Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Vi iu Khin CHNG I: TM HIU V H VI IU KHIN 8051 1.

.S lc v vi iu khin Nm 1976, hng Intel gii thiu b vi iu khin 8748 m u cho h vi iu khin. Vi iu khin (MCU_Mco Control Unit) c th coi n nh mt my tnh thu nh trn 1 chp vi y d b vi x l v cc b nh trong v cc h thng bus y , n c th hot ng vi mt vi linh kin ph tr bn ngoi. 2. Tng quan v h vi iu khin 8051 2.1 Lc s 8051 S ra i ca 8051 nh du vo nm 1981 khi hng Intel gii thiu sn phm ny ra th trng. V cu hnh c n c 128 byte RAM, 4kbyte ROM, hai b nh thi, mt cng ni tip v 4 cng vo/ra song song ( rng 8 bit) tt c u c t trn mt chip.N l b x 8 bit tc l CPU u c t trn 1 chip v lm vic ch 8 bit d liu ti mt thi im. Gi liu ln hn 8 bit s c chia nh thnh 8 bit x l. Khi m Intel cho php cc hng khc sn xut dng ny vi nhiu phin bn khc nhau th 8051 tr ln ph bin vi mc gi r hn, mt khc cc phin bn mi c nhiu ng dng cng nh u im hn nhiu. Tuy nhin cc h ca 8051 phi tun th cc c tnh chung v phi tng thch tt c cc lnh ca 8051 ban u. 2.2 Mt s b vi iu khin trong h 8051 c tnh 8051 8052 8031 ROM trn chp 4kbyte 8kbyte Khng c RAM 128byte 256byte 128byte B nh thi 2 3 2 Chn vo/ra 32 32 31 Cng ni tip 1 1 1 Ngun ngt (ngt) 6 6 1 2.2.1 B vi iu khin AT 89C51 ca hng Atmel AT89C51 l phin bn 8051 c ROM trn chip dng b nh Flash (c th ghi v xo nhiu ln). Phin bn ny l l tng i vi nhng pht trin nhanh v b nh Flash c th xo trong vi giy. c tnh ROM trn chp RAM B nh thi Chn vo/ra Cng ni tip Ngun ngt (ngt) Vcc AT89C51 4kbyte 128byte 2 32 1 6 5V Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Vi iu Khin ng v 40 chn. 2 hng AT89C51 l b vi iu khin 8 bit c ch to theo cng ngh CMOS, c th hot ng c di in p t 2,7V n 6V. B vi iu khin ny c ng gi kiu DIP (chn rt), kh nh gn. Vi nhng u im v kh nng lp trnh n gin, s linh hot v tin li, gi kh r ln rt c nhiu bn sinh vin s dng cho cc bn hc hay thc hnh cn bn.

3. Kin trc phn cng 3.1 M t chn ca 8051. Mc d cc thnh vin ca h 8051 (v d 8751, 89C51, DS5000) u c cc kiu ng v khc nhau, chng hn nh hai hng chn DIP (Dual In-Line Pakage) dng v dt vung QFP (Quad Flat Pakage) v dng chp khng c chn LLC (Leadless Chip Carrier) th chng u c 40 chn cho cc chc nng khc nhau nh vo ra I/0, c RD , ghi WR , a ch, d liu v ngt. Cn phi lu rng mt s hng cung cp mt phin bn 8051 c 20 chn vi s cng vo-ra t hn cho cc ng dng yu cu thp hn. Tuy nhin, v hu ht cc nh pht trin chnh s dng chp ng v 40 chn vi hai hng chn DIP nn ta ch tp chung m t phin bn ny.

Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh

Vi iu Khin

P1.0 P1.1 P1.2

P1. 3 P1.4
P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 RST (RXD) P3.0 (TXD) P3.1 (NT0) P3.2 (NT1) P3.3 (T0) P3.4 (T1) P3.5 (WR) P3.6 (RD) P3.7 XTAL 2 XTAL1 GND

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 2 9 0

8051 (803 1)

4 0 3 3 9 3 8 7 3 6 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 3 1 3 0 2 9 2 2 8 7 2 6 2 5 2 2 4 3 2 2 1

Vc cP0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3) P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.6 (AD6) EA/CP ALE/PRO P G PSEN P2.7 (A15) P2.6 (A14) P2.5 (A13) P2.4(A12 ) P2.3 (A11) P2.2 (A10) P2.1 (A9) P2.0 (AB)

S b tr chn ca 8051. Trn hnh 4.1 l s b tr chn ca 8051. Ta thy rng trong 40 chn th c 32 chn dnh cho cc cng P0, P1, P2 v P3 vi mi cng c 8 chn. Cc chn cn li c dnh cho ngun VCC, t GND, cc chn giao ng XTAL1 v XTAL2 ti lp RST cho php cht a ch ALE truy cp c a ch ngoi EA , cho php ct chng trnh PSEN . Trong 8 chn ny th 6 chn VCC , GND, XTAL1, XTAL2, RST v EA c cc h 8031 v 8051 s dng. Hay ni cch khc l chng phi c ni cho h thng lm vic m khng cn bit b vi iu khin thuc h 8051 hay 8031. Cn hai chn khc l PSEN v ALE c s dng ch yu trong cc h thng da trn 8031. 1. Chn VCC: Chn s 40 l VCC cp in p ngun cho chp. Ngun in p l +5V. 2. Chn GND: Chn GND: Chn s 20 l GND. 3. Chn XTAL1 v XTAL2: 8051 c mt b giao ng trn chp nhng n yu cu c mt xung ng h ngoi chy n. B giao ng thch anh thng Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Vi iu Khin xuyn nht c ni ti cc chn u vo XTAL1 (chn 19) v XTAL2 (chn 18). B giao ng thch anh c ni ti XTAL1 v XTAL2 cng cn hai t in gi tr 30pF. Mt pha ca t in c ni xung t nh c trnh by trn hnh 4.2a. Cn phi lu rng c nhiu tc khc nhau ca h 8051. Tc c coi nh l tn s cc i ca b giao ng c ni ti chn XTAL. V d, mt chp 12MHz hoc thp hn. Tng t nh vy th mt b vi iu khin cng yu cu mt tinh th c tn s khng ln hn 20MHz. Khi 8051 c ni ti mt b giao ng tinh th thch anh v cp ngun th ta c th quan st tn s trn chn XTAL2 bng my hin sng. Nu ta quyt nh s dng mt ngun tn s khc b giao ng thch anh chng hn nh l b giao ng TTL th n s c ni ti chn XTAL1, cn chn XTAL2 th h khng ni nh hnh 4.2b.
C2 XTAL2

C1 30p F XTAL1 GND

NC EXTERRNA L OSCILLATA OR SIGNAL

XTAL2 XTAL1 GND

Hnh 4.2: a) Ni XTAL ti 8051 b) Ni XTAL ti ngun ng b ngoi. 4. Chn RST. Chn s 9 l chn ti lp RESET. N l mt u vo v c mc tch cc cao (bnh thng mc thp). Khi cp xung cao ti chn ny th b vi iu khin s ti lp v kt thc mi hot ng. iu ny thng c coi nh l s ti bt ngun. Khi kch hot ti bt ngun s lm mt mi gi tr trn cc thanh ghi. Bng 4.1 cung cp mt cch lit k cc thanh ghi ca 8051 v cc gi tr ca chng sau khi ti bt ngun. Bng 4.1: Gi tr mt s thanh ghi sau RESET.

Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Register PC ACC B PSW SP DPTR

Vi iu Khin Reset Value 0000 0000 0000 0000 0007 0000 0000

Lu rng gi tr ca b m chng trnh PC l 0 khi ti lp p CPU np m lnh u tin t b nh ROM ti v tr ngn nh 0000. iu ny c ngha l ta phi t dng u tin ca m ngun ti v tr ngn nh 0 ca ROM v y l m CPU tnh thc v tm lnh u tin. Hnh 4.3 trnh by hai cch ni chn RST vi mch bt ngun.

