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HNG GIP HC SINH LP 7 CHUYN SU V KIN THC T L THC,
TNH CHT CA DY T S BNG NHAU.
I./ M U
Thng qua vic gii ton s pht trin c t duy c lp, sng to ca hc
sinh, rn ch vt qua mi kh khn.
ng trc mt bi ton, hc sinh phi c trong mnh mt vn kin thc c
bn, vng chc v mt l thuyt. C c nhng th php c bn thuc dng ton
, t mi tm cho mnh con ng gii bi ton nhanh nht.
hc sinh c c iu trn th trc ht phi xut pht t ngi thy,
ngi thy phi u t son bi theo tng chuyn ca dng ton mt cch c
bn, su rng, gip hc sinh :
- Nhn nhn t mt bi ton c th thy c bi ton khi qut
- T phng php gii khi qut thy c cch gii mt bi ton c th
- Nhn thy c s lin quan gia cc bi ton vi nhau
- Bit vn dng linh hot l thuyt c bn vo gii ton.
Vi mt s lao ng nghim tc ti xin trnh by mt phn nh kinh nghim
son bi ca mnh nhm gip hc sinh rn k nng gii dng ton vn dng tnh
cht ca t l thc v dy t s bng nhau trong i s 7.
II. / NI DUNG CHN TI
1 . L thuyt
T l thc l ng thc gia hai t s
* Tnh cht ca t l thc:
a c
b d
Tnh cht 1: T t l thc

a c
b d
suy ra a.d = b.c

Tnh cht 2: T ng thc a.d = b.c vi a, b, c, d 0 cho ta cc t l thc:
a c
b d
,
a b
c d
,
d c
b a
,
d b
c a

a c
b d
suy ra cc t l thc:
a b
c d
,
d c
b a
,
d b
c a
* Tnh cht ca dy t l thc bng nhau:

a c
b d
suy ra cc t l thc sau:

a a c a c
b b d b d
+

+
, (b d)
http://thanhliem24.tk 1
Nguyn Hu Chc http://violet.vn/thanhliem24
Tnh cht 2:
a c i
b d j

suy ra cc t l thc sau:
a c c i a c i
b b d j b d j
+ + +

+ + +
, (b, d, j 0)
Tnh cht 3: a, b,c t l vi 3, 5, 7 tc l ta c:
3 5 7
a b c

2 . Thc t nhng nm trc kia khi cha ch trng trong vic rn k nng theo
ti ny hc sinh gp nhiu sai st trong qu trnh gii ton . V d cc em hay sai
nht trong trnh by li gii , s nhm ln gia du = vi du =>
V d:
d
( )
5 7 5.3 7.3
x y x y

th cc em li dung du bng l sai.
Hy tm x, y, z bit
5 3 4
x y z

v x z = 7
Gii:
7
( ) 7
5 3 4 5 4 1
S
x y z x z

vy
7 5.7
5
x
x
trn cc em dng du suy ra l sai
Hay khi bin i cc t l thc rt chm chp
Hin nay cc sai st trn t gp hn. Cc em gii dng ton ny tng i
thnh tho khi ti phn chia thnh nhng dng ton nh.
1. Ton chng minh ng thc
2. Ton tm x, y, z, ...
3. Ton
4. Ton v lp t l thc
5. p dng v chng minh bt ng thc
Qua vic gii cc bi tp a dng v p dng tnh cht ca t l thc cc em
nm chc chn tnh cht ca t l thc
Bin i t mt t l thc ra mt t l thc rt linh hot
III. / BI TP C TH
A. Loi ton chng minh ng thc
Bi 1. Chng minh rng : Nu
1
a c
b d

th
a b c d
a b c d
+ +

vi a, b, c, d 0
Gio vin hi: Mun chng minh trc ht xc nh bi ton cho ta iu g?
Bt chng minh iu g?
Gii: Vi a, b, c, d 0 ta c:
1 1
a c a c a b c d
b d b d b d
+ +
+ +
a b b
c d d
+

