1.2.

N a nhm v v nhm

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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1.2.1 nh ngha

Trn t p h p X cho ton hai ngi . Ta ni r ng X cng v i php ton (vi t l (X, )) l n a nhm n u php ton c tnh k t h p. V d : 1. T p cc s t nhin N cng v i php c ng n a nhm. 2. (Z, ) l n a nhm. 3. (Z, ) khng l n a nhm.

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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1.2.2 V nhm

N a nhm c ph n t trung l p g i l v nhm. N a nhm c tnh ch t giao hon c g i l n a nhm giao hon. V d : 1. T p cc s t nhin N cng v i php c ng v nhm giao hon. 2. (Z, ) l v nhm giao hon.

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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1.3 Nhm

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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1.3.1 nh ngha

Trn t p h p X cho php ton . Ta ni (X, ) l m t nhm khi v ch khi th a cc i u ki n sau: i. (X, ) l n a nhm, t c l a, b, c X, (a b) c = a (b c) ii. C ph n t trung l p e X, t c l e X : x e = e x = x, x X iii. M i ph n t x X u c ph n t i x ng, t c l x X, x X : x x = x x = e
() Chng 1: Nhm (Group) Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012 5 / 10

V d

1. (Z, +) l nhm. Th t v y, ta c: Php c ng cc s nguyn c tnh k t h p. Ph n t trung l p l 0. i x ng c a x Z l x Z

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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V d

1. (Z, +) l nhm. Th t v y, ta c: Php c ng cc s nguyn c tnh k t h p. Ph n t trung l p l 0. i x ng c a x Z l x Z 2. (Q , ) l nhm. Th t v y, ta c: Php nhn c tnh k t h p Ph n t trung l p l 1 Q 1 Ph n t i x ng c a x Q l Q x

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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V d

1. (Z, +) l nhm. Th t v y, ta c: Php c ng cc s nguyn c tnh k t h p. Ph n t trung l p l 0. i x ng c a x Z l x Z 2. (Q , ) l nhm. Th t v y, ta c: Php nhn c tnh k t h p Ph n t trung l p l 1 Q 1 Ph n t i x ng c a x Q l Q x 3. Trn t p Z cho php ton xc nh nh sau: a b = a + b 10 Ch ng minh (Z, ) l nhm.
() Chng 1: Nhm (Group) Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012 6 / 10

1.3.2 Nhm con

nh ngha B ph n n nh A c a nhm (X, ) c g i l nhm con c a X n u (A, ) cng l m t nhm. V d : T p A = 2Z (cc s nguyn ch n) l nhm con c a (Z, +). 0 A do A = v A Z V i m i 2m, 2n A : 2m + 2n = 2(m + n) A 0 l ph n t trung l p c a A (0 = 2.0 A) V i 2m A c i x ng l 2m = 2(m) A
() Chng 1: Nhm (Group) Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012 7 / 10

 nh l Cho A = l t p con c a nhm X. Khi , cc i u sau y l tng ng: 1. A l nhm con c a (X, ). 2. x, y A, x y A v x A (v i x l i x ng c a x) 3. x, y A : x y A (v i y l i x ng c a y)

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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1.4. ng c u n a nhm, v nhm v nhm

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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1.5. N a nhm, v nhm v nhm s p th t

()

Chng 1: Nhm (Group)

Ngy 23 thng 2 nm 2012

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