Thang 9

Rut gon bieu thc cha can
bac hai
Cc dng bi tp:
- Rt gn biu thc s.
- Rt gn biu thc cha ch. S dng kt qu rt gn :
+ Tnh gi tr ca biu thc khi bit gi tr ca bin;
+ Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh ( so snh biu thc vi mt
s);
+ Tm gi tr nh nht, ln nht ca mt biu thc;
+ Tm gi tr nguyn ca biu thc ng vi cc gi tr nguyn ca
bin.
* DNG1:RT GN CC BIU THC S:
I.Cc v d:
+ V d 1: Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
a/
72 18 3 45 20 + +
.
b/ ( 84 7 ) 7 3 2 28 + + .
c/
( ) 120 5 6
2
+
.

Gii:
a/
72 18 3 45 20 + +
=
2 . 6 2 . 3 3 5 . 3 5 . 2
2 2 2 2
+ +

= 2 6 2 9 5 3 5 2 + +
= ( ) 5 2 15 2 ) 6 9 ( 5 3 2 + + .
b/
( ) 84 7 7 3 2 28 + +
=
. 21 . 2 7 . 7 7 . 3 2 7 . 7 . 2
2 2
+ +
=
21 2 7 21 2 7 . 2 + +
=
( ) 21 21 2 2 7 14 + +
.
c/
( ) 120 5 6
2
+
=
30 . 2 5 30 2 6
2
+ +
=
11 30 2 30 2 5 6 + +
.
Hoang Thai Anh - THCS My Thuy 1/11
1 1 3 4 1
d/ 2 200 :
2 2 2 5 8
_
+

,
2
2
1 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 1
/ 2 200 : 2 10.2 :
2 2 2 5 8 2 2 2 5 8
1 3
2 2 8 2 .8 2 2 12 2 64 2 54 2
4 2
d
_ _
+ +

, ,
_
+ +

,
bac hai
+ V d 2: Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
a/
1 1
5 3 5 3
A
+
b/
4 2 3
6 2
B

c/
1 2 2
2 3 6 3 3
C +
+ +
Gii:
a/
1 1
5 3 5 3
A
+

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
5 3 5 3
5 3 5 3
+
+

5 3 5 3 2 3
3
5 3 2

b/
4 2 3
6 2
B

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 3 1 3 1
2 3 1 2 3 1
3 1
3 1 1 2
2 2
2 3 1 2 3 1
+

c/
1 2 2
2 3 6 3 3
C +
+ +
( )
1 1 2
2 3 3
3 3 1
+
+
+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 3
3 3 1 2 3
+ + + + +
+ +

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 3 2
2 3 4
3 3 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 3
+
+

+ + + +
bac hai

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2. 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 3 1
3 3 3
1
3 3 1 3 3 3
3 3 1 3 1

+
+ V d 3: Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
a/
( ) ( )
2
2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 6 9 + +
b/
2 3 2 3 6 + +
c/
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4
8
2 5 2 5

+
Gii:
a/
( ) ( )
2
2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 6 9 + +
BVT ta c :

( ) ( )
2
2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 6 2 6 4 2 1 4 2 8 2 6 9 VP + + + + +
Vy ng thc c chng minh.
b/
2 3 2 3 6 + +
BVT ta c :

( )
2 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
2
+ +
+ +
( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 3 1
4 2 3 4 2 3
2 2
+ +
+ +

3 1 3 1
3 1 3 1 2 3
6
2 2 2
VP
+ +
+ +

c/
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4
8
2 5 2 5

+
BVT ta c :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4 2 2
2 5 2 5
2 5 2 5

+
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 5 2 2 5 2
2 2 2 2
5 2 5 2 2 5 2 5 5 2 5 2
+

