Chng I

IEN LY

1. CHAT IEN LY la nhng chat tan trong nc (hay trang thai nong chay) tao thanh dung dch dan c ien. o la axit tan, baz tan va muoi tan. 2. PHNG TRNH IEN LY la phng trnh bieu dien qua trnh ien ly cua cac chat ien ly. Chat ien ly manh bieu dien bang mui ten mot chieu va trong phan ng mi c viet di dang ion. Chat ien ly yeu bieu dien bang mui ten hai chieu, trong phan ng cung vi chat khong ien ly, oxit, ket tua, chat kh viet di dang phan t. Cac a axit viet ien ly tng nac, o la ly do cac axit nay co the tao muoi axit va muoi trung hoa. 3. O IEN LY ( ) la t so gia so phan t a ien ly ( n ) vi tong so phan t ban au ( no ) cua no tan trong dung dch. 4. AXIT la nhng chat co kha nang cho H+ 5. DUNG DCH AXIT la dung dch cha H+ hay H3O+ 6. BAZ la chat co kha nang nhan H+ 7. DUNG DCH BAZ la dung dch cha OH8. PHAN NG AXIT BAZ la phan ng trong o co qua trnh cho nhan H+. e phan ng xay ra th t nhat mot trong hai chat (axit, baz) tham gia phan ng phai la chat manh (axit manh, baz manh) con neu ca hai chat tham gia ieu yeu th phai ieu tan trong H2O. NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O. (H+ + OH- H2O)

3HNO3 + Fe(OH)3 Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O. (3H+ + Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ + 3H2O) 9. HIDROXIT LNG TNH la nhng hiroxit va co kha nang cho va co kha nang nhan H+ Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl

ZnCl2

+ 2H2O.

(Zn(OH)2 + 2H+ Zn2+ + 2H2O) Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O (Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- ZnO 2 + 2H2O) 2 Cac hioxit thng gap va dang oxit tng ng cua no Zn(OH)2 <=> H2ZnO2 Be(OH)2 <=> H2BeO2 (Axit Zincic) (Axit berilic)

Al(OH)3 <=> HAlO2.H2O (Axit aluminic) Cr(OH)3 <=> HCrO2.H2O 10. TR SO pH CUA DUNG DCH pH = -lg[H+] pOH = -lg[OH-] Bat ky dung dch nao cung co [H+].[OH-] = 10-14. Do o pH + pOH = 14 pH< 7 moi trng axit, pH > 7 moi trng baz, pH = 7 moi trng trung tnh. 11. MUOI la nhng hp chat ma phan t gom cation kim loai (hay NH 4+ lien ket vi anion goc axit ( co the xem muoi la san pham cua phan ng axit - baz). 12. DUNG DCH MUOI la nhng dung dch co cha cation kim loai (NH 4+) va anion goc axit. 13. TNH AXIT BAZ CUA DUNG DCH MUOI Muoi cua baz manh axit manh; baz yeu axit yeu (o manh yeu tng ng nhau) pH = 7 hay pH 7.

Muoi cua baz yeu axit manh dung dch muoi co moi trng axit (pH<7) Muoi cua baz manh axit yeu dung dch muoi co moi trng baz (pH>7) 14. PHAN NG TRAO OI ION la phan ng trao oi gia nhng chat ien li trong dung dch. BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl ieu kien phan ng la san pham tao thanh phai co t nhat 1 trong ba dau hieu tao ket tua, bay hi hay la chat ien ly yeu. 15. TNH TAN CUA MOT SO CHAT TRONG H2O AXIT hau nh tan tr H2SiO3 BAZ ch co hidroxit cua kim loai kiem (Na,K) kiem tho (Ca ,Ba,Sr..) va amoniac tan. MUOI Muoi Nitrat, Muoi Axetat, muoi axit (goc hoa tr 1), kim loai kiem, amoni tan; tr Li3PO4 khong tan, co mau vang. Muoi sunfat a so tan, tr muoi cua Sr, Ba, Pb; Ag, Ca( t tan ). Muoi clorua, bromua, ioua a so tan tr muoi cua Ag, Pb (nhng PbCl2tan khi co t0, Cu(I), Hg(I), HgBr2, HgI2. Muoi cacbonat, photphat trung tnh, hidrophotphat, sunfit: phan ln t tan tr muoi cua kim loai kiem va amoni tan nhieu Muoi sunfua phan ln khong tan, tr muoi cua kim loai kiem, amoni, Ba, Ca, Sr tan Muoi cha anion AlO2- , ZnO22- , CrO2-, BeO22- tan tot. 16. MOT SO MUOI KHONG TON TAI TRONG DUNG DCH T phan huy tao hiroxit va axt tng ng CuCO3, MgS, Al2S3, Al2(SO3)3, Fe2(CO3)3, (CH3COO)3Fe, Fe2(SiO3)3 CuCO3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + CO2 T phan huy theo c che oxihoa-kh CuI2, FeI3, Fe2S3 Fe2S3 2FeS + S

17. MAU CUA VAI CHAT (ION) MnO4- mau tm; Cu2+ mau xanh; Fe3+ nau o; Cr2O72- vang cam; Ag3PO4 vang; Li3PO4 vang; AgCl trang, hoa en ngoai anh sang; BaSO4 trang; CaSO4 trang; PbS en; CuS en; PbSO4 trang; Fe2+ trang xanh (trang anh luc); Fe(OH)2 trang xanh, chuyen thanh nau o ngoai khong kh; Fe(OH)3 nau o; Cu(OH)2 xanh; Al(OH)3 keo trang. 18. PHAN NG THUY PHAN Ch co goc axt trung bnh-yeu, baz trung bnh-yeu mi b thuy phan. B1. Viet phng trnh ien ly. B2. Nhan xet xem cac ion thuoc loai nao? (axit, baz, trung tnh hay lng tnh) B3. Viet phan ng vi H2O (phan ng hai chieu) tao ion H+ (H3O+) hay OH-. B4. Ket luan o la moi trng g? Tra li v sao? So sanh pH vi 7. VD1. Khi cho mau giay quy vao dd Na 2CO3 th giay quy co oi mau khong? (Ta de dang nhan ra, ay la mot baz) Na2CO3

2Na+ + CO32HCO3- + OH-

CO32- + H2O

Trong dung dch co OH- , la moi trng baz co pH > 7 do o lam quy tm hoa xanh. VD2. So sanh pH cua dung dch KHS vi 7. (Ta nhan ra ay la chat lng tnh) KHS

K+ + HSH2S + OHS2+ H3O+

HS- + H2O HS- + H2O tm).

