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- MC LC

PHN 1 : TNG QUAN H THNG THNG TIN QUANG WDM

1.1 Gii thiu WDM l cng ngh truyn ti trn si quang xy dng v pht trin t nhng nm 90 ca th k trc. WDM cho php truyn ti cc lung thng tin s tc rt cao (theo l thuyt dung lng truyn ti tng cng c th n hng chc ngn Gigabit/s). Nguyn l c bn ca cng ngh ny l thc hin truyn ng thi cc tn hiu quang thuc nhiu bc sng khc nhau trn mt si quang. Bng tn truyn ti thch hp ca si quang c phn chia thnh nhng bc sng chun vi khong cch thch hp gia cc bc sng ( c chun ha bi tiu chun G.692 ca ITU-T), mi bc sng c th truyn ti mt lung thng tin c tc ln (chng hn lung thng tin s tc 10Gbit/s). Do , cng ngh
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WDM cho php xy dng nhng h thng truyn ti thng tin quang c dung lng gp nhiu ln so vi h thng thng tin quang n bc sng. Hin ti, sn phm v cc h thng truyn dn WDM c sn xut bi nhiu hng sn xut thit b vin thng v c trin khai trn mng ca nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin thng trn th gii. 1.2 Phn loi h thng 1.2.1 Phn loi theo hng truyn dn C 2 loi : - H thng WDM song hng H thng WDM n hng

H thng WDM song hng

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H thng WDM n hng H thng n hng ch truyn theo mt chiu trn si quang. Do vy, truyn thng tin gia hai im cn hai si quang. H thng WDM song hng, ngc li, truyn hai chiu trn mt si quang nn ch cn 1 si quang c th trao i thng tin gia 2 im. Xt v dung lng h thng n hng c kh nng cung cp dung lng cao hn gp i so vi h thng song hng,nhng s si quang cn dng gp i so vi h thng song hng. Khi s c cp xy ra h thng song hng khng cn n c ch chuyn mch bo v t ng v c 2 u ca lin kt u c kh nng nhn bit s c 1cch tc thi. 1.2.2 Phn loi theo khong cch knh. H thng WDM c chia lm 3 loi : H thng WDM bng tn rng (BWDM - Broad passband WDM) H thng WDM ghp mt thp (CWDM - Coarse WDM)

H thng WDM ghp mt cao (DWDM Dense WDM)

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H thng WDM bng tn rng : h thng thc hin truyn dn 2 knh bc sng trong mi knh bc sng thuc mt ca s truyn dn (vng 850 nm, 1310 nm hoc vng 1550 nm). Nh vy khong cch gia cc knh trong h thng ny c vi trm nm. H thng WDM ghp knh mt thp: h thng cho php ghp nhiu hn 2 bc sng vi khong cch knh l 2500 GHz v hot ng di bc sng t 1270 nm n 1610 nm. H thng WDM ghp mt cao: h thng cho php ghp rt nhiu bc sng vi khong cch knh l 100 GHz v hot ng vng bc sng bng S,C,L,U. 1.3 c im ca h thng WDM Thc t nghin cu v trin khai WDM rt ra c nhng u nhc im ca cng ngh WDM nh sau: 1.3.1 u im: Tng bng thng truyn trn si quang s ln tng ng s bc sng c Tnh trong sut: Do cng ngh WDM thuc kin trc lp mng vt l nn n ghp vo truyn trn mt si quang. c th h tr cc nh dng s liu v thoi nh: ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON, chuyn mch knh, IP ... Kh nng m rng: Nhng tin b trong cng ngh WDM ha hn tng bng thng truyn trn si quang ln n hng Tbps, p ng nhu cu m rng mng nhiu cp khc nhau. Hin ti, ch c duy nht cng ngh WDM l cho php xy dng m hnh mng truyn ti quang OTN (Optical Transport Network) gip truyn ti trong sut nhiu loi hnh dch v, qun l mng hiu qu, nh tuyn linh ng ... 1.3.2 Nhc im - Vn cha khai thc ht bng tn hot ng c th ca si quang (ch mi tn dng c bng C v bng L). Qu trnh khai thc, bo dng phc tp hn gp nhiu ln.
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Nu h thng si quang ang s dng l si DSF theo chun G.653 th rt kh

trin khai WDM v xut hin hin tng trn bn bc sng kh gay gt.