+
(1)
a c a b c d a b b
b d b d c d d

(2)
T (1) v (2) =>
a b a b a b c d
c d c d a b c d
+ + +

+
(PCM)
Bi 2: Nu
a c
b d
th:
a,
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3
a b c d
a b c d
+ +

b,
2 2
2 2 2 2
7 3 7 3
11 8 11 8
a ab c cd
a b c d
+ +

Gii: - Nhn xt iu phi chng minh?
- Lm nh th no xut hin 5a, 5c, 3b, 3d?
- Bi 1 gi g cho gii bi 2?
a. T
5 3 5 5 5 3 5 3
5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3
a c a b a b a c a b c d
b d c d c d b d a b c d
+ +

(pcm)
b.
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
7 8 3 11
7 8 3 11
a c a b a b ab a b ab a
b d c d c d cd c d cd c

2 2 2
2 2 2
7 3 11 8
7 3 11 8
a ab a b
c cd c d
+
+
(pcm)
Bi 3: CMR: Nu
2
a bc th
a b c a
a b c a
+ +

iu o li c ng hay khng?
Gii: + Ta c:
2
a b a b a b a b c a
a bc
c a c a c a a b c a
+ + +

+
+ iu o li cng ng, tht vy:
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
a b c a
a b c a a b c a
a b c a
ac a bc ab ac a bc ab
bc a
a bc
+ +
+ +

+

Bi 4: Cho
a c
b d
CMR
2 2
2 2
ac a c
bd b d
+
+
Gii:
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a c ac a c a c ac a c
b d bd b d b d bd b d
+ +

+ +
(pcm)
Bi 5: CMR: Nu
a c
b d
th
4
4 4
4 4
a b a b
c d c d
+ _

+
,
Gii:
Ta c: ( )
4
4
4
1
a c a b a b a a b
b d c d c d c c d
_

,
T ( )
4 4 4 4
4 4 4 4
2
a b a b a b
c d c d c d
+

+
T (1) v (2)
4
4 4
4 4
a b a b
c d c d
+ _

+
,
(pcm)
Bi 6: CMR Nu a + c = 2b (1) v 2bd = c(b+d) (2) k: b; d0 th
a c
b d
Gii:
Ta c:
( ) ( ) 2 2 3 a c b a c d bd + +
T (3) v (2)
( ) ( ) c b d a c d
cb cd ad cd
+ +
+ +
a c
b d

(pcm)
Bi 7: Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s khc nhau, khc khng tha mn iu kin:
2 2
; b ac c bd
v
3 3 3
0 b c d + +
CM:
3 3 3
3 3 3
a b c a
b c d d
+ +
+ +
Gii: + Ta c ( )
2
1
a b
b ac
b c

+ Ta c ( )
2
2
b c
c bd
c d

+ T (1) v (2) ta c ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3
a b c a b c a b c
b c d b c d b c d
+ +

+ +
Mt khc: ( )
3
3
4
a b c a a b c a
b c d b b c d d

T (3) v (4)
3 3 3
3 3 3
a b c a
b c d d
+ +

+ +
Bi 8: CMR: Nu a(y + z) = b(z + x) = c(x + y) (1)
Trong a ; b ; c l cc s khc nhau v khc 0 th:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
y z z x x y
a b c b c a c a b

Gii: V a; b; c 0 nn chia cc cc s ca (1) cho abc ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
a y+z y+z
2
b z x c x y z x x y
abc abc abc bc ac ab
+ + + +

? Nhn vo (*) ta thy mu thc cn c ab ac
? Ta s bin i nh th no?
T (2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y+z x y z x y z x y z x y z
bc ab ac bc ab ac bc
+ + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
y-z z-x x-y
a b c b c a c a b

(pcm)
Bi 9: Cho ( )
bz-cy cx-az ay-bx
1
a b c

CMR:
x y z
a b c

Gii: Nhn thm c t v mu ca (1) vi a hoc b; c
T (1) ta c:

2 2 2 2 2 2
bz-cy abz-acy bcx-baz cay-cbx abz-acy+bcx-baz+cay-cbx
0
a a b c a b c

+ +
( )
x y
bz-cy = 0 bz = cy = 2
c b

( ) ay-bx = 0 ay = bx 3
x y
a b

T (2) v (3)
x y z
a b c

(pcm)
Bi 10. Bit
'
'
a
1
a
b
b
+ v
'
'
b
1
c
b c
+
CMR: abc + abc = 0
Gii: T ( )
'
'
a
1 ' ' 1 1
a
b
ab a b
b
+ +
Nhn c hai v ca (1) vi c ta c: abc + abc = abc (3)
Ta c:
'
'
b
1 ' ' ' (2)
c
bc b c b c
b c
+ +
Nhn c hai v ca (2) vi a ta c:
abc + abc = abc (4)
Cng c hai v ca (3) v (4) ta c:
abc + abc + abc + abc = abc +abc
=> abc + abc = 0 (pcm)
B. Ton tm x, y, z
Bi 11. Tm x, y, z bit:
15 20 28
x y z

v
2 3 2 186 x y +
Gii: Gi thit cho
2 3 2 186 x y +
Lm nh th no s dng hiu qu gi thit trn?
T
2 3 2 3 186
3
15 20 28 30 60 28 30 60 28 62
x y z x y z x y z +

+
x = 3.15 = 45
y= 3.20 = 60
z = 3.28 = 84
Bi 12. Tm x, y, z cho:
3 4
x y
v
5 7
y z
v
2 3 372 x y z +
Gii: Nhn xt bi ny v bi trn c g ging nhau?
a bi ny v dng bi trn bng cch no? a t s c cng s chia
Ta c:
3 4 15 20
x y x y

(chia c hai v cho 5)
5 7 20 28
y z y z

(chia c hai v cho 4)
15 20 28
x y z

Tng t hc sinh t gii tip: x = 90; y = 120; z = 168
Bi 13. Tm x, y, z bit
2 3
x y
v
5 7
y z
v x + y + z = 98
Gii: Hy nu phng php gii (tm GCNN (3;5)=?)
Hc sinh nn t gii (tng t bi no em gp)
S: x = 20; y = 30; z = 42
Bi 14. Tm x, y, z bit 2x = 3y = 5z (1) v x + y z = 95 (*)
Cch 1: T 2x = 3y
3 2
x y

3y = 5z
5 3
y z

a v cch gii ging ba bi trn: cch ny di dng
Cch 2: + Nu c t l ca x, y, z tng ng ta s gii c (*)
+ Lm th no (1) cho ta (*)
+ chia c hai v ca (1) cho BCNN (2;3;5) = 30
2x = 3y = 5z
2 3 5 95
5
30 30 30 15 10 6 15 10 6 19
x y z x y z x y z +

+
=> x = 75, y = 50, z = 30
( )
1 2 3
1
2 3 4
x y z
v x y = 15
Gii: Hy nu cch gii (tng t bi 11)
BCNN(1 ;2 ;3) = 6
Chia cc v ca (1) cho 6 ta c
15
5
12 9 8 12 9 3
x y z x y

=> x = 2.15 = 60; y = 5.9 = 45; z = 8.5 = 40

a. ( )
1 2 3
1
2 3 4
x y z

v 2x + 3y z = 50
b. ( )
2 2 4
2
3 4 5
x y z

v x + y +z = 49
Gii:
a. Vi gi thit phn a ta co cch gii tng t bi no? (bi 11)
T (1) ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
2 1 3 2
3 2 2 3 6 3
4 9 4 4 9 4
2 3 2 6 3 50 5
5
9 9
x y
z x y z
x y z

+ +

+
+ + +

1
5 11
2
x
x

2
5 17
3
y
x

3
5 23
4
z
x

b. ? Nu cch gii phn b? (tng t bi 15)
Chia cc v cho BCNN (2;3;4) = 12
2 3 4 2 3 4
3 4 5 3.12 4.12 5.12
49
1
18 10 15 18 16 15 49
x y z x y z
x y z x y z

