H thng WDM Nguyn l ghp knh quang theo bc sng v cc tham s c bn 1: Gii thiu nguyn l ghp knh quang

theo bc sng c im ni bt ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng quang (WDM) l tn dng hu hiu ngun ti nguyn bng rng trong khu vc tn hao thp ca si quang n mode, nng cao r rt dung lng truyn dn ca h thng ng thi h gi thnh ca knh dch v xung mc thp nht. y vic thc hin ghp knh s khng c qu trnh bin i in no. Mc tiu ca ghp knh quang l nhm tng dung lng truyn dn. Ngoi ngha vic ghp knh quang cn to ra kh nng xy dng cc tuyn thng tin quang c tc rt cao. Khi tc ng truyn t ti mt mc no ngi ta thy c nhng hn ch ca cc mch in trong vic nng cao tc truyn dn. Khi tc t ti hng trm Gbit/s, bn thn cc mch in t s khng th m bo p ng c xung tn hiu cc k hp; thm vo , chi ph cho cc gii php tr nn tn km v c cu hot ng qu phc tp i hi cng ngh rt cao. K thut ghp knh quang theo bc sng ra i khc phc c nhng hn ch trn. H thng WDM da trn c s tim nng bng tn ca si quang mang i nhiu bc sng nh sng khc nhau, iu thit yu l vic truyn ng thi nhiu bc sng cng mt lc ny khng gy nhiu ln nhau. Mi bc sng i din cho mt knh quang trong si quang. Cng ngh WDM pht trin theo xu hng m s ring r bc sng ca knh c th l mt phn rt nh ca 1 nm hay 10-9 m, iu ny dn n cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao (DWDM). Cc thnh phn thit b trc kia ch c kh nng x l t 4 n 16 knh, mi knh h tr lung d liu ng b tc 2,5 Gbit/s cho tn hiu mng quang phn cp s ng b (SDH/SONET). Cc nh cung cp DWDM sm pht trin cc thit b nhm h tr cho vic truyn nhiu hn cc knh quang. Cc h thng vi hng trm knh gi y sn sng c a vo s dng, cung cp mt tc d liu kt hp hng trm Gbit/s v tin ti t tc Tbit/s truyn trn mt si n. C hai hnh thc cu thnh h thng WDM l: 1.1: Truyn dn hai chiu trn hai si: H thng WDM truyn dn hai chiu trn hai si l: tt c knh quang cng trn mt si quang truyn dn theo cng mt chiu (nh hnh 1.1), u pht cc tn hiu c bc sng quang khc nhau v c iu ch 1l , 2l ,...., nl thng qua b ghp knh t hp li vi nhau, v truyn dn mt chiu trn mt si quang. V cc tn hiu c mang thng qua cc bc sng khc nhau, do s khng ln ln. u thu, b tch knh quang tch cc tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau, hon thnh truyn dn tn 16 hiu quang nhiu knh. chiu ngc li truyn dn qua mt si quang khc, nguyn l ging nh trn

Hnh 1.1: S truyn dn 2 chiu trn 2 si 1.2: Truyn dn hai chiu trn mt si H thng WDM truyn dn hai chiu trn mt si l: hng i, cc knh quang tng ng vi cc bc sng l1, l2, ..., ln qua b ghp/tch knh c t hp li vi nhau truyn dn trn mt si. Cng si quang , hng v cc bc sng ln+1, ln+2,..., l2n c truyn dn theo chiu ngc li (xem hnh 1.2). Ni cch khc ta dng cc bc sng tch ri thng tin hai chiu (song cng).

Hnh 1.2: S truyn dn 2 chiu trn cng 1 si quang H thng WDM hai chiu trn hai si c ng dng v pht trin tng i rng ri. H thng WDM hai chiu trn mt si th yu cu pht trin v ng dng cao hn, i hi yu cu k thut cc k nghim ngt. pha pht, cc thit b ghp knh phi c suy hao nh t mi ngun quang ti u ra ca b ghp knh. pha thu, cc b tch sng quang phi nhy vi di rng ca cc bc sng quang. Khi thc hin tch knh cn phi cch ly knh quang tht tt vi cc bc sng khc bng cch thit k cc b tch knh tht chnh xc, cc b lc quang nu c s dng phi c bc sng ct chnh xc, di lm vic n nh. H thng WDM c thit k phi gim ti a cc hiu ng c th gy ra suy hao truyn dn. Ngoi vic m bo suy hao xen ca cc thit b thp, cn phi ti thiu ho thnh phn cng sut c th gy ra phn x ti cc phn t ghp, hoc ti cc im ghp ni cc module, cc mi hn...., bi chng c th lm gia tng vn xuyn knh gia cc bc sng, dn n lm suy gim nghim trng t s S/N ca h thng. Cc hiu ng trn c bit nghim trng i vi h thng WDM truyn dn hai chiu trn mt si, do h thng ny c kh nng t c la chn khi thit k tuyn. mt mc no , n gin ta c th xem xt b tch bc sng nh b ghp bc sng ch bng cch i chiu tn hiu nh sng. Nh vy hiu n gin, t

