Chng I:

nhng vn chung v khuch i

1. M hnh mch khuch i
Mch khuch i c cu to t cc phn t tch cc v cc phn t th
ng. Qu trnh iu khin dng, p trong mch khuch i c thc hin
nh cc phn t tch cc. nghin cu mch khuch i, ngi ta m t n
bng m hnh mng hai ca tuyn tnh, tn hiu nh, hnh 1:

2. Cc tham s c bn ca khuch i
Cc tham s c bn ca mch khuch i c xt da trn cc nh
ngha v tham s mng hai ca i vi tn hiu, nh hnh 2, vi cc nh ngha
sau:

a. Quan h dng _ p trn li vo
U
v
= i
v
R
v

R
v
=
v
v
i
U

Khi ngun tn hiu U
x
c ni tr l R
x
t li vo th c quan h
U
v
= U
x
x v
v
R R
R
+

b. Quan h dng _ p trn li ra
Khi cha c ti: R
ra
=
) ngan ( ra
) ho ( ra
i
U

Khi c ti R
t
: U
ra
= i
ra
Rt = i
t
R
t

c. H s khuch i
H s khuch i p dng (K hiu l K
u
hoc A
v
)
K
u
=
vao
ra
U
U

H s khuch i dng in (K hiu l K
i
hoc A
i
)
K
i
=
vao
ra
i
i

Quan h gia K
i
, K
u
,R
t
v R
v
:
T cc biu thc nh ngha trn suy ra:
K
u
= K
i
v
t
R
R

Trng hp ni tr ca ngun tn hiu R
x
0 v tr ra ca mch khuch
i khc vi tr ti tc R
ra
R
t
th h s khuch i c tnh l t s ca
in p ra ti trn in p vo U
x
. Khi c h s khuch i i vi tn
hiu vo l:
K
ux
=
x
t
U
U
= k
v
. K
O
. k
r

Trong :
k
v
=
x v
v
R R
R
+

K
0
=
v
) ho ( ra
U
U

k
r
=
t ra
t
R R
R
+

d. H s khuch i decibel dB
Dng decibel ca h s khuch i c s dng thun tin. Khi phn
tch v tnh ton c tnh tn khuch i. H s khuch i p decibel c
nh ngha:
K
u
(dB) = 20 log
10
K
u

V d, mt mch khuch i c h s khuch i p K
u
= 100 th h s khuch
i p decibel l dB = 20lg100 = 40dB
Bng 1: Cho mt s tr s K
u
v K
u
dB.
3. c tnh tn ca khuch i
H s khuch i ni chung l hm tn s, c biu th bng biu thc
K
u
(j) =
) t ( U
) t ( U
v
ra
= K
u
().e
j()

Trong K
u
() l Modul
() l arfument
c tnh tn 1 tng khuch i c m t nh c tnh tn ca lc thng
thp RC vi t s l h s l h s khuch i trong di thng K
u0
, c dng:
K
u
(j) =
c
uO
c
uO
f
f
j 1
K
j 1
K
+
=

+

Do : K
u
() =
2
c
uO
2
c
uO
f
f
1
K
1
K
|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|

+

() = - arctg
c

= - arctg
c
f
f

c
(hay f
c
) l tn s ct, tn s ct th c
K
u
(
c
) =
2
K
uO

hay K
u
(
c
) dB = 20 log
10=K
u0= - 3,01) dB

c
(hay f
c
) cn gi l tn s gy gc hay tn s 3dB.

K
u
2 3,16 10 31,6 100 1000 10000 ...
K
u
dB 6 10 20 30 40 60 80 ...

Bng 1: Mt vi tr s K
u
v K
u
dB.
Trong trng hp chung (khuch i xoay chiu) t tnh bin tn v pha
tn c dng Hnh 3a, b

Nu khuch i l tng th c tnh bin tn K
u
() l ng (1) c h s
khuch i lun bng K
uO
i vi mi tn s, v gc lch pha t l vi tn s
hoc khng i vi mi tn s. Thc t th c tnh bin tn v pha tn l
ng (2).
Trong di thng B = f
H
- f
1
th K
u
c coi l khng i bng K
uO
v gc
lch pha trong di thng rt nh. Khuch i tn s thp c gii thng t
(5150) Hz n 5 10) KHz. Khuch i di rng v khuch i xung th gii
thng ln hn MHz.
T s
uL
uO
K
K
gi l h s mo ca tn thp v
uH
uO
K
K
l mo tn s cao.
c tnh vo ra ca khuch i U
ra
= f(U
vao
) ca khuch i c dng tng
qut nh hnh 4.

