LA BÀN TỪ HÀNG HẢI - TRẦN ANH NGÂN

LA BN T
HNG HI
NEW EDITION
TRN ANH NGN
LA BN T HNG HI
LI GII THIU
La bn l mt dng c dng nh hng trn Tri t. N s dng mt kim nam
chm c th t do quay theo t trng ca Tri t, t gip xc nh cc hng
ng, Ty, Nam, Bc. Ngay t th k th 11, ngi Trung Hoa pht hin ra tnh
cht ny ca nam chm v pht minh ra mt dng s khai ca la bn. V ngay lp
tc, nhng nh hng hi nhn thy tm quan trng ca la bn trong vic dn tu
trn bin, ni m vic xc nh phng hng l nhn t sng cn. Cui th k 12,
chic la bn quen thuc vi nhng ngi thy th c pht minh ti chu u, v t
y, la bn tr thnh mt biu tng gn lin vi nhng con tu vin dng, gn
lin vi nhng ngi thuyn trng.
Tuy nhin, nhng la bn trong thi k ny c cu to n gin bao gm mt bn st t
ghp trn ci phao c t trong mt ci chu c nc. Cho n u th k 14, cu
to ca la bn mi c thay i, hon chnh hn, v gn nh hn. Thi by gi
ngi ta quan nim rng kim nam chm ca la bn ch ng hng Bc v Nam ca
qu t. V nhng con thuyn bum bng g c trang b la bn, vi s ch hng
ca n, rong rui khp cc i dng trn th gii.
Cui th k 15, nhng ngi i bin pht hin ra kim nam chm khng phi ch
ng hng Bc-Nam ca qu t m ch lch i mt gc no , ngi ta gi l
lch a t. V vy, n th k 16, ngi ta bt u lm nhng cng tc xc nh
lch a t v u th k 18 th xut hin nhng bn lch a t u tin.
Cui th k 18, vi s pht trin ca ngnh ng tu v st, ngi ta pht hin ra
rng di nh hng ca st trn tu th kim la bn ch lch i mt gc no so vi
kinh tuyn a t. i lng ny thay i theo hng i ca tu v bin i khc nhau
nhng con tu khc nhau. Gc lch ny ngi ta gi l lch ring la bn. V vy,
la bn c th lm vic chnh xc tc l ch ng hng bc a t th phi tin hnh
kh lch la bn. u th k 19, cc nh hng hi dn hon thnh vic kh
lch la bn t bng vic thm vo mt s b phn trong cu to ca la bn t.
Qua qu trnh pht trin v hon thin, la bn t trn tu bin dn hon chnh v mt
cu to v cng tc kh lch la bn tr thnh mt nhim v ca ngi s quan
hng hi. y l kt qu ca mt qu trnh dy cng nghin cu l thuyt la bn t
vi s ng gp ca nhiu nh bc hc trn th gii nh l E.P Kolong, A.N Crulov,
N.N Oglobilinaki, P.A Domogarov...
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, con ngi pht minh ra la bn
con quay dng ch hng trn tu bin. Vi nguyn l hot ng hon ton khc
vi la bn t, la bn con quay khng chu nh hng ca t trng do st trn tu gy
TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM
LA BN T HNG HI
ra. Kh nng lm vic chnh xc ca la bn con quay v kh nng kt ni truy xut d
liu vi mt s thit b in t khc nh my li t ng, GPS,... lm lu m i vai
tr ca la bn t trn tu bin. Tuy nhin, la bn t c mt li th c bn m khng c
la bn con quay no thay th c, l kh nng lm vic lin tc khng gin on
v khng ph thuc ngun in trn tu, gip cho la bn t vn l trang b bt
buc trn tu bin theo nh quy nh ca quc t.
V vy, cho d c s tr gip ca cc trang thit b hin i, ngi s quan hng hi
vn cn phi nm vng nhng kin thc v lch la bn t v thc hin c cng
tc kh lch la bn.
C nhiu phng php kh lch la bn c a ra, nhng ph bin Vit Nam v
trn th gii l dng phng php Ery v xc nh lch bng chp tiu.
V ti ny, th cng c nhiu thy, sinh vin v mt s s quan hng hi,
nhng ngi am m v yu thch mn la bn t ny, nghin cu v bin dch cc ti
liu nc ngoi. Vi mc ch l tm hiu v tng hp li kin thc ca nhng bc n
anh i trc, ti liu ny s i su phn tch l thuyt lch la bn t v sau l
gii thiu cng tc kh lch la bn t trn lung Si Gn- Vng Tu v ti ca
Vng Tu.
LA BN T HNG HI
MC LC
PHN MT :
C S L THUYT V T
1.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN V T: ....................................................................................................8
1.1.1 T TNH V NAM CHM: ............................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2 KHI NIM SC T, T KHI, NH LUT COULOMB V MMENT T:.............................. 9
1.1.3 T TRNG, CNG T TRNG V NG SC T: ..................................................11
1.2 CNG T TRNG CA MT THANH NAM CHM THNG:................................................. 13
a. Cng t trng ti mt im trn trc t: ..........................................................................................13
b.Cng t trng ti mt im trn ng trung trc ca thanh nam chm: ........................................14
c. Cng t trng ti mt im bt k trong t trng: ..........................................................................15
1.3 S TC DNG LN NHAU CA HAI THANH NAM CHM T TRONG T TRNG U: .......16
a. V tr Gay-lys-sc th nht: ......................................................................................................................18
b.V tr Gay-lys-sc th hai:.........................................................................................................................19
1.4 HIN TNG T HA: .......................................................................................................................... 19
1.4 VT LIU ST T, ST NON, ST GI: ............................................................................................. 22
1.5 QU TRNH KH T: ............................................................................................................................ 26
PHN HAI:
A T TRNG, LCH A T, HOA A T
2.1 A T TRNG.................................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.1 T trng ca Tri t: ......................................................................................................................28
2.1.2 Cc phn lc a t v s tc dng ca n: ..........................................................................................30
2.2 LCH A T: .................................................................................................................................. 31
2.3 HOA A T CU TO V CCH S DNG: .................................................................................. 32
2.4 BN CC YU T A T: ............................................................................................................ 34
PHN BA:
LA BN T HNG HI, CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC
3.1 S LC LCH S LA BN T: ........................................................................................................... 37
3.2 PHN LOI LA BN T: ....................................................................................................................... 38
3.3 CU TO LA BN T HNG HI: ....................................................................................................... 40
3.3.1 Chn la bn:.......................................................................................................................................41
3.3.2 Chu la bn:.......................................................................................................................................42
3.3.3 Cc thanh nam chm v st non dng kh lch la bn t:...........................................................44
3.3.4 H thng quang hc hay h thng knh chiu vo bung li: ...............................................................46
3.3.5 Vng phng v: ................................................................................................................................48
3.4 NGUYN L LM VIC CA LA BN T: ......................................................................................... 49
3.5 CM NG A T V LCH LA BN: .......................................................................................... 50
3.6 MT S CH KHI S DNG LA BN T HNG HI: ................................................................... 52
LA BN T HNG HI
PHN BN:
L LUN LCH RING LA BN
4.1 KHI NIM T TRNG TU V LCH RING LA BN: ......................................................... 53
a. Khi nim t trng tu: ..........................................................................................................................53
b. T tnh vnh cu ca con tu: ...................................................................................................................53
c. T tnh cm ng ca con tu v tc dng ca n i vi la bn: ................................................................55
d. lch ring la bn:................................................................................................................................56
4.2 H PHNG TRNH POISSON: ............................................................................................................. 56
4.2.1 Khi nim h trc ta tu: ..............................................................................................................56
4.2.2 Phn tch lc tc dng ca a t trng theo h trc ta tu: ..........................................................57
4.2.3 Tc dng ca st thp trn tu i vi la bn: ......................................................................................58
a. Khi nim: ..........................................................................................................................................58
b. Tc dng ca st thp chiu dc i vi la bn: ....................................................................................59
c. Tc dng ca st non chiu ngang i vi la bn: .................................................................................60
d. Tc dng ca st non chiu thng ng i vi la bn: .........................................................................60
e. Tc dng ca st gi i vi la bn: .....................................................................................................61
4.2.4 Phng trnh Poisson: .........................................................................................................................61
4.3 H S ST NON V CCH BIU DIN CC H S ST NON: ........................................................ 62
4.3.1 Dng n st non biu th cc h s st non: ........................................................................................62
4.3.2 n st non biu th h s a - h s st non chiu dc sinh ra bi st non chiu dc ..............................63
4.3.3 n st non biu th h s b - h s st non chiu dc sinh ra bi st non chiu ngang:.........................64
4.3.4 n st non biu th h s c- h s st non chiu dc sinh ra bi st non chiu thng ng: ..................65
4.3.5 Bng tm tt s biu din cc h s st non bng cc n st non v du ca chng: ............................66
4.3.6 Phn tch tr s ca cc h s st non: ..................................................................................................67
4.4 CC LC LCH TC DNG LN LA BN: (
4.4.1 Chng minh cc lc
4.4.2 Phn tch cc lc
)...................68
: ............................................................68
: ..................................................................73
4.4.3 a gic lch: .................................................................................................................................75

4.5 LCH V CNG THC C BN CA LCH: ........................................................................ 75
4.5.1 Quan h gia lch sinh ra bi cc lc lch v hng tu i: ........................................................75
4.5.2 Cng thc c bn v lch: ..............................................................................................................81
4.5.3 Cng thc tnh cc h s gn ng ca cng thc lch: ...................................................................81
4.6 NGUYN L LCH TU NGHING: .............................................................................................. 82
4.6.1 S bin i ca sc t khi tu nghing v tc dng ca n i vi la bn: ............................................82
4.6.2 lch nghing ngang: ......................................................................................................................83
4.6.3 lch nghing dc ( nghing chi): ..................................................................................................87
PHN NM:
MY O T LC - CC THIT B KH LCH LA BN T
5.1 MY O T LC KOLONG: ................................................................................................................. 89
LA BN T HNG HI
5.1.1 Nguyn l cu to ca my Kolong: ....................................................................................................89
5.1.2. Cu to ca my o lc t Kolong: ....................................................................................................90
5.1.3 Kim tra v hiu chnh my Kolong: ...................................................................................................91
5.2 LA BN NGHING: ................................................................................................................................ 92
5.2.1 Cu to ca la bn nghing: ................................................................................................................92
5.2.2 Kim tra v iu chnh la bn nghing:................................................................................................92
5.3 PHNG PHP DNG MY KOLONG O LC BNG: .................................................................... 93
5.3.1 Phng php o lc H trn b:............................................................................................................93
5.3.2 Phng php o lc H: ......................................................................................................................94
5.4 PHNG PHP DNG MY KOLONG V LA BN NGHING O LC THNG NG: ........ 94
5.4.1 Phng php o lc Z trn b: ........................................................................................................94
5.4.2 Phng php hiu chnh lc Z trn tu: ..............................................................................................94
5.5 MT S DNG C KH LCH: ...................................................................................................... 95
PHN SU:
CC PHNG PHP KH LCH LA BN T
6.1 KHI NIM CA VIC KH LCH LA BN T: .......................................................................... 97
6.2. PHNG PHP KH LCH NA VNG: ..................................................................................... 97
6.2.1 PHNG PHP KH LCH NA VNG TRN BN HNG I T CHNH ( PHNG
PHP ERY): ...............................................................................................................................................97
a. Nguyn l kh lc C
: ....................................................................................................................98
b. Nguyn l kh lc B
: ...................................................................................................................99
c. Mt s lu khi s dng phng php Ery kh lch na vng: ..................................................... 100

d. Phng php kh lch na vng gn ng: ................................................................................... 102
6.2.2 PHNG PHP KH LCH NA VNG TRN BN HNG I LA BN CHNH
( PHNG PHP KOLONG): ................................................................................................................. 103
a.
Nguyn l kh lc B
.............................................................................................................. 103
c.
Nguyn l kh lc C
.............................................................................................................. 106
c. Mt s lu trong vic s dng phng php Kolong kh lch na vng: ................................ 107
6.2.3 PHNG PHP DNG ST NON FLINDER KH LCH NA VNG PH THAY I
THEO V :........................................................................................................................................... 108
6.3 PHNG PHP KH LCH GC PHN T VNG: ................................................................... 110
6.3.1 PHNG PHP KH LCH VNG DO LC D
SINH RA: .......................................... 110
b. Nguyn l kh gn ng lc D H theo hng i t - Phng php ERY: ........................................ 112
c. Nguyn l kh gn ng lc D
trn hai hng i la bn chnh vung gc vi nhau - Phng php
Kolong:................................................................................................................................................. 114
6.3.2 PHNG PHP KH LCH VNG DO LC E H SINH RA: ......................................... 116
6.4 PHNG PHP KH LCH TU NGHING: .............................................................................. 118
6.4.1 KH LCH NGHING NGANG: ............................................................................................. 118
a. Nguyn l kh lch nghing ngang: .............................................................................................. 118
b. Cch kh lch nghing ngang: ...................................................................................................... 119
LA BN T HNG HI
6.4.2 KH LCH NGHING DC: ................................................................................................... 120
PHN BY:
CNG TC HIU CHNH L BN T V LP BNG LCH CN LI
7.1 CNG TC CHUN B TRC KHI HIU CHNH LA BN T: ...................................................... 121
7.2 TH T KH LCH TRONG CNG TC HIU CHNH LA BN: .............................................. 123
a. Th t kh lch trn tu mi: ............................................................................................................ 123
b. Th t kh lch trn tu c: .............................................................................................................. 124
7.3 CC PHNG PHP DN TU I THEO HNG I A T: ........................................................ 124
7.4 PHNG PHP O LCH LA BN KHI HIU CHNH: ............................................................... 126
a. Dng chp tiu hnh qut o lch: ................................................................................................. 126
b. Dng chp tiu n o lch: ......................................................................................................... 128
c. Dng mt mc tiu xa o lch: .................................................................................................. 129
d. Dng thin th o lch:................................................................................................................. 129
e. Dng phng php so snh hng i o lch: ............................................................................... 130
7.5 MT S VN CN CH KHI HIU CHNH LA BN: .............................................................. 131
7.6 CCH LP BNG LCH CN LI: ............................................................................................... 132
a. S cn thit phi lp bng lch cn li: .............................................................................................. 132
b. Cc bc tin hnh: ............................................................................................................................... 132
c. Cc phng php tnh ton cc h s gn ng A, B, C, D, E: ................................................................ 133
d. Tnh ton v lp bng lch: ............................................................................................................... 134
PHN TM:
S DNG CHP TIU KH LCH LA BN T TRN LUNG SI
GN VNG TU V CA VNG TU
8.1 PHNG PHP KH LCH C S DNG: ................................................................................ 139
8.2 MT VI YU CU TRONG CNG TC KH LCH THC T V TRNG KH:...................... 139
8.3 S DNG CHP TIU KH LCH TRN LUNG SI GN VNG TU V CA VNG
TU:............................................................................................................................................................. 140
8.3.1 Cng tc chun b: ............................................................................................................................ 140
8.3.2 Thng tin tuyn lung v cc chp tiu trong khu vc kh:................................................................ 140
8.3.3 Lc chn a im kh v cc chp tiu c s dng:...................................................................... 142
8.3.4 Lp s iu ng khu vc kh: (xem hnh 8.2) ............................................................................. 142
8.3.5 Cng tc kh s b trn lung Si Gn trc khi n khu vc th: .................................................... 142
8.3.6 Cng tc tin hnh kh: .................................................................................................................... 142
LA BN T HNG HI
PHN MT:
C S L THUYT V T
Nh chng ta bit, nguyn l lm vic ca la bn t l da trn s nh hng ca
kim nam chm trong t trng tri t. Do vy, phn ny s cung cp nhng kin thc
c bn nht lin quan n t v t trng.
1.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN V T:
1.1.1 T TNH V NAM CHM:
a. Khi nim:
- T tnh l tnh cht ca cc vt c th ht c st thp.
- St c t tnh gi l nam chm. Nam chm chia lm hai loi: nam chm t
nhin v nam chm nhn to. Nu dng phng php nhn to lm thp v
nhng hp kim tr thnh nam chm th gi l nam chm nhn to. Hnh
dng ca nam chm nhn to c 3 loi: thanh di, hnh trn, hnh mng nga
v hnh kim.
Hnh 1.1: Mt s loi nam chm

b. Tnh cht ca nam chm:
- gn hai u nam chm c t tnh mnh nht gi l t cc. ng ni hai
t cc gi l trc t. B phn gia ca nam chm khng c t tnh gi l
phn trung tnh. i vi nam chm hnh thanh di, v tr ca t cc cch
hai u ca chng 1/12 chiu di ca thanh nam chm, i vi nam chm
hnh kim th t cc ti u kim.
Hnh 1.2: V tr t cc trn thanh nam chm

LA BN T HNG HI
-
Mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca nam chm lm c s ch to la bn l:

nu mt kim nam chm c th quay t do, khi ng yn th s ch theo
hng Bc Nam cho nn ta gi t cc ch hng Bc l cc Bc, biu th
bng ch N( North), t cc ch hng Nam gi l cc Nam, biu th bng
ch S( South). Trong thc t, ta gi cc Bc l cc dng hoc biu th
bng du + v c sn mu ; cc Nam l cc m hoc biu th bng
du - v c sn mu xanh.
Nam chm c nhng c tnh sau:

o Hai cc ng cc th y nhau, hai cc khc cc th ht nhau. Tng
tc gia hai nam chm gi l tng tc t.
o T cc khng th ct i c, bt k mt thanh nam chm no khi
b ct thnh nhiu on nh, th mi on l mt thanh nam chm
nh c cc cc bc v cc nam.
Hnh 1.3: Tng tc t gia hai nam chm

Mt cu hi c t ra y l ti sao ch c st thp mi c th bin
thnh nam chm? V ti sao li khng ct i t cc ca nam chm ra
c? Hai vn ny s c cp r hn phn sau.
1.1.2 KHI NIM SC T, T KHI, NH LUT COULOMB V
MMENT T:
a. Sc t:
- Lc ht v lc y nhau gia hai cc t gi l sc t, ta quy nh sc y
gia hai cc cng tn l dng, v sc ht gia hai cc khc tn l m.
-
10
LA BN T HNG HI
(-)
(-)
(+)
(+)
(+)
(+)
Hnh 1.4:M t sc t
b. T khi ( hay t tch):

- T khi l khi lng t biu th cng t cc, k hiu l m. Mi nam
chm u c hai t khi hai u. Quy nh t khi ca cc bc l dng
v ca cc nam l m
c. Mment t:
- Sc t tc dng ca hai cc ca mt nam chm ( ti mt im no trong
khng gian) v t khi ca n u c du nghch nhau, tr s tuyt i bng
nhau. Cho nn lc t do chng gy ra s lm suy yu ln nhau. Hai cc
cng gn nhau, th s kh lc t gia chng cng ln. Dn n sc t ca
mt thanh nam chm tc dng ti mt im no th s ph thuc vo t
khi v khong cch gia hai cc ca nam chm. Do vy, tch s ca t
khi ca nam chm vi khong cch gia hai cc gi l mment t.
2l
- Theo hnh 1.4, l l mt na
khong cch gia hai cc ca
nam chm tc:
(+m)
M = 2ml
(1-1)
Trong h thng cm, gam, giy,
n v ca moment t l cgsM.
(-m)
Hnh 1.5 : T khi v moment t
10
11
LA BN T HNG HI
d. nh lut Coulomb:
- Qua th nghim Coulomb chng minh c rng: lc tc dng ca hai cc
nam chm t l thun vi tch s ca t khi ca chng v t l nghch vi
bnh phng khong cch gia hai t khi,tc l:
(1-2)
Trong : : l h s dn t, trong chn khng =1 th cng thc trn tr
thnh:
(1-3)
-
Trong khng kh
cho nn trong nhng vn thng thng ta c th
dng cng thc trn tnh lc tc dng ca cc t cc trong khng kh.
1.1.3 T TRNG, CNG T TRNG V NG SC T:

a. T trng:
- Theo nh ngha tng qut th t trngl mi trng vt cht c bit sinh
ra quanh ccin tch chuyn nghoc do s bin thin ca in
trng hoc c ngun gc t cc mment lng cc t.
- Trong phm vi nghin cu ca lun vn ny, chng ta ch cp n t
trng xung quanh nam chm l khong khng gian b tc dng ca sc t
nam chm. ( Ngun gc ca n cng bt ngun t chuyn ng ca cc ht
in tch, y l cc ht electron trong nguyn t, s ni r hn trong phn
t ho ).
Hnh 1.6: Hnh nh t trng xung quanh nam chm

b. Cng t trng:
- Cng t trng l sc t tc dng ln mt n v t khi dng ti
mt im trong t trng. K hiu l H
11
12
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Cng t trng H l mt i lng vecto. T cng thc ( 1-3) ta c

cch tnh cng t trng ca mt t khi ti mt im bt k trong t
trng:
(1-4)
Trong : m: l t khi, d l khong cch t t khi n v tr tnh H

Trong h thng cgsM, n v ca cng t trng l Erstet k hiu Oe.
Trong n v quc t, n v cng t trng c tnh l Ampermet (
A/M), trong 1A/M=
Hng tc dng ca cng t trng biu th hng ca t trng. Nu
trong phm vi no H c tr s v hng ging nhau th t trng trong
phm vi gi l t trng u. Trong thc t hng hi cho php coi t
trng Tri t khng gian tu chim ch l t trng u. iu ny lm
n gin hn rt nhiu vic nghin cu la bn.
Nu t cc c t khi m ti mt im trong t trng b tc dng bi mt
sc t F th cng t trng ti im s l:
(1-5)
c. ng sc t:
- Ni lin cc hng ca vecto cng t trng ca cc im trong t
trng s to thnh ng cong hoc ng thng, ng y gi l ng
sc t. Tip tuyn ti mt im no trn ng sc t trng vi phng
t lc.
- Trong t trng u, ng sc c dng ng thng, trong t trng
khng u, ng sc c dng ng cong.
- ng sc t ca nam chm i ra cc Bc v i vo cc Nam.
- S lng ng sc t i qua mt n v din tch gi l mt ng sc
t. Mt ng sc t cng cao th t trng cc mnh, v mt ng
sc t hai u nam chm ln hn gia.
- Hnh nh cc ng sc t gi l t ph.
Hnh 1.7: S dng mt st xc nh t

ph ca mt thanh nam chm thng
12
13
LA BN T HNG HI
Ch :
- Trong t trng thanh nam chm t mt vt liu bng kim loi th ng
sc t b bin dng. Chng t gip ta gii thch nhng khu vc c nhiu
m qung kim loi c kh nng nhim t mnh s lm cho ng sc t ca
t trng tri t bin mnh dn n hin tng nhiu lon t, thm ch sinh
ra bo t gy tn tht nng cho cc thit b in, trm bin p in trn b
cng nh cc thit b in trn tu
- ng sc t khng xuyn qua hnh tr rng bng kim loi nn tu ngm
khng t c la bn v y la bn t khng c kh nng nh hng.
1.2 CNG T TRNG CA MT THANH NAM CHM THNG:
V cc thanh nam chm trong cu to ca la bn t hng hi v cc thanh
nam chm kh lch u c dng thanh di v thng nn vic i su tm
hiu tnh cht cng t trng ca thanh nm chm thng l cn thit.
a. Cng t trng ti mt im trn trc t:
- Nu t khi ca thanh nam chm NS l m, khong cch gia 2 cc l 2l, t
khi tiim A l +1 n v, khong cch t A n trung tm ca thanh nam
chm l OA=d v d>>l
- Lc tc dng ca thanh
+m
nam chm i viim A
l tngi s ca lc FN do
H
cc N tc dng v lc FS
1
do S tc dng.
Hnh 1.8: Sc t tc dng ti1 im A trn trc t
Theo nh lut Coulomb ta c:
Gi H1 l cng t trng ti im A, ta c:
H1= FN + FS =
V theo gi thit l<<d nn
rt b c th b qua,
13
-m
14
LA BN T HNG HI
Suy ra:
Trong : M l moment t ca thanh nam chm

Nh vy: vect cng t trng H1 c phng trng trc dc thanh nam
chm v c hng t u N i ra.
Nhn xt: T cng thc (1-6) ta c vecto cng t trng ti mt im
trn trc t ca thanh nam chm thng th t l thun vi hai ln moment t
nam chm v t l nghch vi lp phng khong cch t n n tm im
thanh nam chm.
H1 =
( 1-6)
b. Cng t trng ti mt im trn ng trung trc ca thanh nam

chm:
- Nu t ti im B nm trn ng trung trc ca thanh nam chm mt t
khi +1 n v, v khong cch t B n tm ca thanh nam chm l OB= d
v d>>l.
- Lc tc dng ca thanh nam chm i
vi t khi ti B l tng hp lc ca lc
H2
FN do cc Bc gy ra, v lc FS do cc
Nam gy ra, hai lc ny c hng khc
nhau nhng v ln th nh nhau, tc:
Gi H2 l cng t trng ca thanh

nam chm ti im B, ta c H2 l hp lc
Hnh 1.9: Cng t trng ti mt
ca hai lc trn, tc:
im nm trn ng trung trc ca
thanh nam chm
H2 = FNcos + FScos = ( FN+FS)cos

=
-
Mt khc ta c:
Cos =
Suy ra H2 =
V gi thit d>>l nn suy ra
=
rt b, nn c th b qua
Cui cng ta c:
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LA BN T HNG HI
H2 =
-
(1-7)
Vy vecto cng t trng H2 c phng song song vi trc dc thanh

nam chm v c chiu hng v cc S.
Nhn xt: So snh cng thc (1-6) v (1-7) ta nhn thy: nu A v B nm
trn khong cch bng nhau i vi nam chm, th cng t trng ti
mt im trn trc t s bng 2 ln cng t trng ti 1 im trn
ng trung trc ca thanh nam chm. iu cho thy quan h t l thun
gia cng t trng v mt ng sc t.
c. Cng t trng ti mt im bt k trong t trng:

- t ti C l mt im bt k trong t trng mt t khi +1 n v. Gi
khong cch t C n tm O thanh nam chm l d v d>>l.
H2
C
N
Hc
H1
S
Hnh 1.10: Cng t trng ti mt
im bt k trong t trng thanh nam
Gi s thanhchm
nam thng
chm NS c moment t l M. Ta chiu vecto M ln
hng OC v hng vung gc vi OC ta c hai vecto M1 v M2. Bng
cch ta thay thanh nam chm NS bng 2 thanh nam chm NS v NS
trn hng OC v hng vung gc vi OC. Trong , mt thanh NSc
im C nm trn trc t, v mt thanh NSc im C nm trn ng trung
trc.
T hnh v, ta c:
M1 = Msin v M2 = Mcos
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Gi H1 l cng t trng do thanh NS gy ra ti C, theo nhng chng

minh trn ta c:
H1 =
Gi H2 l cng t trng ti im C do thanh nam chm NS gy ra,

ta c:
H2 =
Nn cng t trng ti im C s l tng hp hai cng t trng

trn, do vy:
Hc
=
-
Gi
(1-8)
l gc hp bi Hc v H2 tac c:
Tg =
(1-9)
Ta nhn thy cng thc (1-6) v (1-7) chnh l dng thu gn ca ca cng
thc (1-8) khi gc
v gc
.
1.3 S TC DNG LN NHAU CA HAI THANH NAM CHM T TRONG
T TRNG U:
- Trong qu trnh kh lch la bn t, ta s phi s dng cc thanh nam
chm vnh cu hoc cc thanh st non, to ra lc tc dng nn kim nam
chm ca la bn. V vy, phn ny s i su phn tch s tng tc gia cc
thanh nam chm vi nhau khi t chng trong t trng u. Qua gip
chng ta hiu phn no v c ch ca qu trnh kh.
-
Phn tch lc tc dng ln kim nam chm trong t

trng u:
-
Nu kim nam chm NS c m men

l 2ml, t trong t trng u c
cng t trng H , th chng
chu tc dng ca hai lc l +mH v
-mH (Hnh 1.11).Cc lc +mH , mH to vi nhau thnh mt ngu
lc vi cch tay n l NA, ta c:
Hnh 1.11
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LA BN T HNG HI
NA = 2lsin
-
Di tc dng ca m men quay ny, kim nam chm s quay v nh

hng dc theo hng ca vc t cng t trng . Gi tr m
men quay k hiu l P c tnh theo cng thc:
P = 2lmHsin
(1-10)
Gi s ti mt v tr no trong khng gian xung quanh kim nam
chm ta t mtthanh nam chm thng N-S c nh , c m men t l
M (hnh 1.12),
Hnh 1.12
-
Cng t trng ca thanh nam chm N-S trng tm ca kim

nam chm ta tnh c theo cng thc nghin cu 1.2 .
y
c hng vung gc vi ng OO1 v
c hng song
song vi OO1. Do vy lc tc dng ca thanh nam chm N-S ln kim
nam chm c th tnh c l: mH1 v mH2, cc lc ny to ra
nhng ngu lc v c tnh theo cng thc (1.9) l:
2lmH1cos(
v 2lmH2sin (
Tnh tt c 3 m men lm quay kim nam chm v tng hp li, ta c:
2lmHsin - 2lmH1cos(
Hay Hsin - H1cos (
-
- 2lmH2sin (
-H2sin (
=0
=0
Thay gi tr H1 v H2 vo, ta c iu kin ton hc cn bng ca kim

nam chm nh sau:
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hsin -
(1-11)
Di y ta nghin cu 2 trng hp c bit v lc tc dng ln

nhau ca kim namchm v thanh nam chm thng di tc dng ca
t trng u H bao gm v tr Gay-lys-Sc thnht v th hai.
a. V tr Gay-lys-sc th nht:
- Trc ca thanh nam chm nm vung gc vi hng t trng u H
hay trng tm ca kim nam chm nm trn ng trc ca thanh nam
chm. V tr ny tng ng vi v tr nam chm kh lch tu
nghing trong thn la bn t.
- Trong trng hp ny gc
. Thay gi tr ny vo biu
thc (1-10), ta c:
Hsin Hay:
(1-12)
Hnh 1.13
-
Cng thc (1.12) dng trong thc tin xc nh thnh phn nm

ngang ca t trng tri t. xc nh H ta tin hnh nh sau : t
mt thanh nam chm thng c m men t M , trong t trng tri
t H . Trn khong cch d bit t mt kim nam chm v tr
Gay-Lys-Sc th nht , o gc lch ca kim nam chm theo cng
thc (1.11) ta tnh c H. Cng thc (1.12) cng c s dng
tnh Mmen t ca thanh nam chm thng khi bit t trng H,
khong cch d, gc lch . Tnh mmen t M t cng thc (1.12):
M=
(1-13)
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LA BN T HNG HI
b. V tr Gay-lys-sc th hai:
- Thanh nam chm t vung gc vi t trng H hay trng tm kim
nam chm nm trn ng vung gc vi trc thanh nam chm v i
qua trung im ca thanh . V tr ny tng ng vi v tr nam chm
kh lch bn vng (hnh 1.14).
- Trong trng hp ny thay
,
. Thay gi tr ny vo biu thc
cn bng ca kim nam chm, ta c:
Suy ra:
-
H=
(1-14)
Cng thc (1-14), thng c dng

xc nh thnh phn t trng ca qu
t v m men t ca thanh nam chm
(lm tng t nh v tr Gay-lys- sc th
nht)
Hnh 1.14
1.4 HIN TNG T HA:

a. Hin tng t ha:
- Theo nh ngha tng qut, th t ha l qu trnh thay i cc tnh cht t
(cu trc t, mmen t...) ca vt cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi.
Khi c s dng nh mt ng t, t ha c ngha l lm thay i tnh cht
t ca vt cht bng t trng ngoi.
- Theo cch hiu trong lun vn ny th, t ha l qu trnh bin mt vt
khng c t tnh thnh vt c t tnh.
- Xt v mt hin tng, t ha l s thay i tnh cht t ca vt cht theo t
trng ngoi, xt v mt bn cht, y l s thay i cc mmen t nguyn
t. Khi t vo t trng ngoi, cc mmen t nguyn t c xu hng b
quay i theo t trng ngoi dn n s thay i v tnh cht t.
Hnh 1.15:Cu trc t ca mng

mng hp kimpermalloy (dy 20 nm)
thay i trong qu trnh t ha (nh
quan st bng knh hin vi
Lorentz Philips CM20).
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LA BN T HNG HI
b. t ha (t ):
- nh gi kh nng b t ha ca vt liu, ngi ta dng khi nim t
ha. Nh vy, t ha ( hay t ) l mt i lng vt l ni ln kh
nng b t ha ca mt vt liu t, c xc nh bng tng mmen
t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch, hoc mt n v khi lng. t
ha c k hiu l M, ta c:
(1-15)
Trong : M: l t ha (A/m)
N: l tng s lng moment t nguyn t
V: l th tch vt liu
m: l mment t nguyn t
n: l mt moment t nguyn t trong mt n v th
tch vt liu t.
Ta nhn thy, t ha ch mi cp n kh nng ni ti ca vt liu t.
Cha cp n vai tr ca t trng ngoi gy nn t ha. V vy cha th
hin c ht bn cht ca hin tng t ha, v lm c iu ny,
ngi ta dng mt i lng mi gi l h s t ha ( hay h s dn t hay
cm t).
-
c. H s t ha ( hay cm t):
- H s t ha ( hay cm t) l mt i lng vt l c trng cho kh
nng t ha ca vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca vt liu di
tc dng ca t trng ngoi. cm t th hin mi quan h gia t
ha (l i lng ni ti) v t trng ngoi, nn thng mang nhiu
ngha vt l gn vi cc tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu.
-
H s t ha thng c k hiu l v c xc nh bng t s

gia t ha (M) v cng t trng ngoi( H).
(1-16)
V M v H l hai i lng c cng th nguyn nn
khng c th nguyn.
l i lng
Tuy nhin trong k thut, ngi ta li quan tm n mt i lng khc

cng c ngha tng t nh h s t ha. Gi l t thm.
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LA BN T HNG HI
d. t thm:
- t thm l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tnh thm ca t trng
vo mt vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca vt liu di tc dng
ca t trng ngoi. Khi nim t thm thng mang tnh cht k
thut ca vt liu, ni ln quan h gia cm ng t (i lng sn sinh
ngoi) v t trng ngoi. t thm thc cht ch ng k cc vt liu
c trt t t (st t v feri t). t thm thng c k hiu l .
- Mi quan h gia t thm v cm t:
-
Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu

thc:
B = 0(H + M)
vi 0 l hng s t, hay c gi l t thm ca chn
khng, c ln
0 = 4.10 7T.m / A
Nh vy:
B = 0(1 + ).H
Suy ra:
B=.H
Nh vy, i lng t thm v cm t quan h vi nhau qua

biu thc:
= 0(1 + )
(1-17)
(1-18)
t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh nng phn

ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi.
e. Phn loi vt liu t:

- Ty theo s tc dng ca t trng ngoi v s hng ng ca vt liu t
trong qu trnh t ha, ngi ta phn bit thnh cc loi vt liu t khc
nhau:
- Vt liu nghch t: ng vi <1
Nghch t l bn cht c hu ca mi loi vt cht, , cht
khng c mmen t nguyn t, v to ra mt t trng ph
ngc vi chiu ca t trng ngoi theo xu hng ca cm
ng in t (quy tc Lenz). V th, cht nghch t c mmen
t m v ngc vi chiu t trng ngoi.
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Vt liu thun t: ng vi >1

Qu trnh t ha cht thun t, cht c mmen t nguyn t
nh v khng lin kt, xy ra n gin, cc mmen t nguyn
t s quay theo t trng ngoi v to ra mt t trng ph
dng (thng th hiu ng nghch t c hu). V th, qu trnh
t ha ch n gin l s tng tuyn tnh ca t theo t
trng ngoi v t bo ha khi t trng rt ln v nhit
rt thp.
Vt liu st t v cc vt liu c trt t t khc (phn st t, feri

t): ng vi >>1
Trong cc vt liu ny, mmen t nguyn t ln v c lin kt
vi nhau thng qua tng tc trao i nn qu trnh t ha tr
nn rt phc tp. Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh cu trc t, cu trc tinh th cng nh s ng nht ca
vt liu. Cc qu trnh t ha lc ny l s thay i cu trc
men t ( magnetic domain) ca cht, v dn n nhiu loi
cht khc nhau, v d nh vt liu st t mm, vt liu st t
cng...
Hnh 1.16: S bin i ca cc men t trong vt liu st t khi b t ha
1.4 VT LIU ST T, ST NON, ST GI:

-
V tu bin c ch to ch yu t st v cc hp kim ca st, m chng

u l nhng vt liu st t, nn phn ny s i su phn tch c tnh t
ha vt liu st t lm nn tng kin thc cho l lun lch la bn t
c trnh by nhng phn sau.
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LA BN T HNG HI
a. Vt liu st t:
- St t l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh nng hng ng mnh di tc
dng ca t trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn gi "st t" c
t cho nhm cc cht c tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht st t c hnh
vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t c im hng ng thun theo t
trng ngoi.
- Cc cht st t c t thm rt ln (>>1), nn c kh nng t ha c
bit. Kh nng ny c th c gii thch nh sau:
- Vt th st t c cu to bi v s cc nam chm phn t ( hay cc
moment t nguyn t). Nu cc nam chm phn t chuyn ng hn
lon th lc tc dng gia chng trong trng hp tng qut bng
khng v vt th khng c t tnh. Cc nam chm phn t tc dng
tng h v gia chng v tr cn bng.
- Nu ta em vt liu st t t vo trong mt t trng, di tc dng
ca cc lc, cc nam chm phn t b nh hng theo hng xc
nh, ngha l n b t ha. Sau khi tt c cc nam chm phn t
nh hng theo t trng ngoi th n tnh trng bo ha t v
khng c kh nng t ha hn na.
- Nu ta trit tiu t trng t ha bn ngoi, th do lc tc dng tng
h gia cc phn t li lm chng chuyn ng hn lon tr v tnh
trng ban u. Nhng do hin tng nh hng song song ca cc
nam chm phn t, mt khc lc tc dng tng h gia chng pht
sinh khng hon ton ging nh ban u, do vy chng vn cn mt
lng t d khi t trng bn ngoi b trit tiu, v chng c th tr
thnh nam chm. ( xem hnh 1.16)
- y cng l cch l gii cho s hnh thnh nam chm trong t nhin ( cc
qung st b t ha bi t trng Tri t) v l nguyn l cho vic ch to
nam chm nhn to, ng thi n cng gii thch s ht nhau gia thanh
nam chm v vt liu st t ( nam chm t ha vt th st t tr thnh mt
nam chm, nn xy ra lc tng tc gia 2 nam chm).
- Cc cht st t (v d nh st (Fe), cban (Co), niken (Ni), gali (Gd)... l
cc cht st t in hnh. Cc cht ny l cc cht vn c mmen t nguyn
t ln (v d nh st l 2,2 B, Gd l 7 B...) v nh tng tc trao i gia
cc mmen t ny, m chng nh hng song song vi nhau theo tng
vng (gi l cc men t tnh). Mmen t trong mi vng gi l t
t pht - c ngha l cc cht st t c t tnh ni ti ngay khi khng c t
trng ngoi. y l cc ngun gc c bn to nn cc tnh cht ca cht st
t.
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LA BN T HNG HI
b. Hin tng t tr, ng cong t tr v mt s tnh cht ca vt liu st
t:
- Hin tng t tr: L mt c trng d thy nht cht st t. Khi t ha
mt khi cht st t cc mmen t s c xu hng sp xp trt t theo
hng t trng ngoi do t ca mu tng dn n bo ha khi t
trng ln (khi cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau). Khi
ngt t trng hoc kh t theo chiu ngc li, do s lin kt gia cc
mmen t v cc men t, cc mmen t khng lp tc b quay tr li
trng thi hn n nh cc cht thun t m cn gi c t gi tr
khc khng.
-
Nu ta biu din qu trnh t ha vt liu st t thnh ng cong mi quan

h gia t M v cng t trng H th ng cong o t s khng
khp vi ng cong t ha ban u. V nu ta t ha v kh t theo mt
chu trnh kn ca t trng ngoi, ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng
cong t tr.
Hnh 1.17: ng cong t tr- c tnh quan trng nht ca st t

-
Da vo ng cong t ha ban u, ta nhn thy on OA gn nh l

ng thng, ngha l trong t trng yu, t gn nh l t l thun vi
cng t trng ngoi. Khi tng H th M tng theo, n A th khng cn
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LA BN T HNG HI
tng na. A c gi l im bo ha. Sau nu tip tc tng H th ng
t ha s tng gn nh theo hng bng.
-
Ch : y l mt tnh cht quan trng cn phi ghi nh, c th pht biu

li nh sau: trong t trng yu, st b t ha, th cng cm ng t
ca n s t l thun vi lc t ha. Quan h ny l mt vn ch yu
gii quyt lch la bn t.
ng cong t tr cng cung cp cho ta mt s tnh cht c bn ca vt liu st

t, nh l:
- T bo ha: L t t c trong trng thi bo ha t, c
ngha l tt c cc mmen t nguyn t ca cht st t song song vi
nhau.
- T d: L gi tr t khi t trng ngoi c kh v 0.
- Lc khng t ( lc gi t): L t trng ngoi cn thit kh
mmen t ca vt mu v 0, hay l gi tr t i chiu. i khi
lc khng t cn c gi ltrng o t.
- Nhit Curie: L nhit m ti , cht b mt t tnh. di
nhit Curie, cht trng thi st t, trn nhit Curie, cht s
mang tnh cht ca cht thun t. Nhit Curie l mt tham s c
trng cho cht st t. V d nh:
Cht liu st t
St
Cban
Niken
Gadoli
Dysproxium
MnBi
MnSb
Nhit Curie (oK)

1043
1388
627
292,5
88
630
587
Hnh 1.18: Hnh nh

cc men t ca mng
CoIr chp ch Fresnel
trn knh hin vi in t
truyn qua.
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LA BN T HNG HI
c. Phn loi vt liu st t:
- C nhiu cch khc nhau phn chia cc vt liu st t, nhng cch thng
dng nht ( v c s dng trong ti ny) vn l phn chia theo kh
nng t ha v kh t ca vt liu. Theo cch phn chia ny s c 2 nhm
vt liu st t chnh:
- Vt liu t cng ( st t cng hay st gi):L cc vt liu st t kh
t ha v kh kh t, chng c lc khng t ln, c s dng
ch to cc thanh nam chm vnh cu, ng dng trong ch to vt
liu ghi t.Cc vt liu t cng in hnh l Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Co5,
FePt..
- Vt liu t mm (st t mm hay st non): L cc vt liu st t d t
ha v d b kh t, chng c lc khng t nh, c ng dnghot
ng trong t trng ngoi nh li bin th, nam chm in, li dn
t, cm bin t trng... Cc vt liu t mm in hnh l st silic
(FeSi), hp kim permalloy NiFe...
-
Vt liu c t tnh non rt d b t ha nhng khi a ra ngoi t trng th

mt i rt nhanh. V d nh st. c tnh t ha ca vt liu c t tnh gi
th ngc li, tc l rt kh lm cho n t ha, nhng sau khi t ha th
gi t rt lu. V d nh gang.
Trong vt liu ng tu, u c st non v st gi, hiu chnh lch la

bn t ta cng phi s dng st non, v st gi. Cho nn st non v st
gi c lin quan cht ch n lch la bn t v ngi s quan hng hi
cn nm vng nguyn l s dng chng cho vic kh lch la bn.
1.5 QU TRNH KH T:
-
Ngc vi qu trnh t ha l qu trnh kh t. Kh t l qu trnh lm trit tiu

t tnh ca vt t, bng cch t vo mt t trng ngc ln, hoc lm tng
nhit n trn nhit nh hng ca cht.
o Kh t bng t trng:
Kh t bng t trng l cch thng dng nht, bng cch t vo
t trng ngc (vi chiu ca t d trong cht) bng vi gi
tr lc khng t ca cht. Nu t trng ngc t vo tip tc
tng, t ca cht s b o ngc, v ta c qu trnh o t.
kh t hon ton, ngi ta khng dng t trng ngc mt
chiu m dng t trng xoay chiu c bin gim dn (tt dn
theo hm s m v i chiu), nh vy, t trng d trong vt
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LA BN T HNG HI
mu s b nh dn v o lin tc quay gi tr 0 v ngy cng tin
ti gi tr 0.
o Cc cch khc:
C nhiu cc khc kh t, v d t nng vt t n trn nhit
trt t t ca cht (nhit Curie vi cc cht st t, hay nhit
Nel vi cc cht phn st t...), lc ny cc cht t trng thi
c t ln s b mt t tnh v tr thnh cht thun t. Ngoi ra,
s va p c hc v n mn ha hc cng l nhng cch kh i t
tnh ca cht.
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LA BN T HNG HI
PHN HAI:
A T TRNG, LCH A T, HOA A T
2.1 A T TRNG
2.1.1 T trng ca Tri t:
- Khi treo mt kim nam chm t do trn b mt Tri t bt k v tr no cng
quan st thy mt u kim nam chm lun nh hng Bc-Nam. Th nghim
trn chng t Tri t c t trng.
- Ngi ta xem Tri t l mt nam chm khng l c bao bc bi cc ng
sc t ni lin gia hai cc. Tuy nhin, cc cc nam chm ch nm gn cc cc
a l ch khng trng ln nhau. Chng ta thng nhm ln trong vic xc nh
tn cc cc a t, tht ra:
o Cc Bc a t nm gn cc Bc a l li l cc Nam (S) ca t trng
Tri t ( hay thanh nam chm Tri t),
o Cc Nam a t nm gn cc Nam a l li l cc Bc (N) ca t
trng Tri t ( hay thanh nam chm Tri t).
- Nguyn nhn gy ra s nhm ln ny l do yu t lch s, u ca kim nam
chm ch v hng bc nn thng gi l "cc bc" v u ch v pha nam gi
l "cc nam", nhng thc cht v mt vt l hc th ngc li.
- Mt ng thng tng tng ni hai cc t to thnh mt gc 11,3o so vi
trc quay ca Tri t.
Hnh 2.1: T trng bao quanh Tri t
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nhn vo m hnh t trng Tri t, ta nhn thy,at trng l mt t

trng khng u. Tuy nhin, v phm vi qu rng, nn khi kh lch la bn
ta c th xem trong phm vi xung quanh tu th a t trng l t trng u
v rt yu.
Cc t cc thng c v tr khng n nh v c th o ngc theo chu k.
Theo kho st trong nm 2005, v tr ca hai cc a t c xc nh nh sau:
o Cc Bc a t: c tnh 82.7N, 114.4W ( theo Cc kho st a
cht Canada)
o Cc Nam a t: c tnh 643148S, 1375136E, rt gn b
bin Wilkes Land, Nam Cc.
T trng lun bao quanh b mt Tri t, trn khng gian, trong lng t v
c di nc bin u pht hin thy c t lc tc dng. T trng ca qu t
c ngha rt ln trong cuc sng con ngi. Trong khng gian hng nghn km
bao quanh mt t, t trng ca qu t l mi trng ngn cc tia bc x v
t xuyn vo Tri t. Do , n bo v c cuc sng ca cc sinh vt trn
mt t khi b hy dit do phng x v tr. Nghin cu t trng Tri t cho
php chng ta khi qut nhng nt c bn xy dng b mt qu t, pht
hin nhng va qung c ch, nghin cu cc hin tng pht sinh t mt tri v
khng gian v tr. T trng ca Tri t cng c s dng nh hng
trn mt t thng qua la bn, gip con ngi xc nh phng hng v i li
trong rng, trn sa mc, v trn bin... Thm vo , t trng Tri t cng
gip cho mt s loi ng vt xc nh c phng hng.
Hnh 2.2: Mt tri khng ch em n nh sng v hi m m cn l mi him

nguy ca con ngi. L do: mt tri lin tc phng ra cc ht giu nng lng
- gi mt tri - vo v tr v v hng tri t. Trc khi cc ht c th
chm vo hnh tinh ca chng ta th chng b mt tm chn ngn li, l
t trng ca tri t.
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LA BN T HNG HI
2.1.2 Cc phn lc a t v s tc dng ca n:
- Theo hnh 2.1, ta nhn
thy cc ng sc t ca
t trng Tri t i vo
b mt Tri t nhng
T
gc khc nhau so vi
mt phng chn tri. Cc
gc ny gi l t
nghing(angle of magnetic
dip), k hiu l
( xem
hnh 2.3).
- Gi tr ca tng t 0
T
o
xch o t n 90 v pha
cc cc a t. ng ni
nhng im c cng t
nghing gi l v t.
- Xt 1 im A bt k trn
b mt mt t, chu tc
dng ca cng a t
Hnh 2.3: Cc phn lc a t v t nghing
trng, k hiu l T.
-
Vc t cng a t trn ( ti mi im lun lun tip tuyn vi ng

sc t. Nu ti im A ta treo mt kim nam chm th trc kim nam chm s
theo hng ca vc t v lch vi mt phng nm ngang mt gc , tc l
t nghing.
o Nu u bc kim nam chm chi xung th gc mang du dng,
o Nu u bc kim nam chm ngng ln th gc mang du m.
Phn tch vc t cng a t trng

hai thnh phn:
o Thnh phn nm ngang:
mt phng chn tri.
thnh
song song vi
o Thnh phn thng ng:

Thnh lp cng thc biu th mi quan h gia
cc thnh phn lc nh sau:
Hnh 2.4:Phn tch cc phn lc a t
( 2 -1)
Nhn xt:
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Phn lc H ch hng Bc a t l mt s lun lun dng. N lm cho
la bn ch c phng hng. Kinh tuyn i qua n gi l kinh tuyn
a t, kinh tuyn a t c chn lm mc tnh hng i v phng
v a t.
o Qua cng thc trn ta thy nu im A xch o th =0, suy ra
H=T=Hmax (khong 0.4 Oe), Z=0 chng t la bn hot ng vng xch
o, gn xch o th kh nng nh hng l tt nht. Khi v cng
tng th H cng gim, cc th =90o, suy ra H=0 chng t la bn khng
c kh nng hot ng.
o Phn lc thng ng Z khng c tc dng nh hng. Ta quy nh,
hng ca Z ch xung l dng, v ch ln l m. Do , v bc a
t th Z s dng, v nam a t th Z s m.
2.2 LCH A T:
-
T khi ngi ta bit c cc cc a t ca Tri t khng trng vi cc cc

a l, th hng ch ca kim la bn trong t trng Tri t s khng ng
hng Bc tht m ch hng bc a t.
Hnh 2.5: S hnh thnh lch a t

-
Gc hp gia kinh tuyn tht ( vng trn ln ni lin cc cc a l) v kinh

tuyn t ( hng ca ng sc t) gi l lch a t ( cn gi l t thin
hay variation). lch a t nhng ni khc nhau trn Tri t th bin i
khc nhau.
o Khi hng bc a t lch v pha ng ca hng bc tht ta gi l
lch a t ng, ta quy c l lch a t dng v mang du +,
o Khi hng bc a t lch v pha ty ca hng bc tht ta gi l
lch a t ty, ta quy c l lch a t m v mang du -.
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nh ni trn, lch a t mang tnh a phng

v bin i khng nhng theo v tr a l m cn theo
thi gian. S bin i c 2 loi l bin i theo chu
k v bin i khng theo chu k.
o S bin i theo chu k: c ba loi l theo chu k
ngy, nm v th k. Trong tr s bin i
theo chu k ngy v nm l rt nh, trong hng
hi c th b c, nhng tr s bin i theo chu
k th k th tng i ln khng th b qua
c. Tr s bin i theo th k ca lch a
t cc ni u chia thnh lch theo nm v
c ghi ch vng khc hoa la bn trn hi
hiu chnh.
o S bin i khng theo chu k: c nhiu
Hnh 2.6: lch a t ng v ty
nguyn nhn lm cho lch a t
bin i khng theo chu k nh bo t, khu vc nhiu lon t... Bo t
l hin tng t nhin pht sinh t, n c th lm cho trng thi ca a
t thay i rt nhanh. Khu vc nhiu lon t l do qung st nam chm,
tu b chm...lm cho t trng trong khu vc y bin i.
2.3 HOA A T CU TO V CCH S DNG:

-
gip cho ngi i bin d dng xc nh c lch a t trn nhng

vng bin khc nhau, phc v cho vic tnh ton phng v hoc hng i,
ngi ta in cc thng s v s bin i lch a t trn hi thng qua cc
hoa a t ( hay hoa la bn).
Hoa a t l mt vng trn chia
t 0o n 360o, trong vng trn
ghi sn c gi tr lch a t,
nm kho st v lng thay i
hng nm.
Trn nhng hi ca nhng nh
xut bn khc nhau, th cu trc
ca hoa a t c th c mt s
khc bit.
Hnh 2.7: Hoa a t trn hi Anh ( BA chart)

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LA BN T HNG HI
Cch s dng hoa a t:

o Trn hi Vit Nam: hnh 2.8 bn
l mt v d v hoa a t trn hi
Vit Nam. Cch c nh sau: LT:
0o55w-1995 c ngha l lch a t
kho st nm 1995 l d= 0o55 W, hng
nm khng thay i.
Hnh 2.8: Hoa a t trn VN Chart
o Trn hi Anh: hnh 2.9 bn l mt
v d hoa a t n gin trn BA chart.
Cch c nh sau: Mag Var 2o05W
1990 (4W) c ngha l lch a t
kho st ti vng bin ny nm 1990 l
d=2o05w, thay i hng nm l 4W.
Hnh 2.9: Hoa a t trn BA Chart
Da vo hoa a t, ngi ta c th tnh lch a t ti mt thi im no

theo cng thc sau:
Vnm tnh = Vnm kho st ( nm tnh nm kho st)
bin thin hng nm
Trong cng thc tnh trn, nu lch ang tng th mang du +, nu lch
ang gim th mang du -. Tng c ngha l kinh tuyn a t ngy cng lch
xa kinh tuyn bc tht, cn gim th ngc li, kinh tuyn a t ngy cng di
dch chuyn li gn kinh tuyn bc tht.
Nu nh khng c s tc ng ca cc t trng khc th kim la bn t s ch
hng bc a t ( tc l trng vi kinh tuyn a t).
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LA BN T HNG HI
Phn trn cng ca Hoa

a t l ch hng Bc
tht ( trng vi vch 0o ca
vng trn ngoi).
lch a t c nh du
tm Hoa a t. Trn
ng nh du hng Bc
a t. y, lch kho
st nm 1999 l 12o30W.
ng nh du hng Bc a t (
trng vi vch 0o ca vng trn bn
trong ). y l hng m la bn s
ch ( ging nh trong hi ).
bin thin hng nm ca

lch a t. y, bin thin
hng nm l 2W, ngha l lch
thm 2 na v hng ty mi
nm, tc lch a t ang
tng.
Hnh 2.10: Gii thch mt hoa a t trn BA chart
2.4 BN CC YU T A T:
-
lch a t, t nghing, phn lc bng, phn lc thng ng u l cc

yu t a t. Trn bn , ni cc im c cng tr s, cng mt yu t thnh
nhng ng ng tr, tc l ta c hnh cc yu t a t.
ng ng tr lch a t gi l ng ng t thin, ng ng tr t
nghing gi l ng ng t nghing. ng ng tr ca phn lc bng v
phn lc thng ng gi l ng ng t lc bng v ng ng t lc thng
ng.
Nhng vng m t lc c bin thin t ngt s lm cho lch a t thay i
ln, trn bn s c biu th bng cc ng m nt v ghi gi tr lch
a t ( c khi gi tr ny ln n hng chc ). Khi tu hnh trnh qua nhng
khu vc ny th ngi s quan hng hi phi ht sc lu nu s dng la bn
t.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 2.11: Bn lch a t trn Tri t n, 2010
35
35
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 2.12: Bn cc ng ng t nghing
Hnh 2.13: Bn cc ng ng t lc bng

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LA BN T HNG HI
PHN BA:
LA BN T HNG HI, CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC
3.1 S LC LCH S LA BN T:
-
La bn t l mt thit b hng hi c tc dng dng ch hng i v xc nh

v tr tu trn bin. Cn c vo tnh cht nh hng ca thnh phn nhy cm
theo hng kinh tuyn t. Con ngi li dng tnh cht ny ch to la bn
t u tin vo cui th k XII. La bn c cu to gm mt tm st t gn vo
mt chic phao, c th vo trong mt chu nc.
u th k XIV, cu to la bn t c thay i. Kim t ca la bn c gn

vo mt chic phao. C phao v kim t c trn mt nh kim tr thng
ng. Trn mt phao c gn thm mt vnh trn bng giy hoc bng ng,
trn c chia hng theo tng ca v tng t 0 n 360. Ton b h
thng kim t c th vo mt chu dung dch gm cn v nc ct.
Cui th k XV, cc nh khoa hc hng hi pht hin ra kim la bn khng ch

chnh xc theo hng bc, nam tht m ch lch i mt gc, gc c gi l
lch a t.
Cui th k XVIII cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh ng tu bng st thp. La

bn t c trang b trn tu, cc nh hng hi pht hin ra la bn ch hng
mang sai s ln. Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s la bn l do nh hng ca t
trng st thp trn tu tc dng vo kim la bn lm kim la bn ch lch khi
kinh tuyn t mt gc, gc ny gi l lch ring la bn. kh bt gc lch
ny, ngi ta a thm cc thit b kh vo thn la bn.
Hin nay trn cc tu hin i, ngoi la bn t trn tu cn c trang b thm

nhiu thit b ch hng hin i khc nh: la bn con quay, h thng nh v
ton cu GPS, h thng SATELLITE COMPASS, hot ng vi chnh xc
cao, song iu khng lm gim vai tr ca la bn t trn tu bin. Do u
im c bit l tin cy rt cao nn la bn t c cc nh hng hi gi l la
bn chun. Nu thiu la bn chun trn tu, theo quy phm ca ng kim hng
hi th tu khng in kin chy bin.
Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh hng hi, la bn t ngy cng pht trin khng
ngng. La bn t truyn mt s ra i c s dng vo ngnh hng hi. N
c tcdng truyn ch s hng i ca la bn ti my li t ng t ng
iu khin tu.
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LA BN T HNG HI
c im ca la bn t trang b trn tu bin Vit Nam gm nhiu loi Nht,

Lin X, c, Trung Quc v.v. V cu to la bn c bn ging nhau, cn cc
thit b kh ty theo tng loi la bn, tng nc sn xut c b tr khc
nhau.
Hnh 3.1: S dng la bn t trong chart works

3.2 PHN LOI LA BN T:
a. La bn chun:
Lp t l thin trn nc bung li dung ch hng i ca tu v o
hng ngm ca mc tiu. V lp t trn nc bung li, t chu nh
hng ca st thp trn tu, lch tng i nh nn gi l la bn
chun.
Hnh 3.2: Mt la bn chun c lp t trn ng

centre line trn o kh ( monkey island).
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LA BN T HNG HI
b. La bn li:
c lp t trong bung li chuyn dng ch hng li. Hin nay c
nhiu tu dng mt phn nh ca la bn con quay li, ng thi dng
thit b phn chiu la bn chun t nc bung li (hnh 3.4) xung bung
li i chiu vi la bn con quay. Do , la bn t dng li t xut
hin trn tu bin ngy nay.
Hnh 3.3: La bn li v v s b tr ca n trong bung li
Hnh 3.4: S dng la bn chun trn nc bung

li lm la bn i chiu trong bung li
c. La bn t s c:
c lp t gn tay li s c dng li khi s dng my li s c.
Hin nay nhiu tu s dng mt la bn phn nh ca la bn con quay lm
la bn s c.
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LA BN T HNG HI
d. La bn xung cu sinh:
L mt loi la bn t nh trang b cho xung cu sinh c gi v c
n du km theo, du trong n s dng c 10 ting ng h.
Hnh 3.5: Cc kiu la bn xung cu sinh