+ + +
2 5 4 2 5 4
8
5 4
VP
+ +


+ V d 4: So snh ( khng dng bng s hay my tnh b ti )
bac hai
a/ 2 3 + v 10
b/ 2003 2005 + v 2 2004
c/
5 3
v
3 5
Gii:
a/ 2 3 + v 10
Ta c:
( )
2
2 3 2 3 2 6 5 2 6 5 24 + + + + +
V
( )
2
10 10 5 5 5 25 + +
V 24 < 25 => 24 < 25 => 5 24 5 25 + < +
Hay
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 10 2 3 10 + < + <
b/ 2003 2005 + v 2 2004
Ta c:
( )
2
2003 2005 2003 2005 2 2003.2005 + + +
( ) ( )
2
4008 2 2004 1 2004 1 4008 2 2004 1 + + +
V
( )
2
2
2 2004 4.2004 2.2004 2 2004 +
V
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2004 1 2004 2004 1 2004
4008 2 2004 1 4008 2 2004
2003 2005 2 2004 2003 2005 2 2004
< > <
> + < +
> + < > + <
c/
5 3
v
3 5
Ta c:
2
5 3 5 .3 75
V
2
3 5 3 .5 45
V 75 > 45 =>
75 45 75 45 > > > 5 3 3 5 > >
*MT S CH KHI LM DNG TON 1
Nhn xt biu thc trong cn. Phn on phn tch nhanh a ra
hng lm cho loi ton:
+ Vn dng cc php bin i mt cch hp l v thnh tho.
+ Phn tch cc biu thc s, tm cch a v cc s c cn bc
hai ng
hoc a v hng ng thc
+ Lun ch ti du hiu chia ht thun tin cho vic phn tch
+ trit s dng cc php bin i cn thc nh: Nhn chia hai cn
thc bc hai, a tha s vo trong hay ra ngoi du cn, kh mu ca
cn thc, trc cn thc mu
II. Bi tp:
2
A A
bac hai
1. Thc hin php tnh:
a/ ( )
12 75 27 : 15 + +
;
b/ 252 700 1008 448 + ;
c/ ( ) ( )
2 8 3 5 7 2 72 5 20 2 2 +
.
2. Rt gn cc biu thc sau:
a/
2 3 1 3
;
2 2

+
b/
3 2 2 6 4 2; + +
c/
2 3 2 3 2 2 3
: .
2 2 6 2 3
_
+ + +
+

,
3.So snh ( khng dng bng s hay my tnh b ti )
a/ 3 5 + v 2 2 6 + ;
b/
7 1
2 21
v
4 1
9 5
;
c/ 14 13 v 2 3 11 .
4.Cho
11 96 A +
v
2 2
1 2 3
B
+
Khng dng bng s hay my tnh b ti, hy so snh A v B.
5. Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
a/
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 5 2 3 2 5 20 2 33 ;
b/
8 2 10 2 5 8 2 10 2 5 2 10 + + + + +
;
c/
1 1 1
... 9
1 2 2 3 99 100
+ + +
+ + +
*DNG2: RT GN CC BIU THC CHA CH
I. Cc v d:
* V d 1: Cho biu thc
1 1 1
:
1 2 1
a
M
a a a a a
+ _
+

+
,
vi a >0 v a 1
a/ Rt gn biu thc M.
b/ So snh gi tr ca M vi 1.
Gii: kx: a >0 v a 1
a/
1 1 1
:
1 2 1
a
M
a a a a a
+ _
+

+
,
(
( )
)
( )
2
1
1
:
1
1
1
1
a
a
a a a
bac hai
( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) a
a
a a a
a a
a
a
a a
a 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
.
1
1
2 2
+
+
b/ Ta c
a a
a
M
1
1
1

, v a > 0 => 0 > a =>

0
1
>
a
nn
1
1
1 <
a
Vy M < 1.
,
_
,
_
x x
x
x x
x
x x
P
2
2
2
2
2 1
3
1
1
a/ Tm iu kin P c ngha.
b/ Rt gn biu thc P.
c/ Tnh gi tr ca P vi
2 2 3 x
.
Gii:
a/ Biu thc P c ngh#a khi v ch khi :
'

>
0 2 1
0 2
0 1
0
x
x
x
x
'
'
>
3
2
1
3
2
1
0
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
b/ kx :
3 ; 2 ; 1 x x x

,
_
,
_
x x
x
x x
x
x x
P
2
2
2
2
2 1
3
1
1

( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
1
]
1
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
x x
x
x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
2
2
2
2
2 1 2 1
2 1 3
1 1
1