Khi tn hiu vo nh th c tnh tuyn tnh. Trong min tuyn tnh vic
phn vic phn tch mch khuch i dng Transistor v FET c thc hin
bng s tng ng.
Khi tn hiu ln th c tnh c phi tuyn v bo ho.
Trong min phi tuyn th trong khuch i pht sinh mo phi tuyn.
th Bode
nh gi c tnh tn ca hm khuch i K
u
(j), ngi ta thng
dng th Bode. l th c trc tung bin tnh bng dB, trc honh
tn s tnh theo thang logarith.
th Bode ca mch khuch i mt chiu n gin gm mt on
thng song song vi trc honh cao 20lgK
uo
v mt on thng c dc
l -20dB/dccade, im tip ni (im gy) ca 2 on thng ng vi tn s ct
f
c
nh hnh 5.

Theo nh ngha h s khuch i decibel ta c
2logK
u
() = 20lgK
uO
- 20lg
2
c
f
f
1
|
|

\
|
+
Biu thc ny cho thy:
Khi f = f
C
th:
-20lg
2
c
f
f
1
|
|

\
|
+ = -20lg 2 = - 3,01 dB 3dB
Khi
c
f
f
1 th:
-20lg
2
c
f
f
1
|
|

\
|
+ = 0
* Khi
c
f
f
1 th
-20lg
2
c
f
f
1
|
|

\
|
+ = -20lg
c
f
f
, biu thc biu th dc -20dB/decad.
Ti tn s f = f
T
th h s khuch i bng 1 (hay 0dB), f
T
gi l tn s dn
v.
K
u
()
2
C
T
uO
f
f
K
|
|

\
|
= 1
Do ti f
T
c quan h: K
uO.0
f
C
= f
T

Ngha l tn s n v f
T
bng tch s ca tn s 3dB (f
C
) vi h s khuch i
trong di thng K
uO

4. Phn hi trong khuch i
4.1 Khi nim:
Phn hi trong mch khuch i l qu trnh ly mt phn tn hiu ra ca
mch khuch i a tr v u vo cng vi tn hiu vo lm cho tn hiu
vo trn ca s vo ca khuch i tng ln, hoc tr i tn hiu vo lm
cho tn hiu vo trn ca s vo ca khuch i gim i. Nu qua trnh phn
hi lm cho tn hiu vo tng th ta ni mch c phn hi dng, ngc li l
phn hi m. Trong khuch i o lng v iu khin, m bo cc ch
tiu cht lng cn phi dng phn hi m. Trong vic to dao ng th phi
dng phn hi dng.
4.2 . S khi khuch i c phn hi m (Hnh 6)

K
0
: H s khuch i vng h
: H s phn hi
K
F
: H s khuch i c phn hi (H s khuch i vng ng)
Biu thc: T s ta c:
U
ra
= K
0
U
vao
- .K
0
U
ra


+
=
0
0
vao
ra
K 1
K
U
U
= K
F
(1)
Ta gi K
F
l h s khuch i ca mch khuch i c phn hi m.
Trng hp c K
0
1 th ta thy K
F

1
ngha l h s khuch i ca mch
khuch i c phn hi m K
F
lc ny ch ph thuc h s phn hi .
V d: K
0
= 3000, = 0,01 tc l K
0
1 ta c
K
F

01 , 0
1 1
=

= 100
4.3 Tc dng ca phn hi m
+ Trong thc t c nhiu nguyn nhn lm cho h s khuch i ca mt
mch khuch i c thit k ra l K
0
khng chnh xc v thng hay
bin ng. Do nu ta thit k sao cho K
0
v tch K
0
vi h s phn hi
ln v c chnh xc cao th mch khuch i vi K
F

1
s t chu nh
hng ca bin ng ca K
0
.
+ Khi c phn hi m th h s khuch i gim nhng chnh xc tng. Vi
phn K
F
theo K
0
ca biu thc (1) ta c:

0
0
0 F
F
K
K
.
K 1
1
K
K
+
=

Vi cc nh ngha sau:

= +
=

F
0
0
0
0
0
F
F
F
K
K
) K 1 (
% K
K
K
% K
K
K

Ta nhn c K
F
% =
0
0 F
K
% K . K
(2)
+ V d: Mt mch khuch i c K
0
= 100, = 0,05.
Khi K
0
thay i 30% th K
F
thay i.
K
F
% =
05 , 0 . 100 1
% 30
+

= 5%
Hoc vit: K
F
=
6
100
05 , 0 . 100 1
100
K 1
K
0
0
=
+
=
+

K
F
% =
100
%) 30 (
6
100

= 5%
+ Khi c phn hi m th h s khuch i gim nhng m rng c di
thng.
Nu mch khuch i c K
0
() c tn s ct l f
0C
th khi c phn hi m h
s khuch i ca mch l K
F
() vi
0 F
K K < nhng tn s ct ca K
F
() l
f
0F
c tng ln
F
0
K
K
ln.
Ch : y ta gi thit di thng B = f
0thp
- f
0 cao
f
0 cao

K hiu f
0 cao
= f
0 C

V d: Mt mch khuch i c: K
0
= 4000, f
0C
= 2000 Hz.
Gi s khi K
F
= 100 th ta c f
0C
=
100
4000
f
K
K
0
F
0
= .2000Hz. Tc l gii thng
tng t 2000 Hz n 80000 Hz. (Hnh 7)

Ngi ta chng minh c rng K
F
B
F
= K
0
B
0
= hn s (s tr li vn ny
trong khuch i thut ton).
+ su phn hi m.
nh gi phn hi ngi ta a ra mt ch tiu quan trng l su phn
hi c nh ngha nh sau:
su phn hi =
+
=
0 0
F
K 1
1
K
K

Trong thc t k thut ngi ta thng o su phn hi theo n v Decibel
(dB). Ngha l:
su phn hi (dB) = 20log
0
F
K
K
= 20log
+
0
K 1
1

hay 20log K
F
= 20log K
0
= 20log
+
0
K 1
1

V d mt mch khuch i c K
0
= 10000 c phn hi m vi = 1%
th s c h s khuch i vi phn hi m l K
F
=
) K 1 (
K
0
0
+
= 99
Khi ta c su hi tip l:
su = 20log99 = 20log10
4
= - 40dB
+ nh hng ca phn hi m n tr vo.
Khi c phn hi ta c:
i
vo
=
vao
vao
0
0
vao
vao
ra vao
R
U
K 1
K
U
R
U U +

=


i
vo
=
vao
0
0
vao
R
K 1
K
1 U
|
|

\
|
+

i
vo
=
vao 0
vao
R
1
.
K 1
U
+

Hay i
vo
(1+K
0
)R
vo
= U
vo

Theo nh ngha v in tr vo th t s
vao
vao
i
U
l in tr vo ca mch
khuych i khi c phn hi m, ta k hiu l R
VF
.
R
VF
=
vao
vao
i
U
= R
vo
(1 + K
0
)
R
vo
l in tr vo ca mch khuch i khi cha c phn hi.
Ta thy R
VF
> R
vo
.
Tuy nhin trong trng hp tn hiu phn hi v in ni song song vi
tn hiu vo th ngi ta chng minh c rng tr vo ca mch khuch i
b gim i.
+ nh hng ca phn hi m in tr ra
- Khi cha c phn hi m th ca ra ca mch khuch i c m t bng
mch in tng ng nh sau:

- Khi c phn hi m th mch ra tng ng:

Theo nh ngha v cch tnh tr ra th tr ra c tnh khi c ti ni vo mch
v khi cho U
V
= 0. T ta c mch ra tnh tr ra nh sau:

T s c: - K
0
U
ra
= (R
ra0
+ R
t
)i
t
= U
ra
+ R
ra0
.i
t

Hay R
ra0
i
t
= - U
ra
(1+ K
0
) theo nh ngha th ta c in tr ra ca mch khi
c phn hi m l:
R
raF
=
) K 1 (
R
i
U
0
0 ra
t
ra
+
= R
raF
< R
ra0

Du tr (-) trong biu thc trn ni rng khi c R
t
th U
ra
gim so vi khi cha
c ti.