3.3 CU TO LA BN T HNG HI:
-
nc ta hin nay cc phng tin vn ti trn bin cng nh cc tu khai

thc c bin c nhp t rt nhiu nc. Trn cc con tu nh vy u c
trang b la bn t hng hi, la bn ca mi nc c kt cu khng hon ton
ging nhau. Song v mt nguyn l lm vic, vt liu ch to v l thuyt kh
lch v c bn l ging nhau.
Di y s m t cu to c bn nht ca mt la bn t hng hi. Trong

c mt s khi nim lin quan n cc dng c v thit b dng cho vic kh
lch la bn t s c ni s qua, cn tc dng ca chng nh th no s c
phn tch r nhng phn sau.
Hnh 3.6: Mt la bn t hng hi hin i c s dng lm

la bn chun trn cc tu bin ngy nay.
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nguyn l chnh ca la bn t dng trong lnh vc hng hi ngy nay khng

khc g vi la bn c xa. N bao gm mt kim t ha hoc mt t hp cc
kim t ha vnh cu ( permanent magnetized needles) cho php quay trn trn
mt phng chn tri.
S vt tri ca cc la bn ngy nay l kt qu ca s hiu bit tt hn v quy
lut ca t trng, m cc quy lut ny chi phi cch thc hot ng ca la bn
v cng do cu trc ca la bn chnh xc hn. Phn di y s m t cc thnh
phn chnh yu ca l bn theo tiu chun hi qun M.
Hnh 3.7: Cu to v cc b phn ca chn la bn t hng hi

- Mt la bn t hon chnh gm hai b phn chnh l: chn la bn v chu la bn.
3.3.1 Chn la bn:
- Chn la bn dng chu la bn v cha cc thanh nam chm dng
hiu chnh lch, c ch to bng loi vt liu phi t tnh.
- Hai bn tri v phi ca chn c hai qu cu st non, t trn hai vai la bn,
dng kh mt phn lch la bn, tm ca hai qu cu ny v kim nam
chm trong la bn nm trn cng mt mt phng. (xem hnh 3.7)
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Trn nh chn la bn c np la bn lm bng ng c ca pha trc v pha

sau, bn trong c lp mt n du s dng phng khi hng n in.
Bn trong ngay ng tm pha di chu la bn c mt ng ng thng ng ,
dng lp thanh nam chm ng kh lch nghing, trong c b phn
iu chnh nng h thanh nam chm bng dy xch.
ngay phi trc chn la bn c lp mt ng ng trong c lp mt thanh
st non dng kh lch do ng khi v cc tr thng ng sinh ra gi l
thanh st Flinder.
Trong chn la bn c lp mt bng n in c b phn iu chnh sng v
cng tc t bn ngoi.
Phn pha di chn c ca, trong t gi gm nhiu l ngang t cc
thanh nam chm kh lch.
3.3.2 Chu la bn:
Hnh 3.8: Hnh dng bn ngoi ca chu la bn

-
Ton b chu la bn c t trn mt gi chuyn ng t do gi cho la

bn lun lun cn bng khi tu thuyn lc b. Chu v gi la bn cng c
t trn chn la bn, trong cha tt c nhng g cn thit iu chnh
lch v chiu sng cho la bn (xem hnh 3.8).
Cu to bn trong chu la bn kh phc tp gm cc b phn nh sau: a khc

( a la bn), kim nam chm, qu ni bng ng, b trc, tr , chu, mt
thy tinh y, b phn n hi, vt i trng... ( xem hnh 3.9). Di y s
trnh by mt s b phn chnh ca chu la bn:
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 3.9: Cu to bn trong chu la bn

-
A. Kim nam chm: Cc kim nam chm cng vi t trng Tri t to ra lc

ch hng ca la bn. Nhng kiu gn y nht c hai nam chm song song vi
nhau ( hoc c c mt h thng cc kim nam chm xp song song vi nhau nh
la bn ca Nga), kiu c hn th c 4 nam chm.
B. a la bn: hoc vnh nhm c dng hnh vng c gn lin vi cc nam

chm v c chia t 0o n 360o theo chiu kim ng h, bt u ti im
N ( bc) nh ta thy hnh 3.8.
Hnh 3.10: Cc b phn chnh ca a la bn

-
C. Thn chu la bn: bao gm ngng t kim nam chm, chu ng cht lng,
vch ch hng la bn ( lubbersline). Chu la bn c lm kim loi khng
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LA BN T HNG HI
mang t tnh v nng duy tr hp l trng thi nm ngang khi tu nghing
hoc to ra mt lc dc theo phng dy di h tr cho thit b ny. Chu la
bn c lp t trn vng cc-ng cho php duy tr theo phng ngang ca
n. Phng php lp t ny to ra s bo v thch hp t cc chn ng c
hc.
-
D. Dung dch la bn: Dung dch la bn dng gim nh hng ca trng lc,
t gim nh hng ca ma st trn cht ngng ly phng v v cng
gim nh hng chao o ca a la bn. Phng php lp t a la bn l c
gng lm cho n gn vi phng nm ngang. Dung dch la bn trong nhng
loi la bn gn y nht l mt loi du c bit gi l Varsol. N c s dng
bi v nht ca n duy tr n nh hp l khi nhit gim. cc la bn c
hn ngi ta dng dung dch cn lm dung dch la bn.
E. a phao la bn: a phao la bn hay hp khng kh, c s dng gim

hn na nh hng ca trng lng v v th gim ma st trn ngng phng
v. S kt hp gia phao v dung dch la bn s gim c nh hng ca trng
lng khong khong 97-98%.
F. Mng xp gin n: Mng xp gin n cho php cho php chu la bn duy
tr thch hp hn kh la bn gin n v nhit thay i.
Hu ht cc la bn u bao gm cc b phn chnh ny, ch khc nhau v kch

thc, chi tit v vic lp t. Tt c cc b phn ca la bn c lm bng kim
loi khng mang t tnh, tr nam chm v dng c kh lch.
3.3.3 Cc thanh nam chm v st non dng kh lch la bn t:
- Cc thanh nam chm vnh cu c dng kh lch bn vng v lch
nghing, chng c ng trong hp g. Vt liu ch to nam chm kh l
hp kim c bit, c lc khng t ln, khong vi trm Oe. Do n c tnh t
hoa d cao v t thay i t tnh theo thi gian s dng. Tt c cc thanh kh
u c sn hai mu, na u bc sn mu , cn na u nam sn mu en
hoc trng.
o Cc vt liu st t cng nh cc thanh kh lch bn vng, kh
lchtu nghing v h thng kim t ca mt s la bn. Cc loi nam
chm ny c ch to bng thp Vonfram, thp Crm, thp Coban v
mt s hp kim c bit khc, cc cht ny c lc khng t ln ti 100
Oe.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Ngi ta thng ch to cc thi nam chm c tit din trn hoc vung,
kch thc tit din rt nh so vi chiu di ca chng , u bc sn mu
, u nam sn mu en hoc trng. M men t ca thanh nam chm
c th c ghi ngay trn thn thanh nam chm cng vi nm sn sut,
s liu xut xng. Cc thanh nam chm kh lch c m men t
rt ln c th t ti 35000 n v C.G.S.M ty theo tng nc sn xut,
ty theo khong cch t thanh kh vi mt s la bn.
o ch to nam chm c m men t ln ngi ta tin hnh ch to st t
v cho t ha c bit. u tin ngi ta em ti bng cch nung chng
ln 800c - 1200c (nung ti nhit no l ty thuc vo loi hp
kim ch to thanh nam chm). Sau b nhanh chng ra ngoi khng
kh hoc cho vo nc vo du (cho vo loi mi trng no ty loi
hp kim). Sau khi ti xong, cc thanh nam chm c em lm n nh
cu to bng cch luc chng trong nc si (100C) . Bng cch ny
m bo n nh thnh phn hoa hc ca thanh nhanh hn so vi nhiu
phng php khc. Mt gi luc thanh st t nh vy c tc dng bng
thng ha ngoi khng kh bng my nm.
o Sau khi n nh cu to ngi ta em t ha chng. t ha c
chng, vi thp Vonfram v thp Crm, cng t trng t ha phi
t ti 400 Oe n 500 Oe , cn thp Coban th phi t 1000 Oe n
1500 Oe.
o Sau khi t ha xong ngi ta em nam chm i n nh t tnh, tc l
loi tr cc t trng cc b ny sinh trong cc gi u tin. Mt khc
n nh t tnh cn c tc dng lm cho thanh nam chm t nhy cm vi
cc dao ng c hc v cc t trng bn ngoi, nh th cng c ngha
l n nh c m men t ca thanh nam chm .
o n nh t hay cn gi l gi t c ngi ta thc hin bng cch t
thanh nam chm vo trong mt cun dy c dng in xoay chiu chy
qua. Tn s dao ng ca dng in c chn tng ng vi cc pha
dao ng in hoc dao ng c hc trn tu thng tc dng vo la
bn. Sau khi cho dng in vo ngi ta dn dn gim dng in v 0.
o Bng cch n nh nh vy cc thanh nam chm s c kh nng t nhy
cm vi cc hin tng va p, rung ng. M men t ca chng gi
c c nh khi bin dao ng nhit ti 30c v khi cng t
trng ngoi thay i ti 2 Oe ng vi nam chm Vonfram v Crm , ti
3 Oe ng vi nam chm Coban - Crm.
o Cc thanh nam chm vnh cu thng c bo v trong hp g c
bit, cc nam chm cch nhau khng nh hn 5 cm , ty theo m men
t ln hay nh. Cc lc cng tn khc pha trong hp g khng nn
dnh cc thanh nam chm vi nhau v lm nh th khi tch chng ra s
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LA BN T HNG HI
khng m bo c c nh t tnh theo thi gian. trnh hin tng
r ngi ta thng sn cc bc mu , cc nam mu xanh... khng nn
nam chm ni c nhit cao, ni c t trng cng ln hn 3
Oe. Cc thanh nam chm khng c t gn cc vt bng st.
-
Cc thanh st non dng kh lch phn t, n c ch to bng hp kim

st t c lc khng t nh ch khong t 1 n 3 Oe hoc nh hn na. Cc thi
v tm c ch to bng st non c lc khng t nh hn 1,5 Oe cn qu cu
c ch to bng gang c lc khng t nh hn 3,5 Oe. chng r ngi ta
c th em sn mu xanh, en.v.v...Ty theo yu cu lp t m trong thit b
ton b c th bao gm thanh kh lch phn t tit din ch nht hay qu
cu vi cc kch thc khc nhau.
3.3.4 H thng quang hc hay h thng knh chiu vo bung li:

-
H thng quang hc bao gm n chiu sng, knh bo v hai thu knh, knh
sy v gng phn chiu. Mt s b phn nm trong ng thp pha di.
Thn la bn ngi ta t pha trn (bung hoa tiu), h thng ng quang hc
v gng phn chiu c phn di chui qua mt boong thng i xung bung
iu khin vo pha trc tay li.
Nh th hin trn hnh 3.11 gng phn chiu, phn chiu nh sng t bng
n qua mt s i ti gng. Do hnh nh mt s c th hin trong gng
rt r rng , ngha l cc vch chia v cc s tng ng th hin r rng rt d
quan st.
H thng ng quang hc c hai phn, phn trn c nh phn di c th di

chuyn ln xung c nh c phn di ng ny m ta c th iu chnh v tr
ca gng sao cho ph hp vi tm quan st ca ngi iu khin tu. Ngoi ra
phn pha di cn c th xoay theo chiu thng ng, gng phn chiu c th
thay i c gc nghing .
Khi nhit ngoi khng kh thp hn vi th h thng gng xut hin cc

git nc lm m mt knh. khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta gn vo h
thng gng mt b phn sy. N c t trong ng ca h thng gng.
c th lm c vic ny ngi ta cho dng in chy qua mt mng mng
46
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LA BN T HNG HI
dn in trong sut gn gia hai tm knh. Thay i cng dng in i qua

bng cch iu chnh chit p ta c nhit sy cn thit.
-
in cung cp cho la bn l dng xoay chiu ca li in tu, c in th 127

Vn v 220 Vn, cn ngun d phng l 24 . gim hiu in th dng in
xoay chiu ngi ta dng bin p cn vi dng in mt chiu dng bin tr.
c ca vo h thng quang hc v ni t cc thit b kh thn la bn
ngi ta lm hai ca m.
Hnh 3.11. H thng quang hc ca la bn:

1. Mt s,
2. n chiu sng mt s,
3. Knh bo v,
4. thu knh pha trn,
5. thn la bn,
6. thu knh pha di,
7. tm knh sy,
8. ng ca h thng quang hc,
9. gng phn chiu.
Hnh 3.12: Hnh dng chung ca mt la bn

bao gm c h thng quang hc:
1. Ci hm ng quang hc,
2. tay gt c kh nng h ng quang hc,
4. chit p,
5. ca m thn di,
6. phn ng c nh,
7. hp chit p,
8. cng tc chit p,
9. phn trn ca ng di ng,
10. Vng ai gi ng,
11. phn ng di,
12. gng phn chiu,
13. cu nh v gng.
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LA BN T HNG HI
3.3.5 Vng phng v:
- Ngi ta dng mt vng phng v (azimuth
circle), mt vng ngm ( bearing circle), hoc mt
dng c tng t quan st phng v ca cc
thin th. Vng phng v ( hnh 3.13) l mt thit
b m cc phn chnh ca n gm: mt gng lm
nh, c ni bng bn l, v mt lng knh chn
c lp t trn vng i in vi gng.
Hnh 3.13: Vng phng v
Hnh 3.14: Cu to vng phng v:
1. Khung dy vch chun
2. Khung khe ngm
3. Cc khung knh mu
4. Hnh tr v cu gn my o t
lc Kolonga
5. Gi vng phng v
6. Lng knh
-
Gi gn ln chu la bn l mt vnh trn bng ng thau, c ly gn vo

vnh ca chu, trn vnh ny c cc inh vt gn khung vch chun, khung
khe ngm v lng knh c hai cht gn cu C-lng-ga.
Khung vch chun c ch to hnh ch nht gia c mt dy vch chun

dy vch chun v tr nm trong mt phang thng ng, dy vch chun c
nh v v ko cng bng hai inh vt. ngoi khung vch chun c mt khung
knh hoc tm kim loi bo v, n c th nng ln hoc h xung c.
Ngoi ra n cn c mt ci gng phc v cho vic ly phng v cao
ln hn 26.
Khe ngm l b phn dng ngm qua gia mt s v dy vch chun ti mc

tiu, khe ngm gip cho ngi quan st nhn mc tiu hoc thin th c d
dng khi thi tit xu hoc ban m. ly s ch trn mt s c chnh xc
v nhanh, pha di khe ngm c mt lng knh, lng knh c tc dng phng
i s ch ca mt s v cho ta ngay s ch phng v. C khe ngm ln dy
vch chun phi nm trong mt phang thng ng i qua trng tm ca thnh
phn nhy cm, ngi ta gi l mt phng ngm.
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LA BN T HNG HI
B phn ngm C-lng-ga c ch to bng ng thau, n gm c mt ng

hnh tr lng vo my C-lng-ga, ng hnh tr c gn vi cu, gn
vo vng phng v bng 4 inh vt, tm ca ng hnh tr khi gn vo vng
phng v phi nm trong mt phng ngm .
Knh mu, pha trc khe ngm c gn 2 hoc 3 mu hnh trn, n c tc

dng lc mu, lm gim cng tia sng khi ta quan st mt tri hoc cc
thin th quan st, ty theo mc chi khc nhau m ta chn knh mu cho
ph hp.
3.4 NGUYN L LM VIC CA LA BN T:

-
Nh ta bit, thnh phn nhy cm ca la bn l kim t. Khi kim la bn c

treo t do th trc kim ca n s nh hng dc theo vc t cng a t
trng ( ) ca tri t v ch theo mt phang kinh tuyn t. Nhng kim t treo
t do khng th s dng lm thnh phn nhy cm cho la bn t hng hi c,
bi v khi t nghing ln ( v cao ) xc nh hng nm ngang theo kim
nghing rt kh khn. V vy, trong cc la bn t hng hi ngi ta tm cch
treo thnh phn nhy cm sao cho n ch t ng xoay trong mt phang nm
ngang, hnh 111 th hin mt kim t c treo nh vy. Trc kim to vi thnh
phn nm ngang ca t trng tri t, ngha l vi kinh tuyn t mt gc .
T trng Tri t trong khng gian kim nam

chm chim ch c th coi l t trng u. Vi
iu kin ny theo cng thc (1-9), kim t chu tc
dng ca mt m men quay P:
P=2lmHsin
y 2l l chiu di kim t v m l t khi mi

u kim t.
Bit 2ml = M l m men t ca kim nam chm, do
:
(3-1)
P=MHsin
Hnh 3.15: Kim t di tc
dng ca t trng
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Di tc dng ca m men quay P, kim nam chm xoay v pha kinh tuyn t.
Xong do c ma st im cho nn kim s n nh trn hng khc vi kinh
tuyn t. Theo cng thc trn th kim t ch n nh khi
tc sin
, do
vy P=0.
M men P gi l m men quay ca kim la bn t. Trong thc t do iu kin
thnh phn nhy cm cha l tng cho nn vn tn ti mt lc ma st lm
trit tiu bi m men quay P. Tc l kim t s n nh v tr ng vi mt gc
nh, gc ny gi l gc i, k hiu l .
Vy lc ma st trit tiu bi lc P l Q
Q = MHsin
nh nn c th vit Q = MH hay
(3-2)
Xt
La bn no c gc i cng nh th la bn y cng tt.

o Mun gim i' ta lm gim lc ma st Q im t gi tr nh nht.
t c yu cu ny ngi ta gn kim t vo y mt chic phao
kn nc bng nha hoc bng ng, sau th chng vo dung dch
cn v nc ct. Ton b thnh phn nhy cm c trn mt kim
tr. nh kim tr v ngi ta gn kim loi cng. Vi iu kin hot
ng nh trn lc ma st t gi tr nh nht.
o Mt khc gim gc i' ta tng mmen t ca kim nam chm, bng cch
ngi ta ch to kim t khng phi l mt thanh nam chm m bng mt
cp hay nhiu cp thanh nam chm t song song, cng cc, cng t lc,
i xng qua trng tm kim la bn. H thng nam chm nh vy s m
bo m men t ln nht.
o Gi tr mmen quay p ca kim la bn cn ph thuc vo v . Khi tu
xch o th H ln nht nn P cng ln nht, khi tu v cc th H = 0,
nn m men quay P nh nht v c gc i ln nht, la bn nh hng rt
km .
o Gc i' ca la bn hin i cho php A
+ 15o C.
02 khi H = 0,05 Oe, nhit
3.5 CM NG A T V LCH LA BN:

-
Tri t c xem nh mt kim nam chm khng l, nn st trn qu t u

b t ha. Tu bin ngy ny hu ht c ch to bng st thp nn cng b t
ha v mang t tnh.V lc a t c phn thnh hai phn lc: phn lc bng
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LA BN T HNG HI
H v phn lc thng ng Z, nn tc dng t ha ca n ln con tu c th xem
nh l tc dng t ha ca hai phn lc a t H v Z. Do , khi chy tu trn
nhng v v hng i khc nhau th trng thi t tnh ca con tu cng khc
nhau.
Hnh 3.16: Trng thi t tnh ca con tu bin i theo hng i v v

-
Trong thnh phn cu to nn con tu, cng c hai loi st non v st gi. Sau
khi b a t trng t ha th st gi c t tnh vnh cu, st non th ty theo
hng mi tu v v t khc nhau m c t tnh cm ng khc nhau. V th
nn t trng ca tu l t trng tng hp ca hai lc t trng st non v st
gi.
Kim nam chm ca la bn nu ch b tc dng bi phn lc bng H ca a t
trng th n c th ch ng hng Bc a t. Nhng v nh hng ca t
trng tu, nn n c th lch i mt gc nht nh.
Gc lch gia hng Bc la bn v hng Bc a t gi l lch ring la
bn. K hiu l , ta c:
o Nu hng Bc la bn lch v pha ng hng Bc a t th ta gi l
lch ng hoc dng,
o Nu hng Bc la bn lch v phi ty hng Bc a t th ta gi l
lch ty hoc m.
Nh vy ta c:
Sai s la bn = lch a t + lch ring la bn
(3-3)
Hnh 3.17: S bin i ca

hng i khi c sai s la bn
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LA BN T HNG HI
3.6 MT S CH KHI S DNG LA BN T HNG HI:
a. Phng php kim tra chnh xc cng vic lp t la bn t:
- Cc kim tra chnh xc ca cng vic lp t la bn t nh sau:
o Cho tu chy trng thi cn bng, dng biu xch ngm vch chun la
bn ( l vch c nh trn chu la bn biu th hng mi tu) xuyn qua
ng trung tm ca ct cn cu pha trc, chng nm trn cng mt
ng thng c ngha l la bn t chnh xc.
o Nu chng khng nm trn cng mt ng thng th phi iu chnh
bng cch tho vt c nh chn la bn, quay chn la bn qua li cho n
khi ngm vch chun la bn v ng trung tm ca tu qua ct cn cu
nm trn cng mt ng thng mi thi, sau xit cht vt c nh.
o Trong trng hp ct cn cu ca tu l hnh ch mn hoc ch nhn th
dng phng php s dng biu xch o gc mn ca ng trung tm
hai chn ct cn cu. Nu gc mn ca hai chn ct bng nhau th la bn
nm v tr chnh xc, nu khng, phi tin hnh hiu chnh.
b. Cch th nhy ca la bn t:
- Tu cp cu c nh, cc thit b trn tu v cc thit b c gii trn b
gn tu cng khng hot ng, ghi li chnh xc hng i la bn trn
vch chun ca la bn.
- Dng mt thi nam chm nh a vo gn chu la bn ht kim nam
chm la bn( a la bn) lch khi v tr cn bng ca n v pha tri
hoc pha phi chng 2 n 30, sau a thi nam chm ra xa, quan st
xem a la bn c tr v li v tr c khng, lch cho php khng qu
002, th c ngha l nhy ca la bn km, c th l b ca a c
ma st ln.
c. Cch kh bt kh trong chu la bn:
- Bt kh trong chu la bn nh hng n chnh xc i vi hng i
v phng v ca la bn, cho nn nu xut hin bt kh trong chu la bn
cn phi kh b.
- Cch lm n gin nh sau: t nghing chu la bn sao cho l thng
chu la bn xoay ln trn, dng tuc-n-vt m np l, lc nh chu la
bn cho bt kh trong chu thot ra l thng, sau thm nc vo cho
y chu ri ng np l li.
- Nu dung dch la bn l hn hp gia nc ct v cn,th trc khi cho
thm dung dch vo, m bo dung dch khng b h, cn phi rt
mt t dung dch c ra trn vi dung dch mi, nu sau khi trn m nc
vn khng b vn trong khng b vn c, khng bin mu th l tt, v
c th cho thm dung dch mi vo chu.
PHN BN:
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LA BN T HNG HI
L LUN V LCH RING LA BN
4.1 KHI NIM T TRNG TU V LCH RING LA BN:
a. Khi nim t trng tu:
- Nu la bn t c trang b trn tu ng bng cc cht v t tnh ( hp kim
nhm, nha, g...). Kim nam chm ca la bn lun ch ng kinh tuyn a t
(Nd ), khng gy lch.
-
Hin nay tt c cc tu chy bin u c ng bng st thp. St thp trn tu

gm st t cng (st gi) v st t mm (st non). Cc cht st t trn tu b t
ha bi t trng ca tri t to mt t trng tu. T trng tu ny lm thay
i t trng ca tri t xung quanh con tu.
Vy la bn t c t trn tu, di tc dng ca t trng tu lm kim la bn

khng ch ng hng bc a t ( Nd ) m ch sang mt hng khc gi l bc
la bn ( k hiu NL), ng i qua trc kim nam chm gi l kinh tuyn la bn
( hnh 3.17 ). Vy kinh tuyn la bn l giao tuyn ca mt phng nm ngang v
mt phng thng ng i qua trc N -S ca kim la bn. Kinh tuyn la bn c
chn lm mc tnh hng i la bn v phng v la bn.
b. T tnh vnh cu ca con tu:
Mt con tu ang ng mi hoc sa cha ln nm c nh trn mt hng trong

t trng s mang t tnh vnh cu do p g, va chm,... Sau khi h thy ngun
t tnh ny s b thay i v cui cng n s gi li c trng thi t tnh n
nh nh l mt nam chm vnh cu ca con tu.
Thc t mt con tu mang t tnh vnh cu khng c ngha l n khng th kt

np thm t cm ng khi t n trong t trng ca Tri t. T cm ng sinh ra
bt k mt thanh st non no - ph thuc vo tnh nng ca cng t trng,
s sp xp ca st non, cng nh hnh dng v kch thc ca n t trong t
trng. T tnh ny c th lm tng hoc gim t tnh vnh cu sn c trong
tu. N ph thuc vo con tu nh hng nh th no trong t trng.Vi st
mm hn n s b t ha d dng hn bi t trng Tri t v n cng s d
mt t tnh hn khi ra khi t trng .
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 4.1: S bin i t trng vnh cu ca tu ng bng st thp

trong qu trnh ng tu vi mi tu nhng hng khc nhau.
-
T tnh ca con tu khc nhau trong cc cu trc ca n, iu ny c khuynh

hng lm thay i t tnh ging nh to ra l do chy tu, do chn ng
hoc do tui tc. Nhng n khng thay i tc th nh t trng cm ng, do
n c gi l t trng vnh cu ph. Bt k lc no t tnh ny l mt
phn ca t trng vnh cu v phi thng xuyn c kh, bi cc nam
chm kh. y l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra lch la bn. Lc ny, t trng
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LA BN T HNG HI
vnh cu s bao gm t trng vnh cu ph v t trng vnh cu hin ti ca

con tu.
-
Cui cng t tnh ca con tu l s kt hp gia t trng vnh cu, t trng

ph v t trng cm ng.V th khi b va p, hn in, chn ng, thay i
cng t trng... s lm thay i trng thi t v do kt qu ca vic kh
t cng thay i.
Hnh 4.2: S thay i trng thi t ca con tu theo hng i v v

c. T tnh cm ng ca con tu v tc dng ca n i vi la bn:
T trng cm ng thay i theo ln ca t trng xung quanh, khi lng

ca kim loi v s sp xp ca kim loi trong t trng. Do cng a t
trng thay i trn b mt qu t nn t trng cm ng ca con tu s thay
i theo v , hng mi tu v s nghing ca con tu.
Vi mt con tu cn bng mi li, th t trng cm ng do n gy ra: nu khng

c ch hng qua la bn th n s to ra mt lch m th ca n l mt
ng cong lch bn vng. iu ny l ng, bi v ln v tnh phn cc
ca t cm ng thng ng ch thay i theo v t v nghing ca con tu
m khng thay i theo hng i ca con tu. Do , min l con tu cng v
t th nh hng do s dao ng ca t cm ng thng ng i vi la bn
cng tng t nh t tnh vnh cu i vi la bn.
Trng hp cc thanh st non nm ngang, la bn, la bn cm, la bn con quay

sp xp khng cn xng vi nhau v mt vt l cng to ra t tnh cm ng v
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LA BN T HNG HI
gy ra sai s A i vi la bn, hoc do cc sai s trong vic tnh ton phng v

mt tri, thi gian quan st, gc nghing ca con tu cng to ra sai s thm vo
sai s A la bn.
Bn cht ln v tnh phn cc do hiu ng cm ng gy ra ph thuc s b tr,
cu trc cn xng hay khng cn xng ca con tu, v tr lp t hp la bn,

cng a t trng, v gc nghing ca con tu.
d. lch ring la bn:
lch ring la bn gc hp bi phn bc ca kinh tuyn a t v phn bc ca
kinh tuyn la bn.