Dung dch co pH gan bang 7 (xem nh khong lam oi mau quy VD3. Chng minh Na2CO3 la baz

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O VD4. Chng minh FeCl3 la mot axt. FeCl3

Fe3+ + 3ClFe(OH)2+ + H3O+

Fe(H2O)3+ + H2O

19. TRAT T TNG OI GIA CAC PHAN NG Phan ng axit baz ( bao gom ca phan ng trung hoa).K Phan ng trao oi ( trao oi ion). K Phan ng oxihoa kh.K 20. NHAN XET VAI TRO MOT SO ION TRONG NC Ion goc axit manh, baz manh la trung tnh. Ion goc axit hay baz trung bnh yeu se gay ra tnh chat ngc lai. CO32- la baz, NH4+ la axit. Lu y: ion lng tnh la nhng ion va co kha nang cho va co kha nang nhan H+. HCO3- la ion lng tnh.

BAI TAP LUYEN TAP

1. Nong o cua dung dch la g ? The nao la dung dch bao hoa, qua bao hoa , cha bao hoa ? 2. S ien ly la g ? o ien ly la g ? Gii han cua o ien ly ? Cac yeu to phu thuoc cua o ien ly. 3. o pH cua dung dch la g ? Y ngha cua o pH ? 4. Tnh pH cua dung dch baz yeu NH 3 0,05M gia s o ien ly cua no bang 0,02. 5. Tnh o ien ly cua dung dch axit HA 0,1M co pH = 3,0. 6. Tnh o ien ly cua axit axetic trong dung dch 0,01M, neu trong 500ml dung dch co 3,13.1021 hat (phan t va ion). 7. Pha loang 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 vi 1,3 lt nc thu c dung dch co pH = 12. Tnh nong o mol/l cua dung dch Ba(OH) 2 ban au, biet rang Ba(OH)2 phan ly hoan toan. 8. Pha loang 10ml HCl vi nc thanh 250ml. Dung dch thu c co pH = 3. Hay tnh nong o mol/l cua HCl trc khi pha loang va pH cua dung dch o. 9. Cho dung dch NaOH co pH = 13 (dung dch A). a. Can pha loang dung dch A bao nhieu lan e thu c dung dch B co pH =12. b. Cho 1,177gam muoi NH4Cl vao 200ml dung dch B va un soi dung dch, sau o lam nguoi va them mot t phenolphtalein vao. Hoi dung dch co mau g ? 10. Tron 300ml dung dch HCl 0,05 mol/l vi 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 a mol/l th thu c 500ml dung dch co pH = 12. Tnh a. 11. Cho a mol NO2 hap thu hoan toan vao dung dch a mol NaOH.

Cho a mol NH3 tan hoan toan vao dung dch cha

a mol H2SO4. 2

Dung dch thu c trong moi trng hp co pH ln hn hay nho hn 7 ? Tai sao? 12. Theo ly thuyet proton (Bronsted-Lowry) the nao la mot axit, mot baz ? The nao la phan ng axit baz ? Moi trng hp cho mot v du minh hoa. 13. Theo nh ngha mi ve axit baz th NH3, NH4+ chat nao la axit, chat nao la baz ? Cho phan ng minh hoa, giai thch tai sao NH 3 co tnh chat o ? 14. Baz la g ? Nhng baz nao c goi la kiem ? Hay giai thch tai sao amoniac va anilin eu co tnh baz. 15. Neu nhan xet khai quat ve s phan ly cua baz trong dung dch nc. 16. Dung thuyet Bronsted, hay giai thch v sao cac chat cho sau ay:Al(OH)3, H2O, NaHCO3 c coi la chat lng tnh ? 17. S ien li va s ien phan co phai la cac qua trnh oxi hoa-kh khong ? Cho v du. 18. Phan ng oxi-hoa kh va phan ng trao oi trong dung dch xay ra theo chieu nao ? Cho v du. 19. Viet cong thc phen nhomamoni va cong thc cua soa. Theo quan niem cua Bronsted, chung la nhng axit hay baz ? Hay giai thch bang cac phng trnh phan ng. 20. Theo nh ngha mi ve axit baz cua Bronsted, cac ion Na+, NH4+, CO32, CH3COO, HSO4, K+, Cl, HCO3 la axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh ? Tai sao ? Tren c s o, hay d oan pH cua cac dung dch di ay co gia tr ln hn hay nho hn 7: Na2CO3, KCl, CH3COONa, NH4Cl, NaHSO4. 21. Cac dung dch NaCl, Na2CO3, NH4Cl, C6H5ONa co moi trng axit, baz hay trung tnh ? Giai thch ? 22. Cho quy tm vao cac dung dch sau ay: NH4Cl, CH3COOK, Ba(NO3)2, Na2CO3, quy se oi mau g ? Giai thch ? 23. Cac chat va ion di ay ong vai tro axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh NH4+, Al(H2O)3+, C6H5O, S2, Zn(OH)2, Na+, Cl ? Tai sao ? 24. Hoa tan 5 muoi NaCl, NH4Cl, AlCl3, Na2S, C6H5ONa vao nc thanh 5 dung dch, sau o cho vao moi dung dch mot t quy tm. Hoi moi dung dch co mau g ? Tai sao ?