Vcc 30 31 -----------------------10 F 8.2 K F 30 F

Vcc

EA/Vpp 19 X1 11.0592 MHz 18 X2 RST 9

10 F

31

EA/Vpp X1 X2 RST

8.2 K

Hnh 4.3: a) Mch ti bt ngun RESET. b) Mch ti bt ngun vi Debounce. Nhm lm cho u vo RESET c hiu qu th n phi c ti thiu 2 chu k my. Hay ni cch khc, xung cao phi ko di ti thiu 2 chu k my trc khi n xung thp. Trong 8051 mt chu k my c nh ngha bng 12 chu k dao ng nh ni chng 3 v c trnh by ti v tr 4.1. 5. Chn EA : Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Vi iu Khin Cc thnh vin h 8051 nh 8751, 98C51 hoc DS5000 u c ROM trn chp lu ct chng trnh. Trong cc trng hp nh vy th chn EA c ni ti VCC. i vi cc thnh vin c h nh 8031 v 8032 m khng c ROM trn chp th m chng trnh c lu ct trn b nh ROM ngoi v chng c np cho 8031/32. Do vy, i vi 8031 th chn EA phi c ni t bo rng m chng trnh c ct ngoi. EA c ngha l truy cp ngoi (External Access) l chn s 31 trn v kiu DIP. N l mt chn u vo v phi c ni hoc vi VCC hoc GND. Hay ni cch khc l n khng c h. chng 14 chng ta s trnh by cch 8031 s dng chn ny kt hp vi PSEN truy cp cc chng trnh c ct trn b nh ROM ngoi 8031. Trong cc chp 8051 vi b nh ROM trn chp nh 8751, 89C51 hoc DS5000 th EA c ni vi VCC. V d 4: Hy tm chu k my i vi a) XTAL = 11.0592MHz b) XTAL = 16MHz. Li gii: a) 11.0592MHz/12 = 921.6kHz. Chu k my = 1/921.6kHz = 1.085 s. b) 16MHz/12 = 1.333MHz Chu k my = 1/1.333MHz = 0.75 s. Cc chn m t trn y phi c ni m khng cn thnh vin no c s dng. Cn hai chn di y c s dng ch yu trong h thng da trn 8031 v s c trnh by chi tit chng 11. 6. Chn PSEN : y l chn u ra cho php ct chng trnh (Program Store Enable) trong h thng da trn 8031 th chng trnh c ct b nh ROM ngoi th chn ny c ni ti chn OE ca ROM. Chi tit c bn chng 14. 7. Chn ALE: Chn cho php cht a ch ALE l chn u ra v c tch cc cao. Khi ni 8031 ti b nh ngoi th cng 0 cng c cp a ch v d liu. Hay ni cch khc 8031 dn a ch v d liu qua cng 0 tit kim s chn. Chn ALE c s dng phn knh a ch v d liu bng cch ni ti chn G ca chp 74LS373. iu ny c ni chi tit chng 14. 8. Cc chn cng vo ra v cc chc nng ca chng. Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Vi iu Khin Bn cng P0, P1, P2 v P3 u s dng 8 chn v to thnh cng 8 bt. Tt c cc cng khi RESET u c cu hnh nh cc u ra, sn sng c s dng nh cc cng u ra. Mun s dng cng no trong s cc cng ny lm u vo th n phi c lp trnh. 9. Cng P0. Cng 0 chim tt c 8 chn (t chn 32 n 39). N c th c dng nh cng u ra, s dng cc chn ca cng 0 va lm u ra, va lm u vo th mi chn phi c ni ti mt in tr ko bn ngoi 10k . iu ny l do mt thc t l cng P0 l mt mng m khc vi cc cng P1, P2 v P3. Khi nim mng m c s dng trong cc chp MOS v chng mc no n ging nh C-lec-t h i vi cc chp TTL. Trong bt k h thng no s dng 8751, 89C51 hoc DS5000 ta thng ni cng P0 ti cc in tr ko, Xem hnh 4.4 bng cch ny ta c c cc u im ca cng P0 cho c u ra v u vo. Vi nhng in tr ko ngoi c ni khi ti lp cng P0 c cu hnh nh mt cng u ra. V d, on m sau y s lin tc gi ra cng P0 cc gi tr 554 v AAH. BACK: MOV MOV ACALL CPL SJMP A, #554 P0, A DELAY A BACK

