environmental Sanitation Information Center (1987).
Environmental Sanitation Review. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok,
Thailand
6. Nguyn Vn t, Hunh Chnh Thin, 1982
Kt cu cng trnh, tp I, II, Nxb. i hc v THCN, H Ni
7. Fair, Gordon Maskew, 1954
Water supply and waste-water disposal, Nxb. John Wiley & Son, New York
8. George Tchobanoglous and Franklin L. Burton, 19
Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, Nxb. McGrawHill Book Co., New York
9. I. Gruhler, 1980
Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
10. John M. Kalbermatten, DeAnne S. Julius, Charles G. Gunnerson, D. Duncan
Mara (1982).
Appropriate Sanitation Alternatives - a Planning and Design Manual. The
Johns Hopkins University Press. Published for the World Bank. Baltimore
and London, UK
11. Hong Hu, 1996
X l nc thi, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
12. Kriengsak Udomsinrot, 1989
Wastewater Engineering Design - Calculations, Mitrnara Printing, Bangkok
13. Linvil G. Rich, 1980
Low-maintaine, Mechanically Simple Wastewater Treatment Systems, Nxb.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York
14. Dng Trng Ph (2003).
Nng cao hiu qu ca nh tiu sinh thi VINASANRES, Vin Pasteur
Nha Trang, Nha Trang
15. Smethrurst, George, 1988
Basic water treament for application world-wide, Nxb. Thomas Telford,
16. S.M. Tronach, T. Rudd, J.N. Lester, 1986
Anaerobic digestion processes in industrial wastewater treatment, Nxb.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
17. Tng cc Xy dng - Tiu chun ngnh, 1996
TCXD 188: Nc thi th - Tiu chun thi, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
18. Trn Vn M, 1993
K thut Mi trng, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO
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Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI


L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------19. Trn Hiu Nhu, L Th Dung, ng Quc Dng, Trn c H, Hi, Phm
Ngc Thi, Nguyn Vn Than (2001).
Cp nc v V sinh Nng thn. Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni
20. Trng i hc Thy li, B mn Ha hc - Bo v Mi trng, 1992
Bo v Mi trng - Qun l Cht lng nc, H Thy li, H Ni
21. Nguyn Th Kim Thi, L Hin Tho, 1999
Sinh thi hc v Bo v Mi trng, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
22. Nguyn Th Thu Thy, 1999
X l nc cp Sinh hot v Cng nghip, Nxb. Khoa hc & K thut, HNi
23. Trung tm o to ngnh Nc v Mi trng, 1999
S tay X l Nc, Nxb. Xy dng, H Ni
24. L Anh Tun, 2000
Gio trnh Phn tch D n Pht trin Nng thn, i hc Cn Th
25. L Anh Tun, 2000
Gio trnh Qui hoch Thy li, trng i hc Cn th, Cn Th
26. L Hong Vit, 1997
Gio trnh Nguyn l X l Nc thi, trng i hc Cn th, Cn Th

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