25. Viet phng trnh phan ng di dang phan t va ion thu gon cua
dung dch NaHCO3 vi tng dung dch: H2SO4 loang, KOH, Ba(OH)2 d . Trong moi phan ng o, ion HCO3 ong vai tro axit hay baz ? 26. Hay anh gia gan ung pH (>7 ; =7 ; <7) cua cac dung dch sau ay: a) Ba(NO3)2; b) CH3COOH; c) Na2CO3; d) NaHSO4 ; e) CH3NH2

Trong so cac chat tren, nhng chat nao co the phan ng vi nhau ? Neu co hay viet phng trnh phan ng ion thu gon.

27. Hoa tan Al(NO3)3 vao nc c dung dch A. hoa tan Na2CO3 vao nc ta

c dung dch B a. Hoi cac dung dch A, B co gia tr pH ln hn hay nho hn 7 ? Tai sao ? b. Tron dung dch A vi dung dch B ta thu c ket tua C, kh D va dung dch P. Viet phng trnh phan ng va giai thch hien tng. 28. Hoa tan nhiet o phong 0,963g NH4Cl vao 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,165 M. Tnh nong o mol cac chat trong dung dch. Dung dch thu c co phan ng axit hay baz ? 29. S thuy phan muoi la g ? Nhng loai muoi nao b thuy phan ? Moi trng hp cho mot th du minh hoa. Cho biet vai tro cua nc trong cac phan ng thuy phan. Lay th du minh hoa.

30. Viet phng trnh ion rut gon cua phan ng thuy phan cac muoi:
NaHCO3, NH4Cl, NH4HCO3, K2SO4. a. Trong cac phan ng nay nc ong vai tro axit hay baz ? b. Cac dung dch NaHCO3, NH4Cl, K2SO4 co tnh chat axit, baz hay trung tnh ? 31. Dung dch A cha a mol CuSO4 va b mol FeSO4. Xet ba th nghiem sau Th nghiem 1: Them c mol Mg vao dung dch A, sau phan ng thu c ba muoi. Th nghiem 2: Them 2c mol Mg vao dung dch A, sau phan ng thu c hai muoi. Th nghiem 3: Them 3c mol Mg vao dung dch A, sau phan ng thu c mot muoi. a. Tm moi quan he gia c vi a va b trong tng th nghiem tren. b. Neu a = 0, 2 ; b = 0,3 va so mol Mg la 0,4 mol. Tnh khoi lng chat ran thu c sau phan ng. 32. Phan ng trao oi ion la g ? ieu kien e phan ng trao oi ion xay ra ? Cho v du minh hoa. 33. ieu kien e phan ng trao oi trong dung dch chat ien li xay ra ? Cho v du. 34. Cho cac chat sau: Zn(OH)2, (NH4)2CO3, NH3, NaCl. Chat nao ton tai trong moi trng kiem, moi trng axit ? Giai thch. 35. Hay giai thch v sao cac chat Zn(OH)2, (NH2)2CO khong ton tai trong moi trng axit, trong moi trng kiem ; con NH3 khong ton tai trong moi trng axit ? 36. Trong so nhng chat sau, nhng chat nao co the phan ng c vi nhau NaOH, Fe2O3, K2SO4, CuCl2, CO2, Al, NH4Cl. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng va neu ieu kien phan ng (neu co). 37. Cho NO2 tac dung vi dung dch KOH d. Sau o lay dung dch thu c cho tac dung vi Zn sinh ra hon hp kh NH3 va H2. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra

38. Cho Na tan het trong dung dch AlCl3 thu c ket tua. Viet cac phng

trnh phan ng co the xay ra. 39. Viet phng trnh phan ng cua Ba(HCO3)2 vi cac dung dch HNO3, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO4, NaHSO4. 40. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra di dang ion khi cho Mg d vao dung dch cha Cu(NO 3)2 va HCl. Biet sau phan ng thu c hon hp kh gom N2 va H2 Dung dch cha H2SO4 va FeSO4 tac dung vi dung dch cha NaOH va Ba(OH)2 eu d.

41. Hoa tan 0,1 mol Cu bang 100ml dung dch HNO3 0,8 M (loang) co V1 lt kh

bay ra. Hoa tan 0,1 mol Cu bang 100ml dung dch hon hp HNO3 0,8 M va HCl 0,8 M co V2 lt kh bay ra. Hay so sanh the tch V 1 va V2 ( cung ieu kien nhiet o va ap suat).

42. Tron 250ml dung dch hon hp gom HCl 0,08 mol/l va H2SO4 0,01 mol/l
vi 250ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 a mol/l thu c m gam ket tua va 500 ml dung dch co pH = 12. Tnh m va a. (HQG Ha Noi 2000)

Ch ng

NIT PHOTPHO

CAC NGUYEN TO PHAN NHOM CHNH NHOM V

1. V TR NGUYEN TO NHOM VA TRONG HE THONG TUAN HOAN Nhom VA gom cac nguyen to 7N, 15P, 33As, 51Sb, 83Bi co 5 electron lp ngoai cung nen de nhan them 3e e at cau hnh ben vng cua kh hiem, do o tnh oxihoa la tnh chat ac trng. 2. NIT (N2) v phan t N2 co lien ket ba nen ieu kien thng N2 kem hoat ong nhng khi co t0 va xuc tac th N2 kha hoat ong. N2 the hien tnh oxihoa khi tac dung cac chat kh nitua (tao san pham cha N-3). TAC DUNG VI H2 0 tao

t,P xt

N2 +

3H2

2NH3 Amoniac

Chat oxi hoa

TAC DUNG VI KIM LOAI ( vi nhieu kim loai co tnh kh manh) N2 + 6Li
t o

2Li3N

Ngoai ra, Nit con the hien tnh kh khi tac dung vi chat oxihoa manh (O2) TAC DUNG VI O2 nhiet o thng khong co pan ng; ieu kien 30000C, tia la ien) N 2 + O2 Chat kh NO + O2

30000C t0, P xt

2NO Nit(II) oxit (kh khong mau)

NO2 (phan ng xay ran gay nhiet o thng) Nit (IV) Oxit (kh mau nau o).