Phn II : CC THNH PHN CA H THNG WDM

S tng qut ca h thng thng tin quang WDM

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2.1 Ngun quang Ngun quang s dng cho WDM thng l ngun laser n mt, thng thng cng khng khc bit nhiu so vi laser n mt s dng cho h thng n knh, tuy nhin i vi laser n mt trong h thng WDM i hi rng ph hp, n nh tn s cao v laser trong WDM s dng phng php iu ch ngoi cho php tc iu ch cao, khng b chirp tn s. Phng php iu ch ngoi:

Vic iu ch tn hiu quang khng thc hin bn trong laser m c thc hin bi mt linh kin quang bn ngoi gi l b iu ch ngoi, b iu ch ngoi ny

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c th l Mach-Zehnder hoc Electroabsorption Modulator (EA). nh sng do laser pht ra di dng sng lin tc. Vi cu trc nh vy, k thut iu ch ngoi c c nhng u im nh sau: Bng thng iu ch khng b gii hn bi tn s dao ng tt dn ca laser Khng xy ra hin tng chirp i vi tn hiu quang Khng b gii hn bi cng sut pht quang v c tnh iu ch do b iu ch ngoi quyt nh. 2.3 B ghp/tch knh bc sng 2.3.1 B ghp knh bc sng B ghp knh bc sng c chc nng kt hp cc bc sng ri rc khc nhau thnh tn hiu t hp a vo si quang

B ghp knh bc sng. B ghp knh bc sng hot ng da trn 2 nguyn l : ghp knh s dng cc phn t tn x v ghp knh s dng cc phn t giao thoa.
Ghp knh s dng cc phn t tn x: nh sng c bc sng khc nhau

sau khi va p vo phn t tn x s thay i hng truyn khc nhau. Li dng tnh cht ny, cc phn t tn x gc c ng dng ghp nhiu lung nh sng vi cc bc sng khc nhau di cc gc ti khc nhau hng chng ra chung 1 u ra. Ghp knh s dng cc phn t giao thoa: vi mt bc sng ring l, sau nh sng khi i qua mt coupler s tch thnh nhiu ng i. Trn mi ng i, quang trnh ca chng khng ging nhau, v vy ti vng giao

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thoa ca coupler u ra, s ch c mt cng ra m nh sng s tng cng ln nhau. 2.3.2 B tch knh bc sng B tch knh bc sng c chc nng tch tn hiu t hp WDM thnh cc knh bc sng ring bit a ti b thu.

B tch knh bc sng tch knh bc sng thng s dng 3 phng php : S dng b chia cng sut v cc b lc: nhm N knh bc sng c chia cng sut trn N cng ca mt b chia ri tip s dng b lc trn mi cng ra tng ng vi cc bc sng. S dng cc b tch n knh ni tip: nhm N knh bc sng c tch dn tng bc sng. S dng mt b tch knh bc sng song song. 2.4 Si quang 2.4.1 Cc yu t nh hng a. Suy hao l tham s xc nh khong cch gia pha pht v pha thu, nguyn nhn chnh gy ra suy hao l suy hao do hp th, do tn x tuyn tnh v do un cong. nh hng ca suy hao l gy tn hao cng sut ca tn hiu lm hn ch tc v c ly truyn dn. b. Tn sc: Trong mt si quang ,nhng tn s nh sng khc nhau v nhng mt khc nhau cn nhng thi gian khc nhau truyn mt on t A n B .hin tng ny gi l tn sc v gy ra nhiu nh hng khc nhau ,tn sc dn n s
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co gin xung trong truyn dn quang v gy ra giao thoa gia cc k t tng li bt my thu v dn n gim khong cch truyn dn. c. Hiu ng phi tuyn :khi truyn nhiu mode trong si quang, hin tng phi tuyn sinh ra cc hi t cc mode truyn c bn, dn n nhiu ti u thu v gim cng sut tn hiu truyn. Cc hin tng ny c nh hng cng r rt khong cch cng ln, v khong cch cng khng phi l tham s duy nht. 2.4.2 Si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc khng (NZ-DSF)G.655 Si quang G.655 c pht trin t si quang dch chuyn tn sc DSF do si DSF khng thch hp dng trong h thng WDM v s thit thi nghim trng v cng sut do hiu ng trn bn bc sng v cc s phi tuyn khc gy ra. Cc loi si quang G.655 c tn sc mu khong t 1 n 6 ps/nm.km hoc -1 n -6 ps/nm.km ca s 1550 nm. iu ny ct gim nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn trong khi vn gi nguyn cc u im ca si DSF. Tt c cc si G.655 c ch to c gi tr tn sc khc khng rt nh di C nhng vn c gi tr khng ngoi di C, nm trong di L hoc di S. Trong nhng trng hp ny, mt phn ln ca di bng xung quanh bc sng tn sc s khng dng do hiu ng trn bn bc sng. V d mt s si quang thuc loi si NZ-DSF nh: si TrueWave RS, LEAF.. Si TrueWave RS c ch to c gi tr dc tn sc nh hn cc loi si NZ-DSF khc. dc nh lm gim tri rng xung do tn sc mu tch ly gia cc knh khc nhau trong mt h thng WDM. Tri ph nh c ngha l tn sc tch ly trn cc knh khc nhau gn nh l ng nht, c th b tn sc mu tch ly trn tt c cc knh bng mt b b tn sc mu duy nht.
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Si LEAF c din tch hiu dng li ln nn lm gim s nh hng ca s phi tuyn. Do vy cc loi si ny t c s tha hip tt hn gia tn sc mu v s phi tuyn hn l cc si NZDSF bnh thng. Tuy nhin, khuyt im ca si ny l c dc tn sc mu ln hn, khong 0,11 ps/nm.km2 so vi 0.07ps/nm. km2

