THE OXFORD ENGLISH ACADEMY - VIETNAM C8, 343 Doi Can St., Ba Dinh Dist.

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THE OXFORD ENGLISH ACADEMY

BI 15: CHUYN I T LOI (WORD CLASS CONVERSION)

Trong ting Anh c hin tng chuyn i t t loi ny sang t loi khc, v d t danh t sang ng t hoc ngc li. y, chng ta loi tr nhng trng hp chuyn i chc nng, hay ni cch khc l chuyn i vai tr ca t trong cu, nh trng hp mt danh t, tuy khng chuyn i g v hnh thc hay ngha, nhng c th ng nhng vai tr khc nhau trong cu. V d: 1. Our production has been affected by that earthquake. (Vic sn xut ca chng ti b nh hng bi trn ng t .) 2. He is our production manager. (Anh y l trng phng sn xut ca chng ti.) cu th nht, t production l danh t chnh trong cm danh t our production ng lm ch ng. Trong cu th 2, t production ng lm b ng cho danh t chnh manager, trong cm danh t lm b ng sau ng t lin h is. Tuy nhin, trong c hai v d trn, t production u l danh t v u c ngha l sn xut, v do ta khng coi n l trng hp b chuyn i t loi. Trong bi ny, chng ta cng xem xt mt s trng hp chuyn i t loi trong ting Anh: Th nht l chuyn trng m ca t. Nh hc trong bi 3, mt s ng t hai m tit tr thnh danh t, khi trng m c chuyn t m tit th nht sang m tit th hai. V d: ng t Danh t (Verbs) (Nouns) reCORD REcord conTRAST CONtrast exPORT EXport deSERT DEsert obJECT OBject preSENT PREsent proDUCE PROduce reBEL REbeL proTEST PROtest Tng t, mt s ng t hai m tit chuyn thnh tnh t khi chuyn trng m t m tit th nht sang m tit th 2. v d: ng t Tnh t (Verbs) (Adjectives) PERfect perFECT CONtent conTENT Tuy nhin, rt nhiu t trong ting Anh va l danh t va l ng t v khng b thay i trng m khi n l danh t hay ng t. v d: Verbs and Nouns: ANswer PROmise

TRAvel VIsit rePLY PICture Th hai l mt s t chuyn loi t khi c ghp vi tin t (prefix) v hu t (suffix) Chng ta cng xem xt mt s tin t ph bin c kh nng chuyn i t loi t tnh t v danh t sang ng t. TIN T CHUYN I DANH T V TNH T SANG NG T (VERB PREFIXES) a s tin t trong ting Anh khi thm vo u mt t no , n lm thay i ngha ca t y, nhng khng thay i t loi ca n. Thng thng, cc tin t ny cng khng lm thay i trng m ca t. V d Tidy (gn gng) untidy (khng gn gng/lum thum) Correct (ng) incorrect (sai) Tuy nhin, mt s tin t trong ting Anh va c kh nng chuyn i t loi. Tin t en-, em v be- ng trc mt danh t hoc tnh t v chuyn t thnh ng t. Verb prefixes En-/em-/be + Noun/adjective Verb V d: Tin t (Prefix) Kt hp vi t gc to thnh ng t (root word) (Verb) Noun Adjective En Close Enclose (gi km) able Enable ( lm cho c th) act Enact (ban hnh) Trong v d bng ny, ta thy Tin t en c ghp vi tnh t gc close to thnh ng t enclose (gi km) Tin t en, ghp vi tnh t gc able to thnh ng t enable (lm cho c th) Tin t en ghp vi danh t act to thnh ng t enact (ban hnh) Tin t (Prefix) em be be Kt hp vi t gc (root word) Noun Adjective power witch little to thnh ng t (Verb) Empower (trao quyn lc cho) Bewitch (b ba, chi)

Belittle (coi nh, xem thng) Trong v d ny, tin t em ghp vi danh t power to thnh ng t empower (trao quyn lc cho..) Tin t be ghp vi danh t witch to thnh ng t bewitch (b ba) Tin t be ghp vi tnh t little to thnh ng t belittle (coi nh) HU T (SUFFIXES) Hu t l yu t gn thm vo ui mt t lm thay i t loi ca t gc ch khng thay i ngha ca n. Trc ht, ta cng xem xt mt s hu t c chc nng chuyn i tnh t v ng t thnh danh t. HU T CHUYN T LOI SANG DANH T (NOUN SUFFIXES) Mt s hu t kt hp vi ng t th chuyn ng t sang danh t.V d: Hu t Ngha ca hu t V d Suffix Meaning Example

-al -ance, -ence -er, -or -ment -sion, -tion -ist

Hnh ng hay qu trnh Trng thi hay c im Ngi lm vic/lm ngh iu kin, s vic Trng thi Ngi lm vic/ngh

Refuse refusal Maintainmaintenance Train trainer Argue argument Transit transition Biologybiologist