3. PHOT PHO (P) tuy la phi kim nhng P thng the hien tnh kh la chnh khi tac dung vi cac phi kim (O2, Cl2) TAC DUNG VI OXI co the tao hai san pham 4P 4P + + 3O2 5O 2
t t o o

2P2O3 2P2O5

TAC DUNG VI PHI KIM KHAC (Halogen, S) tao hp chat P ng soh dng. 2P 2P + + 3Cl2 5P
t t o o

2PCl3 2PCl5

TAC DUNG VI HP CHAT gap cac chat oxihoa manh HNO3, KClO3, KNO3, K2Cr2O7 P b oxihoa en soh +5 3P + 2H2O + 5HNO3 to + 3H3PO4 5NO2 + 5KCl + 5 NO

5HNO3 + P H3PO4 6P + 5KClO3

H 2O

3P2O5 +

Ngoai ra P con the hien tnh oxhoa khi tac dung vi chat kh tao hp chat cua P ng soh -3 2P 2P + + 3H2 3Zn
t t
3

2PH3 Zn3P2

4. AMONIAC ( NH3 ) v N H 3 , ay la soh thap nhat cua Nit nen NH 3 la mot chat kh. S PHAN HUY NH3 khong ben nhiet 2NH3

t0

N2

3H2

Khi tac dung vi chat oxihoa thng N-3 b oxihoa thanh N0 (N2), mot t tao N+2 (NO) TAC DUNG VI O2 tao hai san pham khac nhau phu thuoc vao xuc tac 4NH3 4NH3 + + 3O2 5O2
t x t,t o o

2N2

+ 4NO

6H2O + 6H2O

TAC DUNG VI Cl2 NH3 t boc chay trong kh clo 2NH3 + 3Cl2 +

6HCl +

N2

Nh NH3 baz)

HCl

NH4Cl (khoi trang, chng to kh NH3 la

VI OXIT 1 SO OXT KIM LOAI (thng la oxt kim loai trung bnh, yeu) 2NH3 + 3CuO
t o

N2 +

3Cu

3H2O

5. DUNG DCH AMONIAC la dung dch baz yeu va co mui khai do NH 3 de bay hi. TAC DUNG VI CHAT CH TH MAU lam qu tm hoa xanh NH3 + H 2O NH4+ + OH-

TAC DUNG VI DD AXIT tao muoi amoni (axit manh hay axit tan) NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 NH3 + +
(dd)

HCl H+

NH4Cl NH + 4 NH4NO3

(amoni clorua)

HNO3(l) H+ H2SO4 H+

(amoni nitrat)

+ + +

NH + 4
NH4HSO4

(amoni hidrosunfat) + HSO 4

+ HSO NH + 4 4 (NH4)2SO4
2NH

2NH3 + 2NH3 + 2H+

H2SO4

(amoni sunfat)
+ 4

+ SO 2 4

SO 2 4

TAC DUNG VI DD MUOI tao hidroxit khong tan 2NH3 + 2H2O + 2NH3 3NH3 FeSO4

Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Al(OH)3 +

+ + +

(NH4)2SO4 2NH 4
+

+ 2H2O + Fe2+ + 3H2O + AlCl3

3NH4Cl
+

3NH3 + 3H2O + 6. MUOI AMONI (NH4-)

Al3+ Al(OH)3

3NH 4 .

Muoi amoni la hp chat ion, phan t gom cation NH anion goc axit. Tat ca muoi amoni ieu tan, la chat ien li manh (NH4)nA nNH + + An4 Ion NH4+ la mot axit yeu

+ 4

(amoni) va

TAC DUNG VI CHAT CH TH MAU lam quy tm hoa o NH4+ + H 2O

NH3

H3O+

TAC DUNG VI DUNG DCH BAZ tao NH3, nay la phan ng dung e nhan biet muoi amoni (tao kh co mui khai), dung ieu che NH 3 trong phong th nghiem. NH + + 4 OH

NH3 +

H 2O a so muoi amoni ieu khong ben

PHAN NG PHAN HUY nhiet.

Muoi amoni cua axit de b phan huy hay khong co tnh oxihoa manh khi nhiet phan tao NH3 va axit tng ng. NH4Cl NH4HCO3 NH3 +

HCl CO2 + H 2O

NH3 +

Muoi amoni cua axit co tnh oxi hoa manh khi b nhiet phan tao khong tao NH3 ma tao san pham ng soh cao hn NH4NO3 NH4NO3 NH4NO2
t t t o o o

N2O

2H2O 2H2O

N2 + O2 + N2 + 2 H 2O

7. AXIT NITRIC (HNO3) la mot axit manh ong thi la mot chat oxihoa rat manh Rat de b phan huy bi nhiet 4HNO3 t 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O HNO3 la axit manh TAC DUNG VI CHAT CH TH MAU lam quy tm hoa o
o

HNO3

H+

NO3-

TAC DUNG VI BAZ tao muoi va nc HNO3 + H+ + KOH OH+

KNO3

H 2O

H2O

3HNO3 3H+ +

Fe(OH)3 Fe3+

Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O

3H2O

Fe(OH)3

TAC DUNG VI OXITBAZ tao muoi va nc 2HNO3 2H+ + + CuO

Cu(NO3)2 + H 2O

H 2O

CuO

Cu2+

TAC DUNG VI MUOI CUA AXIT YEU tao muoi va axit tng ng 2HNO3 2H+
+5

+ CaCO3 CaCO3

Ca(NO3)2 Ca2+ +

CO2 CO2

+ H 2O

+ H 2O

H N O3 la chat oxihoa manh

TAC DUNG VI KIMLOAI tac dung hau het vi kim loai tr Au va Pt, phan ng khong tao H2

N O2
M + HNO3 to M(NO3)n + H2O +
3

+4

N2O N2
0

+1

NO

+2

N H 4 NO3
n: la hoa tr cao nhat cua kim loai (con goi ien tch cao nhat cua kim loai co the ton tai dang ion t do) ng vi moi san pham viet mot phng trnh. Fe, Al, Cr khong tac dung vi HNO3 ac nguoi do kim loai b thu ong hoa.