+ +

+ +
=> x = 18; y = 16; z = 15
Bi 17. Tm x; y; z bit rng:
a.
2 3
x y
v xy = 54 (2)
b.
5 3
x y
v
2 2
4 x y + (x, y > 0)
Gii: ? Lm nh th no xut hin xy m s dng gi thit.
a.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2
54
1 . . 9
2 3 2 2 3 2 4 6 6
4.9 2.3 6 6 6
x y x x y x x xy
x x

t
Thay vo (2) ta c:
54
6 9
6
x y
54
6 9
6
x y
b.
2 2 2 2
2
4 1
5 3 25 9 25 9 16 4
25 5
4 2
x y x y x y
x x
t
2
9 3
4 2
y x t
Bi 18 . Tm cc s a
1
, a
2
, a
9
bit:
9 1 2
a 9 a 1 a 2
...
9 8 1

v 1 2 9
a a ... a 90 + + +
Gii :
( ) ( )
1 2 9 1
a a ... a 1 2 ... 9 a 1 90 45
1
9 9 8 ... 1 45
+ + + + + +

+ + +
T d dng suy ra a
1;
a
2;
Bi 19. Tm x; y; z bit:
a.
( )
1 2 3 1
1
y z x z x y
x y z x y z
+ + + + +

+ +
Gii: Theo tnh cht ca dy t s bng nhau ta c t (1)
( ) 2 1 1 2 3 x y z y z y z x z x y
x x y z x y z
+ + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + +
Nu a + y + z 0 :
1
2 0, 5
1
2 1 2 1 2
1
1, 5 3
2
2
2 2 3
5
2, 5 3
6
3
2 3 3
5 5
3
2 6
x y z
x y z
y z
y z x x y z x x
x
x x
x z
x y z y
y
y y
x y
x y z z
z
z z
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + +

+ +
+ + +

+
+ +

b. Tng t cc em t gii phn b
Tm x, y, z bit:
1 1 2
x y z
x y z
y z x z x y
+ +
+ + + + +
Nu x + y + z 0 => x + y + z = 0,5
S :
1 1 1
; ;
2 2 2
x y z
Nu x + y + z = 0 => x = y = z = 0
Bi 20. Tm x bit rng:
1 2 1 4 1 6
18 24 6
y y y
x
+ + +

Gii:
( )
( )
1 4 1 2 1 6 2 8 1 4 2 8
24 18 6 18 6 24 18 6
1 4 24 1 4 24 1
24 18 6 2 1 4 18 6 2
18 6 24.2
6 3 6.4.2
3 8 5
y y y y y y
x x x
y y
x y x
x
x
x x
+ + + + + + +

+ + +
+ +

+ + +
+
+
+
Bi 21. Tm x, y,z bit rng:
2 3 5
x y z

v xyz = 810
Gii:
( )
3
3
3
3 3 3
2 3 5 2 2 2 2 3 5 30
810
27 27
2 10 8
8.27 2 .3 2.3
6
x y z x x x x y z xyz
x x
x
x

_

,

m
3.6
9
2 3 2
15
x y
y
z

Bi 22. Tm cc s x
1
, x
2
, x
n-1
, x
n
bit rng:
1 1 2
1 2 1
n n
n n
x x x x
a a a a

v 1 2 n
x x x c + + +
( 1 1 2
0,..., 0; ... 0
n n
a a a a a + + +
)
Gii:

1 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 1 2
1 2
...
... ...
.
...
n n n
n n n n
i
i
n
x x x x x x x c
a a a a a a a a a a
c a
x
a a a
+ + +

+ + + + + +
+ + +
trong : i = 1, 2,, n
Bi 2 3 . Tm cc s x; y; z Q bit rng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : 5 : : 9 3:1: 2: 5 x y z y z y + + +
Gii: Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 9
(1)
3 1 2 5
5 9
4
3 1 2 5 1
x y z y z y
k
x y z y z y
x y
+ + +