Mt s hu t khc, khi ghp vi tnh t th chuyn tnh t thnh danh t. V d: Hu t Ngha ca hu t V d Suffix Example -acy -dom -ity, -ty -ness Trng thi hay c im Ni chn hay trng thi c im, s vic Trng thi Privateprivacy Free freedom Active activity Heavy heaviness

HU T CHUYN LOI T SANG TNH T (ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES) Cc hu t ive v ible/able khi ghp vo sau mt ng t th chuyn ng t sang tnh t.V d: Hu t Ngha ca hu t V d Suffix Meaning Example -able, -ible -ive C kh nng C bn cht/c im editedible, present presentable create creative

Tng t, mt s hu t khi ghp vo sau danh t, th chuyn danh t sang tnh t. V d: Hu t Ngha ca hu t V d Suffix Meaning Example -al -ful -ic, -ical -ious, -ous -ish -less -y Thuc v Nhn thy l Thuc v C c im l C c im l Khng c C c im l Regionregional Fruitfruitful Musicmusical Economyeconomic Nutitionnutritious, Danger dangerous Girlgirlish Endendless Sun sunny

Mt s hu t khi ghp vi mt tnh t hay mt danh t, th bin tnh t hoc danh t thnh ng t. V d: Hu t Ngha ca hu t V d Suffix Meaning Example -ate, iate -en -ify, -fy Lm cho tr nn Lm cho c c im Lm cho hoc tr ln DifferentDifferentiate Activeactivate Length lengthen Quality qualify

-ize, -ise

Lm cho tr nn

Civil civilize

Trong ting Anh, hu t -ly c ghp vi nhiu tnh t to ra trng t. Tnh t + ly= trng t slow (chm chp)- slowly (mt cch chm chp) quiet ( im lng)- quietly (mt cch im lng) Tuy nhin, rt nhiu t c ui ly khng phi l trng t m l tnh t. Cc em cn hc thuc nhng t nh vy. Tnh t c ui -ly Friendly, ugly, weekly, monthly, daily, yearly, silly, womanly, manly, curly Vic nm r cc tin t v hu t c bn v chc nngchuyn loi t v ngha ca chng gip chng ta rt nhiu trong x l cc bi thi trc. N gip chng ta loi b nhng la chn khng ph hp, xc nh t loi, xc nh ngha v suy on ra cu tr li ng nht. Chng ta cng lm thm mt bi tp trc nghim trong thi THPT nm 2009 v 2010 hiu r im ny. Chn phng n ng (ng vi A, B, C, hoc D) hon thnh mi cu sau. 1. The government initiated the programme of reform in the 1980s. A. economist B. economically C. economised D. economic 2. A scientist who studies living things is a . A. biology B. biologist C. biologically D. biological Cha bi: Cu 1, ch trng cn in l mt tnh t hoc danh t lm b ng trc danh t reform v b ngha cho n. Xt hu t ca c 4 la chn ta thy A. economist l danh t v c ngha l nh kinh t khng ph hp v mt ngha v khng ai ni l chng trnh ci cch nh kinh t c. La chn B. economically l trng t, cng khng in c vo ch trn v khng lm c b ng cho danh t. La chn C. economized cng khng ph hp v n l phn t 2 v c ngha l :c kinh t ha, do cng khng ph hp v ngha. Ch cn la chn D. Economic l tnh t v c ngha l (trong lnh vc kinh t). la chn ny ph hp c v ngha v t loi. Cm danh t c c sau khi in t l economic reform (ci cch trong lnh vc kinh t) Cu 2, xt trn ng cnh, ch trng cn in l mt danh t, v n ng sau qun t a v sau n khng c t no c. Xt hu t ca 4 p n cho ta thy: A. l trng t B. l tnh t Do c 2 p n ny u khng ph hp. Ch cn p n A v B. Hu t ca A. biology ch ra rng y l danh t ch lnh vc ( ngnh sinh hc). hu t ca B. biologist ch ra rng n l t ch ngi lm vic trong lnh vc sinh hc ( nh sinh vt hc) Xt trn ng cnh, danh t cn in phi ch ngi hot ng trong lnh vc sinh hc. Do , p n ng phi l B. Biologist Mt im cn ch na l, mt s hu t khng thay i trng m ca t khi chuyn loi t. V d: Trng m ca t gc khng b thay i khi ghp vi tin t v hu t sau : Rules Examples Trng m ca t khng b thay i khi ghp DRINKable, Musical, emPLOYment, Colourful, CHILDhood, vi cc hu t able, al, er, or ful, RUNning, CIVilise, CHILDish, TASTEless, FRIENDly, HAPpiness, ing, ise, ize, ish, less, ly, ment, emPLOYment, ness, v ship, ed FRIENDship, emPLOYed