Khi tao NO2 ( kh mau nau o, kh b hap thu bi kiem), NO (kh khong mau hoa nau trong khong kh), N2O (kh khong mau nang hn khong kh), N2 (kh khong mau nhe hn khong kh), NH4NO3 (khong tao kh) Khong noi tao g th nh HNO3 ac (tao NO2), HNO3 loang (tao NO). Kim loai co tnh kh cang manh va HNO3 cang loang th N b kh xuong soh cang thap. 6HNO3 () + Fe t Fe(NO3)3 + 6H+ + 3NO3- + Fe
o o
+5

3NO2

3H2O + 3H2O

Fe3+ +

3NO2

8HNO3 (l ) + 3Cu t 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO 8H+ + 2NO3- + 3Cu 3Cu2+ + 2NO

+ 4H2O + 4H2O

TAC DUNG VI PHI KIM (thng th phi kim dang ran, HNO3 ac) san pham ng soh cao cua phi kim. C + 4HNO3 t CO2 + S + 6HNO3 t H2SO4 + 5HNO3l + 3P 5HNO3
o o

4NO2 + 6NO2 +
o

2H2O 2H2O 5NO H 2O

+ 2H2O t 3H3PO4 + + P to H3PO4 + 5NO2 +

TAC DUNG VI CAC HP CHAT (cac hp chat cha nguyen t co soh thap) FeO + 4HNO3

Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 2H2O

Nh la mot chat oi vi HNO3 th ca hai tnh axit manh va tnh oxihoa manh xay ra ong thi. 8. MUOI NITRAT (NO3-) tat ca muoi nitrat ieu tan M(NO3)n

Mn+

nNO 3

NO3- la ion trung tnh, ch co tnh oxihoa. TRONG MOI TRNG AXIT MANH (H+) giong HNO3 loang. TRONG MOI TRNG BAZ MANH (OH-- ) tac dung vi kim loai co oxit va hiroxit la cac chat lng tnh NH3 ( neu het NO3- tao H2)

NHIET PHAN MUOI NITRAT muoi amoni, muoi kim loai, da vao day ien hoa ta co Muoi kim loai hoat ong (t Li en Mg) to Muoi nitrit+O2 + Muoi kim loai hoat ong trung bnh (t sau Mg en Cu) to Oxit kim loai NO2 + O2 Muoi kim loai yeu (sau Cu) to Kim loai + NO2 + O2

9. AXIT PHOTPHORIC (H3PO4) la mot axit trung bnh yeu. TAC DUNG CHAT CH TH MAU lam quy tm hoa o (ien li theo 3 nac) H3PO4 H2PO 4 HPO 2 4 H+ H+ H+ + + + H2PO 4 HPO 2 4 PO 3 4

Trong dd H3PO4 ngoai phan t H3PO4 con co cac ion H+, H2PO , HPO 4
2 4 ,

PO 3 4

TAC DUNG VI BAZ H3PO4 + NaOH

1 :1

NaH2PO4

H 2O

Natri ihiroPhotphat H3PO4 + 2NaOH

1 :2

Na2HPO4 +

2H2O

Natri HiroPhotphat H3PO4 +3NaOH

1 :3 Na3PO4

3H2

NatriPhotphat TAC DUNG VI KIM LOAI TRC HIDRO tao muoi va hiro 3Mg 3Zn + 2H3PO4 + 2H3PO4
t t o o

Mg3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2

+ +

3H2 3H2

10. MUOI PHOTPHAT (cha PO43-) co muoi trung hoa, muoi axit (ihyro hay monohro)

Tat ca muoi trung hoa, muoi axit cua Natri, Kali, Amoni eu tan trong nc. Vi cac kim loai khac ch co muoi ihirophotphat tan. Nhan biet muoi amoni, cho tac dung vi AgNO3 (thuoc th) PO43- + 3Ag+ Ag3PO4 mau vang

11. IEU CHE NIT (N2) TRONG CONG NGHIEP hoa long khong kh to rat thap sau o tang dan to len 196oC, Nit soi va bay hi trc con lai la O2 va cac kh khac (v to soi cua O2 la -183oC) TRONG PHONG TH NGHIEM NH4NO2

N2

2 H 2O

12. IEU CHE AMONIAC (NH3) TRONG CONG NGHIEP nguyen lieu t khong kh (co N2) va kh lo coc (co H2), hay t khong kh (co N2 va O2) ; C va hi nc. C CO2 C + + + O2 C H 2O
t t t o o o

CO2 2CO CO + H2

( hon hp thu c co CO, H2 va N2 loai CO thu c N2 va H2) N2 + 3H2

> 4000, Pcao Fe

2NH3

TRONG PHONG TH NGHIEM cho muoi amoni tac dung dung dch baz (t0) NH4NO3 + NaOH t NaNO3 + NH3 + H2O 13. IEU CHE PHOT PHO (P) nung trong lo ien hon hp gom Canxiphotphat , Silic ioxit va than Ca3(PO4)2 + 5C + 3SiO2
t o o

3 CaSiO3 + 2P

5CO

Khi ngng tu hi thoat ra se thu c P trang. Sau o, ot nong lau 2000C - 3000C thu P o. 14. IEU CHE AXIT PHOTPHORIC (H3PO4) dung phng phap sunfat

Ca3 (PO4)2 +3H2SO4 t 3H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 15. CAC LOAI PHAN BON HOA HOC PHAN AM cung cap Nit cho cay di dang NO 3 , NH +. 4

Amoni CTPT NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3 Phan am urea ( loai tot nhat ) CTPT (NH2)2CO NH3 + CO 2

(NH2)2CO + H2O.