Vcc

10 K

P0.0 DS500 P0.1 0 P0.2 8751 P0. 8951 3 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 Tng P0.7

Port 0

Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh

Vi iu Khin

Hnh 4.4: Cng P0 vi cc in tr ko. Cng P0 u vo: Vi cc in tr c ni ti cng P0 nhm to n thnh cng u vo th n phi c lp trnh bng cch ghi 1 ti tt c cc bit. on m di y s cu hnh P0 lc u l u vo bng cch ghi 1 n n v sau d liu nhn c t n c gi n P1. MOV MOV cch n. BACK: MOV SJMP A,#FFH P0, A MOV ; Gn A = FF dng Hex ; To cng P0 lm cng u vo bng ; Ghi tt c cc bit ca A, P0 P1, A BACK ; Nhn d liu t P0 ; Gi n n cng 1 ; Lp li

b) Vai tr kp ca cng P0: Nh trnh by trn hnh 4.1, cng P0 c gn AD0 - AD7 cho php n c s dng va cho a ch, va cho d liu. Khi ni 8051/31 ti b nh ngoi th cng 0 cung cp c a ch v d liu 8051 dn d liu v a ch qua cng P0 tit kim s chn. ALE bo nu P0 c a ch hay d liu khi ALE - 0 n cp d liu D0 - D7. Do vy, ALE c s dng tch a ch v d liu vi s tr gip ca cht 74LS373 m ta s bit c th chng 14. 10. Cng P1. Cng P1 cng chim tt c 8 chn (t chn 1 n chn 8) n c th c s dng nh u vo hoc u ra. So vi cng P0 th cng ny khng cn n in tr ko v n c cc in tr ko bn trong. Trong qu trnh ti lp th cng P1 c cu hnh nh mt cng u ra. V d, on m sau s gi lin tc cc gi tr 55 v AAH ra cng P1. BACK: MOV MOV ACALL SJMP A, #55H P1, A DELAY BACK Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh Vi iu Khin Cng P1 nh u vo: bin cng P1 thnh u vo th n phi c lp trnh bng cch ghi mt n tt c cc bit ca n. L do v iu ny c bn mc lc Appendix C.2. Trong on m sau, cng P1 lc u c cu hnh nh cng u vo bng cch ghi 1 vo cc bit ca n v sau d liu nhn c t cng ny c ct vo R7, R6 v R5. MOV MOV vo bng MOV MOV ACALL MOV MOV ACALL MOV MOV ; cch ghi 1 vo cc bit ca n. A, P1 ; Nhn d liu t P1 R7, A ; Ct n vo thanh ghi R7 DELAY ; Ch A, P1 ; Nhn d liu khc t P1 R6, A ; Ct n vo thanh ghi R6 DELAY ; Ch A, P1 ; Nhn d liu khc t cng P1 R5, A ; Ct n vo thanh ghi R5 A, #0FFH ; Np A = FF dng hex P1, A ; To cng P1 thnh cng u

11. Cng P2: Cng P2 cng chim 8 chn (cc chn t 21 n 28). N c th c s dng nh u vo hoc u ra ging nh cng P1, cng P2 cng khng cn in tr ko v n c cc in tr ko bn trong. Khi ti lp, th cng P2 c cu hnh nh mt cng u ra. V d, on m sau s gi lin tc ra cng P2 cc gi tr 55H v AAH. l tt c cc bit ca P2 ln xung lin tc. MOV BACK: A, #55H MOV P2,A ACALL DELAY CPL A SJMP BACK

a) Cng P2 nh u vo. to cng P2 nh u vo th n phi c lp trnh bng cch ghi cc s 1 ti tt c cc chn ca n. on m sau y u tin cu hinh P2 l cng vo bng cch ghi mt n tt c cc chn ca n v sau d liu nhn c t P2 c gi lin tc n P1. Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh MOV A, 0FFH Hex MOV P2, A bng cch n BACK: MOV SJMP MOV A, 2 P1, A BACK