b ghp - multiplexer trong trng hp ny thng c s dng dng chung xt cho c b ghp v b tch; loi tr trng hp cn thit phi phn bit hai thit b hoc hai chc nng. Ngi ta chia loi thit b OWDM lm ba loi: Cc b ghp (MUX), cc b tch (DEMUX) v cc b ghp/tch hn hp (MUX-DEMUX). Cc b MUX v DEMUX c s dng trong cc phng n truyn dn theo mt hng, cn loi th ba MUX-DEMUX c s dng cho cc phng n truyn dn theo hai hng. Hnh 1.3 m t thit b ghp/tch hn hp.

Hinh 1.3: m ta thit b ghp/tch hn hp (MUX-DEMUX). 2: Cc tham s c bn Cc tham s c bn m t c tnh ca cc b ghp/tch hn hp l suy hao xen, suy hao xuyn knh v rng knh. n gin, ta hy phn bit ra thnh thit b mt hng (gm cc b ghp knh v tch knh c lp) v thit b hai hng (b ghp/tch hn hp). Cc k hiu I(i) v O(k) tng ng l cc tn hiu c ghp ang c mt ng chung. K hiu Ik(k) l tn hiu u vo c ghp vo ca th k, tn hiu ny c pht t ngun pht quang th k. K hiu Oi(i) l tn hiu c bc sng li c tch v i ra ca th i. Nhn chung, cc tn hiu quang khng pht mt lng cng sut ng k no ngoi rng ph knh nh trc ca chng, cho nn vn xuyn knh l khng ng lu tm u pht. By gi ta xem xt cc thng s: Suy hao xen: c xc nh l lng cng sut tn hao sinh ra trong tuyn truyn dn quang do tuyn c thm cc thit b truyn dn quang WDM. Suy hao ny bao gm suy hao do cc im ghp ni cc thit b WDM vi si v suy hao do bn thn thit b ghp gy ra. Suy hao xen c din gii tng t nh suy hao i vi cc b ghp coupler chung, nhng cn lu l WDM l xt cho mt bc sng c trng: Li(MUX)= -10log O(i)/Ii(i) (1.1) Li(DEMUX) = -10logOi(i)/I(i) (1.2) Vi Li l suy hao ti bc sng i khi thit b c ghp xen vo tuyn truyn dn. Cc tham s ny lun phi c cc nh ch to cho bit i vi tng knh quang ca thit b.

Hnh 1.4. Xuyn knh b tch knh (a) v b ghp - tch hn hp (b) Suy hao xuyn knh: m t mt lng tn hiu t knh ny c ghp sang knh khc. Cc mc xuyn knh cho php nm di rt rng tu thuc vo trng hp p dng. Nhng nhn chung, phi m bo mc xuyn knh nh hn (30dB) trong mi trng hp. Trong mt b tch knh l tng, s khng c s d cng sut tn hiu t knh th i c bc sng i sang cc knh khc c bc sng khc vi i. Nhng trong thc t, lun lun tn ti mt mc xuyn knh no , v lm gim cht lng truyn dn ca thit b. Kh nng tch cc knh khc nhau c din gii bng suy hao xuyn knh v c tnh bng dB nh sau: Di(k) = -10log [Ui(k)/I(k)] (1.3) Theo s n gin m t b tch knh hnh 1.6 a) th Ui(k) l lng tn hiu khng mong mun bc sng k do c s d tn hiu ca ra th i, m ng ra ch c tn hiu bc sng i. Trong thit b ghp/tch hn hp nh hnh 1.6 b), vic xc nh suy hao xuyn knh cng c xc nh nh b tch. trng hp ny, phi xem xt c hai loi xuyn knh. Xuyn knh u xa l do cc knh khc c ghp i vo ng truyn gy ra, v d nh I(k) sinh ra Ui(k). Xuyn knh u gn l do cc knh khc u vo sinh ra, n c ghp bn trong thit b, nh Ui(j). Khi cho ra cc sn phm, cc nh ch to cng phi cho bit suy hao knh i vi tng knh ca thit b. rng knh: l di bc sng m n nh ra cho tng ngun pht quang ring. Nu ngun pht quang l cc diode Laser th rng knh c yu cu vo khong vi chc nanomet m bo khng b nhiu gia cc knh do s bt n nh ca cc ngun pht gy ra (v d khi nhit lm vic thay i s lm tri bc sng nh hot ng). i vi ngun pht quang l diode pht quang LED, yu cu rng knh phi ln hn 10 n 20 ln bi v rng ph ca loi ngun pht ny rng hn.