(NH2)2CO + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3 (khi b t) Phan am nitrat CTPT : KNO3 , Ca(NO3)2, PHAN LAN cung cap photpho cho cay di dang ion PO 3 . 4 Phan lan t nhien Photphorit CTPT Ca3(PO4)2, ieu che t quang Apatit,

Supe photphat (Supe lan) CTPT Ca(H2PO4)2 Ca 3(PO 4)2 + 2H2SO4

t o

Ca(H2PO 4)2 + 2CaSO4

Supe photphat n: Ca(H2PO 4)2 CaSO4.2H2O ( thach cao ) Ca 3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 to 3Ca(H2PO 4)2 Supe photphat kep Amophot la loai phan bon phc hp va co N, P. CTPT NH 4H2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4. PHAN KALI cung cap Kali cho cay di dang ion K+ . CTPT KCl , K2SO4, K2CO3 (thng goi la bo tat).

BAI TAP LUYEN TAP

1) Viet phan ng chng minh a) NO2 la mot chat kh. b) NO2 la chat oxihoa c) NH3 tac dung vi Cl2, xuat hien khoi trang. d) NH3 la mot baz yeu. e) HNO3 la mot axit manh. f) N2 la chat kh, N2 la chat oxihoa. g) NH3 la mot chat kh hay chat oxihoa khi tac dung vi O 2 (2pt), Cl2, CuO? Tai sao? h) Dung dch NH3 the hien ay u bon tnh chat thong thng cua mot baz. i) NH4Cl la mot dung dch co tnh axit yeu khi tac dung chat ch th mau, tac dung vi dung dch baz va co the tham gia phan ng trao oi ion vi dung dch AgNO3. j) HNO3 the hien ay u 5 tnh chat chu yeu cua mot axit manh k) HNO3 la mot chat oxihoa manh khi tac dung vi kim loai, phi kim va nhng hp chat co tnh kh. l) NaNO3 co the tac dung vi Cu khi co mat H+, tac dung vi Al trong moi trng NaOH d. m) Co g khac nhau khi nhiet phan muoi NH4NO3 va NH4HCO3? Giai thch. n) Khi nhiet phan NaNO3, Cu(NO3)2 va AgNO3 co g giong va khac nhau? o) NO2 va la chat oxihoa va la chat kh. p) NH3 va N2 ieu la chat kh nhng N2 con la mot chat oxihoa va NH3 con ong vai tro la mot baz. q) V sao H2SO4 loang, NaNO3 khong the hoa tan Cu nhng hon hp hai dung dch co the hoa tan ong? Giai thch. r) Cho Al vao dung dch cha ong thi NaNO3 va NaOH thu c hon hp kh. 2) Hoan thanh chuoi phan ng ( ( ( a) NaNO3 (1) HNO3 2) NH4NO3 (3) NH3 4) N2 (5) NH3 6) NH4HCO3 (1) (2) (3 ) (4) (5) ( ( b) NH4NO2 N2 NH3 NO2 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 6) Cu(OH)2 7) CuO (8) ( 1 1 1 1 CuCl2 9) Cu(NO3)2 (0) Cu(OH)2 (1) CuO (2) N2 (3) NO ( c) NH3 (1) (B) 2) (C) (3) (D) ( 4) (E)
( ( ( ( d) Nitioxit (1) Natrinitrat 2) oxi 3) Nit 4) Ammoniac 5) Amoninitrat ( ( ( ( 6) Nit 7) Nit(II)oxit 8) Nit(IV)oxit 9) Natrinitrit

( ( ( ( ( NH4NO2 (1) N2 2) NH3 (3) NH4NO3 4) NH3 5) Cu(OH)2 6) CuO 7) N2 ( ( ( ( ( ( HNO3 (1) N2 2) NO 3) NO2 4) HNO3 5) NH4NO3 6) NH3 7) NO (1) ( 2) (3 ) ( 4) (5) ( NaNO3 HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 Fe(NO3)2 NO2 NaNO3 6) NaNO2 ( ( ( ( ( ( 6) NH4HCO3 7) HNO3 (1) H2SO4 2) NH4HSO4 3) NH4Cl 4) NH4NO3 5) NH3 (8 ) (9 ) (1 0) (NH4)2CO3 NH4HCO3 CO2 NaHCO3 ( ( ( ( i) HNO3 (1) H2SO4 2) NH4HSO4 (3) (NH4)2SO4 4) NH4NO3 (5) NH3 6) NO 7) NO2 (8) ( 9) (1 0) HNO3 NaNO3 HNO3 3) Viet phng trnh phan ng dang phan t va ion thu gon. a) HNO3 tac dung vi Fe3O4 tao kh khong mau hoa nau trong khong kh. b) HNO3 tac dung FeS tao kh mau nau o. c) HNO3 tac dung vi Fe, trong o nit b kh xuong mc +1. d) Fe tac dung HNO3 ac, nguoi. e) Fe + HNO3 NO +? f) FeO+ HNO3 NO2+? g) FeS+ HNO3 H2SO4 + NO2 +? h) HNO3 + ? H3PO4 + ? i) Mg tac dung vi HNO3 khong tao kh j) Al tac dung vi HNO3 ma nit b kh xuong mc +1. k) Cu tac dung vi HNO3 tao kh b kiem hap thu. l) Ag tac dung vi HNO3 tao kh co ty khoi vi hidro la 15. m) Ag tac dung vi HNO3 ac. n) Fe tac dung vi HNO3 loang.