Tuy nhin, khi chuyn loi t, th mt s hu t hay ui t li chuyn trng m ca t sang mt m tit khc. Di y l mt s quy tc v chuyn trng m trong cc t di. Rules Examples - Nhng t kt thc bng hu t ic, ical ics v sion, EDucate eduCAtion tion, tional v cian thng c trng m ri vo m tit MUsic muSIcian trc n. eLECtricelecTRIcian DECoratedecoRAtion InVITeinviTAtion eCOMomicecoNOMic -Nhng t kt thc bng -ity, -aphy, -logy c trng m PUBlic pubLICity ri vo m tit trc n. PHOtographphoTOgraphy NATional natioNALity CLImate climaTOlogy Bi tp thc hnh: Hy sp xp cc t sau theo cc nhm t loi bng di y. Mt s t c lm sn. Danh t analysis consistency Creation, creator definable environment occur Periodic signify Theory define Tnh t beneficial ng t

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cha bi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Danh t aNAlysis BEnifit conSISTency creATion, creATor, CreaTIvity defiNItion enVIronment, environMENtalist ocCURence PEriod sigNIficance THEOry Tnh t anaLYtical beneFIcial conSISTent creATive deFINable, deFInitive environMENtal PeriOdic, periOdical sigNIficant TheoREtical ng t ANalyse BEnifit conSIST creATE deFINE ocCUR SIGnify THEOrize

Trn y chng ta xem xt ba phng thc lm thay i t gc. Mt l s chuyn i v tr trng m trong t dn n s thay i v t loi, i khi c v ngha. Hai l tin t thay i ngha ca t gc, v ba l hu t thay i t loi ca t gc. Phng thc th t l s dng ui ng t chuyn t ng t sang tnh t. V d chng ta thm -ed vo ui mt ng t c quy tc bin n thnh tnh t mang ngha b ng. v d: Use used We sells used cars. ( chng ti bn xe t qua s dng)

Ni nh th c ngha l chng ta cng c th dng dng qu kh phn t ca ng t bt quy tc to thnh mt tnh t. V d: Breakbroken We had to repair the broken window. Phng thc ny hay c s dng to mt tnh t ghp bao gm mt trng t v mt tnh t. V d 1. a well-done task: mt nhim v c thc thi rt tt. 2. a beautifully written story: mt cu chuyn vit rt hay 3. a carefully trained watch-dog: mt con ch gi nh c hun luyn chu o. Tng t, ta cng c th thay i t loi ca t gc, bng cch gn ui -ing vo cui mt ng t bin n thnh mt tnh t hoc thnh mt danh t. V d: 1. Swimming is not my favorite sports. 2. Look! Its a flying fish!. Trong v d 1, swimming l mt ng danh t , tc l mt danh t c to ra bng cch thm ui ing vo cui ng t. Trong v d 2, flying l mt tnh t v cng c to ra bng cch thm i ing vo ng t fly Phng thc th nm cn ghi nh chuyn i t loi, l i vi mt s tnh t chng ta thm qun t: the to thnh mt danh t tp th, ch mt nhm ngi, mt tng lp x hi, v d the poor = ngi ngho, the rich = ngi giu. Vi cch ny chng ta c th tm thy hng lot cch dng nh 1. the old = ngi gi 2. the young = ngi tr 3. the blind: ngi khim th, k m qung 4. the eldest: anh c trong gia nh 5.the youngest: em t trong gia nh 6. the learned: ngi c hc Bi tp trc nghim: Chn phng n ng (ng vi A, B, C, hoc D) hon thnh mi cu sau. 1. Fresh air is for our health. A. use B. using C. usefully D. useful 2. Sarah danced very ______ in her performance A. beautifying B. beautifully C. beauty D. beautiful

last

week.

Cha bi: Cu 1, ta thy ch trng cn in ng sau ng t lin h is, trc n cng khng c hn nh t nh a/an hay the. Do ch trng cn in l 1 tnh t. Xt cc p n cho, ta thy C. usefully l trng t. p n A. use v B. using l danh t, v do khng ph hp v t loi. Vy p n D. useful (c li) l ng. Cu 2, ch trng cn in ng sau ng t danced v trng t mc very, vy nn n phi l mt trng t th cch b ngha cho ng t danced. Xt hu t ca cc p n cho, ta thy tnh t beautifying, danh t beauty v tnh t beautiful u khng ph hp v t loi. p n B. beautifully l trng t th cch b ngha cho ng t Danced v l p n ng. Trong bi thi tt nghip THPT nhng nm qua, dng bi tm li cng i hi hc vin c kin thc v t loi. Chng ta cng xem v d di y t thi nm 2010 Chn phng n (A hoc B, C, D) ng vi t/ cm t c gch di cn phi sa cc cu sau tr thnh chnh xc. 1. He was angrily when he saw what was happening. A B C D

Trong cu trc nghim ny, phn sai l A. Angrily v n l trng t, khng th ng c lp sau ng t lin h was c. T ny phi sa thnh tnh t angry.