+ + + + + +
+
+ + +
4
4
3
4 3 4 2 2
x y k
k x y
x y k
k k k k
+
+ +
'
+
+
T (1)
5 5 5 2 3
9 5 5 9 10 9 1
3 3 6 1 5
5
1
3
z k z k
y k y k
x y k x k y
x
y
z

+
+

'
Bi 24. Tng cc lu tha bc ba ca 3 s l -1009. Bit t s gia s th 1 v s

th 2 l
2
3
; gia s th 1 v s th 3 l
4
9
. Tm 3 s ?
Gii:
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3
1009
2
3 2 3 4 6
1
9 4 9 4 6 9
4 , 6 , 9
4 6 9 64 216 729 1009 1009
1 1
1.4 4
1.6 6
1.9 9
x y z
x x y x y
y
x x z x y z
z
x k y k z k
x y z k k k k k k k
k k
x
y
z
+ +

+ + + + + +

C./ TON
(ngoi nhng dng n gin trong sgk gio vin son b sung thm)
Bi 25. C 3 i A; B; C c tt c 130 ngi i trng cy. Bit rng s cy mi
ngi i A; B; C trng c theo th t l 2; 3; 4 cy. Bit s cy mi i trng
c nh nhau. Hi mi i c bao nhiu ngi i trng cy?
Gii:
+ Gi s ngi i trng cy ca i A; B; C ln lt l: x; y; z (ngi), k:
x; y; z N
*
+ Theo bi ra ta c:
x.2 = y.3 = 4.z (1) v x + y+ z =130
BCNN (2;3;4) = 12
.2 .3 4. 130
10
12 12 12 6 4 3 6 4 3 13
60; 10; 30
x y z x y z x y z
x y z
+ +

+ +

Tr li: i A; B; C c s ngi i trng cy theo th t l 60; 40; 30
S: 60; 40; 30
Bi 26. Trng c 3 lp 7, bit
2
3
c s hc sinh lp 7A bng
3
4
s hc sinh 7B v
bng
4
5
s hc sinh 7C. Lp 7C c s hc sinh t hn tng s hc sinh ca 2 lp kia
l 57 bn. Tnh s hc sinh mi lp?
Gii: Gi s hc sinh 7A; 7B; 7C ln lt l x; y; z (em), x; y; z 0
Theo bi ra ta c:
( )
2 3 4
1
3 4 5
x y z
v x + y + z = 57
Chia (1) cho BCNN (3;4;5) = 12
57
18 16 15 18 16 15 19
x y z x y z +

+
=> x = 54; y = 18; z =45
Tr li: s hc sinh cc lp 7A; 7B; 7C ln lt l: 54; 18; 45
S: 54; 18; 45
Bi 27. Tm ba s nguyn dng bit BCNN ca chng l 3150 v t s s th
nht vi s th 2 l
5
9
, ca s th nht vi s th ba l
10
7
.
Gii: Gi ba s nguyn dng ln lt l: x; y; z
Theo bi ra ta c: BCNN (x;y;z) = 3150
2
5 10
; ;
9 7 5 9 10 7
10 18 7
10 2.5.
18. 3 .2.
7.
x x x y x z
y z
x y z
k
x k k
y k k
z k

BCNN (x;y;z)=3150 = 2.3
2
.5.7
k = 5
x=50; y = 90; z = 35
Vy 3 s nguyn dng ln lt l x = 50; y = 90; z = 35.
E./ TNH CHT CA T L THC P DNG TRONG BT NG THC
Tnh cht 1: (Bi 3/33 GK 7) Cho 2 s hu t
a
b
v
c
d
vi b> 0; d >0.
CM:
a c
ad bc
b d
< <
Gii:
+ C
db cd
bd db
0; 0
a c
ad bc b d
b d
<

< <
;
> >

+ C:
ad bc
0; 0 bd db
ad bc
a c
b d b d
<
< <
;
> >

Tnh cht 2: Nu b > 0; d > 0 th t
a c a a c c
b d b b d d
+
< < <
+
(Bi 5/33 GK 7)
Gii:
+
(1)
0; 0
a c
ad bc b d
b d
<