e) f) g) h)

o) Al tac dung vi HNO3, biet N b kh xuong N p) FeO tac dung vi HNO3 tao oxit cua nit co ty khoi oi vi heli la 11. q) Fe3O4 tac dung vi HNO3 loang. r) Fe2O3 tac dung vi HNO3 ac. s) FeS tac dung vi HNO3 ac. t) Fe tac dung vi HNO3 tao NxOy. u) Kim loai M tac dung HNO3 tao NxOy. v) Fe3O4 tac dung vi HCl. w) Fe3O4 tac dung vi H2SO4 ac. x) Fe tac dung vi dung dch H2SO4 ac tao kh co mui hac. y) Fe3O4 tac dung vi dung dch HCl z) Al tac dung vi HNO3 khong tao kh. 4) Nhan biet (phan biet) a) NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3, (NH4)2S, (NH4)2SO4. NaNO3, Na2SO4, Na2S, HNO3, H2SO4, NaOH. b) HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, NaOH, Na2CO3, Na2S, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4. c) NH4NO3, NaNO3, Na2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, Ba(OH)2, (NH4)2SO4, Zn(NO3)2 ch dung mot thuoc th. d) Cac kh N2, SO2, CO2, O2. e) AgNO3, NaOH, HCl, NaNO3.

+5

+1

f) NaNO3, NH4NO3, Na2CO3, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, Na2S, (NH4)2S, Na2SO3, (NH4)2SO3, NaCl, NH4Cl, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, FeCl3, FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3, CuCl2, Cu(NO3)2. g) Mg(NO3)2, NH3NO3, Al(NO3)3, Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2, Ba(NO3)2. h) NaNO3, NH4NO3, Mg(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, HNO3, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH. 5) Tach tng chat ra khoi hon hp a) N2, NH3, CO2. b) HNO3, H2SO4, HNO3. 6) Cho mot hon hp kh gom N2 va H2 co ty khoi oi vi H2 la 4,9 qua thap tong hp, ngi ta thu c hon hp mi co ty khoi oi vi H2 la 6,125. Tnh hieu suat phan ng tong hp NH3 7) Trong bnh phan ng luc au co 40 mol N2 va 160 mol H2 ap suat la 400 at. Khi phan ng at trang thai can bang th N2 a phan ng la 25%. a) Tnh so mol moi kh trong hon hp sau phan ng. b) Tnh ap suat sau phan ng. 8) Nung 66,2 gam muoi Pb(NO3)2 sau mot thi gian, thu c 55,4 gam chat ran. a) Tnh hieu suat phan ng. b) Tnh so mol cac kh thoat ra. 9) Mot lng 13,5 gam nhom tac dung va u vi 2,2 lt dung dch HNO3, sau phan ng thu c mot hon hp hai kh NO va N2O (co ty khoi vi H2 la 19,2). a) Tnh so mol moi kh tao thanh. b) Tnh nong o mol/l cua HNO3 ban au c) Cung lng HNO3 tren va dung dch H2SO4 loang d th hoa tan c toi a bao nhieu gam Cu. 10) Lay 1,68 gam hon hp Mg va Al tac dung vi dung dch HNO3 d th thu c 560 ml kh N2O. Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp au. 11) Chia 34,8 g hon hp 3 kim loai Al, Fe, Cu thanh hai phan bang nhau. Phan 1: cho vao dung dch HNO3 ac nguoi, thu c 4,48 lt kh (kc). Phan 2: cho tac dung vi HCl th thu c 8,96 lt kh (kc) a) Tnh khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp. b) Cho toan bo kim loai tren tac dung vi HNO3 ac nong, kh bay ra c hap thu va u vao 1000 ml dung dch KOH 1M. Tnh CM cua dung dch sau phan ng. 12) Cho hon hp N2 va H2 vao bnh phan ng co nhiet o khong oi. Sau mot thi gian phan ng th ap suat trong bnh giam 5%. Tnh %V cua N2 va H2 luc au, biet N2 a phan ng 10%.

13) Cho 5,376 g Cu tac dung vi 400 ml dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch A va 1344 ml hon hp hai kh NO va NO2 (kc). e trung hoa axit d can 215 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,4 M. a) Tnh % the tch hon hp kh NO va NO2. b) Tnh ty khoi hon hp kh nay oi vi khong kh. c) Tnh nong o mol/l cua dung dch HNO3 ban au. 14) Chia hon hp gom Al va Cu lam hai phan bang nhau. Mot phan cho vao dung dch HNO3 ac nguoi th co 8,96 lt kh mau nau o bay ra (kc). Mot phan cho vao dung dch HCl th co 6,72 lt kh bay ra (kc). a) Tnh % khoi lng hon hp. b) Cho toan bo lng kim loai tren tac dung vi HNO 3 loang va u th thu c V lt k NO va dung dch A. Tnh V (kc) c) Lay 1/5 dung dch A cho tac dung vi dung dch NaOH 1M, tnh the tch NaOH a dung e thu c ket tua ln nhat? Ket tua nho nhat? 15) Hoa tan hoan toan 0,368 g ho hp Al, Zn can 25 lt dung dch HNO 3 0,001 M. Sau phan ng thu c 3 muoi. Tnh CM cua dung dch sau phan ng. 16) Cho m gam Al tac dung vi HNO3 10% thu c 8,96 lt hon hp kh NO va N2O (kc) co ty khoi oi vi hio la 16,5. a) Tnh m. b) Tnh khoi lng dung dch HNO3 a dung biet dung d so vi phan ng la 10%. 17) Cho 60g hon hp Cu va CuO tan het trong 3 lt dd HNO3 1M cho 13,44 lt NO(kc). a) Tnh % khoi lng hon hp au. b) Tnh nong o mol dd sau phan ng 18) Dung dch HNO3 loang tac dung vi hon hp Zn va ZnO tao ra 8g NH4NO3 va 113,4g Zn(NO3)2. Tnh % khoi lng hon hp. 19) Cau 11: Cho 8,1g Al tac dung va u vi 1,35 lt dd HNO3 thu c mot hon hp gom hai kh NO va N 2O co t khoi cua hon hp kh so vi H2 la 18. a) Tnh the tch moi kh kc. b) Tnh nong o mol/l dung dch HNO3 20) Cho 4 lt N2 va 14 lt H2 vao bnh phan ng. Sau phan ng thu c hon hp kh co the tch bang 16,4 lt , biet cac the tch kh c o cung ieu kien nhiet o, ap suat. Tnh the tch kh NH 3 tao thanh va hieu suat cua phan ng. 21) Trong mot bnh kn dung tch V lt cha 100 mol N2 va H2 theo t le mol 1:4, ap suat 200 at. Sau khi tong hp a ve nhiet o ban au th ap suat la 192 at . a) Tnh so mol hon hp kh sau phan ng. b) Tnh hieu suat cua phan ng tong hp