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i vi loi si NZ-DSF khc v khong 0.05 ps/nm. km2 i vi si gim dc. 2.5 B khuch i EDFA 2.5.1 Gii thiu B khuch i l thit b tng cng cng sut tn hiu sau khi n b suy gim bi cc mt mt cng sut trong qu trnh truyn dn nhm m bo tn hiu c nng lng tip tc truyn dn i xa. Nguyn l khuch i quang trong cc b khuch i quang c thc hin da trn hin tng pht x kch thch v khng c s cng hng xy ra trong qu trnh khuch i. 2.5.2 B khuch i quang si pha trn ERBIUM(EDFA) 2.5.2.1 Cu trc b khuch i EDFA

Cu trc tng qut ca 1 b khuch i EDFA Cu trc ca 1 b khuch i quang si pha trn Erbium EDFA ( Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ) c minh ho nh hnh trn trong bao gm :
Si quang pha ion t him Erbium EDF (Erbium-Doped Fiber): l ni xy

ra qu trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca EDFA. Cu to ca si quang pha ion Er3+ nh sau:

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Mt ct ngang ca si quang pha ion Erbium Trong , vng li trung tm (c ng knh t 3 -6 m) ca EDF c pha trn ion Er3+ l ni c cng sng bm v tn hiu cao nht. Vic pha cc ion Er3+ trong vng ny cung cp s chng lp ca nng lng bm v tn hiu vi cc ion erbium ln nht dn n s khuch i tt hn. Lp bc (cladding) c chit sut thp hn bao quanh vng li. Lp ph (coating) bo v bao quanh si quang to bn knh si quang tng cng l 250 m. Lp ph ny c chit sut ln hn so vi lp bc dng loi b bt k nh sng khng mong mun no lan truyn trong si quang.
Laser bm (pumping laser): cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra

trng thi nghch o nng trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc sng 980nm hoc 1480nm. WDM Coupler: Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm vo trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php ghp cc tn hiu c bc sng 980/1550nm hoc 1480/1550nm. B cch ly quang (Optical isolator): ngn khng cho tn hiu quang c khuch i phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn phn x ngc v EDFA

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2.5.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch. Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo cc bc nh sau :

Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra trong EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980nm v 1480nm Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =1.27eV) v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao hn vng bm. Ti vng bm, cc ion Er3+ phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1s) v chuyn xung vng gi bn. Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =0.841eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn nh ca vng gi bn. Cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng lng thp (vng c mt in t cao). Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc photon c nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion Er3+ s chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x t pht). Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s xy ra ng thi hai hin tng sau:

Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er3+ vng nn. Tn hiu nh sng b suy hao.

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Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn. Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion Er3+ b kch thch s chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng nn v pht x ra photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng bc sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.

rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch (khuch i) xy ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565nm. y cng l vng bc sng hot ng ca EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616 nm. 2.5.2.3 Cc tnh cht ca EDFA a. li (Gain) H s khuch i ca mt b EDFA c tnh theo biu thc sau:

H s khuch i ca EDFA ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:

Ph thuc vo nng ion Er3+

Ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu n v cng sut bm quang Ph thuc vo chiu di si Ph thuc vo cng sut bm Do vy, ty theo ng dng ca EDFA, cc yu t trn s c hiu chnh sau cho li ca EDFA t gi tr yu cu vi hiu sut cao nht. Thng thng, li ca EDFA vo khong 20-40 dB. b. Cng sut ra bo ha S bo ho xy ra khi cng sut tn hiu vo EDFA ln gy ra s gim h s khuch i. V vy, n gii hn cng sut ra ca b khuch i. S bo ho h s khuch i ny xut hin khi cng sut tn hiu tng cao v gy ra s pht x kch thch mt t l cao v do lm gim s nghch o nng . iu c ngha