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x

1
]
1
2
2 2
.
2 1
2 1 3
1
1

( )( ) ( )
( ) x x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
,
_
+
+
2
2
.
3
2 1 3
1
1
( )
( ) ( )
x
x
x
x
x
x x x

+
2 1 . 2 1
. 2 1 1
bac hai
c/ Thay
( )
2
1 2 2 2 3 x
v#o biu thc
x
x
P

2
, ta c:

( )
( )
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2
1 2 2
2
2

P 1 2
1 2
1
+

9
11 3
3
1
3
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
A vi 3 t x
a/ Rt gn biu thc A.
b/ Tm x A < 2.
c/ Tm x nguyn A nguyn.
Gii:
a/ kx: 3 t x

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) 3
3
3 3
3 3
3 3
9 3
3 3
11 3 3 3 6 2
3 3
11 3 3 1 3 2
3 3
11 3
3
1
3
2
9
11 3
3
1
3
2
2
2 2
2
+
+
+
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+ + +
+
+
+
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
A
b/ Ta c
3
3
x
x
A , A < 2 tc l
( )
(*) 0
3
6
0
3
6 2 3
0
3
3 2 3
0 2
3
3
2
3
3
<
+
<
<

<
<
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
D thy x + 6 > x 3 v vy Bt phng trnh (*) c nghim khi
'
<
> +
0 3
0 6
x
x

3 6 < < x
Vy vi 3 6 < < x th A < 2.
c/ Ta c ) 9 ( 3
3
9
3
9
3
3
3
U x
x x x
x
A
M { } 9 ; 3 ; 1 ) 9 ( t t t U nn ta co:
x 3 = - 1 <= > x = 2 ( tm kx )
bac hai
x 3 = 1 < => x = 4 ( tm kx )
x 3 = - 3 <= > x = 0 ( tm kx )
x 3 = 3 < = > x = 6 ( tm kx )
x 3 = - 9 <=> x = - 6 ( tm kx )
x 3 = 9 <= > x = 12 ( tm kx )
Vy vi x = - 6; 0; 2; 4; 6; 12 th A nh#n gi tr nguyn.

,
_
+
+
,
_
+ +
+
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
B
1
1
.
1
1
1 2
3
3
vi 0 x v 1 x
a/ Rt gn B;
b/ Tm x B = 3.
Gii: kx : 0 x v 1 x
a/
,
_
+
+
,
_
+ +
+
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
B
1
1
.
1
1
1 2
3
3

( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1 1 .
1 . 1
1
2 1 .
1 . 1
1 2
1
1 1
.
1 . 1
1 1 2
2

+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
1
]
1
+
+ +
+ +
+
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x
x
x x x
x x x
x x x
b/ Ta c
1 x B
v# B = 3, tc l
16 4 3 1 x x x
( t/m
kx)
V#y vi x = 16 th B = 3.

3 3
3 3
:
1 1 2
.
1 1
xy y x
y y x x y x
y x
y x y x
A
+
+ + +
1
1
]
1
+ +
+
,
_
+
vi x > 0 , y > 0
a/ Rt gn A;
b/ Bit xy = 16. Tm cc gi# tr ca x, y A c gi# tr nh
nh#t, tm gi tr# .
Gii: kx : x > 0 , y > 0
a/
3 3
3 3
:
1 1 2
.
1 1
xy y x
y y x x y x
y x
y x y x
A
+
+ + +
1
1
]
1
+ +
+
,
_
+
bac hai

( )( ) ( )
( ) y x xy
y x xy y xy x y x
xy
y x
y x xy
y x
+
+ + + +
,
_
+
+
+
+
:
2
.