II: B khuych ai EDFA

Cng ngh b khuch i quang s dng si quang pha trn ERBIUM (EDFA) 1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA Cu trc tiu biu ca b EDFA c ch ra nh hnh v 2.1. EDFA c thnh phn chnh gm mt on ngn cp quang c li pha tp khong 0,1% Erbium. Erbium l mt nguyn t t him c tnh nng quang tch cc. on si pha tp Erbium c k hiu l EDF (Erbium - Doper Fiber) thng c chiu di khong 10 - 20m. Ngoi ra EDFA cn c mt laser bm cung cp nng lng cho on EDF, mt b ghp bc sng WDM ghp bc sng nh sng tn hiu v bc sng nh sng bm vo on EDF v b phn cch hn ch nh sng phn x t h thng.

Hnh 2.1 Cu to ca mt EDFA Biu mc nng lng ca ion Erbium c m t nh hinh v 2.2. Er3+ trng thi khng b bt k tn hiu quang no kch thch, mc nng lng thp nht, khi bm quang ht Erbium hp th nng lng ri chuyn tip ln mc nng lng cao hn. Quang bm vo c bc sng khc nhau, cc mc nng lng cao c ht chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn. Quang bm vo c bc sng khc nhau, cc mc nng lng cao c ht chuyn ln cng khc nhau. S dch chuyn in t t mc nng lng cao ny xung mc nng lng c bn pht ra photon, photon ny bc x c th l do hin tng bc x t pht (s phn hy t nhin ca cc ion m khng c bt c mt ng tc no chen vo) hay kch thch (do s c mt ca cc photon c cha nng lng bng nng lng dch chuyn, kch thch s pht x v to ra photon t l vi s photon ca chm sng). Trong qu trnh bc x kch thch, n to ra s photon cng pha cng hng vi photon ti, nh vy l to ra c qu trnh khuch i trong EDFA. Bc x t pht to ra cc photon cng pha v hng ngu nhin, iu ny gy ra nhiu trong EDFA gi l nhiu do bc x t pht c khuch i (ASE). Tuy nhin thi gian sng ca cc in t mc nng lng cao khong 10ms m bo thay v nhiu bc x gy ra do bc x t pht th hu ht cc ion Erbium i khuch i tn hiu bng bc x t kch thch.

Hnh 2.2 Gin nng lng Erbium Hnh 2.3 so sanh p ng quang ca Erbium vi si dn quang thng thng dng trong truyn dn. S hp th quang xy ra trong cc loi cp thng thng l thp trong di bc sng tp trung khong 1550nm, ni m hp th quang vo khong 0,2dB/km c ngha l 5% nh sng truyn qua b hp th trong 1km. Ngc li s tp trung Erbium vo khong 100ppm trong li c th gy ra s hp th 2dB/km cng bc sng bm.

Hnh 2.3 Ph hp th ca si quang thng thng v si quang Erbium

Laser bm trong EDFA l laser bn dn thng thng v c gi l ngun bm. Ngun bm c th bm nhiu bc sng nhng hiu qu cao nht l hai bc sng 980nm v 1480nm. Khi s dng EDFA th ch cn mt ngun bm c cng sut nh t 10 n 100mW l cng sut ra ln theo yu cu, iu ny gim ngun nui ln h thng EDFA c cu trc nh nh, linh hot. tin cy l c im quan trng i vi laser bm v n c bm cho khong cch di v trnh lm nhiu tn hiu. Hin ti th bc sng bm 1480nm c s dng rng rai hn v chung co sn va tin cy cao hn. Nu tng c n nh ca laser diode c bc sng 980nm th chung co th c chn lm ngun bm. 2 : EDAF trong h thng ghp knh theo bc sng c im ni bt h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM l kh nng tn dng hu hiu ngun ti nguyn bng rng trong khu vc tn hao thp ca si quang n mode. Nhng nm gn y cng ngh WDM c nhng t ph rt ln. S d cng ngh WDM pht trin nhanh chng v vic nghin cu thnh cng v ng dng b khuch i quang pha tp Erbium EDFA. nng cao cht lng ca h thng truyn dn WDM, k thut khuch i quang s dng trong hthng WDM cn phi m bo cc yu cu sau: + Bng tn tng ch bng phng, h s tp m thp v cng sut a ra cao. c bit l tng ch bng phng v y l yu cu c bit ca h thng truyn dn WDM i vi EDFA. + Ph khuch i ng u i vi tt c cc knh bc sng. + S thay i s lng knh bc sng lm vic khng c gy nh hng n mc cng sut u ra ca cc knh. + EDFA phi c kh nng pht hin s chnh lch mc cng sut u vo v iu chnh li h s khuch i nhm m bo c tuyn khuch i i vi tt c cc knh.