4.2 H PHNG TRNH POISSON:
4.2.1 Khi nim h trc ta tu:
-
T th k 18, khi tu thuyn ng bng st thp pht trin. La bn t c trang

b trn tu, cc nh hng hi pht hin ra la bn c lch rt ln. Nh bc hc
Poisson ngi Php nghin cu v tm ra phng trnh biu th lc tc dng
ca a t trng v t trng tu i vi la bn. Phng trnh y gi l
Phng trnh Poisson.
Phng trnh Poisson c xy dng trn h trc ta vung gc (hnh). Gc

ta c t ti tm im ca la bn (n) trn tu vi 3 trc x, y, z c gi
l h trc ta tu.
o Trc x nm trng vi trc dc
tu, hng v pha mi mang
du dng (+), hng sau li
ly du tr (-).
o Trc y nm trng vi trc
ngang tu, hng bn phi ly
du cng (+), bn tri ly du
tr (-),
Hnh 4.3: H trc ta tu
o Trc z nm trng vi trc thng ng ca tu, hng xung di ly du

cng (+), hng ln trn ly du (-).
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LA BN T HNG HI
Gi thit tm im la bn im (n) coi nh l mt n v dng t khi, nm
trong t trng u ca Tri t phn tch lc tc dng khi tu v tr cn

bng.
4.2.2 Phn tch lc tc dng ca a t trng theo h trc ta tu:
-
Lc a t c tc dng trc tip v tc dng gin tip i i vi la bn:

o Tc dng trc tip l do phn lc nm ngang H ca a t trng lun
tc dng vo kim la bn lm u bc kim nam chm lun ch ng
hng bc a t Nd.
o Tc dng gin tip l lc a t lun t ha st thp trn tu to ra mt
t trng mi tc dng vo kim la bn gy lch ring .
tnh lc a t trn 3 trc tu, th cn phi phn tch theo h ta trc

tu:
o Trong ( hnh bn) cng a t trng T qua im n trung tm ca
la bn c phn thnh phn lc thng ng Z v phn lc bng H, v
H li c phn tch thnh phn lc X theo trc dc tu v phn lc Y
theo trc ngang tu.
o V hng mi tu c th biu th bng hng i a t HD, gc kp
gia hng bc a t v mi tu tnh t 00 n 3600 theo chiu kim
ng h, nn phn lc X v Y c th vit thnh hm s sin v cos ca
hng i a t. du ca X v Y trn cc hng i khc nhau bin
i ph hp vi yu cu v du ca trc ta , nn ta phi thm du
+ ng trc hm s cos,
v du trc hm s sin.
o Do , lc a t c th
phn thnh cc phn lc:
M H = Tcos
Hnh 4.4: Phn tch cc phn lc a t theo h trc ta tu.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Suy ra:
(4-1)
Nh th lc a t c phn thnh 3 phn lc X, Y, Z, phn bit vi nhau,

tc dng trc tip v gin tip i vi la bn.
T cng thc trn ta thy: phn lc X v Y khng nhng bin i theo v

a t m cn bin i theo hng i ca tu, phn lc Z ch bin i theo v
a t.
Hnh 4.5: S thay i phn lc X v Y theo hng i a t

4.2.3 Tc dng ca st thp trn tu i vi la bn:
a. Khi nim:
-
St thp trn tu sau khi b t ha, sc t ca n tc dng vo la bn, sinh ra

lch la bn. Nhng im c bn v st thp trn tu i vi la bn:
o a t trng l mt t trng yu, lc tc dng ca st thp b t ha
i vi la bn t l thun vi lc a t t ha st thp.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Trng thi v v tr phn b ca st thp trn tu rt phc tp, v khng

c quy lut, n gin ha vn t ha st thp, ta tng tng rng
tt c st thp trnt tu l do v s thanh st thp di nm theo chiu
dc, ngang v thng ng ca tu hp thnh. Nh th phn lc a t
ch c th t ha st thp cng chiu vi n, ngha l:
Phn lc X ch c th t ha st thp chiu dc,
Phn lc Y ch c th t ha st thp chiu ngang,
Phn lc Z ch c th t ha st thp chiu thng ng.
-
Nh hnh 4.6, st thp chiu dc khi b t ha th

ch cn xt tc dng t ha ca phn lc X i
vi n, cn tc dng ca phn lc Y vung gc
vi n th c th b qua.
Di y ta s phn tch tc dng ln la bn ca 3

loi st thp: chiu dc, chiu ngang, v chiu
thng ng.
Hnh 4.6
b. Tc dng ca st thp chiu dc i vi la bn:

-
Tt c st non chiu dc u b phn lc X t ha. Sau khi b t ha th tc

dng ca n i vi la bn t l thun vi phn lc a t X.
Cho lX l lc tc dng ca st non chiu dc b t ha i vi la bn, trong

l l h s st non chiu dc, do tnh t ha ca st non chiu dc, s lng
st non chiu dc v v tr tng i ca n i vi la bn quyt nh.
i vi mt chic tu nu nhng iu kin

khng thay i th l c mt tr s c nh. Nu
phn tch lc lX thnh phn lc aX, dX, gX theo
3 hng ca h trc ta tu ( hnh 4.7), th
trong :
o aX: lc dc sinh ra bi st non chiu dc,
o dX: lc ngang sinh ra bi st non chiu
dc,
o gX: lc thng ng sinh ra bi st non
chiu dc.
Hnh 4.7
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LA BN T HNG HI
V 3 h s: a, d, g do l quyt nh c gi l nhng h s st non sinh ra bi

st non chiu dc.
c. Tc dng ca st non chiu ngang i vi la bn:

- Cng theo nguyn l trn, nhng st non chiu ngang sau khi b phn lc a t
Y t ha, lc tc dng ca n i vi la bn cng t l thun vi lc Y, gi s
bng mY, trong m gi l h s st non chiu ngang, n c nh ngha tng
t nh h s st non chiu dc.
- Nu phn lc mY c phn tch
thnh 3 phn lc bY, eY v hY, trn 3
hng ca h trc ta tu (hnh 4.8), th
trong :
o bY: lc dc sinh ra bi st non
chiu ngang.
o eY: lc ngang sinh ra bi st
non chiu ngang,
o hY: lc thng ng sinh ra bi
st non chiu ngang.
- Trong : b, e, h do h s m quyt
nh v c gi l nhng h s st non sinh
Hnh 4.8
ra bi st non chiu ngang.
d. Tc dng ca st non chiu thng

ng i vi la bn:
- St non chiu thng ng sau khi b
phn lc Z t ha cng c tc dng
i vi la bn, gi s lc y la nZ,
trong n c gi l h s st non
chiu thng ng v cng c nh
ngha nh trn.
- Nu phn tch lc nZ thnh 3 phn
lc cZ, fZ, kZ theo 3 hng ca h
trc ta tu ( hnh 4.9), ta c:
o cZ: lc dc sinh ra bi st non
chiu thng ng.
o fZ: lc ngang sinh ra bi st
non chiu thng ng.
Hnh 4.9
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LA BN T HNG HI
o kZ: lc thng ng sinh ra bi st non chiu thng ng.

Trong : c, f, k do n quyt nh v c gi l nhng h s st non sinh ra bi
st non chiu thng ng.
e. Tc dng ca st gi i vi la bn:
- Tu trong thi gian ng xng, hoc u ti mt ni trong thi gian di hoc
g st, gia cng theo mt hng nht nh... th lm cho st gi trn tu c t
tnh. T tnh y khng phi khng bin i, nhng n c th gi trong mt thi
gian di, nn ta c th xem n l t tnh vnh cu. Sau khi st gi trn tu b t
ha, ton b v tu ging nh mt nam chm vnh cu rt ln.
- Lc tc dng ca t trng vnh cu
do st gi to ra rt ln i vi la
bn. Khi la bn v tr c nh th n
khng bin i v tr s v hng tc
dng. Hnh 4.10, lc Fp biu th lc
tc dng ca st gi i vi la bn.
- Phn tch lc Fp thnh 3 phn lc P,
Q, R theo 3 hng ca h trc ta
tu ( hnh 4.10), ta c:
o P: lc dc sinh ra bi st gi,
o Q: lc ngang sinh ra bi st
gi,
o R: lc thng ng sinh ra bi
Hnh 4.10
st gi.
- V st gi trn tu nhiu nn lc tc dng ca P, Q, R i vi la bn ln hn lc
tc dng ca st non.
4.2.4 Phng trnh Poisson:
- Theo kt qu phn tch trn, quy
np tt c cc lc tc dng i vi la
bn, ( hnh 4.11) ta c:
o Lc tc dng i vi la bn
trn trc X l : X, aX, bY, cZ,
v P,
trn trc Y l: Y, dX, eY, fZ
v Q,
trn trc Z l : Z, gX, hY, kZ
aX
Hnh 4.11
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LA BN T HNG HI
v R.
Gi X, Y, Z l hp lc tc dng i vi la bn trn 3 trc ta tu, ta c:
(4-2)
H phng trnh:
-
Phng trnh ny ngi ta gi l phng trnh Poisson.

Hnh 4.11, biu th cc lc tc dng i vi la bn theo phng trnh Poisson,
khi tu trng thi cn bng. Lc Z khng gy ra lch nhng hp lc H
ca X v Y c tc dng lm cho la bn ch hng bc, n lch phn lc bng
ca a t H mt gc , chnh l lch ring ca la bn.
4.3 H S ST NON V CCH BIU DIN CC H S ST NON:

4.3.1 Dng n st non biu th cc h s st non:
- Trong phng trnh Poisson ta c 9 h s st non biu th lc tc dng ca
st non i vi la bn. d hiu ngha ca cc h s y, ta dng nhng n
st non nhng v tr khc nhau xung quanh la bn, trc tip biu th cc h s
st non, c th ha cc h s st non v dng c d dng trong thc t.
- Nguyn tc ca vic dng n st non biu th cc h s st non l thay cc h
s st non bng cc n st non sinh ra cng lc tc dng ln la bn.
- Quan h v tr gia n st non v kim la bn c 3 trng hp, nh hnh 4.12:
o La bn trn hng ca cc trc n st non, (a)
o La bn trn hng thng gc ca mt u n st non, (b)
o La bn trn ng trung trc ca n st non.(c)
f
Hnh 4.12
-
vn tc dng ca n st non i vi la bn c n gin, ta tng

tng rng n st non rt di, trong hai trng hp trn th ta ch xt lc tc
dng ca u gn la bn m khng xt tc dng ca u xa la bn. Trong trng
hp (c) th t cc hai u u c tc dng nh nhau i vi la bn.
n gin trong qu trnh nghin cu ta t iu kin nh sau :
o La bn c t trong mt phng ca tu.
o T trng ni t la bn trn tu l t trng u, v tr kim la bn coi
nh t mt n v t khi dng.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Cc thi st t c biu din di dng s nam chm.

o Tu nm v bc v i theo hng NW. Vi iu kin nh vy cc
lc X , Y , z u c gi tr dng.
Di y s phn tch cch biu th h s st non bng cc n st non.
4.3.2 n st non biu th h s a - h s st non chiu dc sinh ra bi st non

chiu dc
- Trng hp 1: nh hnh 4.13 hai u ca n st non chiu dc cch u la
bn. Sau khi n st non y b phn lc a t +X t ha, u v mi tu la cc
N, u v li tu l cc S. V hai
cc ca n cch u la bn nn
hai cc ca n u c tc dng
ln la bn.
o Cc N ca n st non s
tc dng mt lc y ln t
aX<0
khi n dng t ti tm la
X>0
bn.
Nn a<0
o Cc S ca n st non s
tc dng mt lc ht ln t
khi n dng t ti tm la
bn.
Hnh 4.13
o Kt qu sinh ra mt lc
theo hng li tu. V lc dc do st non chiu dc sinh ra nn l lc
aX. Hng tc dng ca n theo li tu, tc aX<0, m lc t ha X
dng nn a nh hn 0. Cho nn c th dng n st non chiu dc nh
trn hnh v 4.13 biu th
h s a m.
-
Trng hp 2: nh hnh 4.14 n

st non chiu dc t pha trc la
bn. Sau khi b phn lc a t +X
t ha, n st non y sinh ra mt
lc tc dng ln la bn theo hng
mi tu, cng l lc aX. V aX
dng, m X cng dng nn suy ra
a dng. Cho nn c th dng n
st non nh hnh v 4. 14 biu th
h s a dng.
Trn y ta phn tch hai loi n
aX>0
X>0
Nn a>0
Hnh 4.14
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LA BN T HNG HI
st non theo hng i NW v chng minh trn hai hng i y c th dng

chng biu th cho h s st non a dng v a m. Trn thc t bt c hng
i no cng c th dng n st non biu th h s st non, n khng quan h
n hng i ca tu.
n st non chiu dc nh trong hnh 4.13, khi hng i ca tu thay i 3600,
tuy du ca phn lc a t X c th thay i theo hng i nhng du ca ca
n st non khng thay i, lun biu th h s a m.
y l mt tnh cht quan trng trong vic biu th h s st non bng cc n
st non m ta cn nm r.
aX<0
X>0
Nn a<0
aX<0
X>0
Nn a<0
aX>0
X<0
Nn a<0
aX<0
X>0
Nn a<0
aX>0
X<0
Nn a<0
aX>0
X<0
Nn a<0
Hnh 4.15: S thay i hng i khng nh hng n h s st non

4.3.3 n st non biu th h s b - h s st non chiu dc sinh ra bi st non
chiu ngang:
- Trng hp 1: nh hnh 4.16 (a): n st non chiu ngang trn mt mt
phng vi la bn v pha trc bn tri ca la bn ( hoc pha sau bn phi
la bn) c mt u trn trc X. Sau khi b phn lc +Y t ha, u phi bin
thnh cc N, u bn tri thnh cc S, kt qu sinh ra mt lc tc dng theo
hng li tu. V lc dc do st non chiu ngang sinh ra nn n l phn lc bY.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Ta c bY <0, m phn lc Y>0 nn suy ra b<0. Nh th n st non trong hnh

4.16 (a) biu thi h s st non b m.
Trng hp 2: nh hnh 4.16 (b), em v tr ca n st non chiu ngang trong
trng hp 1 i tri sang phi theo chiu ngang, sau khi chng b phn lc t
bY >0
Y>0
Nn b>0
bY <0
Y>0
Nn b<0
Hnh 4.16 (a)
Hnh 4.16 (b)
ha, sinh ra lc tc dng theo chiu dc hng v mi tu, tc l lc bY. Ta c

bY >0, m Y>0 nn b>0. V th n st non trong hnh 4.16 ( b) biu th h s
b dng.
4.3.4 n st non biu th h s c- h s st non chiu dc sinh ra bi st non
chiu thng ng:
- Trng hp 1: nh hnh 4.17 (a), n st non chiu thng ng pha trc
bn di la bn ( hoc pha sau bn trn), mt u trn trc X. Sau khi b
phn lc Z t ha, n sinh ra lc tc dng theo chiu dc cZ i vi la bn. Ta
c cZ<0 m Z>0 suy ra c<0, loi st non ny biu th h s c m.
- Trng hp 2: nh hnh 4.17 (b), khi ta thay i v tr n st non trong
trng hp 1 thnh pha trc bn trn ( hoc pha sau bn di) la bn, mt
u cng trn trc X. Th lc tc dng ca n st non ln la bn l cZ, ta c
cZ>0 m Z>0 suy ra c>0. Vy loi n st non ny biu th h s c dng.
cZ <0
Z>0
Nn c<0
cZ >0
Z>0
Nn c>0
Hnh 4.17 (a)
Hnh 4.17 (b)
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Khi ta thay i v t Bc thnh Nam th nhng n st non biu th h s c

vn gi nguyn tnh cht ca n.( hnh 4.18)
cZ <0
Z<0
Nn c>0
cZ >0
Z<0
Nn c<0
Hnh 4.18
Vi cch phn tch tng t nh h s a, b, c ta c th biu din tt c cc h
s st non bng nhng n st non tng ng.
4.3.5 Bng tm tt s biu din cc h s st non bng cc n st non v du ca
chng:
- Theo hnh v 4.19 ta thy, quan h gia n st non v v tr la bn c theo quy
lut. n st non c 3 chiu: chiu dc, chiu ngang, v chiu thng ng. V
tr tng i gia mt n st non v v tr la bn c th phn lm 3 loi:
o La bn trn ng ko di ca trc n st non,
o La bn trn ng trung trc ca n st non,
o La bn trn ng thng gc vi mt u ca n st non.
- Du ca n st non do v tr tng i gia n st non v l bn quyt nh.
d nh ta phn loi nh sau:
o Nu la bn trn ng ko di ca ca trc n st non th u l n
biu th h s st non dng ( n dng),
o Nu la bn nm trn ng trung trc ca n st non th u l n m.
o Nu n st non nm trn ng thng gc ca n st non th du ca
n st non s xt nh sau:
Nu bn phi, pha trc, bn di la bn l n dng.
Nu bn tri, pha sau, bn trn la bn l n m.
Nu v tr n st non nhiu v tr khc nhau th dng php nhn
xc nh du ca chng. V d: on st non biu th h s d, n
bn phi pha trc la bn, v bn phi l +, pha trc cng l +
nn tch s ca chng l +, suy ra y l n d+. Nu n bn phi
pha sau la bn, v bn phi l +, nhng pha sau l nn tch s
ca chng l nn n l n d-.
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LA BN T HNG HI
H s st non chiu thng ng
H s st non chiu ngang
H s st non chiu dc
n st non chiu dc
n st non chiu
ngang
n st non chiu thng

ng
c>0
a<0
a>0
b<0
b>0
c<0
a<0
f>0
e>0
e<0
d<0
d>0
e<0
g>0
g<0
h>0
h<0
f<0
k<0
k>0
k<0
Hnh 4.19: Bng cc h s st non c th hin bng cc n st non

4.3.6 Phn tch tr s ca cc h s st non:
- H s st non khng nhng c quan h vi tnh t ha ca st non trn tu m
cn biu th s st non trn tu, s quan h v tr v khong cch gia st non v
la bn. Nu v tr la bn khng i, cu to v thit b trn tu khng i th du
v tr s ca h s st non cng khng i.
- Sau y ta dng khi nim v n st non v la bn t trn mt phng dc
phn tch tr s cc h s st non ca tu:
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LA BN T HNG HI
o H s st non a v e: ki tu, tu, tm tn dc trn tu u thuc loi

n st non a, v ngang, tm tn ngang, mt boong ngang, np hm
hng u thuc loi n e. V nhng b phn y dng st rt nhiu nn
tr s tuyt i ca h s -a v e u rt ln. ng thi phn ln st trn
tu sinh ra khong cch gia hai u ca chng vi l bn gn hn
khong cch gia hai u ca st sinh ra n a vi la bn, cho nn tr s
tuyt i ca h s -e ln hn tr s tuyt i ca h s -a, tc |-e|>|-a|.
o H s st non k: trn tu st theo chiu thng ng bn di la bn
thuc loi n k+ rt nhiu v rt gn la bn. Ct bum v st thuc loi
n k- cch xa la bn, nh hng n la bn t. Cho nn trong thc t, h
s st non k ln v k>0.
o H s st non b, d, f, h: v cu to v v thit b hai bn ti phi ca tu
i xng nhau, nn i vi la bn t trong mt phng dc, h s st non
b, d, f, h c tr s dng v m trit tiu nhau. Do , ta thy rng, tr
nhng la bn t ngoi mt phng dc, thng h s st non b, d, f, h
u rt nh, du m, dng ty theo tnh hnh c th m quyt nh.
o H s st non c v g: nh hnh
4.20, trn tu la bn thng t
gn ng khi, nn h s c rt ln
v c tr s m. St trn tu
thuc loi n g cng kh nhiu
nh st pha sau bung li,
boong tu... do , h s g
thng cng ln hn v c tr s
Hnh 4.20
m.
Qua phn tch trn ta c th tng kt
tnh hnh h s st non trn cc tu thng thng nh sau:
o H s st non a v e u rt ln v u l s m. Trong |e|>|a|,
o H s st non k cng ln v thng l s dng,
o H s st non b, d, f, h u rt nh, c th l s m hay s dng.
o H s st non c v g cng ln v l s m.
Ch : Nhng kt lun trn c ngh thc t trong khi p dng phng trnh
Poisson nn cn phi nh k.
4.4 CC LC LCH TC DNG LN LA BN:

(
)
4.4.1 Chng minh cc lc
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LA BN T HNG HI
a. Bin i phng trnh Poisson:
- Ta bit rng khi tu cn bng, hp lc Z trong phng trnh Poisson
khng gy ra lch ( khi tu nghing th c nh hng n lch s
trnh by sau), m ch c hp lc X, v Y l gy ra lch:
Trong phng trnh y X= H.cosHD v Y=-sinHD, nn khi hng tu

chy thay i th lc tc dng X v Y cng thay i v hng v tr s.
V th nu dng lc X v Y kh lch th rt kh. Nhng ta bit
, nn c th dng H thay X v Y trong phng trnh trn v
tm c quy lut bin i hng tc dng ca chng, th ta c c lc
tc dng c chiu bit v khng bi nh hng ca hng tu i.
Mun em X v Y trong phng trnh hp thnh H th cn phi lm th

no cho h s ca X v Y trong phng trnh X v Y bng nhau cho
. Nhng cc h s a, b, d, e trong cc
phng trnh khng bng nhau nn ta phi bin i cch din at phng
trnh Poisson.
Ta dng php cng tr i s:
em cc ng thc trn th vo phng trnh X v Y ta c:

(4-3)
l phng trnh Poisson bin i.
b. S hp thnh cc lc trong phng trnh Poisson bin i:

-
Trn c s phng trnh Poisson bin i, ta theo phng php tng hp

cc lc c cng h s, nh sau:
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 4.21: Tng hp cc thnh phn lc trn hai trc ca phng trnh Poisson.
-
em cc lc trong ng thc X v Y hp thnh mt lc tc dng

khng b nh hng bi hng tu i v xc nh hng tc dng ca
chng, kt qu bao gm cc lc c ln nh sau:
o (a) Lc H=
o (b) Lc F1=
o (c) Lc FD=
(4-4)
o (d) Lc FE=
o (e) Lc FA=
-
Ngoi nhng lc trn cn c cc lc cZ v P tc dng theo trc dc tu

v lc fZ v Q tc dng theo trc ngang tu cng khng thay i theo
hng tu chy. Theo chiu ca trc tu ta cng chng li vi nhau,
c:
o (f) Lc FB = cZ+P
(4-5)
o (g) Lc FC = fZ+Q
Hng tc dng ca cc lc nh sau:

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LA BN T HNG HI
o (a) Lc H: H l phn lc a t nm ngang,ch hng bc a t,
lun lun l s dng. Gc kp gia H v mi tu l 3600-HD v
tg
o (b) Lc F1: ta c tg
nn hng
suy ra
ca lc F1 trng vi hng ca H v trng vi hng Nd.

o (c) Lc FD: ta c tg
nn |
=|
suy ra gc
o
kp gia FD v H l
-2 = 3600- 2(360o-HD)= 2HD, tc
l hng tc dng ca FD bng hai ln hng i la bn t.
nn
o (d) Lc FE: ta c tg
suy ra gc
kp gia FE v H l
90o-2 = 900-2(3600-HD)= 2HD+900 tc
hng tc dng ca lc FD bng hai ln hng i la bn t cng
thm 900, tc thng gc vi hng tc dng ca lc FD.
nn |
o (e) Lc FA: tg
suy ra gc
kp gia FA v H l =900+
= 900 tc lc FA tc dng hng
thng vung gc bn phi ca lc H.
o (f) Lc FB: FB l lc tng hp ca cZ +P, FB nm trn trc X, ch
hng mi tu, nn n tc dng theo hng HD.
o (g) Lc FC: l lc tng hp ca fZ +Q, FC trn trc Y, ch v bn
phi, nn n c tc dng theo hng 900+HD.
Hng tc dng ca cc lc trn y, vi gi thit l cc lc trong
phng trnh Poisson u dng, nn chng l hng ca lc dng.
Trong thc t cc lc trong phng trnh Poisson cng c th l s m.
Nu l s m th ngoi lc H ra, hng ca 6 hp lc khc u nghch
hng vi lc dng.
c. Cch tnh cc lc
- (1) Lc bc a t la bn (
o Trong cc hp lc tnh trn y, lc H v F1 tc dng cng 1
hng nn c th cng vi nhau, tc:
o t
(4-6)
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Suy ra:
(4-7)
o t H= H+F1, suy ra H=
tc dng theo hng bc a t,
khng sinh ra lch gi l lc ch bc a t la bn.
(2) Lc lch
:
o Hp lc FA, FB, FC, FD, FE u lm cho la bn lch hng bc a
t sinh ra lch, nn chng gi l lc lch.
o Quan h gia lc lch v lch khng phi l tuyt i.
lch do lc lch sinh ra khng nhng ch
c quan h vi tr s ca lc lch m cn
quan h vi tr s ca lc ch bc a t la
bn
, nh hnh 4.22, cng mt lc
lch FA nhng tc dng ca nhng lc
khc nhau,
sinh ra nhng
lch
khc nhau. Cho nn biu th
quan h gia lc lch vi lch c
chnh xc, cn phi so snh lc lch v
Hnh 4.22
lc
, gi s ta k hiu cc s t l y l
A, B, C, D v E, tc:
o S t l A, B, C, D v E gi l h s lch chnh xc. Bin

i din t cc dng thc trn ta c k hiu thng dng ca cc
lc lch:
(4-8)
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Tng kt: Su lc tc dng i vi la bn chng minh trn
l do ta bin i
phng trnh Poisson v hp thnh cc lc m c. Nhng lc y
c hng tc dng r rng v c tr s khng b nh hng bi
hng tu i.
o Cho H l biu th hp lc tc dng i vi la bn khi tu cn
bng ta c:
o Hng tc dng ca cc lc theo bng di y:
Lc tc dng
Hng tc dng
Lc dng
Lc m
00
900
2700
HD
HD 1800
HD+900
HD-900
2HD
HD 1800
2HD+900
2HD-900
V tr gia cc lc nh hnh 4.23:
Hnh 4.23: V tr v hng ca cc lc lch

4.4.2 Phn tch cc lc
- Lc ch bc a t la bn:
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Trn tu lc c tc dng lm cho la bn lun ch hng kinh
tuyn a t l, trn b l H. Nh th l t s lc ch hng bc
ca la bn trn tu v trn b, gi l h s la bn. N tng
trng cho s bin i ca lc H b nh hng bi n st non a v
e trn tu. Tr s cng ln th tnh nng ch hng ca la bn
cng tt, tr s cng nh th tnh nng ch hng ca la bn cng
km.
o Tr s l mt h s c nh do h s st non a v e quyt nh,
nn n khng c quan h vi hng i v v t. Nhng lc
,
v H c quan h vi v t, nn n thay i theo v t.
o V
, nh trong mc trc ni, st non a v e trn
tu u l s m, nn
l s m,
o Thc nghim chng minh rng, trn tu thy thng thng s

ca la bn chun bng 0.8-0.9; s ca la bn li t 0.6 n 0.7.
Nu s ca la bn nh hn 0.4 th la bn khng th dng c
Lc ch bc a t la bn qu yu th b nh hng bi lc lch
l rt ln ng thi khng khc phc c sc ma st gia trc
kim nam chm v la bn, nn la bn khng th ch hng c
bnh thng.
o S ca la bn chun ln hn la bn li v la bn chun cch xa
st non a v e hn la bn li. Nh th gim nhng vt bng st
chung quanh la bn, khng nhng c th gim c lch m
cn tng c s .
-
Lc lch:
o Theo cng thc ----, ta thy rng, h s A,D v F l do n st
non d, b, a, e to nn, v khng c quan h vi v t, chng l
nhng s c nh v h s B, C gm c Z v H nn chng bin
i theo v t.
o Theo cng thc --- ta thy rng, lc A
,D
,E
u gm
c H; lc B , C
u gm c Z nn c 5 lc lch u
bin i theo v t.
o V tr s tuyt i ca 5 lc , v lc P v Q do st gi trnt tu
sinh rt ln nn hai lc B , C
u rt ln, v B > C ,
trong h s st non v tr s tuyt i ca a v e u kh ln nn
lc D
kh ln, v h s d, b rt nh nn 2 lc A , E
u nh v hu nh bng 0.
74
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LA BN T HNG HI
o So vi cc lc lch th
l lc ln nht. Do , i vi la
bn t trn mt phng trc dc thn tu, th cc lc y c th sp
xp nh sau:
4.4.3 a gic lch:

- Nu bit c tr s cc lc i vi la bn, ta c th dng hnh a gic lc
biu th s quan h ca chng vi lch. Nu hng i tu trong gc NE, tr
s ca cc lc nh hnh 4.24 v u l
lc dng th cch v hnh a gic
lch nh sau: ( xem hnh 4.24)
o Cn c hng bc a t v vc
t
,
o T im cui lc
theo hng
0
90 v bn phi v vecto A
o T im cui lc A
, theo
hng 2HD v vecto D
o T im cui lc D
theo
0
hng 2HD+90 v vc t E
,
o T im cui lc E
, theo
hng HD v vc t B
,
o T im cui lc B
, theo
0
hng HD+90 v vecto C
,
o Ni im cui lc C
vi la
bn, ta c hp lc H ca cc lc
tc dng i vi la bn, ch
hng bc la bn (NL). Gc kp
gia n v kinh tuyn t l
Hnh 4.24: a gic lch
lch .
4.5 LCH V CNG THC C BN CA LCH:
4.5.1 Quan h gia lch sinh ra bi cc lc lch v hng tu i:
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76
LA BN T HNG HI
a. lch sinh ra bi lc A
Hnh 4.25
Hnh 4.26
Hng tc dng ca A
lun lun vung gc vi kinh tuyn t v
khng c quan h vi hng i ca tu. Nh hnh 4.25, H l hp lc
can
v A , ch hng bc la bn. Gc kp gia H v
l
lch sinh ra bi A , gi l . V A
l lc dng, v pha bn
phi ca kinh tuyn t nn
l dng, gi l lch ng. A
vung gc vi
nn l lch ln nht A, do :
(4-9)
Hnh 4.26, ta dng th biu th tnh hnh sinh ra lch khi hng i
bin i mt vng. Tung biu th lch, honh biu th hng
i,v
khng bin i theo hng i nn ng biu din ca n l mt
ng song song vi trc honh. lch sinh ra bi A
gi l lch
c nh. hnh dung quan h gia du lch c nh v hng i, ta
dng A biu th.
b. lch sinh ra bi lc B
-
B
l lc dc, n tc dng theo
hng mi tu.
Qua hnh 4.27 ta thy: khi ch xt lc
tc dng ca lc lch B
th ta
xt tam gic lch OAB, ta c nh
l sin trong tam gic:
Hnh 4.27
76
77
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Do vy:
V gc lch
)
xem l nh nn ta c: sin
,
v
Nn ta c:
B
Nh vy lch do lc B
sinh ra bin thin theo hm s sin ca
hng i.
Ta c gi
B l lch ln nht do lc B , lc : sin HD=1,
0
suy ra HD = 90 , ngha l lc lch B
vung gc vi lc
.
Nn
B B
Vy ta c th vit li cng thc lch do B
sinh ra l:
(4-10)
B.
Hnh 4.28: S bin thin theo hng i lch

- Ta nhn thy, tr s ca lch do lc B
sinh ra hai na vng ng ty
bng nhau nhng nghch du, nn lch ny c gi l lch na vng ( hay
bn vng).
c. lch sinh ra bi lc C :
- C
l lc ngang tc dng theo hng
HD+900.
- Qua hnh 4.29, ta thy: khi ch xt lc tc
dng ca lc lch C
th ta xt tam
gic lch OAB, ta c nh l sin trong
tam gic:
M ta c:
Nn
V gc lch
sin
,
V
xem l nh nn ta c:
Hnh 4.29
77
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Do vy, ta c:
Nh vy lch do lc C
sinh ra bin thin theo hm s cos ca
hng i.
Ta c gi
C l lch ln nht do lc C , lc : cos HD=1,
0
suy ra HD = , ngha l lc lch C
vung gc vi lc
.
Nn
C C
Vy ta c th vit li cng thc lch do C
sinh ra l:
C.
(4-11)
Hnh 4.30: S bin thin theo hng i ca lch