22) Hoa tan het 4,431 g hon hp Al va Mg trong HNO 3 thu c dung dch A va 1,568 lt hon hp 2 kh khong mau (kc) co khoi lng 2,59 g, trong o co mot kh hoa nau trong khong kh. a) Tnh % khoi lng moi kim loai trong hon hp au. b) Tnh so mol HNO3 a phan ng. c) Co can dung dung dch A th thu c bao nhieu gam muoi khan. 23) Cho hon hp Al, Fe tac dung vi HNO3 thu c dung dch A cha 3 muoi va 6,72 lt kh NO (kc). Cho dung dch A tren tac dung vi NaOH d thu c 64,2 gam ket tua. a) Tnh khoi lng moi kim loai. b) Tnh khoi lng cua moi muoi trong dung dch A. 24) Cho 1,08 g mot kim loai hoa tr 3 tac dung hoan toan vi dung dch HNO3 loang thu c 0,336 lt kh NxOy (kc). Tm ten kim loai, biet ty khoi cua NxOy oi vi hiro la 22. 25) Bo tuc phan ng sau a) (A) + (B) (C) b) (C) + (D) (E) + H2O c) (A) + (D) (E) d) (E) + (D) (G) e) (G) + H2O HNO3 + (E) Vi (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (G) la cong thc hoa hoc cua cac chat vo c. 26) Hoa tan hoan toan 2,7 g kim loai M bang HNO3, thu c 1,12 lt hon hp X gom hai kh khong mau trong o co mot kh hoa nau ngoai khong kh, ty khoi cua X oi vi H2 la 19,2. Tm M. 27) Cho hon hp CuS va FeS2 tac dung vi lng d HNO3 thu c kh mau nau o va dung dch A. Cho Ba(OH)2 d vao dung dch A, thu c dung dch B va ket tua C. Loc nung C trong khong kh en khoi lng khong oi thu c chat ran D. Cho D tac dung vi HCl va u thu c ket tua E. Viet cac phan ng xay ra. 28) Trong mot bnh kn dung tch 1 lt khong oi cha N 2 27,30C va 0,5 at. Them vao bnh 9,4 g muoi nitrat cua kimloai M. Nhiet phan het muoi roi a bnh ve 136,5 0C th ap suat trong bnh la p, khoi lng chat ran con lai la 4 g. a) Xac nh cong thc phan t muoi nitrat b) Tnh p. 29) Hoa tan 62,1 gam kim loai M trong dung dch HNO 3(loang) thu c 16,8 lt hon hp kh X (kc) gom hai kh khong mau, khong hoa nau ngoai khong kh. Ty khoi cua X oi vi H2 la 17,2. a) Xac nh cong thc muoi tao thanh. b) Neu s dung dung dch HNO3 1M th the tch HNO3 a lay la bao nhieu, biet lay d 5% so vi lng phan ng.

30) ot chay x g Fe trong khong kh thu c 5,04 g hon hp A. Hoa tan het A trong HNO3 thu c 0,035 mol hon hp Y gom NO va NO2. Ty khoi cua Y oi vi H2 la 19. Tnh x.

CAC PHAN NG CHNH TRONG CHNG NIT-PHOT PHO

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40)

Mg +N2 N2 +O2 NO+O2 NH4NO2 NH3+ H2O NH3+ H2SO4 NH3+HCl Al3+ + NH3 + H2O Fe2+ + NH3 + H2O Cu(OH)2 + NH3 AgCl + NH3 NH3+O2 NH3+O2 NH3+Cl2 NH3+CuO NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2 NH4Cl (NH4)2CO3 NH4HCO3 NH4NO3 HNO3 HNO3 +CuO HNO3+Ca(OH)2 HNO3 + CaCO3 HNO3l+ Cu HNO3+Cu HNO3 + HCl + Au HNO3+C HNO3+S HNO3+ P HNO3+FeO HNO3+Fe2O3 HNO3+Fe3O4 HNO3+Fe(OH)2 HNO3+Fe(OH)3 HNO3+FeS HNO3+CuS HNO3+H2S HNO3+FeSO4 HNO3+Fe(NO3)2

41) KNO3 42) Cu(NO3)2 43) AgNO3 44) Cu + NaNO3 + H2SO4 45) P+Ca 46) P+O2 47) P+O2 48) P+Cl2 49) P+Cl2 50) P+S 51) P+KClO3 52) H3PO4+NaOH 53) H3PO4+NaOH 54) H3PO4+NaOH 55) P+HNO3 56) CO2+NH3 57) (NH2)2CO+H2O 58) Ca3(PO4)2 +H2SO4 Ca3(PO4)2 +H2SO4