( )( )
( ) y x xy
y x y x
xy
y x
xy +
+ +
,
_
+
+ :
2

( )
. .
2
xy
y x
y x
xy
xy
y x +
+
+
b/ Ta c 0 2 0
2
+
,
_
xy y x y x

. 2 xy y x +
Do 1
16
16 2
2

+
xy
xy
xy
y x
A ( v xy = 16 )
V#y min A = 1 khi
4.
16
x y
x y
xy

'
*MT S BC KHI LM DNG TON 2

Bc 1: iu kin biu thc c ngha (cn thc xc nh, mu khc
khng nu bi ton cha cho)
Bc 2: Phn tch cc mu thnh nhn t (p dng thnh tho cc php
bin i cn thc)
+ p dng quy tc i du mt cch hp l lm xut hin nhn
t chung.
+ Thng xuyn xem mu ny c l bi hoc c ca mu khc
khng.
Bc 3: Tin hnh quy ng rt gn, kt hp vi iu kin ca bi
kt lun.
Bc 4: Lm cc cu hi ph theo yu cu ca bi ton.
+ Tun th nghim ngt cc php bin i phng trnh, bt phng
trnh.
+ Kt hp cht ch vi iu kin ca bi ton nhn nghim, loi
nghim v kt lun.
II. Bi tp:
Bi1: Cho biu thc
2
2 2
1 3 1
:
3 3
3 27 3
x
A
x
x x x
_ _

, ,
+ +
+

1) Rt gn A
bac hai
2) Tm x A < 1
Bi 2: Cho biu thc
x 1 x x x x
A =
2
2 x x 1 x 1
_ _
+

+
, ,
a) Rt gn biu thc A;
b) Tm gi tr ca x A > - 6.
Bi 3: Cho biu thc
x 2 1 10 x
B = : x 2
x 4
2 x x 2 x 2
_
_
+ + +

+ +
,
,
a) Rt gn biu thc B;
b) Tm gi tr ca x A > 0.
Bi 4: Cho biu thc
1 3 1
C =
x 1 x x 1 x x 1
+
+ +
a) Rt gn biu thc C;
b) Tm gi tr ca x C < 1.
Bi 5: Rt gn biu thc :
a)
2 2
2 2
x 2 x 4 x 2 x 4
D =
x 2 x 4 x 2 x 4
+ + +
+
+ + +
;
b)
x x x x
P = 1 1
x 1 x 1
_ _
+
+

+
, ,
;
c)
2
1 x 1
Q = :
x x x x x x
+
+ +
;
d)
x 1 2 x 2
H =
x 2 1

Bi 7: Cho cc biu thc
2x 3 x 2
P =
x 2

v
3
x x 2x 2
Q =
x 2
+
+
a) Rt gn biu thc P v Q;
b) Tm gi tr ca x P = Q.
Bi 8: Cho cc biu thc
,
_
,
_

3
2
2
3
6
9
:
9
3
1
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
B
a) Rt gn biu thc B.
b) Tim x B > 0 .
c) V i x > 4 ; x
9
, Tim gia tri l n nht cua biu th c B( x + 1).
Bi 9: Cho biu thc
3x 9x 3 1 1 1
P = :
x 1
x x 2 x 1 x 2
_
+
+ +

+ +
,
a) Tm iu kin P c ngha, rt gn biu thc P;
bac hai
b) Tm cc s t nhin x
1
P
l s t nhin;
c) Tnh gi tr ca P vi x = 4 2 3 .
Bi 10: Cho biu thc :
x 2 x 3 x 2 x
P = : 2
x 5 x 6 2 x x 3 x 1
_ _
+ + +

+ +
, ,
a) Rt gn biu thc P;
b) Tm x
1 5
P 2
.
Bi 11: Cho
2x 5 x 1 x 10
A
x 3 x 2 x 4 x 3 x 5 x 6
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + +
vi x 0. Chng minh
rng gi tr ca A khng ph thuc vo bin s x.
Bi 12: Cho biu thc
M =
,
_
+
+
,
_
+
+
+
+
1
1 1
1
: 1
1 1
1
ab
a ab
ab
a
ab
a ab
ab
a

a) Rt gn M.
b) Tnh gi tr ca M nu a= 3 2 v b=
3 1
1 3
+
c) Tm gi tr nh nht ca M nu 4 + b a

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Rut gon bieu thc cha can

Vy ng thc c chng minh.

, v a > 0 => 0 > a =>

* V d 3: Cho biu thc

*MT S BC KHI LM DNG TON 2

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