<
;
> >

thm vo 2 v ca (1) vi ab ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) 2
ad ab bc ab
a a c
a b d c b d
b b d
+ < +
+
+ < + <
+
+ Thm vo hai v ca (1) dc ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
3
ad dc bc dc
d a c c b d
a c c
b d d
+ < +
+ < +
+
<
+
+ T (2) v (3) ta c:
T
a c a a c c
b d b b d d
+
< < <
+
(pcm)
Tnh cht 3: a; b; c l cc s dng nn
a, Nu
1
a
b
<
th
a a c
b b c
+
<
+
b, Nu
1
a
b
>
th
a a c
b b c
+
>
+
Bi 3 0 . Cho a; b; c; d > 0.
CMR:
1 2
a b c d
a b c b c d c d a d a b
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
Gii:
+ T
1
a
a b c
<
+ +
theo tnh cht (3) ta c:
( ) 1
a d a
a b c d a b c
+
>
+ + + + +
(do d>0)
Mt khc: ( ) 2
a a
a b c a b c d
>
+ + + + +
+ T (1) v (2) ta c: ( ) 3
a a a d
a b c d a b c a b c d
+
< <
+ + + + + + + +
Tng t ta c:
( ) 4
b b b a
a b c d b c d a b c d
+
< <
+ + + + + + + +
( ) 5
c c c b
a b c d c d a c d a b
+
< <
+ + + + + + + +
( ) 6
d+a+b+c
d d d c
d a b a b c d
+
< <
+ + + + +
Cng bt ng thc kp (3); (4); (5); (6) theo tng v th c:
1 2
a b c d
a b c b c d c d a d a b
< + + + <
+ + + + + + + +
(pcm)
Bi 31. Cho
a c
b d
<
v
; 0 b d >
CMR:
2 2
a ab cd c
b b d d
+
< <
+
Gii:
Ta c
a c
b d
<
v
; 0 b d >
nn
2 2
. .
. d.d
a b c d ab cd
b b b d
< <
Theo tnh cht (2) ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2
ab ab cd cd a ab cd c
b b d d b b d d
+ +
< < < <
+ +
(pcm)

Qua vic hng dn hc sinh vn dng kin thc gii cc
bi tp mt cch nhanh nht ngn nht. Ngi thy gio
cn gip hc sinh nh hng kin thc cn dng, phng
php c bn dng gii tng dng ton c th . khc
su kin thc ngi thy cn chn nhng bi tp mang
tnh cht c bn v tnh pht trin cc kin thc mi
kha cnh. Qua gip hc sinh va nm c kin thc
c bn , va pht trin c t duy, sng to v linh hot khi
lm bi, to hng th v yu thch mn hc.
Trn y l mt hng gip hc sinh lp 7 chuyn su
v kin thc t l thc, tnh cht ca dy t s bng
nhau ca t KHTN trng THCS Lin Kh. Trng chng ti
vn dng trong qu trnh ging dy thu c mt s
kt qu nht nh, chng ti rt mong c s gp , b
sung sao cho chuyn ny c hon thin hn, v
chuyn ny c vn dng rng ri hn!
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Lin Kh ngy 10 thng 4 nm
2007
Ngi vit
Nguyn Hu Chc

Chuyen de Ve Ti Le Thuc Tinh Chat Cua Day Ti Sobang Nhau

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Chuyen de Ve Ti Le Thuc Tinh Chat Cua Day Ti Sobang Nhau

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Tnh cht 1: T t l thc

suy ra a.d = b.c

Tnh cht 3: T t l thc

* Tnh cht ca dy t l thc bng nhau:

suy ra cc t l thc sau:

=> x = 2.15 = 60; y = 5.9 = 45; z = 8.5 = 40

Bi 24. Tng cc lu tha bc ba ca 3 s l -1009. Bit t s gia s th 1 v s

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