- Ta nhn thy, tr s ca lch do lc C
sinh ra hai na vng nam bc
bng nhau nhng nghch du, nn lch ny c gi l lch na vng ( hay
bn vng).
d. lch sinh ra bi lc D :
- Hng tc dng ca lc D
bng
2HD.
- Qua hnh 4.31 ta thy: khi ch xt lc
tc dng ca lc lch D
th ta
Do vy:
V gc lch
c: sin
,
)
xem l nh nn ta
Hnh 4.31
v
Nn ta c:
78
79
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nh vy lch do lc D
sinh ra bin thin theo hm s sin ca 2
ln hng i.
Ta c gi
D l lch ln nht do lc D , lc : sin 2HD=1,
suy ra 2HD = 900 nn HD=450, ngha l lc lch D
vung gc
vi
.
Nn
D D
Vy ta c th vit li cng thc lch do D
sinh ra l:
(4-12)
D.
Hnh 4.32: S bin thin theo hng i ca

- Ta nhn thy, tr s v du ca lch do lc D
bin i 4 ln theo cc gc
phn t NE,SE,SW, NW, nn lch ny c gi l lch gc phn t hay
lch vng.
e. lch sinh ra bi lc E
- Hng tc dng ca lc E
l 2HD+900.
- Qua hnh 4.33, ta thy: khi ch xt lc
tc dng ca lc lch E
th ta
Hnh 4.31
-
M ta c:
Nn
V gc lch
xem l nh nn ta
c:
sin
,
V
Do vy, ta c:
Nh vy lch do lc E
sinh ra
bin thin theo hm s cos ca 2 ln hng i.
Hnh 4.33
79
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Ta c gi
E l lch ln nht do lc E , lc : cos 2HD=1,
0
suy ra 2HD = , nn HD=00 ngha l lc lch E
vung gc vi
lc
.
Nn
E E
Vy ta c th vit li cng thc lch do E
E.
sinh ra l:
(4-13)
Hnh 4.34: S bin thin theo hng i ca lch

- Ta nhn thy, tr s v du ca lch do lc E
bin i 4 ln theo cc gc
phn t ( nh hnh 4.34), nn lch ny c gi l lch gc phn t hay
lch vng.
f. Quan h gia lch v v :
- lch ln nht A, B, C, D, E trn y gi l h s gn ng ca
lch. Chng l lch sinh ra khi lc lch vung gc vi
. V th
gia chng v h s ng c quan h nh sau:
(4-14)
Qua ng thc trn ta thy: cng nh h s lch ng tng ng, tr

s ca h s gn ng A, D v E ch do h s st non d, b, a v e quyt
nh v khng c quan h vi v t. Do , lch
sinh ra
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LA BN T HNG HI
bi cc lc lch A
u khng c quan h vi v
t. Tr s gn ng B v C c quan h vi H v Z, v th lch
sinh bi
u bin i theo v t.
4.5.2 Cng thc c bn v lch:
- Trong khi phn tch quan h gia lch do cc lc lch sinh ra v hng i
trn y, ta c cng thc tnh cc lch
. lch tng
cng ca la bn bng tng i s ca nm lch, tc :
-
(4-15)
V
Cng thc y l cng thc c bn ca lch khi tu cn bng. Nu bit h s
gn ng A, B, C, D, E ca lch, ta c th tnh c lch la bn trn bt
k hng i no.
Trong thc t thng iu ng tu theo hng i la bn (HL) kh lch
v lp bng lch, nn ngi ta thng thay HD bi HL v cng thc trn tr
thnh:
(4-16)
Trong trng hp lch nh hn 80 cng thc trn c th dng c. Sau khi
kh lch, lch cn li ca la bn khng qu 30, bnh thng lch
khng qu 60, nn cng thc y dng nhiu trong thc t.
4.5.3 Cng thc tnh cc h s gn ng ca cng thc lch:

- Trong cng thc trn nu ta c c cc h s gn ng A, B, C, D, E th c
th tnh c lch la bn theo mi hng. c th tnh c cc h s gn
ng trn ta dn tu chy theo 8 hng chnh v da theo cng thc:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
- Vy vit cng thc lch ng vi 8 hng c bn nh sau:

HD=00:
HD=450:
HD=900:
HD=1350:
HD=1800:
HD=2250:
HD=2700:
HD=3150:
- Trong 8 phng trnh trn y, ta thy: nu ta ng dng hai nguyn l c
bn ca s hc: cng nhn hai v ca mt ng thc vi mt s th ng
thc y khng i v nu cng v theo v ca cc ng thc th tng
cng ca hai v vn bng nhau em mi phng trnh nhn vi h s phi
81
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LA BN T HNG HI
tm, sau cng tt c cc v ca phng trnh li, tc ta c phng trnh
tng hp ca h s phi tm. V cc phng trnh trn c nm h s nn
cng thc tnh cc h s A, B, C, D v E nh sau:
-
Cng thc tnh h s A: em cc v ca cc phng trnh nhn vi h s

ca A l 1 v cng li ta c:
o Do :
o hp theo th t trong bng tnh h s lch, ta i thnh dng:
(4-17)
Cng thc tnh h s B: em cc v ca cc phng trnh nhn vi h s ca

B l sin45, v cng li vi mt s php bin i ta c kt qu:
(4-18)
Cng thc tnh h s C: tng t ta c:

(4-19)
Cng thc tnh h s D:

(4-20)
Cng thc tnh h s E:

(4-21)
4.6 NGUYN L LCH TU NGHING:

4.6.1 S bin i ca sc t khi tu nghing v tc dng ca n i vi la bn:
- lch ni trn y l lch sinh ra trong trng hp tu cn bng. Khi tu
nghing ngang, v tr tng i ca kim loi trn tu i vi la bn thay i.
Trng thi ny c duy tr ch yu theo phng ngang v chng to ra cc
lch m trng thi cn bng ki khng c. Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra sai s
nghing ngang l t trng vnh cu thng ng, t trng cm ng thng
ng v t trng cm ng nm ngang. lch v do tu nghing m sinh ra
gi l lch tu nghing. lch tu nghing c hai loi:
o lch nghing ngang
o lch nghing dc
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nguyn l c bn ca hai loi lch y l nh nhau. y ta ch phn tch

lch nghing ngang.
hnh 4.35(a), cho ta bit mt con tu ang trng thi cn bng ki v
Bc. St non nm ngang ca con tu c mt thnh phn c xem nh l thng
ng v n cn xng vi la bn v th khng gy ra lch. Nhng khi tu
nghing ngang, nh c m t hnh 4.35 (b), v tr ca cc cc t cm ng
thay i v l nguyn nhn gy ra lch.
(b)
(a)
Hnh 4.35: S thay i cc t ca st non trn tu khi nghing
ngang
Sai s nghing ln nht trn hng Nam v Bc ( N v S), hnh --- cho ta thy
rng khi con tu nghing ngang trn hng i ny, cc cc ca t trng cm
ng l hng E v W ca la bn, v kt qu l chng gy ra lch. Nu con
tu ang i trn hng E hoc W, cc t cc ca n trn ng thng i vi
kim la bn, v chng ch c tc dng lm tng hoc gim lc ch bc a t ca
la bn. Trn cc hng i ny, lch sinh ra khi tu chi.
Nu con tu nghing mt gc c nh thi gy ra lch c nh, nhng nu con
tu chng chnh thi lch gy ra trc ht l trn hng ang i v sau l
trn cc hng i khc, lm cho a la bn chao o v khng n nh. iu
ny l khng tt v do phi hiu chnh ngay sai s nghing ca la bn. Phn
sai s do t trng cm ng sinh ra th rt ln nhng v khng th dng nam
chm cm ng trn la bn, thay vo ngi ta dng mt thanh nam chm vnh
cu t pha di la bn. Nam chm nghing mang t tnh vnh cu ny c
t ti ni dng kh lch sinh ra l ln nht ( hiu ng cm ng mnh
nht ).
4.6.2 lch nghing ngang:

a. Nguyn l lch nghing ngang:
- Trong thc t la bn t thng c t trn mt phng trc dc tu nn 4
h s b, d, f, h thng l nh ta c th b qua. Khi tu cn bng, ta c th
dng phng trnh Poisson biu th lc tc dng i vi la bn:
83
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LA BN T HNG HI
Sau y ta nghin cu tnh hnh bin i ca phng trnh trn khi tu

nghing:
o Nu gc nghing ngang ca tu l i, khi nghing sang phi i l s
dng, khi nghing sang tri i l s m. Khi i kh nh, c th xem
o Nh hnh 4.36, khi tu nghing sang phi th hng ca trc Y v Z
bin i, nhng
hng ca trc X
th khng i, n
ging nh l trc
quay ca hai trc Y
v Z. Nhng hng
ca phn lc a t
X, Y v Z khng
i nn tnh hnh
phn lc a t trn
3 trc tu khi y
nh sau:
Hnh 4.36
Trc dc X cn b tc dng bi phn lc a t X.
Trc ngang Y b tc dng ca hp lc ca 2 phn lc Y v Z
chiu trn trc Y, tc:
Phn lc ca lc Y chiu trn trc Y l Y.cosi
Phn lc ca lc Z chiu trn trc Y l Z.sini
Nn lc tng hp tc dng ln trc Y l Y.cosi +Z.sini=
Y+Z.i
Trc thng ng Z cng b tc dng ca hp lc ca hai phn
lc Y v Z chiu trn trc Z, tc:
Phn lc ca lc Y chiu trn trc Z l Y.sini
Phn lc ca lc Z chiu trn trc Z l Z.cosi
Nn lc tng hp tc dng ln trc Z l Z.cosi-Y.sini=
Z-Y.i
o em kt qu trn th vo phng trnh Poisson v cho X i, Yi, Zi l
lc tng hp ca 3 trc tu khi tu nghing ngang th:
84
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LA BN T HNG HI
o l phng trnh Poisson khi tu nghing, n biu th cc lc trn 3

trc tu tc dng i
vi la bn.
o Khi tu nghing
ngang th mt la
bn vn nm ngang.
V th mun bit
tnh hnh lch do
cc lc y sinh ra th
phi em chng
chiu ln ba trc ta
ca la bn, nh
hnh 4.37,
Lc chiu ln
Hnh 4.37
trc Y la bn:
Lc chiu ln trc Z la bn:
Lc chiu ln trc Z la bn: Xi.
o Cho Xi, Yi, Zi l cc lc trn 3 trc la bn tc dng i vi la bn
khi tu nghing, tc:
o V Zi thng gc i vi la bn nn khng sinh ra lch, c th b

qua. Th Xi, Yi, Zi vo hai ng thc trn ta c:
o V Y.i2 rt nh, nh hng ca cYi b thanh st non Flinder kh mt,

lc gXi khng cn phi kh. Nn khi nghin cu vn kh lch
tu nghing, ba lc y khng cn xt n. Do :
o So snh Xi v Yi vi Xi v Yi ta thy Xi=Xi, tc l sau khi tu

nghing, lc tc dng chiu dc i vi la bn khng bin i.
Nhng Yi Yi nn sau khi nghing ngang, lc tc dng i vi la
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LA BN T HNG HI
bn so vi trc khi nghing nhiu hn mt lc ( R+kZ-eZ).i. V
lc y tc dng trn trc ngang ca la bn, lm cho la bn sinh ra
lch, nn gi l lc lch nghing ngang.
o Cho R+kZ-eZ=
, tc cng thc lch nghing ngang l:
o T s gia lc lch nghing ngang vi
lch nghing ngang, tc;
gi l h s ng
(4-22)
o Qua cng thc ca

ta thy: h s lch nghing ngang c quan
h vi v t, v cng c quan h vi trng thi t. Thng tr s R
rt ln, nn h s lch nghing ngang cng rt ln. Trn y ta
thy trong cc lc tc dng ca phng trnh Poisson khi tu nghing
ngang ch c lc R ca st gi chiu thng ng, lc kZ ca st non
chiu thng ng v lc eZ l ca st non chiu ngang khi nghing
theo tu chiu ln trc ngang.
b. Phn tch lch nghing ngang:
- Trong qu trnh chng minh
cng thc lch nghing
ngang th lc eZ ca st non
chiu ngang nghing theo
tu mi sinh ra lch
nghing ngang cn nh
hng ca cc lc khc i
vi lch nghing ngang
Hnh 4.38
rt nh, hoc c th khng
cn xem xt n. V th i vi lch nghing ngang, ta c th tng
tng rng hp lc
ca 3 lc y tc dng ln trc thng ng Z ca
tu.
- Khi tu nghing ngang, lc chiu ca n trn trc Y la bn t tc
l:
: chnh l lc lch nghing ngang. Lc y lm
hng bc la bn b lch, m sinh ra lch nghing ngang.
- Hng tc dng ca lch nghing ngang c quan h vi s m dng ca
lc
v gc nghing sang phi hay sang tri ca tu. Nh hnh 4.38, khi
l lc dng, tu nghing sang phi ( tc i>0) lc chiu ca n bn
tri nn
, nu tu nghing sang tri ( tc i<0) th lc chiu ca
ln trc ngang
, nh vy chng u sinh ra lch v pha mn
tu cao.
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nu lc
m, khi tu nghing ngang lc lch tc dng theo hng
nghch vi trn, sinh ra lch lch v pha mn tu thp. V th hng ca
lch nghing ngang khng biu th bng lch sang ng hay sang ty m
biu th lch v mn tu cao hay thp.
Qua cng thc --- ta thy, tr s lc lch nghing ngang c quan h vi tr
s
( trng thi t ca tu) v nghing i ca tu ( t l thun vi i). V
tr s
cn c quan h vi v t.
V lc lch nghing ngang cng tc dng theo hng trc ngang ca la
bn, cng hng vi lc C , nn khi hng i ca tu bin i mt vng,
th lch nghing ngang cng bin i nh lch na vng do C
sinh
ra.
4.6.3 lch nghing dc ( nghing chi):

a. Phng trnh Poisson khi tu chi:
- Khi tu chi cc lc cm ng ca st thp trn tu tc dng ln la bn
thay i v chng cng gy ra lch. Ta gi gc chi ca tu l j, nu
tu chi mi th j dng ( mang du +), nu tu chi li th j m ( mang
du -). Phn tch tng t nh trng hp lch nghing ngang ta c
phng trnh Poisson khi tu chi.
Theo phng php chng minh nh lch nghing ngang ta cng c

c cng thc lch chi tc dng trn trc dc la bn, tc:
(4-23)
Trong
l h s ng lch
chi.
Sau khi bit r tnh hnh lch
nghing ngang th cng thc lch
nghing dc rt d hiu. Khi tu
nghing dc, hai lc thng ng R va
kZ u c tc dng i vi la bn v v
tr lc by gi ca n st non chiu
Hnh 4.39
dc a tng ng vi v tr ca n
st non chiu ngang e khi tu nghing ngang. Sau khi b phn lc a t
Z t ha, n cng c tc dng i vi la bn. Hp lc
ca 3 lc y
tc dng theo trc thng ng Z ca tu. Hnh chiu ca n trn trc X la
bn l : tc l lc lch nghing dc, xem hnh 4.39,
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
lch do lc lch nghing dc sinh ra c quan h vi tr s

,
chi j v v t.
Ngoi ra v lc lch nghing dc tc dng cng hng vi lc B
nn lch nghing dc cn c quan h vi hng i v cng c nhng
c im nh lch na vng do lc B
sinh ra.
b. Nhn xt v lch tu nghing ngang v nghing dc ( chi):

- T cc phn tch trn ta c nhn xt nh sau:
o Tr s lch bin i theo s bin i ca gc nghing ( gc
nghing ngang) hoc ( gc nghing dc) Du ca tr s lch c
quan h vi hng nghing hoc chi.
o lch nghing ngang ln nht trn cc hng HL: N hoc S,
o lch chi ln nht trn cc hng HL: E hoc W,
o Hai lc tng thm
s sinh ra lch na vng. N
c quan h vi gc nghing v v t.
o Khi tu lc cc b lin tip th hai lc tng thm s thay i t tri
qua phi, t trc ra sau mt cch tun hon ( tc l ch v mn
tri, mn phi, v mi tu, v li tu). Di tc dng ca cc lc
c tnh cht tun hon nh vy s to ra dao ng, cng c lc n
s thay i theo vng trn. Cho nn ta cn phi kh chng.
Hnh 4.40: M phng s t ha st thp trn tu bi t trng tri

t trn 3 trc ta tu
88
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LA BN T HNG HI
PHN NM:
MY O T LC - CC THIT B KH LCH LA BN T
c th kh lch la bn t mt cch nhanh chng, t chnh xc cn thit v
c th tin hnh trong mi tnh hung ca bin, bn u, ngi ta nghin cu v
ch to ra nhiu my mc thit b ph tr cho vic kh lch la bn. Mt trong s
l my o lc t. My o lc t c hai loi:
- 1. My o lc t Kolong v la bn nghing: dng my o t lc Kolong o lc
bng, phi hp my o lc t Kolong vi la bn nghing c th o c lc
thng ng.
- 2. My Thomson v my sai nghing: my Thomson dng o lc bng, my
sai nghing dng o lc thng ng.
Trong ni dung bi lun vn ny, s trnh by v my o t lc Kolong v la bn
nghing, l hai loi dng c c s dng ph bin nhiu nc v c nhiu u im
ni bt.
5.1 MY O T LC KOLONG:
5.1.1 Nguyn l cu to ca my Kolong:
a. Nguyn l o lc bng:
- Nh hnh 5.1, im n biu th la bn,
H( H) l lc tc dng bng ch hng
Bc ca la bn. Nu pha trn
ng thng ng qua la bn t mt
thanh nam chm quay theo hng
Bc la bn, khi y lc tc dng ca
hai cc N v S ca thanh nam chm
i vi la bn l f1 v f2 , hp lc F
n
ca chng cng hng vi H. Khi ta
iu chnh v tr thanh nam chm theo
Hnh 5.1
hng thng ng th s c khong cch d sao cho F = - H(H).
- xc nh khong cch d c chnh xc th gia thanh nam chm v la
bn ta t them mt thanh nam chm vung gc vi thanh nam chm, nh
th khi F = - H(H) tc khi F trit tiu H (H) th ch c thanh nam chm nh
c tc dng i vi la bn nn mt la bn quay 900.
-
Khi ta bit khong cch d, theo cng thc H2 =
ta tnh tr s ca lc
H(H).
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LA BN T HNG HI
b. Nguyn l o lc thng ng:
Nh hnh 5.2, mt kim nam chm treo
ti im gia b tc dng bi lc thng ng Z(Z)
nn b nghing. Nu pha trn theo chiu thng
ng, ngi ta t mt nam chm o ( u N quay
ln nu Bc bn cu) lm cho lc tc dng F ca
n i vi la bn nghch hng vi lc Z(Z). Khi
ta iu chnh v tr ca thanh nam chm theo hng
thng ng lm cho F = - Z(Z) th kim nam chm
nm ngang. Do ta c th dng cng thc
tnh tr s lc Z ( Z).
Hnh 5.2
5.1.2. Cu to ca my o lc t Kolong:
- My Kolong gm c : , thc o, thanh nam chm o v thanh nam chm
ph. Nh hnh 5.3,
o Vnh di ca c bn
l lp vo biu xch.
ng inh c gn cht
thanh nam chm ph vo
.
o Thanh nam chm o c th
lp nm ngang hoc thng
ng vo gi nam chm.
o Bnh xe iu chnh v tr
qua thanh nam chm o.
o Bn phi thc o theo
cng thc
khc t
60 n 700 n v o lc
thng ng, bn tri thc
o theo cng thc H2=
khc t 30 n 390 n v
Hnh 5.3
o lc bng.
o Thanh nam chm o c hnh khi hnh ch nht, m men t ca n l
1700
cgsM. Khi o lc bng, thanh nam chm o lp nm
ngang. Khi o lc thng ng, thanh nam chm o lp thng ng.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Nam chm ph l mt thanh nam chm nh hnh vin tr. M men t
ca n vo khong 200
cgsM, ch khi o lc bng mi c lp
vo .
5.1.3 Kim tra v hiu chnh my Kolong:
- Khi dng my Kolong phi ch ba cng tc kim tra v iu chnh sau
y:
a. Kim tra v iu chnh v tr thanh nam chm ph:
o V tr chnh xc ca thanh nam chm phu l trc ca n phi thng
gc vi mt chiu ca biu xch. Phng php kim tra: Trc tin
t la bn trn gi ba chn trn b, v ng tim ca la bn
trng vi hng Bc la bn. Sau t mt chiu ca biu xch la
bn trng vi hng ng- Ty, khi y trong lng knh c th nhn
thy ng 900. Lp my Kolong ch c nam chm ph vo biu xch
lm cho cc Bc ca nam chm ph quay v hng bc la bn, khi y
s c trong lng knh vn l 900. Nu s c thay i c ngha l
nam chm ph khng thng gc vi mt chiu ca biu xch, nn
phi tho lng ba inh c (2) bn di , hoc ba inh c cng
tnh cht nh th ca biu xch, iu chnh v tr my Kolong trn
biu xch. chnh xc ca iu chnh phi lm cho s c l
900 0.2.
b. Kim tra v hiu chnh v tr thanh nam chm o.
o V tr chnh xc ca thanh nam chm o l trc ca n phi nht tr
vi mt chiu ca biu xch. Phng php kim tra: cng t la bn
trn gi ban chn trn b. Khi trong lng knh ca biu xch nhn
ng hng S(1800), em my Kolong khng lp nam chm ph v
v tr thanh nam chm o 2/3 H lp vo biu xch. Khi y lc tc
dng i vi la bn l 1/3H ( trn cc v thng thng th
1/3H=0.08 cgsM). Hng ch ca la bn vn nh c. Nu s c
trong lng knh ca biu xch bin i, tc l nam chm o khng
trn mt chiu ca biu xch. Ta c th tho lng 4 inh c (4) trn
, iu chnh hng ca thc o. chnh xc ca s iu chnh l
phi lm cho s c l 1800 10.
o Cn ch : Phi iu chnh v tr ca thanh nam chm ph trc khi
iu chnh v tr ca nam chm o, nu lm ngc li l khng ng.
V iu chnh v tr ca thanh nam chm ph c th ng thi bin
i v tr ca thanh nam chm o.
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LA BN T HNG HI
c. Kim tra v hiu chnh lc t ca nam chm ph:
o Lc t ca nam chm ph l f=0.08cgsM. Sai s qu ln v tr s
u lm nh hng n chnh xc khi o. Phng php kim tra:
trc tin lm cho ng tim la bn trng vi hng Bc la bn, tc
l trong lng knh nhn thy S (1800) sau lp my o ch c nam
chm ph, khi y f v H thng gc vi nhau, nh hnh ---, hng ch
mi ca la bn l hng hp lc ca H v f, gc kp gia H v f l .
Gc qu nh hoc qu ln u biu th lc t ca nam chm ph
qu nh hoc qu ln, phi dng nam chm t ha tng t hoc
gim t.
5.2 LA BN NGHING:
5.2.1 Cu to ca la bn nghing:
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.4: Mt la bn nghing v chu la bn nging

-
La bn nghing l do mt la bn v chu la bn kh nghing to thnh

o Mt la bn nghing nh hnh 5.4 (a). Di mt la bn bng giy c
mt t hp kim nam chm gm 6 ci c th nghing t do. Dng inh
vt lp chng vo gi nhm ca mt la bn.
o Cu to ca chu la bn kh nghing, hnh 5.4(b), cng ging nh l
chu la bn kh thng, cng c ng tim mi tu, trc kim, dy
ch v vng cn bng. Nhng np knh c th m c.
o La bn nghing c thm 2 thanh nam chm t ha mng dng t
ha cc kim nam chm ca la bn.
5.2.2 Kim tra v iu chnh la bn nghing:

a. iu chnh dy treo kim nam chm:
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Mun o lc thng ng c chnh xc th dy treo kim nam chm phi

hon ton khng b xon. Phng php lm dy treo khng b xon:
o Dng nam chm t ha tin hnh t ha kim la bn nghing. Phng
php t ha: trc tin t ha ba kim nam chm mt bn la bn.
Khi t ha th hai u ca nam chm mi nm ln t gia kim nam
chm i ra, ri cng mi nh th ba kim nam chm bn kia mi
ln, sau li mi thm nm ln ba kim nam chm lc u. ( khi t ha
nn c ngi cht kim nam chm khi hng dy treo). Qua t
ha nh vy, kim nam chm hai bn c th c cng cm ng
tng i ln.
o Sau khi t ha kim nam chm, dng my o lc thng ng Z1.
o Dng thanh nam chm t ha tin hnh t ha nghch kim nam chm
la bn nghing ( Phng php t ha tin hnh ging nh trn nhng
t cc ca thanh nam chm v kim nam chm ngc nhau).
o Dng my o lc thng ng Z2 sau khi t ha nghch.
o Nu hiu s gia Z1 v Z2 khng qu 5 n v, tc s Z3 ca my o
bng (Z1+Z2):2 v iu chnh hai inh vt gi dy treo, lm cho dy
treo khn xon, kim nam chm nm ngang.
o Li t ha nghch kim nam chm ( tc t ha li t cc nh c). Khi
y, o lc Z4 phi bng Z3. Nu khng bng nhau v hiu s gia
chng ln hn 5 n v th phi ly Z5=(Z3+Z4):2, theo phng php
trn li iu chnh li cho n khi |Zn-Zn-1|< 5 n v mi thi.
b. Kim tra nhy ca kim nam chm:

- nhy ca kim nam chm la bn nghing, trong trng hp dy khng b
xon, khi nam chm o t khc Z+25 v Z-25, mt u kim nam
chm c th lch xung v tip xc vi y ca gi, nu khng nhy
khng , cn phi tng t, nu tng t khng c hiu qu th phi a n
xng sa.
5.3 PHNG PHP DNG MY KOLONG O LC BNG:
- Dng my Kolong c th o lc bng H trn b, cng c th o lc ch
hng bc H ca la bn. H trn cc hng i khc nhau khng bng
nhau.
5.3.1 Phng php o lc H trn b:
- t la bn trn gi ba chn, quay biu xch, cho trong lng knh nhn
thy S.
- Quay cc N ca nam chm o theo hng bc la bn, lp my o vo biu
xch.
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Quay bnh xe, di nam chm o cho n khi mt la bn quay 900 mi thi,
khi y trong lng knh nhn thy hng W.
Ghi s lc H bn tri gi nam chm.
5.3.2 Phng php o lc H:

- Li tu lun lun hng cn o, sau , lp biu xch, quay biu xch lm
cho mt chiu ca n trng vi tr NS ca la bn, theo phng php o lc
H trn b o H.
5.4 PHNG PHP DNG MY KOLONG V LA BN NGHING O
LC THNG NG:
- Kt hp s dng my Kolong v la bn nghing ta c th o c lc thng
ng Z trn b v lc thng ng Z trn tu. Nhng thng trong khi hiu
chnh la bn t, ta khng trc tip o lc thng ng Z trn tu m ch khi
kh lch nghing mi dng hiu chnh lc thng ng ZEW khi tu
hng ng- Ty.
5.4.1 Phng php o lc Z trn b:
- t chn la bn nghing trn gi ba chn trn b, m np knh lp vo
mt la bn v y np li.
- Lp my Kolong ln np la bn nghing, t nam chm o v gi nam chm
theo hng thng ng, u N ch ln ( nu Nam bn cu th du S ch
ln).
- Quay bnh xe, iu chnh v tr nam chm o, cho n khi kim nam chm
ca la bn nghing nm ngang.
- Ghi s lc Z trn thc o bn phi ca gi nam chm.
5.4.2 Phng php hiu chnh lc Z trn tu:
- Theo lc ZEW tnh c, t lc thng ng ca my Kolong ti khc
y.
- Ly chn la bn trn tu ra khi thn la bn, t vo la bn nghing v lp
my Kolong trn la bn nghing.
- Li tu i ng theo hng E v W, quan st kim nam chm ca la bn
nghing: nu u Bc ch xung, th trn dy treo trong ng ng thn la
bn ta treo thanh nam chm thng ng u ch ln trn. Nu u Bc
nghing ln, ta treo u xanh ch ln, sau ko dy treo di thanh nam
chm ln hoc xung, cho n khi kim nam chm ca la bn nghing nm
ngang. Khi y lc thng ng tng hp ZEW trn tu bng s ch trn thc
o.
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LA BN T HNG HI
5.5 MT S DNG C KH LCH:
- Mt s hiu ng gy lch la bn l nhng hm s c lin quan n v
t v mt s th khng b nh hng khi v t thay i. V vy chng
c kh c lp vi nhau. Hn na kh lch th ta phi dng:
o Th nht l nam chm vnh cu cn bng vi t trng vnh cu
gy ra i vi la bn.
o Th hai l st non cn bng t trng cm ng.
- Hp la bn nng c la bn v nam chm kh. Trong hp la bn cha cc
dng c kh sau: ( y cng gii thch lun cho cc khi nim c
cp trong phn cu to ca la bn t), xem hnh 5.5:
o Nam chm kh lch nghing ngang ( mang t tnh vnh cu) t
trong ng thng ng ca thn la bn.
o Cc nam chm dc B t trong cc rnh dc ca hp la bn, dng
kh lc lch B .
o Cc nam chm ngang C t trong cc rnh ngang ca hp la bn
dng kh lc lch C
o Thanh st Flinders t bn ngoi thn la bn cm ng theo chiu
thng ng.
o Cc qu cu st non t trn gi , kh lch cm ng hay
lch vng.
- Nam chm kh lch nghing ngang th ch c mt ci nhng kh cho c
hai: hiu ng cm ng v hiu ng cm ng vnh cu. V th n phi c
hiu chnh khi thay i v t. Tuy nhin bt k s iu chnh no ca n
cng i hi phi iu chnh cc nam chm khc.
- Trong qu trnh kh lch la bn, cn nm tng hp tt c nhng iu kin
Hnh 5.5: Bng ng cong lch tng hp