Vi iu Khin ; Gn A gi tr FF dng ; To P2 l cng u vo ; ghi mt n cc chn ca ; Nhn d liu t P2 ; Gi n n P1 ; Lp li

b) Vai tr kp ca P2. Trong cc h thng da trn 8751, 89C51 v DS5000 th P2 c dng nh u ra n gin. Tuy nhin trong h thng da trn 80312 th cng P2 phi c dng cng vi P0 to ra a ch 16 brt i vi b nh ngoi. Nh ch ra trn hnh 4.1 cng P2 cng c ch nh nh l A8 - A15 bo chc nng kp ca n. V mt b 8031 c kh nng trung cp 64k byte b nh ngoi, n cn mt ng a ch 16 bt. Trong khi P.0 cung cp 8 bit thp qua A0 - A7. Cng vic ca P2 l cung cp cc bt a ch A8 A15. Hay ni cch khc khi 8031c ni ti b nh ngoi th P2 c dng cho 8 bt ca a ch 16 bit v n khng th dng cho vo ra. iu ny s c trnh by chi tit chng 14. T nhng trnh by trn y ta c th kt lun rng trong cc h thng da trn cc b vi iu khin 8751, 89C51 hoc DS5000 th ta c 3 cng P0, P1v P2 cho cc thao tc vo ra v nh th l c th cho cc ng dng vi hu ht cc b vi iu khin. Cn cp P3 l dnh cho ngt v ta s cng bn di y. 11 - Cng P3: Cng P3 chim tng cng l 8 chn t chn 10 n chn 17. N c th c s dng nh u vo hoc u ra. Cng P3 khng cn cc in tr ko cng nh P1 v P2. Mc d cng P3 c cu hnh nh mt cng u ra khi ti lp, nhng y khng phi l cch n c ng dng ph bin nht. Cng P3 c chc nng b xung l cung cp mt s tn hiu quan trng c bit chng hn nh cc ngt. Bng 4.2 cung cp cc chc nng khc ca cng P3. Thng tin ny p dng cho c 8051 v 8031. Bng 4.2: Cc chc nng khc ca cng P3 Bt ca cng P3 P3.0 Chc nng Nhn d liu (RXD) chn s 10

Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051

Nhm 4_H-T1_i hc Thnh P3.1 Pht d liu (TXD) P3.2 Ngt 0(INT0) P3.3 Ngt 1(INT1) P3.4 B nh thi 0 P3.5 (TO) P3.6 1 B nh thi P3.7 1(T1) Ghi (WR) c (RD)

Vi iu Khin 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Cc bit P3.0 v P3.1 c dng cho cc tn hiu nhn v pht d liu trong truyn thng d liu ni tip. Xem chng 10 t bit cc chng c ni ghp nh th no. Cc bit P3.2 v P3.3 c dnh cho cc ngt ngoi v chng c trnh by chi tit chng 11. Bit P3.4 v P3.5 c dng cho cc b nh thm 0 v 1v chi tit c trnh by chng 9. Cui cng cc bit P3.6 v P3.7 c cp cho cc tn hiu ghi v c cc b nh ngoi c ni ti cc h thng da trn 8031. Chng 14 s trnh by cch chng c s dng nh th no trong cc h thng da trn 8031. Trong cc h thng da trn 8751, 89C51 hoc D35000 th cc chn P3.6 v P3.7 c dng cho vo - ra cn cc chn khc ca P3 c s dng bnh thng trong vai tr chc nng thay i. AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN ; Hin th c b nh thi cho n khi n vt qua FFFFH. CLR TR0 ; Dng b Timer CLR TF0 ; Xo c b nh thi 0
FFF2 TF = 0 FFF3 TF = 0 FFF4 TF = 0 FFFF TF = 0 0000 TF = 1

ni tip

Tng Quan v h vi iu khin 8051