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l s cc ion erbium trng thi kch thch gim mt cch ng k. H qu l, cng sut tn hiu ng ra b hn ch bi s bo ho cng sut. Cng sut ra bo ho cng thay i ty theo bc sng ca tn hiu v mt cc ion Er3+ phn b ti vng nng lng gi bn khng bng nhau. c. Nhiu trong b khuch i Nhiu trong b khuch i l 1 yu t gii hn quan trng i vi h thng truyn dn.i vi EDFA,nh hng ca nhiu ASE c tnh thng qua thng s h s nhiu NF c cho bi cng thc : NF = 2nsp (1.2) Trong , nsp = N2/(N2-N1) c gi l h s pht x t pht , N1,N2 l nng ion erbium mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch. N1,N2 thay i dc theo chiu di ca si quang v ph thuc vo cng sut ca ngun bm v cng sut ca tn hiu.Do , h s nhiu NF ca EDFA cng ph thuc vo chiu di ca si quang L v cng sut bm Pp , ging nh li tn hiu ca EDFA. 2.5.2.4 u, nhc im ca EDFA a. u im - Ngun laser bm bn dn c tin cy cao, gn v cng sut cao. - Cu hnh n gin: h gi thnh ca h thng. - Cu trc nh gn: c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm, d vn chuyn v thay th. - Cng sut ngun nui nh: thun li khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin quang vt bin. - Khng c nhiu xuyn knh khi khuch i cc tn hiu WDM nh b khuch i quang bn dn. - Hu nh khng ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu. b. Nhc im - Ph li ca EDFA khng bng phng. - Bng tn hin nay b gii hn trong bng C v bng L.
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- Nhiu c tch ly qua nhiu chng khuch i gy hn ch c ly truyn dn. 2.6 B thu quang. B thu thc hin chc nng bin i tn hiu quang thnh in. B thu phi thch hp vi b pht c v bc sng s dng v phng thc iu ch. ng thi b thu phi c thit k sao cho a ra mc tn hiu ph hp. B thu quang ca h thng WDM cng tng t nh b thu quang h thng n knh. Chng thc cht l cc photodiode (PD), thc hin chc nng c bn l bin i tn hiu quang thu c thnh tn hiu in. B thu quang phi m bo nhy cao trong di rng bc sng ,nhiu thp ,hot ng n nh. B thu quang thng s dng Photodiode lm phn t tch sng quang. C hai loi Photodiode hay s dng l PIN v ADP. Photodiode PIN c yu cu cng sut thp, nhng km nhy cm ch hot ng trn mt di tn s hp v cn c b khuch i trc. APD thng s dng cho cc tuyn thng tin ng di. Thnh phn cu to chnh ca Photodiode l mt s lp tip gip p-n phn cc ngc. Thng qua hiu ng quang in mt photon i qua lp tip gip s kch thch v tch ra mt cp in t l trng trong min p (hoc n) ca h thng. Cc in t c gii phng trong min p s chy sang min n (hoc cc l trng trong min n s chy sang min p). Kt qu l s tn ti mt dng in chy trn mch ngoi. Mt trong nhng tham s quan trng ca b thu l nhy my thu. N l mc cng sut nh nht ca tn hiu ti m my thu vn thu c tn hiu v t c t s li BER yu cu.

PHN 3: THIT K H THNG WDM BNG PHN MM

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OptiSystem
3.1 Gii thiu phn mm OptiSystem OptiSystem l phn mm m phng h thng thng tin quang. Phn mm ny c kh nng thit k, o kim tra v thc hin ti u ha rt nhiu loi tuyn thng tin quang, da trn kh nng m hnh ha cc h thng thng tin quang trong thc t. Bn cnh , phn mm ny cng c th d dng m rng do ngi s dng c th a thm cc phn t t nh ngha vo.Phn mm c giao din thn thin, kh nng hin th trc quan.

Giao din ngi s dng ca OptiSystem Optisystem cho php thit k t ng hu ht cc loi tuyn thng tin quang lp vt l, t h thng ng trc cho n cc mng LAN, MAN quang. Cc ng dng c th bao gm: vt l Thit k mng TDM/WDM v CATV Thit k mng FTTx da trn mng quang th ng (PON)
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Thit k h thng thng tin quang t mc phn t n mc h thng lp

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Thit k h thng ROF (radio over fiber) Thit k b thu, b pht, b khuch i quang Thit k s tn sc nh gi BER v penalty ca h thng vi cc m hnh b thu khc nhau Tnh ton BER v qu cng sut tuyn ca cc h thng c sng dng

khuch i quang. c im chnh ca phn mm OptiSystem - Optisystem c mt th vin cc phn t phong ph vi hng trm phn t c m hnh ha c p ng ging nh cc thit b trong thc t. - Optisystem cho php ngi dng s dng kt hp vi cc cng c phn mm khc ca Optiwave nh OptiAmplifier, OptiBPM, OptiGrating, WDM_Phasar v OptiFiber thit k mc phn t. - Optisystem c y cc thit b o quang, o in. Cho php hin th tham s, dng, cht lng tn hiu ti mi im trn h thng. - Optisystem cung cp m hnh m phng ti cc mc khc nhau, bao gm mc h thng, mc h thng con v mc phn t. - Optisystem cho php to ra nhiu thit k, nh ngi s dng c th to ra v sa i cc thit k mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu.

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