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LA BN T HNG HI
t tnh c th thay i trn mt con tu, cc loi ng cong m chng to
ra. Cc nam chm kh lch phi c hiu chnh. t cc nam chm mt
cch cn xng v cch xa la bn mt cch thch hp. iu ny duy tr c
s ng nht ca t trng i vi h thng kim ch la bn.
- Mi hiu ng t c mt ng cong c tnh khc nhau. iu ny gip cho
vic xc nh v hiu chnh lch thun tin. Phn tch y ng
cong lch i vi thnh phn khc nhau ca n cho php ta d kin
c nhng hiu chnh cn thit.
Vng b lch tng hp
do hin tng gii t
St non hnh cu
Cng tc iu chnh
sng ca n
Thanh Flinder
Thanh nam
chm ngang
L x thanh nam
chm thng ng v
dy xch iu chnh
Thanh nam
chm dc
Thanh nam chm
hiu chnh
nghing
Hnh 5.6: Cc thanh nam chm v st non dng kh lch c gn trn thn la bn
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LA BN T HNG HI
PHN SU:
CC PHNG PHP KH LCH LA BN T
6.1 KHI NIM CA VIC KH LCH LA BN T:
- lch ring la bn t ln lm cho vic dn dt tu i khng an ton, thm
ch c trng hp la bn tu hot ng khng n nh nh hng n vic xc
nh phng hng v v tr tu trn hnh trnh. Do , ngi ta phi tin hnh
kh lch la bn t, lm gim sai s n mc nh nht, v ng thi tng sc
ch Bc ca la bn.
- Thc cht ca vic kh lch la bn l dng nam chm vnh cu v st
non t xung quanh la bn to ra cc lc c cng tnh cht, cng ln
nhng ngc chiu vi cc lc lch. Qua trit tiu i cc lc gy ra
lch.
- Trong thc t, ngi ta kh lch bng 2 phng php:
o Phng php dng my o t lc hay cn gi l phng php Kolong:
c im ca phng php ny l kh lch trn hng i m
lc lch khng gy ra lch v kh trn cc hng i la bn.
Dng my o t lc ta xc nh lc tc dng i vi kim la bn
v kh b cc lc lch i tc l kh b c lch la
bn .
o Phng php Ery:
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l kh lch trn hng i
xut hin cc i v dn tu theo hng i a t sau so snh
hng ngm hoc hng i tm lch v kh lch .
- Trong thc t Vit Nam, do thiu thn my o t lc v cc thit b ph tr
nn thng s dng phng php Ery kh lch v chng ta c th ch
ng tm cc mc tiu hoc chp tiu t nhin hoc nhn to tin hnh kh
lch theo phng php ny.
6.2. PHNG PHP KH LCH NA VNG:
6.2.1 PHNG PHP KH LCH NA VNG TRN BN HNG I
T CHNH ( PHNG PHP ERY):
- Trn 4 hng i t chnh, ta o lch v kh n kh tc dng ca lc
B
i vi la bn. c im ca phng php ny l kh lch
trn hng i c lch ln nht.
- Sau y ta cn c tnh hnh cc lc lch dng tc dng i vi la bn
nghin cu lch sinh ra trn bn hng i t chnh v phng php kh
B
.
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LA BN T HNG HI
a. Nguyn l kh lc C :
- Khi tu ang trn hng i a t N (
HD=00), tnh hnh cc lc tc dng i
vi la bn nh hnh 6.1, ta c:
o Lc
tc dng
theo 1 hng vung gc vi kinh
tuyn t sinh ra lch. Trong
trng hp y v khng th phn
bit tr s lch sinh ra bi lc
nn
mun dng lch trn hng i
y kh lc C
l rt kh.
o Nhng lch
ta c th o
c nn c th dng thanh nam
chm kh. Sau khi lm nh th
ta thy thanh nam chm ngang
sinh ra lc tc dng F m:
o Nu F l do hai lc fC v fA+E hp
thnh , trong lc:
fC=- C
v fA+E= o Nhn thy tha lc ngang fA+E,
nu c th trit tiu n, tc l t
c mc ch kh lc C
Sau khi kh ton b, ta quay tu n hng
i a t S(HD=1800). Nh hnh 6.2, ta c :
o lch sinh ra bi cc lc lch
v lc F ca thanh nam chm thm
vo khi tu hng bc l
v lc fA+E,
o Khi y lc fC v lc C
trit tiu
nhau.
o V fA+E=
v ta bit
mt na ca l do lc
sinh ra v na kia
l do lc tha fA+E ca thanh nam
chm sinh ra. Nh th ch cn i
thanh nam chm ngang lch
Hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.2
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LA BN T HNG HI
cn li mt na, th c th kh c lc tha fA+E. Khi y thanh nam
chm ngang ch sinh ra lc fC c tr s bng C
v nghch hng vi
n, tc l ta kh c lc C .
-
Trnh t kh c th nh sau:
o Bc 1: cho tu chy theo hng bc a t HD=00,
o Bc 2: dung i nam chm ngang kh ton b lch ,
o Bc 3: quay tu i theo hng S a t, tc HD=1800,
o Bc 4: tip tc chy theo hng S a t, dng i nam chm ngang
kh i lch , ta xem nh kh c lc C
,nh du v tr,
tr s v hng ca thanh nam chm ngang trong thn la bn.
b. Nguyn l kh lc B
Hnh 6.3
Hnh 6.4
Ta xem nh kh xong lc C , khi tu ang i theo hng i t E (
HD=900) c lc tc dng nh hnh 6.3. Cng nh nguyn l kh C
trc
tin dng thanh nam chm dc kh ton b lch
, tc thanh nam chm
dc sinh ra lc :
o Nu lc F=fB+fA-E v fB=B
th fA-E=
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Nh th ta c lc fB trit tiu lc B , v ta tha lc dc

fA-E=
, nu c th trit tiu n th coi nh kh
xong lc B .
Mun kh lc fA-E, ta phi quay tu v hng a t W tc ( HD=2700) nh
hnh 6.4,
l do lc
v lc tha fA-E sinh ra, v
fA-E=
Nn ta ch cn i thanh nam chm dc, lm cho lch
cn li mt na,
th kh c lc tha fA-E tc l kh c lc B .
- Bc 1: cho tu chy theo hng a t E ( HD=900), c th chy hng W
trc cng c, o lch
, v dng nam chm dc kh ton b lch.
- Bc 2: quay tu sang hng i a t W( HD=2700), o lch .
- Bc 3: tip tc cho tu chy theo hng W, tip tc iu chnh thanh nam
chm dc kh lch . Khi lc B
c kh.
- Bc 4: ghi tr s, v tr v hng ca nam chm dc trong thn la bn.
c. Mt s lu khi s dng phng php Ery kh lch na vng:
Th t kh lch
, thng cn c theo tr s lch m tin
hnh. Thng trong khi hiu chnh la bn t trn tu c, trc tin phi i theo
hng ng hoc ty kh lch nghing, nn vic kh lch na vng
thng bt u t hng ng hoc ty, v kh lc B
trc. Hng quay
th ty theo tnh hnh mt bin m quyt nh, c th quay theo chiu kim ng
h v cng c th quay theo chiu ngc li.
Cch iu chnh cc thanh nam chm kh
nh di y.
Theo nguyn l trn, cng tc kh lch phi tin hnh theo hng i t, nh
th lm th no xc nh hng i t trong khi hiu chnh la bn. Vn
ny, nu trn tu c la bn con quay th d gii quyt.
o V HD=HLq+ Lq-d (trong : HLq l hng i theo la bn con quay v
Lq l s hiu chnh ca la bn con quay)
o Nh th ta tnh c hng i t theo hng y.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Lc lch
Cch
lm
Tnh hnh
nam chm
-B
Hng i E
sinh
Hng i W
sinh
Chiu dc
khng c
nam chm
Trn chiu
dc t nam
chm cc
v mi.
Chiu dc
c nam
chm cc
ch v mi
Di ln
Chiu dc
c nam
chm cc
ch v li
Di xung
Lc lch
Hng i E
Cch Hng i N
sinh
sinh
lm
Hng i W Tnh hnh
Hng i S
sinh
sinh
nam chm
Trn chiu
Trn chiu
Chiu
ngang t
dc t nam
ngang
nam chm
chm cc
khng c
cc ch
v li
nam chm
v mn phi
Chiu
ngang
c nam
Di xung
Di ln
chm cc
ch v
mn phi
Chiu
ngang
c nam
Di ln
Di xung
chm c
ch v
mn tri
-C
Hng i N
sinh
Hng i S
sinh
Trn chiu
ngang t
nam chm
cc ch
v mn tri
Di xung
Di ln
Bng hiu chnh nam chm kh lch

-
Nu trn tu khng c la bn con quay th vn y phc tp hn, ta thng

dng phng php tin gn ng. Cch lm nh sau:
o Nh hnh 6.5, l v d kh lch khi tu i theo hng bc.
o Lc bt u, tu n nh trn hng i la bn HL1=00, o ln 1 ta c
lch sau dng nam chm ngang kh
o Li tu theo hng i mi HL2=00, v o lch , tip tc dng thanh
nam chm ngang kh
.
o Sau li li tu i theo hng la bn HL3=00, v tip tc o v kh
lch.
o Nh th lm nhiu ln kh lch v hiu chnh hng i, lm cho
hng i la bn tin gn n hng i t, cho n khi hai hng i y
cch nhau 2 n 30. Khi y hng i la bn c th xem nh hng i t.
Cn ch : khi quay nghch hng kh , v thng lch rt nh ( do
nn c th trc tip theo hng i la bn kh.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Trong khi hiu chnh la bn, phng php ERY kh lch na vng c
dng rt nhiu v n gin n v chnh xc. Ch cn c mc tiu, thin th hay
la bn con quay, th c
th o c lch la
bn. Ngoi ra ng
thi, trong khi kh
lch ca la bn chun
c th dng phng
php so snh hng i
( s ni phn sau)
kh lch la bn li
v cc la bn khc.
Cch kh mt na
lch trn hng i
nghch tuy v l lun c
sai s ( kh mt na
lch khng th bng
kh mt na lc tc
dng
nhng
v
u rt
nh, lch do chng
sinh ra thng l t 1
n 20 nn sai s rt
nh c th b c.
Hnh 6.5: M t phng php tin gn ng trn HL=00
d. Phng php kh lch na vng gn ng:

- Nu lc lch
u rt nh hoc bng 0, theo nguyn l kh
nh trn ta c phng php kh lch na vng gn ng , tc trn hai
hng i t chnh vung gc vi nhau, ta kh lc
.
- Nh hnh 6.6, khi
, lch
sinh ra trn hng i t
N hon ton do lc C
vung gc vi hng bc a t sinh ra. Khi y ch
cn dng nam chm ngang kh =0, tc C
b kh.
- Tng t trn hng i t E, lch
hon ton do lc B
vung gc vi
hng bc a t sinh ra. Khi y ta ch cn dng thanh nam chm dc kh
, tc l kh c lc B .
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LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 6.6: Phng php kh lch na vng gn ng

-
Tuy nhin thc t l lc

chnh sinh ra fB
v fC
c lch gn ng.
nn lc do nam chm hiu

v th phng php ny ch c th kh
6.2.2 PHNG PHP KH LCH NA VNG TRN BN HNG I

LA BN CHNH ( PHNG PHP KOLONG):
c im ca phng php:
o Trn bn hng i chnh la bn, dng my o t lc o lc ch Bc
ca la bn v hiu chnh kh tc dng ca lc
i vi
la bn.
o Kh lch trn cc hng i m lch sinh ra l nh nht.
o Dn tu theo hng i la bn.
- Ta cho lc A
=0 v cc lc lch khc u dng, phn tch tnh hnh cc
lc tc dng i vi la bn trn bn hng i chnh la bn v nghin cu
phng php kh
.
a. Nguyn l kh lc B
- Dn tu theo hng i la bn N ( HL=00), phn tch cc lc tc dng i
vi la bn ( nh hnh 6.7 (a)):
o Lc sinh ra lch l
nhng lc C
l chnh.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Lc C
vung gc vi hng bc la bn, lm cho kim la bn
lch v pha ng so vi hng bc a t, sinh ra lch ng
.
o Gc kp gia hng D
v hng Bc la bn cng bng .
o Hng tc dng ca lc B
cng chiu vi hng bc la bn.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 6.7
Khi tng hp lc tc dng trn hng bc la bn bao gm
:
, dng HN biu th hp lc ca
chng, ta c:
Tr s ca HN c th dng my o lc t o, nhng ta khng th t

tr s ca HN m phn bit c tr s ca
,
nn khng th kh c B
trn hng ny.
Li tu sang hng i la bn S ( HL=1800), cc lc tc dng i vi la
bn ( xem hnh 6.7 (b) sinh ra lch ty . Khi y lc tc dng trn
hng bc la bn l
, dng HS biu
th hp lc ca chng tc dng ln hng bc la bn, ta c:
=
104
105
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Cng th tr s ca HS c th dng my o t lc o c, nhng v

khng th phn bit c tr s gia
nn cng
khng th kh c lc
.
Xt tam gic hnh thnh
trong hai hnh v trn c cc cnh tng
ng nh nhau nn:
ng thi ta c:
Nn
Gi lc tc dng trn trn hng la bn N hoc S sau khi B
Htb, ta c:
trong
b kh l
Mt khc
Suy ra
-
Nh vy sau khi kh lc B
, khi tu vn hng i la bn N hoc S
th lc tc dng trn hng bc la bn bng

-
Da vo nguyn l ny, nu tu vn trn hng la bn N hoc S ta

dng nam chm dc trong thn la bn to lc H tc dng ln hng bc
la bn, hiu chnh tr s HN hoc HS sao cho chng bng tr s trung
bnh
, tc l lc B
b kh.
- Bc 1: cho tu chy hng la bn N ( HL=00). Dng my Kolong o
lc HN v ghi tr s o c ca n.
- Bc 2: ct my Kolong i, quay tu theo hng la bn S (HL=1800).
Lp my Kolong vo v o lc HS, ghi li tr s o ca n.
-
Bc 3: tnh
o iu chnh nam chm o ca my Kolong v tr s Htb. Khi

mt la bn khng quay 900 nhng vch E ri khi ng tim mi
tu.
o Vn tip tc dn tu theo hng HL=1800 iu chnh vi nam
chm dc thn la bn. iu chnh i nam chm dc sao cho mt
la bn quay 900 , ngha l vch E v ng tim la bn.
Bc 4: ghi tr s v hng ca nam chm dc trn la bn.
105
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LA BN T HNG HI
c. Nguyn l kh lc C
- Nguyn l kh lc C
cng ging nh nguyn l kh lc B .
d phn tch ta tng tng rng vic kh lc C
tin hnh sau khi
kh lc B . Khi y lc
B
= 0.
- Nh vy theo hnh 6.8 (a):
ta thy khi tu i theo
hng i la bn E (
HL=900) v khng c lc
B
trn hng i ny
nn khng c lc lch.
Hng bc la bn cng l
hng bc a t. Ta dng
HE biu th lc tc dng
trn hng bc la bn, tc:
Cng th, nh hnh 6.8 (b):

gi s tu i theo hng la
bn W(HL=2700), gi lc
tc dng ln hng bc la
bn l HW, ta c:
(b)
(a)
Hnh 6.8
V ta cng c
Gi Htb l lc tc dng ln hng bc la bn khi tu i theo hng la

bn E hoc W, sau khi b kh i lc C
, ta nhn thy:
Suy ra
Nh vy sau khi kh lc C
Htb=
, khi tu vn hng i la bn E hoc W
th lc tc dng trn hng bc la bn bng

-
Da vo nguyn l ny, nu tu vn trn hng la bn E hoc W ta

dng nam chm ngang trong thn la bn to lc H tc dng ln hng
bc la bn, hiu chnh tr s HE hoc HW sao cho chng bng tr s
trung bnh
, tc l lc C
b kh.
106
107
LA BN T HNG HI
- Bc 1: cho tu chy hng HL=900, dng my Kolong o lc ch bc
la bn HE v ghi tr s ca n.
- Bc 2: ct my Kolong i, cho tu chy theo hng W( HL=2700). Lp
my Kolong vo v o tr s lc ch bc la bn HW v ghi li tr s ca
n.
-
Bc 3: tnh Htb=
o iu chnh thanh nam chm chm o ca my o v tr s Htb.

Khi mt la bn khng quay 900.
o Tip tc cho tu chy theo hng W (HL=2700). iu chnh
thanh nam chm ngang trong thn la bn sao cho mt la bn quay
quay 900 (vch S v ng tim ca la bn). Nh vy l kh
xong C .
Bc 4: Ghi tr s v hng ca cp i thanh nam chm ngang trong
thn la bn.
c. Mt s lu trong vic s dng phng php Kolong kh lch na vng:

- Khi kh lch, tu i theo hng
nam trc hng bc sau hoc ngc
li, hng ng trc hng ty sau,
nhng phi theo th t chng hn
, v lc HE o c
trc khi kh lc B
l ( xem hnh
6.9):
y
l lch do B
sinh ra,
M HW c o sau khi kh
B
l :
Khi y l mt hng s, du ca
hai v bn phi ca hai ng
thc HE v HW khng bng
nhau, nn khng th p dng
phng php Kolong nh
trn.
Hnh 6.9
107
108
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Khi kh lch, phng php hiu chnh thanh nam chm, xem bng di
y:
Lc tc dng trn
hng bc la bn
HN > HS
HN < HS
HE > HW
HE < HW
Lc lch
B
B
C
C
>0
< 0
<0
>0
Hng ca cc N ca
thanh nam chm
Hng mi tu
Hng li tu
Hng bn tri
Hng bn phi
Khi kh lch nu khng c mc tiu hoc khng c la bn con quay

so snh hng ngm th ch cn c my o t lc Kolong th cng c th
dng phng php ny kh lch na vng, l u im ca phng
php ny, nhng sau khi kh lch th khng th o c lch cn li,
l khuyt im.
6.2.3 PHNG PHP DNG ST NON FLINDER KH LCH NA

VNG PH THAY I THEO V :
- Khi hiu chnh la bn ca tu vin dng ta dng nam chm vnh cu
kh lch na vng do lc P v Q ca t trng vnh cu ca tu gy ra,
nhng i vi lch do lc t trng cm ng ca tu cZ v fZ sinh ra,
n bin i theo v t, nn phi dng st non Flinder kh. phn
bit lch na vng do st gi gy ra gi l lch na vng chnh, cn
lch do st non sinh ra gi l lch na vng ph.
- Nguyn l c bn kh lc cZ: l dng lc cm ng, lc c1Z do st non
Flinder sinh ra kh lc cm ng cZ do st non trn tu gy ra, nn c1Z v
cZ phi c tr s bng nhau v nghch du, l l do ti sao st non Flinder
phi t thng ng v cZ l lc tc dng theo chiu dc tu ca st non
chiu thng ng.
o Khi st non Flinder t trc la bn, theo quy tc xt du th biu th
h s c1>0 c th kh h s st non ca tu c<0
o Khi st non Flinder sau la bn th c1<0 c th kh c>0.
- Phng php thng dng kh lch na vng do lc cZ sinh ra th i
hi phi tnh h s c nh sau:
o Nu ti mt im no , ta c lc:
- V ti mt im khc ta c:
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Ta c cng thc h s c nh sau:
M nh ta bit : B=tgB vi B l h s lch gn ng.

Nn cng thc c th vit li nh sau:
(*)
T , ta c cch tin hnh kh nh sau:

o Trn hai a im v t cch nhau 100, quan st lch la bn v
dng cng thc (4-18), tnh h s gn ng B1 v B2 ca hai a
im y, v cn c quan h gia h s gn ng v h s ng trong
cng thc (4-14), tnh h s ng B1 v B2 . Sau dng h s la
bn bit v dng bn a t tra tr s H1, H2, v Z1 v Z2. Dng
cng thc (*) tnh h s c. Cui cng theo bng h s iu chnh st
non Flinder ( theo hnh dng ca la bn v st non Flinder), theo tr
s ca c m ta dng di ca st non Flinder cho ph hp, nh hnh
6.10.
Hnh 6.10: Bng tnh di thanh st Flinder theo h s c hoc f

v f:
109
110
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nu trn tu cn lc fZ th kh lch na vng do fZ sinh ra, ta c th

i st non Flinder mt gc c nh kh lun lc fZ.
Khi h s st non f m th di st non Flinder pha trc sang
phi,
Khi h s st non f dng th di st non Flinder sang tri.
Vi cch l lun tng t nh phn trn ta cng tnh c h s st non f do
st non trn tu gy ra theo cng thc:
V v tr gc t cho thanh Flinder hiu chnh cho hiu ng cm ng ca

c hai h s c v f l, hnh 6.11.
o Trong l gc xoay thanh st non Flinder t trc dc.

Nu c v f l m th thanh ny c xoay theo chiu kim ng
h t v tr pha trc.
Nu c m, f dng th thanh s quay ngc chiu kim ng h
t v tr pha sau.
-
Trong trng hp la bn t trn mt phng trc dc tu th h s f rt nh

nn lc C
nn kh lc C
th ta ch cn dng cc thanh nam
chm nm ngang ch khng cn phi di st non Flinder sang phi hoc
sang tri.
6.3 PHNG PHP KH LCH GC PHN T VNG:

- Lc sinh ra lch vng c lc st non
. Thng th la bn
t trn mt phng dc tu, h s st non d v b u nh, nn lc E
cng
thng rt nh. Thc t ta khng cn phi kh. Nhng h s st non a v e
u kh ln, lc D
kh ln nn c th sinh ra lch t 5 n 100, nn
cn phi kh b.
6.3.1 PHNG PHP KH LCH VNG DO LC D
a. Nguyn l dng st non hiu chnh kh lc D :
-
SINH RA:
v trn tu thng c a<0 v e<0 v |a|<|e| cho nn
D >0 l mt lc tc dng dng. Mun kh lch vng do lc y

sinh ra th trn la bn cn phi c st non hiu chnh v lc tc dng ca
nhng st non hiu chnh y sinh ra phi c tr s bng vi lc st non trn
110
111
LA BN T HNG HI
tu sinh ra nhng nghch du. Cc st non y c hnh thanh trn hoc hnh
cu. Thanh trn th c th c theo chiu dc v chiu ngang.
Di y ta dng a1, e1 v D1
biu th h s st non v lc tc dng
do st non hiu chnh sinh ra.
Phn tch lc D1
nh sau:
o St non hiu chnh chiu dc:
Nh hnh 6.11, h s st non
chiu dc sinh ra:
a1<0, e1=0
Th vo cng thc ca D1
ta
c:
Cho nn st non hiu chnh chiu

dc sinh ra lc tc dng m
o St non hiu chnh chiu ngang:
Nh hnh---, ta c
a1=0, e1>0
Th vo cng
thc ca D1 ta
c
Hnh 6.11
Nh th st non
hiu chnh chiu
ngang cng sinh
ra lc tc dng
Hnh 6.12:
m.
o St non hiu chnh hnh cu:
Hai bn la bn t hai qu cu st non m trung tm ca chng
trn cng mt mt phng vi kim nam chm. Nh hnh 6.13,
tc dng ca chng
cng ging nh ng
thi lp mt i st
non chiu ngang vi
mt i st non chiu
dc, nn h s do qu
cu st non sinh ra:
a1<0 v e1>0;
Hnh 6.13
V |a1| =2|e1|
111
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LA BN T HNG HI
Do :
Nh th st non hiu chnh hnh cu sinh ra lc tc

dng m
o Nh vy phng php kh lc D
l lm cho lc D1 =D H,
H=D H
tc:
Hay
Do , mun kh c lc D
ta cn xc nh c D ,
h s la bn bit, do vy ta cn xc nh thm D.
Cch kh lch do lc D
sinh ra nh sau: trc tin cn c lch o
c khi tu i theo bn hng i, dng cng thc (4-20), tnh h s gn
ng D, sau tra bng kh lch gc phn t( bng ny da theo hnh
dng la bn v st non hiu chnh) chn kch thc ca st non hiu chnh
v ng thi xc nh khong cch gia st non hiu chnh v la bn.
b. Nguyn l kh gn ng lc D H theo hng i t - Phng php ERY:

- Cng ging nh phng php kh lch na vng ni trn, cch kh gn
ng lch vng, c th dng nguyn l ERY kh, da theo lch o
c trn 4 hng i t gc phn t m hiu chnh. Cng c th cn cn c
nguyn l Kolong, da theo lc tc dng theo hng la bn o c, khi tu
trn 4 hng la bn chnh m tin hnh hiu chnh. V cch kh y phi tin
hnh trong iu kin
nn kt qu khng tht chnh xc.
- Kh gn ng lch vng theo 2 hng i t gc phn t vung gc vi
nhau, phng php ny c tin hnh kt hp vi cch kh lch na vng
theo phng php ERY.
-
Nguyn l nh sau:
o Sau khi kh lch na vng c th xem nh
khi y lc tc dng i vi la bn ch c lc bc t
v cc lc lch
.
o Nh hnh 6.14(a), nu tu i theo hng i t NE, lc E
tc dng
0
theo hng 180 khng sinh ra lch, ch cn lc
gy ra
lch
. Khi y dng lc F do st non hiu chnh sinh ra, kh ton
b lch ( st non hiu chnh sinh D1
<0 tc dng theo hng
ngc li ).
Tc F=- (
.
Cho fA = - A
fD = - D
112
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LA BN T HNG HI
Nn F =fA+fD
Trong fD kh lc D , fA l lc tha do st non hiu chnh
sinh ra.
o Sau tu i hng sang hng i t SE,hnh 6.14(b), khi y lc E
tc dng theo hng bc a t, lc A
v lc fA sinh ra lch
v fA= A
,
ta thy lc fA
sinh ra lch
bng mt na
lch
nn
ch cn iu
chnh v tr st
non, lm cho
lch trn
hng i ny
cn li mt
na, nh th
kh c lc
tha fA, v qua
ta kh c
(b)
lc D .
(a)
Hnh 6.14
- Bc 1: dn tu theo hng i t NE ( HD=450), o lch
- Bc 2: tip tc dn tu i theo hng , iu chnh hai qu cu st non
kh i ton b lch
.
- Bc 3: quay tu i theo hng i t SE ( HD=1350), o lch
, sau
tin hnh iu chnh hai qu cu st non, kh i lch
,
- Bc 4: c nh v tr ca hai qu cu st non, ghi v tr v hng ca
chng trn gi .
- Bng hiu chnh st non:
Lc lch
+D
-D
Hng i NE(SW) sinh Hng i NE (SW) sinh
lch ng.
lch ty
lch
Hng i SE( NW) sinh Hng i SE ( NW) sinh
lch ty
lch ng
Hng di st non
Di vo
Di ra
113
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LA BN T HNG HI
c. Nguyn l kh gn ng lc D
trn hai hng i la bn chnh vung gc
vi nhau - Phng php Kolong:
- Phng php ny c tin hnh kt hp vi cch kh lch bn vng. V
A
v E
u rt nh,
xem nh bng 0. Sau khi kh
lch na vng, B
,
C
, nu D
cng b
kh th lc tc dng ln la bn
ch c lc bc t
, n khng
sinh ra lch. Khi y lc ch
bc la bn o c trn cc
hng i u bng
.
- Trng hp khng c cc lc
lch khc,
Nh hnh 6.15(a), trn
hng i l bn N (
HL=0o)
hoc
S
0
(HL=180 ), gi HN(S) l
lc ch bc la bn, ta c:
Nh hnh 6.15(b), trn
hng i la bn E (
(a)
HL=900)
hoc
W(
Hnh 6.15
0
HL=180 ), gi HE(W) l lc ch bc la bn, ta c
HE(W)=
(b)
V vy ta c:
Gi Htb l lc ch bc trn hng la bn N( hoc S) v hng E ( hoc W) sau

khi kh lc D , ta c:
Htb=
-
Nh vy ta c :
Ta nhn thy sau khi kh D
Htb=
, nu tu vn chy trn hng la bn N ( hoc S)
hoc E ( hoc W) th lc tc dng trn hng bc la bn bng

-
Da vo nguyn l trn, gi tu duy tr hng la bn N( hoc S) hoc E (hoc

W), iu chnh v tr st non sao cho lc tc dng ln hng bc la bn HN(S)
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LA BN T HNG HI
hoc HE(W) bng vi gi tr trung bnh
, tc l lc D
kh.
- Mt khc ta nhn thy:
Sau khi kh lc B
th lc ch bc trn hng N hoc S l:
Sau khi kh lc C
th lc ch bc trn hng E hoc W l :
HE(W)=
-
Nn cng thc trn c th chuyn thnh:
Htb=
-
Nh vy ta c th tn dng tr s cc lc HN, HS, HE, HW khi tin hnh kh

lch vng.
- Bc 1: Sau khi kh xong lch bn vng, tnh cc tr s trung bnh:
;
HE(W)=
Sau ly tr s trung bnh:
Htb=
-
Bc 2: Tip tc i hng W ( v mi chy theo hng ny kh

C ) iu chnh thanh nam chm o ca my Kolong v tr s
0
trn thang o. Mt la bn s khng quay 90 .
Bc 3: tu tip tc gi hng W ( HL=2700), iu chnh v tr 2 qu cu
st non hoc cc tm st non 2 bn thn la bn so vi tm la bn n
khi mt la bn quay li 900, lc HW=Htb, tc l ta kh xong lc
D .
Bc 4: ghi v tr v khong cch ca hai qu cu st non hoc cc tm
st non.
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LA BN T HNG HI
6.3.2 PHNG PHP KH LCH
VNG DO LC E H SINH RA:
- V E H v D
l lc st non trn
tu v u sinh ra lch vng,
khi kh D
ng thi kh lun
E .
- v tr bnh thng, st non hiu
chnh sinh ra lc D1 <0 n c tc
dng theo hng 2HD 1800, do
c th kh lc D
>0. ( tc dng
theo hng 2HD), do st non ca
tu sinh ra. (hnh 6.16)
- Nu quay st non hiu chnh mt
gc, lm cho trc i xng ca st
Hnh 6.16
non hiu chnh cng vi ng mi
li to thnh mt gc ( hnh 6.17).
- Khi y ta c D1
do st non sinh ra tc dng theo hng:
2(HD+
- Lc chiu ca D1
trn hng 2HD 1800 l
D1
,
Hnh 6.17
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Hng tc dng ca lc y nghch hng vi D , c th kh c lc

D
Lc chiu ca D1
trn hng ( 2HD 1800 ) 900 l :
D1
o N nghch hng vi hng tc dng ca lc E , c th kh E H.
Nh th ta kh c lc
. Sau khi st non hiu chnh quay mt
gc h s st non do n sinh ra gi l h s tng hp ca lch gc phn t.
V lch do D
v E
sinh ra khng ln, trong thc t khi tnh h s
tng hp v khi st non hiu chnh quay mt gc, c th dng h s gn ng,
nn cng thc tnh h s tng hp lch gc phn t l:
Cng thc tnh gc quay ca st non hiu chnh l:
tg2
Phng php kh ng thi lch do D

v E
sinh ra:
o Trc tin cn c lch o c, tnh h s gn ng D v E dng
cng thc ---, tnh h s gn ng tng hp D1 v sau tra bng t liu
v lch gc phn t, xc nh khong cch gia st non v la bn,
cui cng theo cng thc ---- tnh gc st non trn thn la bn.
o Hng quay ca st non trn thn la bn, theo du ca h s E m quyt
nh:
Khi E dng, st non quay theo chiu kim ng h.
Khi E m, st non quay ngc theo chiu kim ng h.
Hnh 6.18: S gc quay ca qu cu st non kh ng thi lc D
v E
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LA BN T HNG HI
6.4 PHNG PHP KH LCH TU NGHING:
6.4.1 KH LCH NGHING NGANG:
a. Nguyn l kh lch nghing ngang:
- Mun kh lch nghing ngang th ta phi lm cho tu sau khi nghing
ngang sinh mt lc tc dng bng tr s ca lc lch

, nhng ngc
chiu. Gi s lc y l:
FZ.sin i= FZ.i
Tc: FZ.i= - ( R+kZ-eZ).i
Do : FZ= -( R+kZ-eZ)
Nh th FZ l lc kh thng ng, nu trong la bn ta treo mt thanh nam chm
thng ng th n c th sinh ra lc y. Vy lc FZ kh lc R l lc thng gc
vi boong tu v ch xung. Nu ta thm mt lc lun lun thng gc vi
boong tu c c tr s bng eZ, th lc chiu trn trc Y ca la bn k c lc
eZi do st non chiu ngang sinh ra khi tu nghing ngang.
Sau khi kh lch nghing ngang, trong phng trnh Poisson khi tu
trng thi cn bng, s tng thm lc FZ. Khi y nu mi tu hng E hoc
W, trong trng hp X=0, n g khng b t ha, phng trnh Poisson l:
ZE,W = Z+kZ+R+FZ
= Z+kZ+R- ( R+kZ-eZ)
= Z+ eZ =(1+e).Z
Nn :
em
th vo cng thc ---- ta c:
ZE,W=
(*)
Ta bit cng thc:
V ta c:
Vy, suy ra:
ZE,W
(**)
Hay
ZE,W
(***)
trong l t nghing.
Trong cng thc (*) ta thy: nu tu cn bng, khi mi tu hng E hoc W,
ta dng nam chm thng ng trong my o lc t v trong thn la bn, hiu
chnh lc thng ng tng hp ca st tu tc dng i vi la bn lm cho n
bng:
, nh th khi tu nghing ngang th nam chm thng ng c
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LA BN T HNG HI
th sinh ra lc chiu FZi trn trc Y trit tiu i lc lch nghing ngang
Tc l lch nghing ngang b kh mt.
Cng thc (**) cho ta bit cch tnh ZE,W: nu ta dng my o t lc, o lc H
v Z trn b v lc HE v HW trn tu, tc tr s ZE,W c th tnh c. Nu
tu i trn bin khng th o c lc H v Z trn b, th dng my Kolong
o c lc HE v HW v dng bn a t tra s t nghing . Theo cng
thc 1-10, trc tip dng tr s tg th vo cng thc(***) tnh.
Thng khi kh lch nghing ngang, v yu cu chnh xc khng cao nn
thng dng phng php kh gn ng. Trong trng hp y, v lch gc
phn t kh gn ng D
, D 0 nn:
Khi dng cng thc y tnh lc thng ng tng hp ZE,W tr s
dng s d on gn ng, tr s Z dng my o t lc o trn b.
thng
b. Cch kh lch nghing ngang:

- Kh lch nghing ngang c hai cch sau: kh chnh xc v kh gn ng.
o Cch kh chnh xc lch nghing ngang:
Bc 1: Dng my o t lc Kolong o tr s H v Z trn b,
nu khng o c ta tnh tg
trong bn t nghing.
Bc 2: Li tu theo hng i la bn E v W, o tr s HE v
HW, sau tnh tr s ZE,W theo cng thc: ZE,W
Bc 3: vn tip tc li tu theo hng E hoc W, ly chu la bn
ra khi thn la bn, lp la bn nghing vo thn la bn, t my
Kolong ln la bn nghing, t tr s ZE,W ln thang o, do tc
dng ca lc ZE,W th kim la bn nghing b lch.
Bc 4: iu chnh nam chm thng ng trong thn la bn sao
cho kim nam chm la bn nghing nm ngang, tc l ta to lc
bng ZE,W v kh xong lch nghing ngang.
Bc 5: lp chu la bn vo v ghi tr s ca nam chm thng
ng trong thn la bn.
o Ch : phng php kh lch nghing ngang ny thng tin hnh
ng thi vi kh lch na vng. Nu dng phng php Ery kh
lch na vng, th trn hng i E v W, ngoi vic o lch
kh lch na vng ra cn phi o tr s lc HE v HW. Nu dng
phng php Kolong kh lch na vng th c th trc tip dng
cc tr s HE v HW o c trong khi kh lch na vng.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o
Cch kh gn ng lch nghing ngang: ( y ch cp

khng gii thch v my sai nghing khng c trnh by trong bi
lun vn ny)
Bc 1: dng my sai nghing o lc Z trn b.
Bc 2: theo s
tnh tr s ZE,W theo cng thc gn ng, tr
s th cn c theo tnh hnh st thp chung quanh la bn m d
on. Tr s ca la bn chun l 0.8 n 0.9, la bn li l t 0.6
n 0.7.
Bc 3: li tu theo hng i la bn E hoc W, dng my sai
nghing v s ZE,W gn ng theo phng php hiu chnh lc
thng ng trn tu bng my sai nghing, kh lch nghing
ngang.
u dim ca phng php kh gn ng lch nghing ngang
ny l n gin, khng cn o lc HE, v HW, v H.
6.4.2 KH LCH NGHING DC:

- Thng sau khi kh lch gc phn t, tc D
nn
Nhng H 0 nn a-e 0 suy ra a

. V th sau khi kh lch nghing ngang,
lc lch nghing ngang trn tu gn bng lc lch nghing dc, tc
Do vy, khi dng nam chm thng ng kh lch nghing ngang, n sinh ra
lc kh FZ, v lc ny ng thi cng s kh lun lc lch nghing dc.
Ch : V lc kh FZ ca nam chm thng ng l c nh, m kZ, eZ ( trong

nghing ngang ) hoc aZ ( trong nghing dc) bin i theo v t, nn sau
khi kh lch nghing ngang hoc nghing dc, nu tu i trn nhng v
khc nhau, n cng c th vn cn.
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LA BN T HNG HI
PHN BY:
CNG TC HIU CHNH LA BN T
V LP BNG LCH CN LI
7.1 CNG TC CHUN B TRC KHI HIU CHNH LA BN T:
- cng tc kh lch c d dng, trc khi bt u hiu chnh la bn, phi
lm tt cng tc chun b nh sau:
o Kim tra khong cch gia la bn vi cc vt c t tnh v thit b in
kh, xem c ph hp vi quy nh khong cch nh nht khng.
Bng khong cch ti thiu gia la bn vi cc vt c t tnh v thit b in kh
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Cch cc b phn
Cch boong v cu tu
Cch cc vt bng st c th di
ng
Cch np khoang, ca hm, v
thang c th di ng.
Cch my qut gi
Cch tn st gi v cc b phn
khc
Cch ct st quanh bung li
Cch la bn phn nh ca la bn
con quay
Cch my ch th gc li
Cch my li in
Cch my ch th ca my o su
hi m
Cch la bn t khc
Cch o khong cch cc ct st
Cch my in iu ha nhit
Cch my pht in nh
Cch my pht in ln
Cch n chiu nh
Cch n chiu ln
Khong cch cho

php ti thiu (m)
1.0 n 1.5
4.5 n 5.5
2.0 n 3.0
4.5 n 6.0
1.0 n 1.5
1.5 n 2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0 n 7.0
11.0 n 12.0
3.5 n 4.5
6.0 n 7.0
Ghi ch
- Dy dn in nu
hai dy chp li th
khong cch khng
hn ch, nu hai
dy tch ri hoc
ch c mt dy th
phi cch la bn ti
thiu 1.5 m.
- Nu v cu to ca
la bn hn ch, v
tr lp t la bn t
khng th ph hp
vi khong cch
c dng quy nh
trong bng ny, th
phi c s ng
ca b phn kim
nghim la bn mi
c gim khong
cch c dng cho
php.
o Kim tra v tm tnh cht ca la bn. Theo phng php ni trn,

kim tra c bt kh khng ( khi cn phi thi kh ra) ng thi kim tra
c s ghi lch v hi thuyn trng v tnh hnh trc y ca lch
la bn.
o Kim tra tnh hnh my hiu chnh. T cc ca nam chm hiu chnh c
ng vi mu sn bn ngoi khng. Cc loi st non c b t ha khng.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o
o
o
o
o
o
Phng php kim tra st non:

i vi st non hiu chnh lch 1/4 vng, tu i theo
hng N hoc S, quay st non 1800 v quan st hng i la
bn trc v sau khi quay st non, nu thy c bin i tc
l st non b t ha.
i vi thanh Flinder, tu i theo hng E hoc W quay
ngc thanh Flinder, quan st hng i, nu c bin i th
thanh Flinder b t ha.
Sau khi kim tra nu c st non b t ha th phi t nng kh
t.
Kim tra biu xch la bn trn tu c sai s khng, khi cn thit phi kh
Kim tra cc thit b trn tu c phi v tr nh khi tu chy khng.
Kim tra tu c cn bn khng, v xem c tu no bng st gn tu ta
trong phm vi 3 lin khng.
Cn c tnh hnh c th, ngi ph trch hiu chnh la bn trc khi ln
tu phi chun b y cc s liu cn thit, nh tr s ca H v Z trn
b, hng ngm ca thin th hoc chp tiu cn dng khi kh lch.
D kin th t kh lch phi ph hp vi yu cu thc t.
Lp s iu ng tu:
y cng l cng vic c chun b chu o.
i vi vic iu ng tu trn cc hng cng nh nh quay
tr theo mn phi hay mn tri phi c thng nht vi thuyn
trng khi iu ng tu phi c s n tt gia ngi hng
dn v kh v bung li. ng thi quy nh trc vi bung li
tn hiu khi tu sp ct chp tiu bung li bit n nh hng (
n nh t tnh trn hng ca chp). Lp s iu ng ca tu
trn khu vc kh.
Sau khi c s iu ng c vch ra trn khu vc kh ta tin
hnh cng tc iu ng theo k hoch.
Cng tc kh s b:
o Trong qu trnh kh nu ta s dng phng php Kolong kh lch
cho la bn th vic dn tu theo hng la bn (HL) kh l n gin,
nhng phng php ny t c p dng nc ta v kh bng phng
php ny cn c my o lc t, m nc ta, my mc rt thiu cho nn
thng s dng phng php Ery.
o Nu s dng phng php Ery th ta phi dn tu i theo hng a t(
HD) kh, trn cc hng i sinh ra lch ln nht. M vic dn tu
theo hng HD th kh khn hn. Trong thc t kh, nu sai s ca la
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LA BN T HNG HI
bn khng ln lm, <100 th ta thay th vic dn tu theo hng HD
kh bng vic dn tu theo hng HL.
o Nh vy mt yu cu t ra na l trc khi vo kh chnh thc, ta phi
lm gim bt sai s la bn cng t cng tt cho hng HL gn bng
vi hng HD, tc l phi tin hnh kh s b.
o Cng vic kh s b ny c thc hin trn ng n trng kh
bng cch ta chun b trc mt s chp tiu nhn to hay t nhin trn
ng n trng kh, khi a tu ct cc chp tiu ny ta o phng
v ti chp tiu v so snh vi phng v a t ca n:
o Ta iu chnh nam chm kh ngang hoc dc theo hng tu ct chp
tiu kh sao cho PL gn ng vi PD.
o Nu khi n trng kh m ta hiu chnh c 3-4 ln nh vy th ta c
th thay th hng i HD bng hng HL.
o Khi m HD v HL sai khc nhau ln hay iu kin ngoi cnh tc ng
vo qu trnh kh nhiu, dn n sau khi kh xong mt lt m sai s la
bn vn cn ln cha m bo yu cu th ta phi trnh t kh li ln th
hai cho lch cn li nh theo yu cu ca ta th ta mi chy tu
trn 8 hng chnh, xc nh lch trn 8 hng . V tnh ton lp
bng lch cn li cho la bn.
7.2 TH T KH LCH TRONG CNG TC HIU CHNH LA BN:
- lch la bn thng c 6 loi:
o lch c nh
o lch na vng chnh
o lch na vng ph
o lch lch gc phn t do D
sinh ra
o lch lch gc phn t do E
sinh ra
o lch tu nghing.
- Trong khi kh lch v cc loi nam chm hiu chnh v st non tp trung
trong phm vi nh quanh la bn nn c tc dng ln nhau. V th kh lch
c thun li, th t kh lch phi cn c theo quan h c th gia chng
m sp xp cho hp l. Khi nghin cu vn th t ca cch kh lch, v
lch c nh thng khng kh nn c th khng xt n.
- Th t kh lch trn tu mi ng v tu c cng khc nhau.
a. Th t kh lch trn tu mi:
- H s a1 v e1 do st non hiu chnh sinh ra kh lch gc phn t, mt mt
c nh hng n lc nghing. Mt khc cng c nh hng n h s la
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LA BN T HNG HI
bn v s bin i ca tr s li cng nh hng n lc lch nn lch

gc phn t phi kh trc.
Thanh Flinder dng kh lch na vng ph khng nhng c th sinh ra
h s c ( c khi c v f) m cn sinh ra h s k, v h s k li nh hng n
lch tu nghing, nn lch na vng ph phi kh trc lch nghing.
Lc lch sinh ra lch nghing, nu cha qua kh th s nh hng n la
bn. Nu tu nghing th s sinh ra lch na vng nh hng n chnh
xc ca vic kh lch na vng. Ngoi thanh nam chm thng ng trong
thn la bn c dng kh lch nghing, thanh Flinder cn c th b t
ha, m sinh ra lc c nh P v R ( nu thanh Flinder khng phi t ngay
pha trc la bn cng c th sinh ra lc Q), lch na vng do cc lc y
sinh ra phi kh cng vi lch na vng do st trn tu gy ra. Nn lch
nghing phi kh trc lch na vng chnh.
lch gc phn t tuy phi kh trc nhng sau khi kh xong, v phi kh
cc lch khc nn cng c nh hng nht nh i vi n, nh thanh
Flinder t ngay trc la bn c th sinh ra h s +a, do cui cng phi tin
hnh kh lch gc phn t ln hai. Nhng khi y, lch gc phn t khng
ln, khi kh ch cn iu chnh v tr st non trn la bn l c.
Tng kt phn tch trn, ta c th t kh lch trn tu mi nh sau:
o 1. lch gc phn t
o 2. lch na vng ph
o 3. lch nghing
o 4. lch na vng chnh
o 5. lch gc phn t ( kh b sung)
b. Th t kh lch trn tu c:
- V la bn trn tu c t thanh Flinder v st non hiu chnh lch gc
phn t thch hp vi iu kin t trng ca tu nn, khng cn tin hnh kh
s qua lch gc phn t v kh lch na vng ph, nn th t kh
lch trn tu c n gin hn, tc:
o 1. lch tu nghing
o 2. lch na vng chnh
o 3. lch gc phn t
- Trong khi tin hnh hiu chnh lch nghing thng kh trong qu trnh tu
i n vng hiu chnh, khi lc mi tu theo hng E v W.
7.3 CC PHNG PHP DN TU I THEO HNG I A T:
a. Phng php 1:
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Dn tu theo hng a t vi mt la bn con quay tng ng. p dng

t thin vo hng tht xc nh hng la bn con quay m con tu phi
i dn n trn hng a t yu cu. Cng thm sai s la bn con quay
khi quan st xc nh hng la bn con quay li. S khc nhau gia
hng la bn con quay v hng a t s khng i trn tt c cc hng
i, min l sai s la bn con quay khng i v t thin khng i. Xc
nh sai s la bn con quay bng cch so snh phng v tht tnh ton
ca mt tri v phng v khi quan st trn mt la bn phn nh ng b. Ta
c:
HD= (HLq + Lq)
HLq= ( HD+ )- Lq
Nn nh rng la bn con quay c nhng sai s nht nh theo v v tc
ca con tu v cc sai s ny khng phi lun lun c nh trn tt c
cc hng i. V l do , m sai s la bn con quay phi c kim tra
thng xuyn. c bit nu la bn con quay c dng cung cp s liu
cho vic xc nh ng cong lch t d ca la bn t.
b. Phng php 2:
- t con tu trn hng a t bng biu xch la bn v phng v vi mt
tri qua mt bn ( topside) ca la bn. Mt tri l mt vt m phng v n
n c th tnh ton cho bt k lc no cn thit. Bng cch ly hng ngm
ca biu xch mt gc bn phi hay bn tri ca ng trc dc ca tu
cn bng s khc nhau gia phng v a t tnh ton v hng a t
mong mun ca con tu v cui cng quay tu ch n khi mt tri thng
vi cc tm ngm. V mt hnh n gin i vi con tu v mt tri, vch ra
v tr tng i gia chng v iu ny s h tr cho vic hnh dung mi vn
trn. Lun gi vng phng v cn bng trong khi ang tin hnh quan
st. iu ny cng ng khi quan st phng v thin th.
c. Phng php 3:
- Dng mt mc tiu xa (
kt hp vi vng trn phng v khi
ang dn tu trn cc hng a t. Phng php ny ging nh phng
php dng vi mt tri min l phng v ca vt th l khng i. Vi
mt vt th cch xa 11.4 hi l th khi thay i v tr 400 yards vung
gc vi ng ngm cho ra sai s 10.
d. Phng php 4:
- Dng mt la bn cm t con tu trn hng i a t, s dng phng v
mt tri vi cc phng php tng t nh vi vng phng v. Vic s
dng la bn con quay cho php quan st hng a t ca con tu mt cch
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LA BN T HNG HI
lin tc khi tu quay tr. t trc biu xch phng v trn mt s ca la
bn ti gi tr ca phng v a t mt tri. Sau a biu xch phng v
sao cho mt tri phn chiu c trong gng phn x khi con tu quay
vng, quan st hng a t v pha trc ca ng ly hng ngm. Khi
hng a t mun i xut hin ( tip cn) th c th c v kh trc
c c hng a t chc chn. Cui cng kim tra li khi cn tu trn
mt hng chnh xc. Lun lun gi cho la bn cm cn bng khi tin hnh
qun st, c bit l i vi thin th.
e. Phng php 5:
- C th dng mt vt th xa kt hp vi la bn cm hoc vi vng phng
v dn tu theo hng a t.
7.4 PHNG PHP O LCH LA BN KHI HIU CHNH:
-
nc ta thng dng phng php ERY hiu chnh la bn. Trong qu

trnh kh v sau khi kh lch, khi o lch cn li, u phi o lin tc
lch nn cch o lch l mt phn trong cng tc hiu chnh.
Phng php o lch c th chia lm 2 loi l so snh hng ngm v so
snh hng i.
o So snh hng ngm la bn ca mc tiu MT v hng ngm la bn
ca mc tiu MT, hoc
o So snh hng i la bn HL v hng i t HD,
u cho ta c lch.
, hoc (7-1)
(7-2)
Cc phng php o lch thng dng l:
a. Dng chp tiu hnh qut o lch:
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Chp tiu hnh qut c 2 loi l nhn to v thin nhin. Chp tiu hnh qut
nhn to l dng hiu chnh la bn t nn gi l mc tiu la bn, xy
dng gn khu vc hi qun v cng chnh. Chp tiu thng b tr theo 2 t,
mi t do mt mc tiu trc v mt s mc tiu sau hp thnh. Yu
cu v v tr hai t lm th no hng ngm ca chng giao nhau theo
gc chung 900, m bo tu i theo hng i bt k u c th o c
lch t nht mt ln. Xem hnh 7.1,
Hnh 7.1: Chp tiu hnh qut c b tr trong mt trng kh

-
Nu chp tiu hnh qut ch c mt t, thng c th kt hp vi dng tiu

gn y th c hi o hng ngm c nhiu hn.
T liu v v tr v cu to ca mc tiu la bn c ghi trong hi v cc
sch, hnh, dng trong hng hi.
Chp tiu hnh qut thin nhin l dng mc tiu hin r trn b nh dng
tiu, ng khi, nh ni v o... theo nguyn l chp tiu hnh qut nhn
to m chn chp tiu. Hnh 7.2, l chp tiu hnh qut thin nhin ca mt
cng, n dng dng tiu F v D lm mc tiu pha trc v ly ng khi ln,
thp nc, v i tn hiu A, B, C lm mc tiu pha sau.
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LA BN T HNG HI
-
Khi dng chp tiu hnh qut o lch, hng ngm t trn hi . Ch
, ng tu chy phi cch chp tiu 1 khong va phi, nu khong cch
gia tu v chp tiu qu gn th chp tiu h nhanh, thi gian quan st
ngn, nu khong cch qu xa, chp tiu h chp, c th nh hng n
chnh xc khi o, phi c gng trnh nhng trng hp y.
Hnh 7.2: S iu ng kh lch la bn t bng vic s dng chp

tiu hnh qut thin nhin v nhn to
-
Dng chp tiu hiu chnh la bn c nhiu u im: cng tc n gin,

hng ngm chnh xc, a im thun li nn thng dng.
b. Dng chp tiu n o lch:

- Chp tiu n c 2 loi nhn to v thin nhin, cch dng cng ging nh
chp tiu hnh qut, hng ngm ca chp tiu nu khng th o trn hi
c th tnh theo phng php sau:
o theo cng thc (7-1) ta c:
PLN=PD- N
PLS=PD- S
PLNE=PD- NE
PLSW=PD- SW
PLE=PD- E
PLW=PD- W
PLSE=PD- SE
PLNW=PD- NW
o Cng tt c cc hng ngm trn y v chia cho 8, ta c:
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LA BN T HNG HI
V ta c:
Nn
PLtb= PD - A
Hoc
PLtb PD
Nh th, ch cn tu i trn 8 hng i c bn, o 8 hng ngm la bn ca
mc tiu th c th tnh c hng ngm t ca la bn.
i vi chp tiu n, trn mi hng i ch c th o c mt ln hng
ngm nn n thng dng o lch v t dng hiu chnh la bn.
c. Dng mt mc tiu xa o lch:

- So snh hng ngm t v hng ngm la bn ca mt mc tiu xa, cng
c th tnh c lch. Nu v tr ca mc tiu v tu u bit th hng
ngm t ca mc tiu c th o trc tip trn hi , nu khng th dng
cng thc----- tnh.
- Nu dng mt mc tiu o lch, th
chnh xc c quan h n phm vi quay ca tu
v khong cch ca tu v mc tiu. Nh hnh
7.3, cho D l khong cch gia O tm im
ca vng quay tr v mc tiu A, r l bn knh
vng quay tr, AB l tip tuyn ca vng quay
tr qua A. Gc kp gia chng l gi l gc
o sai, quan h gia n v khong cch D v r
nh sau:
Trong thc t khi o lch, cn c gc sai cho

php v bn knh tu quay tr r tnh c
khong cch D. V d bn knh vng quay tr
ca tu ct vo phao l 40m, gc sai cho php l
002, th khong cch t tm im vng quay n
tr n mc tiu l :
Hnh 7.3
d. Dng thin th o lch:

- Trong qu trnh hiu chnh la bn, ta thng dng thin th o lch.
Nguyn nhn l: chnh xc cao, phm vi tu quay tr khng hn ch, trn
mt hng i o nhiu hng ngm, iu kin a im yu cu thp, ch
cn c su v khu vc bin l c. Thin th dng o hng
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LA BN T HNG HI
ngm rt nhiu,nhng trong hiu chnh la bn ta thng dng mt tri v

dng phng php hng ngm thi gian tnh hng ngm t.
Dng thin th o lch, trc khi hiu chnh la bn t phi tnh trc
hng ngm t ca thin th trong phm vi thi gian hiu chnh ( theo
phng php thin vn, trc tin tnh hng ngm tht ca thin th, sau
theo cng thc PD = PZ - d i thnh hng ngm t) lp thnh bng
hng ngm theo mi gi d tra khi kh lch.
e. Dng phng php so snh hng i o lch:

- Nguyn l so snh hng i rt n gin, khi tu i theo hng m la bn t c
lch bit hoc la bn con quay c sai s bit ( hng i bit) dng
phng php so snh hng i v cch tnh theo cng thc (7-2), tnh c
lch ca la bn trn cc hng i khc. m bo lch o c chnh xc,
khi dng phng php ny o lch phi lin tc so snh ba ln trn mt
hng i, v sau ly trung bnh.
- Phng php so snh hng i hiu chnh theo thc t c 2 loi:
o Dng la bn chun bit lch o lch ca la bn li:
La bn li t trong bung li, v kh o c mc tiu bn ngoi,
nn khi hiu chnh n, phi tin hnh sau khi hiu chnh la bn
chun v dng phng php so snh hng i o lch.
Phng php tnh lch khi so snh nh sau:
Theo cng thc (7-2) ta c:
HD= HLC+ C , trong HLC, C l hng i v lch ca la
bn chun.
HD= HLL+ L, trong HLL, L l hng i v lch ca la bn
li.
Nn ta c: L = HD - HLL
= ( HLC + C ) - HLL
Phng php dng cng thc trn l sau khi thay th hng i
theo la bn chun thnh hng i a t, sau , so snh vi
hng i theo la bn li tnh lch ring.
o Dng la bn con quay bit s hiu chnh o lch ring la
bn t:
Trong hiu chnh la bn t, nu trn tu c la bn con quay hot
ng tt th cng tc hiu chnh c thun li hn. Trong phn
trc ni: khi dng phng php ERY kh lch na
vng, dng la bn con quay c th gii quyt vn xc nh
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LA BN T HNG HI
hng i a t. Trn thc t, theo nguyn l so snh hng i, la

bn con quay c th cho ta bit lch trn tt c cc hng i
ca cc la bn. Do , trong trng hp khng c mc tiu bn
ngoi , vn c th tin hnh cng tc o v kh lch.
Phng php dng la bn con quay xc nh lch la bn t nh
sau:
Ta c : HT = HLq + Lq
HT = HD + d
Suy ra: HD = HLq + Lq - d
lch ring la bn chun:
Khi so snh hng nh th ch cn li tu theo hng i la bn

chun cn so snh, quan st hng i ca la bn con quay, em
hng i ca la bn con quay cng vi hiu s gia sai s la bn
con quay v lch a t ( hiu s ny lc y l mt s khng
i) tc l ta c hng i t. Sau , li so snh n vi hng i
la bn chun, tc l tm lch.
7.5 MT S VN CN CH KHI HIU CHNH LA BN:
-
Trong cng tc kh lch hoc o lch, khi thay i, chuyn hng sang
hng i khc, mi ln phi i tu n nh trn hng i mi khong 3 pht,
sau mi kh nu khng s c sai s. V trong t trng ca st ngoi t tnh
vnh cu v t tnh cm ng bin i theo s t ha ca st non ra cn c mt
loi t tnh bn vnh cu. Qu trnh cm ng v mt t ca loi t tnh ny phi
cn qua mt thi gian. Khi kh v o lch cn li tu phi i mt thi gian
trn hng i mi. Sau mi tin hnh cng tc kh mc ch l lm cho t
tnh bn vnh cu c n nh.
Khi hiu chnh la bn, nu pht hin lch la bn rt ln, khi bt u phi tin
hnh kh s qua mt ln. mt s cng, trc khi tu chy n a im kh
lch thng phi i qua nhng on lung nn c gng kh s qua mt ln
lch trong khong thi gian y. Nh vy c th rt ngn thi gian hiu chnh
cng nh gim c cng tc quay tr ti a im hiu chnh.
Trong khi kh lch, lc lp nam chm hiu chnh phi xt n t trng
tng i u do chng sinh ra, nn yu cu v tr nam chm dc phi i xng
, v tr nam chm ngang phi tp trung ,v tr nam chm thng ng trn mt
bng phi i xng .
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LA BN T HNG HI
7.6 CCH LP BNG LCH CN LI:
a. S cn thit phi lp bng lch cn li:
-
lch ring la bn
d tin hnh kh bng bt k phng php no
cng khng th trit tiu ht c sai s, cho nn mi la bn trn tu

sau khi kh lch vn tn ti mt lch nht nh. lch ny
nm trong khong gii hn cho php
< 3, ta phi tin hnh lp
bng lch cn li v v ng cong biu din tr s lch. ng

cong lch thng bin thin theo qui lut c dng sin hoc hnh
cos.
-
Bng lch ny c ngha quan trng trong qu trnh hng hi. Theo
Solas 74 chng 5 iu 19 v theo theo ng kim tu bin VN th
bng lch ny c coi nh mt giy chng nhn lch la bn,
c cp cho mi la bn chun trn tu. Bng lch ny c gi tr
trong thi gian l 12 thng v c nim yt trn bung thao tc hi
, s dng trong qu trnh tu chy bin.
b. Cc bc tin hnh:
-
lp bng lch cn li ca la bn t ta tin hnh theo 3 bc sau

y:
o Bc 1: iu ng tu chy theo 8 hng: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW,
W, NW. Tin hnh kh lch v xc nh lch cn li trn 8
hng c k hiu nh sau:
o Bc 2: Tnh 5 h s gn ng A, B, C, D, E
o Bc 3: Tnh lch ring trn mi hng i thay i t 100 n
15o.
o Bc 4: Lp bng lch cn li v v ng cong biu din tr s
lch.
V bnh thng lch d bin i, nn thng cch 3 thng phi lm li
bng lch. Cn ch , c rt nhiu nguyn nhn lm cho lch b
bin i, c khi v tu ch hng bng st cng lm cho lch bin i
rt nhiu. V th tu chy c an ton, khng nn qu lai vo bng
lch m phi thng xuyn dng mi phng php o lch, kim
tra lch trn cc hng i trong bng lch. Khi tu chy, mi ca nn
o lch 1 ln.
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LA BN T HNG HI
c. Cc phng php tnh ton cc h s gn ng A, B, C, D, E:
o Phng php 1: Tnh ton theo cng thc ( xem phn 4.5.3)
o Phng php 2: S dng bng tnh h s A, B, C, D, E mt cch n gin.
Khi nghin cu lp s ch ti cc na tng v hiu lch trn cc
hng ngc nhau:
Nghin cu sp xp chng th no ta ch cn tnh mt ln c th s

dng cho tt c cc bi ton tnh h s.
Chng hn tnh na tng (
S)/
2 , ngi ta vit vo dng u ca
ct III v ctVII.
Gi tr tuyt i ny c s dng tnh h s A v E. Na hiu ( NE
SW)/2
c ghi dng u ct IV, sau nhn vi SNE v ghi vo dng
u ct V v VI, n c s dng tnh h s B v C. Vi cch lp s

nh vy ta c th to ra c nhng hng v ct tng ng cc cng
thc tnh cc h s.
Sau khi in cc s vo bng ta ch vic cng i s theo hng hoc ct
s ra cc h s cn thit.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Tnh ton theo s , cc s hng chnh xc ti 0,01, th cc h s c

chnh xc ti 0,1.
Theo cc h s tnh ton c, ta c th nh gi c cht lng ca
cng vic kh lch v iu kin t lm vic ca la bn.
Nu nh cc h s B, C tnh ton c c gi tr nh th iu chng t
rng lch bn vng c kh tt. ln ca h s D th hin cht
lng kh lch phn t do lc D ' H gy ra.
d. Tnh ton v lp bng lch:
- Tnh ton v lp bng lch theo nhng h s A, B, C, D, E l nhng cng
vic cui cng trong cng tc hiu chnh la bn.
- Bng lch trn tng hng i ta ch cn thay cc gi tr A, B, C, D, E v
gi tr tng ng vo cng thc tnh. Nh vy tnh lch trn 24 hoc 36
hng ta phi gii 24 hoc 36 bi ton, mi bi ton ch khc nhau hng i.
- Ta c phng php lp bng lch:
o S dng my tnh b ti: da vo cng thc tnh 5 h s lch gn
ng, ta c A, B, C, D, E hay da vo cng thc lch c bn dng
my tnh b ti tnh c lch trn 24 hoc 36 hng i.
o S dng phng php lp bng: n gin trong qu trnh tnh ton
lch v nhm ln, ngi ta tnh ton bng lch theo s bng
sau:
Bng lch c tnh cho cc hng cch nhau 10 hoc 15,
tc l tnh trn 36 hay 24 hng. Vi cc la bn kh tt, lch
cn li nh, th ta ch cn tnh cho cc hng cch nhau 15, tc
la cn tnh trn 24 hng, cn trn cc hng trung gian ta coi
lch t l thun vi hng i, ta s dng phng php ni suy
t l thun tnh cho cc hng i trung gian.
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LA BN T HNG HI
Ta tin hnh kim tra chnh xc ca bng theo phng php

quan st, nu sai khc gia gi tr tnh theo bng v quan st
khng qu 0.3 th chnh xc m bo. Nu sai khc ln hn
0.3 th tin hnh xc nh li cc gc lch trn 8 hng v tnh
ton li bng lch s 2.
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Phng php s dng my vi tnh:
p dng cng thc lch c bn v cng thc tnh 5 h s

lch A, B, C, D, E,
S dng my vi tnh lp bng lch la bn t c nhiu cch

lm khc nhau. m bo k bng y cc ni dung ca bng
lch v v ng cong biu din tr s lch la bn. Ta nn
dng bng tnh Excel l thun tin nht,
Chng trnh xy dng phn mm trn my tnh lp bng
lch la bn t theo cc bc sau y:
Bc 1: K bng lch cn li trong bng tnh Excel ,
Bc 2: Chn th lch la bn vo bng:
Chn dng th,
La chn thng s cho cc trc ca th,
Lp vng d liu ( lch cn li trn cc hng i)
ca th,
Chn vng d liu cho th,
Chnh kch thc ca vng th sao cho ph hp
vi phn v th trn bng lch.
Hnh 7.4: Tu phi treo c OSCAR pha trn c QUEBEC khi tin hnh quay
tr kh lch l bn t .( theo lut tn hiu quc t).
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LA BN T HNG HI
BNG MU DNG TNH BNG LCH V V NG
CONG LCH CN LI CA LA BN T SAU KHI KH
BNG A
I
II
HL
HL
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
III
IV
(I+II)
(I-II)
V
H s
VI
H s
H s
IV
0
Sin450
1
Sin450
H s
IV
VII
2 s
trn
ct 3
1
Sin450
0
-sin450
VIII
2 s
di
ct 3
x
x
IX
(VII+VIII)
x
x
(VII-VIII)
x
x
=E
=D
x
x
BNG B
D=
H s K
E=
H s K
DxK
(1)
0
Sin300
Sin600
1
Sin600
Sin300
0
-Sin300
-Sin600
-1
-Sin600
-Sin300
ExK
(2)
1+2
(3)
A=
A+3
(4)
B=
H s K
1
Sin600
Sin300
0
-Sin300
-Sin600
-1
-Sin600
-Sin300
0
Sin300
Sin600
BxK
(5)
0
Sin150
Sin300
Sin450
Sin600
Sin750
1
Sin750
Sin600
Sin450
Sin300
Sin150
C=
H s K
CxK
(6)
5+6
(7)
HL
4+7
00
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1
Sin750
Sin600
Sin450
Sin300
Sin150
0
-Sin150
-Sin300
-Sin450
-Sin600
-Sin750
HL
4-7
1800
1950
2100
2250
2400
2550
2700
2850
3000
3150
3300
3450
HL
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255
270
285
300
315
330
137
345
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LA BN T HNG HI
Sau khi tnh ton c lch cn li trn 24 hng i v v ng cong
lch cn li, ta lp thnh 1 bng gi l Deviation Table s dng v lu tr
trn tu.
DEVIATION TABLE
STANDARD COMPASS
VESSEL'S NAME : .........................................

POSITON :.......................................................
IMO No / CALL SIGN : ........................................ COMPASS TYPE :..........................................
MAKER : ........................................
BOWL No :..................................................
Prudent Navigation Pratices Should Always Be Exercised And Compass Errors/ Deviations Checked At
Every Alteration Of Course And At Every Watch
SHIP'S
HEAD
0N
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 E
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
DEVIATION
NE
SE
FORE & AFT:

ATHWARTSHIPS:
HEELING ERROR:
FLINDERS BAR:
SOFT IRON :
SHIP'S
HEAD
180 S
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270 W
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
CURVE
DEVIATION
WEST (-)
SW
NW
Red / Blue
End Aft
Red / Blue
End Stb
Red / Blue
End Up
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
- 6.0
- 5.0 - 4.0
- 3.0 - 2.0
- 1.0
EAST (+)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0 6.0
REMARKS:.............................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
DATE:...........................................
ADJUSTER:.......................................................
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LA BN T HNG HI
PHN TM:
S DNG CHP TIU KH LCH LA BN T TRN LUNG SI
GN VNG TU V CA VNG TU
8.1 PHNG PHP KH LCH C S DNG:
- Nh phn tch trn, Vit Nam thng s dng phng php ERY kh
lch la bn t v n va thun tin, va d thc hin v c chnh xc cao.
Nu trn tu c la bn in th vic xc nh hng i a t v lch kh n
gin nh s dng phng php so snh hng i.
- Tuy nhin, nu nh tu khng c la bn in, hoc la bn in b hng hc th
cng tc xc nh hng i a t v xc nh lch tr nn kh khn v phc
tp. Nh cng phn tch phn 6, chng ta c th dng phng php tin
gn ng dng hng i la bn lm hng i t, v dng chp tiu o
lch.
- y, ti khu vc lung Si Gn Vng Tu v ca Vng Tu, th cng tc
kh lch yu cu s dng chp tiu kh, nn phng php c s dng
y l Phng php ERY vi:
o Phng php xc nh hng i: l phng php tin gn ng.
o Phng php xc nh lch: l so snh hng ngm chp tiu.
8.2 MT VI YU CU TRONG CNG TC KH LCH THC T V
TRNG KH:
a. Chun b kh:
- V pha tu:
o Phi xin php c quan cng v
o B tr ngi thy th li tt nht.
o B tr s quan theo di, gim st cng vic ( thng thng l s quan
ph 2 m nhn trch nhim ny)
o Chun b cc nam chm kh
o Khi ng, lm n nh v hiu chnh sai s la bn in ( nu c)
- V pha ngi lm cng tc kh:
o Thng bo cho hoa tiu, thuyn trng, v k hoch tin hnh kh
o Chun b la bn in ( nu tu khng c la bn in)
o B tr ngi thc hin cng tc kh ( thng l 2-3 ngi).
b. Nhng yu cu i vi mt trng kh:
- rng
- su
- t sng, gi
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LA BN T HNG HI
lch a t cng b cng tt
a t trng n nh
C t nht mt chp tiu d quan st, bit phng v. Tt nht nn c
2 chp tiu t vung gc vi nhau.
- C iu kin xc nh v tr tu.
Vit Nam, hin cha c mt trng kh t tiu chun, v vy vic kh
lch la bn t thng dng nhng chp tiu nhn to hoc t nhin trong vng
khut sng gi tng i kh. Do vy, vic kh lch thng gp nhiu
kh khn v chnh xc khng cao.
-
c. Cc giy t v dng c la bn lin quan n cng tc kh:

- Giy chng nhn tnh trng lm vic ca la bn c ng kim cp theo
inh hn.
- Bng lch trong khong tu chy.
- B nam chm, st non, qu cu st non v nam chm phi c sn ng
u, vng biu xch la bn.
- Dng c tho lp thng thng v dung dch b sung vo la bn ( ty
loi la bn m dung dch s dng khc nhau).
8.3 S DNG CHP TIU KH LCH TRN LUNG SI GN
VNG TU V CA VNG TU:
8.3.1 Cng tc chun b:
- Ngoi nhng vic cn chun b trn, cn chun b thm:
o Hi BA s 1016: SNG SI GN
o Hnh lung Si Gn.
8.3.2 Thng tin tuyn lung v cc chp tiu trong khu vc kh:
- Lung Si Gn- Vng Tu di 98 km
- S lng chp tiu: 15 chp, nh du t A n P v c nh du t Vng
Tu tr vo. Phng v ca cc chp tiu nh sau:
Tn chp tiu
A1 A2
B1 B2
C1 C2
D1 D2
E1 E2
F1 F2
Phng v
3320
3550
1090
3200
2900
2940
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LA BN T HNG HI
G1 G2
H1 H2
I1 I2
J1 J2
K1 K2
L1 L2
M1 M2
N1 N2
P1 P2
-
1140
0000
0110
0420
3400
1190
3180
0180
0360
Khu vc ca Vng Tu khng c cc chp tiu m ch c mt s hi ng c

th s dng c nh:
o Hi ng Mi Gnh Ri
o Hi ng Mi Cao Trang
o Hi ng Cu
o Hi ng Ni Nh
Hnh 8.1: Mt phn hi 1016 th hin Mi Vng Tu

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LA BN T HNG HI
8.3.3 Lc chn a im kh v cc chp tiu c s dng:
- Da vo hi v nhng yu cu v trng kh ta chn khu vc bn phi
Phao s 0, t ngoi khi i vo mi Vng Tu lm khu vc kh.
- lch a t y thp:
Hoa a t khu vc ny ghi: 0015W (2010) (2W), suy ra lch nm 2011
l: d2011=d2010+ (2011-2010).dhng nm= 0015 +2=0017
Ta xem nh lch a t gn bng 0 v hng bc a t trng hng bc
tht.
- Cc chp tiu s dng kh:
o Chp th nht l:chp n hi ng Mi Cao Trang vi hi ng cu
: phng v 1540
o Chp th hai: l chp hi ng Ni Nh v ct pht sng pha sau n:
phng v 1700.
8.3.4 Lp s iu ng khu vc kh: (xem hnh 8.2)
8.3.5 Cng tc kh s b trn lung Si Gn trc khi n khu vc th:
- gim bt lch ca la bn v s dng hng la bn lm hng i t th
trn ng hnh trnh t lung Si Gn ra khu vc th ta tin hnh cng tc
kh s b.
- S dng cc chp tiu trn lung Si Gn (chp tiu t P n A) bit phng
v trn. Trong qu trnh tu hnh trnh, o phng v la bn t tu n chp
tiu. So snh vi phng v tht ca chp tiu. Nu c lch, th iu chnh
cc thanh nam chm phng v la bn v ng vi phng v tht.
- Trn ng i ra khu vc kh ta c th tin hnh cng nhiu ln kh s b cng
tt.
8.3.6 Cng tc tin hnh kh:
- Khi tu ra n khu vc kh, tin hnh xc nh v tr tu bng radar hoc bng
GPS khi tu n v tr bt u kh th tin hnh iu ng theo s lp.
Hng i a t (la bn)
000
270
180
090
045
315
lch c kh
Kh ton b
Kh ton b
Kh
Kh
Kh ton b
Kh
Cch kh
Dch chuyn nam chm ngang
Dch chuyn nam chm dc
Dch chuyn nam chm ngang
Dch chuyn nam chm dc
Dch chuyn qu cu st non
Dch chuyn qu cu st non
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LA BN T HNG HI
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Kh
Hnh 8.2: S iu ng ti khu vc kh

-
170
1540
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh iu ng kh, ta tin hnh iu ng tu thm

mt vng nh vy na, trn 8 hng i chnh, xc nh lch cn li. Dng
bng mu trang 137 tnh ton v v ng cong lch cn li cho la bn
trn 24 hng i chnh. Cng tc hiu chnh la bn coi nh xong.
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LA BN T HNG HI
8.4 S DNG CHP TIU KH LCH TRN LUNG SI GN
VNG TU V CA VNG TU:
8.4.1 Cng tc chun b:
- Ngoi nhng vic cn chun b trn, cn chun b thm:
o Hi BA s 1016: SNG SI GN
o Hnh lung Si Gn.
8.4.2 Thng tin tuyn lung v cc chp tiu trong khu vc kh:
- Lung Si Gn - Vng Tu di 98 km
- S lng chp tiu: 15 chp, nh du t A n P v c nh du t Vng
Tu tr vo. Phng v ca cc chp tiu nh sau:
Tn chp tiu
A1 A2
B1 B2
C1 C2
D1 D2
E1 E2
F1 F2
G1 G2
H1 H2
I1 I2
J1 J2
K1 K2
L1 L2
M1 M2
N1 N2
P1 P2
-
Phng v
3320
3550
1090
3200
2900
2940
1140
0000
0110
0430
3400
1190
3180
0180
0360
Khu vc ca Vng Tu khng c cc chp tiu m ch c mt s hi ng v

cc cng trnh, ta nh c th s dng c nh:
o Hi ng Mi Gnh Ri
o Hi ng Mi Cao Trang
o Hi ng Cu
o Hi ng Ni Nh
Da vo hi v nhng yu cu v trng kh, ta nhn thy khu vc lung
sng Si Gn Vng Tu v ca Vng Tu l thch hp cho vic kh lch la
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LA BN T HNG HI
bn t, tuy khng phi l mt trng kh tiu chun, nhng m bo c mt
s yu t c li cho vic kh lch ring la bn t.
o lch a t y thp:
Hoa a t khu vc ny ghi: 0015W (2010) (2W), suy ra
lch nm 2011 l:
d2011 = d2010 + (2011 - 2010).d hng nm = 0015 + 2 = 0017
Ta xem nh lch a t gn bng 0 v hng bc a t trng
hng bc tht.
Hnh 8.3: Mt phn hi BA s 1016 th hin mi Vng Tu.

8.4.3 Cc chp tiu c chn tin hnh kh:
- Mt trong nhng kh khn ca phng php kh ERY l phi chy tu theo
hng i a t, v vy trn lung Si Gn Vng Tu, ta phi tm c mt s
chp tiu dn tu theo cc hng i a t .
- Trc khi tin hnh chn la, ta lu mt s im sau:
o Phng php ERY kh lch vng cn phi kh hai lch bn
vng trc, ngha l phi kh lc B
v C
trc lc D .
o Hai lc lch bn vng B
v C
c th kh c lp vi nhau.
o Hai lc gy lch A
v E
nh, nn gy lch khng ng
k.
- Da vo thng tin v s b tr v phng v ca cc chp tiu trn tuyn lung
phn trn, ta nhn thy, c th tn dng c mt s chp tiu sau:
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LA BN T HNG HI
o Chp tiu H1 H2: phng v 0000 (tc hng N),

o Chp tiu J1 J2: phng v 0430 (gn bng 0450, sai s 20, nn chp nhn
c, tc hng NE).
o Chp tiu M1 M2: phng v 3180 (gn bng 3150, sai s 30, nn chp
nhn c, tc hng NW).
Nh vy ta cn cn chp tiu cho 3 hng i a t na, l hng 0900(E),
1800(S), 2700(W) th vic xc nh hng i t cho cng tc kh xem nh tm
n.
gii quyt hng i a t 0900(E), mi Vng Tu, ta c th s dng chp
tiu to bi Hi ng cu v thp hoa tiu Vng Tu pha trong t lin,
c phng v 2680 (sai s 20, chp nhn c).
2680
Hnh 8.4: Chp hi ng cu v Thp hoa tiu, phng v 2680

-
gii quyt hng i a t 1800(S), ta nhn thy trn lung Si Gn - Vng

Tu, trn on lung pha di mi LEst, on lung ny hp v thng theo
hng Bc - Nam(chp H1 H2 c phng v 0000). Nn ta c th chp nhn
vic tu chy theo hng ra lung trn on ny ngha l tu ang chy theo
hng 1800. Tuy lc ny khng c mc tiu pha trc nhng c th s dng
tiu chuyn hng 32 lm im mc, t tiu ny v bn phi mi tu khi
dn tu trn on ny.
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Hnh 8.5: on lung hng Bc Nam, pha di mi LEst

-
gii quyt hng i a t 2700(W), lm tng t nh trn, ta nhn thy,

on lung pha trn mi LEst c hng ng Ty, sai s c th chp nhn
c. Nn nu chy tu trn on ny, hng ra lung, th ta c th xem nh
tu ang chy trn hng 2700(W). C th s dng tiu 36B (trong chp tiu 36
v 36B) dn tu i theo hng gn 2700 khi chy trn on ny.
(on ny cng c th c s dng dn tu theo hng 0900 lc i vo,
thay cho chp tiu hi ng cu v thp hoa tiu mi Vng Tu).
Hnh 8.6: on lung hng ng Ty, pha trn mi LEst

147
148
LA BN T HNG HI
-
Nh vy ta gii quyt xong vn chn chp tiu tin hnh kh.
8.4.4 Cng tc iu ng tu tin hnh kh lch ring la bn t:

- Sau khi cc cng tc chun b tin hnh y , ta tin hnh vic iu ng
tu theo s chun b, xem nh l tu i t ngoi bin vo lung Si Gn.
o Kh lc B : dn tu n gn v tr n Hoa tiu Tp H Ch Minh,
bn phi khu neo Vng Tu (c th xc nh v tr tu), tin hnh quay
tr tu bt chp hi ng cu v thp hoa tiu Vng Tu, phng
v 2680, o lch la bn t, dch chuyn nam chm dc a phng
v la bn v 2680, ngha l kh ht lch (xem phn 4.2 (c) bit cch
thc dch chuyn nam chm dc). Nh vy ta kh c lc B . Sau
, quay tr a tu i vo lung Si Gn. (hnh 8.7)
2680
Hnh 8.7: Quay tr trn ti Mi Vng Tu kh lc B

o Kh lc C : Sau khi dn tu vo lung (di s tr gip ca hoa
tiu), khi n on lung ca chp tiu H1 H2, khi tu i theo hng
chp tiu H1 H2, ngha l hng 0000. Ta o lch la bn t, sau
dch chuyn nam chm ngang a phng v la bn v hng 0000.
Nh vy ta kh c lc C . Tuy on lung ny ngn khong
hn 0.5 NM, nhng thi gian n nh hng i khong 2 3 pht l m
bo c. V on lung ny hp nn tc tu thp, v thi gian duy tr
trn on lung ny t nht l 5 pht, m bo c yu cu ra.
148
149
LA BN T HNG HI
Hnh 8.8: Chy tu theo hng 0000 (chp H1 H2), kh lc C

o Kh lc D : Sau khi kh gn ng hai lc B
v C , ta tin
hnh kh lc D . Tip tc cho tu hnh trnh theo ch dn ca hoa
tiu, n on lung ca chp J1 J2. Ta dn tu theo hng chp tiu,
ngha l hng 0430, o lch l bn t, sau dch chuyn hai qu
cu st non a phng v la bn v hng 0430, ngha l kh ht
lch. Sau tip tc hnh trnh n on lung ca chp tiu M1 M2. Ta
dn tu theo hng chp tiu M1 M2, ngha l theo hng 3180, o
lch la bn t, sau ta dch chuyn qu cu st non kh lch la
bn. Nh vy ta kh c lc D
(hnh 8.9).
Hnh 8.9: Dn tu theo hng 0430(chp J1 J2) v hng 3180 (chp M1 M2) kh lc D
149
150
LA BN T HNG HI
-
n y, v c bn ta kh xong lch ring la bn t. Tuy nhin nng

cao chnh xc ca cng tc kh, trn ng ra mi Vng Tu tin hnh
quay tr 8 hng lp bng lch cn li, ta c th tin hnh thm 2 bc kh
lc B
v C
na.
o Khi tu hnh trnh n on lung pha trn mi LEst, bt tiu 36B,
xem nh tu ang chy theo hng 2700(W), o lch la bn t, tin
hnh dch chuyn thanh nam chm dc, kh lch o c. Nh
vy, gi ta tht s kh c lc B .(hnh 8.10)
Hnh 8.10: Kh lch ring la bn o c khi i trn hng 2700

o Tng t nh vy, khi tu i chy trn on lung pha di mi LEst,
ta ly tiu 32 lm mc, tiu 32 bn phi mi tu, ta xem nh tu
ang chy theo hng 1800, o lch la bn t. Sau , dch chuyn
Hnh 8.11: Kh lch o c khi chy tu trn hng 1800

150
151
LA BN T HNG HI
thanh nam ngang kh i lch o c, gi th lc C
s b kh, hnh 8.11.
mi tht
8.4.5 Cng tc iu ng tu trn 8 hng chnh lp bng lch cn li:

- Sau khi tin hnh xong cng tc kh, v lch ring la bn t khng th
no kh ht c, nn ta tin hnh cng tc iu ng tu quay tr trn 8 hng
chnh tnh lch cn li.
- Ta chn khu vc quay tr l pha bn phi phao s 0 ngoi ca Vng Tu, v
khu vc ny rng, su, v c th s dng chp tiu tin hnh o
lch mt cch thun tin.
- Cc chp tiu s dng o lch:
o Chp th nht l: chp n hi ng Mi Cao Trang vi hi ng
Cu , phng v 3340
o Chp th hai: l chp hi ng Ni Nh v ct pht sng pha sau n,
phng v 3500.
- Tin hnh lp s iu ng mt cch thch hp trn mi hng i chnh,
u c th o c lch, v vy c th tit kim c nhin liu v thi gian
cho cng tc quay tr.
- Khi tu ra n khu vc kh, tin hnh xc nh v tr tu bng radar hoc bng
GPS khi tu n v tr bt u kh th tin hnh iu ng theo s lp,
theo hnh 8.12.
- Sau khi c c lch trn 8 hng chnh, dng bng mu trang 100
tnh ton v v ng cong lch cn li cho la bn trn 24 hng i chnh.
Sau , lp bng Devation Table nh trang 101. Cng tc kh lch ring la
bn coi nh xong.
- Nu bng lch cn li c tr s qu ln th ta lp li mt ln na cng tc kh
nh trn cho n khi no lch ring la bn khng qu 20.
151
152
LA BN T HNG HI
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
350
3340
Hnh 8.12: S iu ng ti khu vc o lch cn li Mi Vng Tu
152
153
LA BN T HNG HI
KT LUN
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut, ngy cng nhiu thit b nh hng cho
tu bin c pht minh v trin khai trong thc t nh la bn quang hc, la bn con
quay, la bn GPS Nhng thit b ny vi chnh xc cao v d dng kt ni vi
nhng thit b hnh hi khc nh hi in t, GPS, my o tc , AIS, radar
ang dn thay th vai tr chnh ca la bn t trn tu bin. Tuy nhin c mt nhc
im chung l chng cn s dng ngun nng lng in bn ngoi hot ng v
c th b hng hc do cu to phc tp. Do vy, tnh sn sng hot ng ca chng
trong tnh trng khn cp khng c m bo, nh hng n an ton hnh hi.
chnh l l do ti sao la bn t vn c coi l la bn chun v phi c trang b
trn tu theo quy nh quc t.
Ngi s quan hng hi, bn cnh vic phi nm l thuyt v cch s dng nhng
thit b mi, cn phi nm vng cng tc hiu chnh la bn t m bo s nh
hng chnh xc ca la bn t. iu ny tuy v nhn tin, c th cho l khng cn
thit, nhng trong mt s trng hp m la bn t cn phi dng n, th mt chic la
bn t hot ng chnh xc c th gip dn tu v n ch an ton.
Thc t hin nay, cng tc hiu chnh la bn t ang b xem nh. Nhiu tu bin Vit
Nam c la bn t nhng sai s qu ln, hoc b h hng do khng bo qun tt, u
khng s dng c. Tnh hnh ny cn c ci thin m bo an ton hng hi.
Nm vng l thuyt lch la bn t v ng dng c vo trong thc t l nhim v
v trch nhim ca mi ngi s quan hng hi Vit Nam. Qua , nng cao nng lc
ca i ng thuyn vin Vit Nam.
153
154
LA BN T HNG HI
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. La bn t hng hi, K.s Nguyn Vn Ha, i hc hng hi, nm 2006.
2. Lun vn tt nghip: lch v kh lch la bn t, L Tin Khanh, lp
9211, trng i hc hng hi phn hiu pha Nam.
3. Lun vn tt nghip: Xc nh v kh lch la bn t, L c Quc. lp
511CC, trng i hc hng hi phn hiu pha Nam.
4. Lun vn tt nghip: L lun v kh lch la bn t, Nguyn Quang Cng,
lp 9411, trng i hc hng hi phn hiu pha Nam.
5. Lun vn tt nghip: Cng tc hiu chnh la bn t, Phan Hong V, lp 9311,
trng i hc hng hi phn hiu pha Nam.
6. S tay hng hi, Tiu Vn Kinh.
7. Handbook of magnetic compass adjustment, National geospatial inteligence
agency, Bethesda, MD 2004.
8. The american practical navigator, chapter 6: compass.
9. Handbook of magnetic compass adjustmetn and compensation, NYE. S.Spencer,
1944
10. Mt s ti liu v hnh nh c thu thp t Internet, t trang Wikipedia, v mt
s website khc.
154

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LA BÀN TỪ HÀNG HẢI - TRẦN ANH NGÂN

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LA BN T

TRN ANH NGN

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

4.4.3 a gic lch: .................................................................................................................................75

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

c. Mt s lu khi s dng phng php Ery kh lch na vng: ..................................................... 100

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Hnh 1.1: Mt s loi nam chm

Hnh 1.2: V tr t cc trn thanh nam chm

Mt tnh cht rt quan trng ca nam chm lm c s ch to la bn l:

Nam chm c nhng c tnh sau:

Hnh 1.3: Tng tc t gia hai nam chm

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

b. T khi ( hay t tch):

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

1.1.3 T TRNG, CNG T TRNG V NG SC T:

Hnh 1.6: Hnh nh t trng xung quanh nam chm

Cng t trng H l mt i lng vecto. T cng thc ( 1-3) ta c

Trong : m: l t khi, d l khong cch t t khi n v tr tnh H

Hnh 1.7: S dng mt st xc nh t

V theo gi thit l<<d nn

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Trong : M l moment t ca thanh nam chm

b. Cng t trng ti mt im trn ng trung trc ca thanh nam

Gi H2 l cng t trng ca thanh

H2 = FNcos + FScos = ( FN+FS)cos

V gi thit d>>l nn suy ra

Vy vecto cng t trng H2 c phng song song vi trc dc thanh

c. Cng t trng ti mt im bt k trong t trng:

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Gi H1 l cng t trng do thanh NS gy ra ti C, theo nhng chng

Gi H2 l cng t trng ti im C do thanh nam chm NS gy ra,

Nn cng t trng ti im C s l tng hp hai cng t trng

Phn tch lc tc dng ln kim nam chm trong t

Nu kim nam chm NS c m men

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Di tc dng ca m men quay ny, kim nam chm s quay v nh

Cng t trng ca thanh nam chm N-S trng tm ca kim

Thay gi tr H1 v H2 vo, ta c iu kin ton hc cn bng ca kim

Di y ta nghin cu 2 trng hp c bit v lc tc dng ln

Cng thc (1.12) dng trong thc tin xc nh thnh phn nm

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Cng thc (1-14), thng c dng

1.4 HIN TNG T HA:

Hnh 1.15:Cu trc t ca mng

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

H s t ha thng c k hiu l v c xc nh bng t s

Tuy nhin trong k thut, ngi ta li quan tm n mt i lng khc

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu

Nh vy, i lng t thm v cm t quan h vi nhau qua

t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh nng phn

e. Phn loi vt liu t:

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Vt liu thun t: ng vi >1

Vt liu st t v cc vt liu c trt t t khc (phn st t, feri

Hnh 1.16: S bin i ca cc men t trong vt liu st t khi b t ha

1.4 VT LIU ST T, ST NON, ST GI:

V tu bin c ch to ch yu t st v cc hp kim ca st, m chng

TRN ANH NGN TRNG I HC GTVT TPHCM

Nu ta biu din qu trnh t ha vt liu st t thnh ng cong mi quan

Hnh 1.17: ng cong t tr- c tnh quan trng nht ca st t