chng III:
Khuch i thut ton opam
Khuch i thut ton l khuch i in p mt chiu. Cu trc c bn
ca cc tng khuch i vo v khuch i trung gian l tng vi sai.
Trc y loi khuch i ny c dng thc hin cc php ton gii tch
trong my tnh tng t, do ngi ta gi l khuch i thut ton
(Operational Amphfrer). Ngy nay khuch i thut ton c ng dng
nhiu trong k thut in t, c bit l trong k thut o v iu khin t
ng.
S pht trin ca k thut vi in t sn xut ra cc vi mch khuch
i thut ton c cc tham s gn l tng.
Cc ng dng ca khuch i thut ton trong trng hp n gin thng
c coi l l tng. Tuy nhin cc tham s thc ca vi mch thut ton l
hu hn.
Trong chng ny ta s xt khuch i thut ton trong trng hp l
tng l tng v khng l tng.
3.1. Khuch i thut ton l tng
3.1.1 K hiu v cc nh ngha
Khuch i thut ton vit tt l OPAM c k hiu nh hnh 3.3.1a.
OPAM gm c hai li vo so t l li vo o v li vo khng o. Hai li
vo ny c nh du phn bit nh trn hnh v. Mt li ra so t vi k
hiu p ra l V
0
. (K hiu V- hoc V
N
hoc U
N

V
+
hoc V
P
hoc U
P

V
0
hoc U
out
hoc U
ra
)

Mch in tng ng ca OPAM c m t nh hnh 3.11b

Trong hiu in p trn hai li vo l V
d
= V
+
- V
-
gi l in p vo vi sai.
mch vo c gi nh l c mt in tr vo R
in
. Mch ra gm c mt
ngun p l thuc l GV
d
v in tr vo R
0
.

Quan h gia in p ra trn hai
li vo V
+
, V
-
cho bi biu thc (3.0)
OPAM c cc thng s l tng sau:
1. R
in

2. R
0
0
3. G
4. B
5. V
0
= 0 Khi U+ = U-
G gi l h s khuch i vng h, t (3.0) c:
(V+ - V-) =
G
V
0

Khi G th V+ - V- = 0
Ngha l hiu in th gia u vo (+) v u ra (-) bng 0 hay V
+
= V-.
(Hoc vit V
P
= V
N
)
R
in
= cho nn dng vo c hai pha (+) v (-) u bng 0
3.1.2. Cc mch khuch i c bn dng OPAM l tng
3.1.2.1. Mch khuch i o:

Hnh 31.2a l mch khuch i o, gm mt in tr R
F
ni t u ra v
u vo o v mt in tr vo ra. in p vo l V
i
. u vo khng o ni
t qua in tr ra.
Mch khuch i o c s tng ng hnh 31.2b.

phn tch mch, ta vit cc biu thc sau
1.
R
V +
= 0
2.
F
0
a
i
R
V V
R
V V
+

= 0
3. V+ = V- ; mch trn c V+ = 0
4. H s khuch i vng ng (ca mch)
T cc quan h trn suy ra:

a
F
i
0
R
R
V
V
= (3.1)
Biu thc (3.1) l h s khuch i vng ng, ch ph thuc R
F
v R
a
ca
mch ngoi m khng ph thuc h s khuch i vng h G ca OPAM.
5. Do c V+ = V- = 0, Hay V
N
V
P
= 0
,
nn im N c gi l im t
o.
Ch : K hiu h s khuch i vng ng l A
V
hoc K
U
,v d cng
thc (3.1):
A
V
=
a
F
i
0
R
R
V
V
= hoc vit K
U
= -
a
F
R
R




3.1.2.2. Mch khuch i o vi nhiu tn hiu vo
C th c nhiu tn hiu a ti li vo o. Khi mch khuch i nh
hnh 31.3.

Gi s c 3 tn hiu vo l V
a
, V
C
th in p ra V
0
c xc nh nh sau:

F
0
C
C
b
b
a
a
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
+

= 0
V
+
= V
-
m V
+
= 0 nn:
V
0
= - R
F
(
c
c
b
b
a
a
R
V
R
V
R
V
+ + ) - R
F

=
C
a j j
j
R
V
(3.2)
Ch k hiu:

=
=

+
N
P
V V
V V

3.1.2.3. Mch khuch i khng o
Mch khuch i khng o hnh 31.4, khc vi mch khuch i o l
in tr ra ni t, cn in p vo V
i
t trn li vo khng o qua in tr
R
1
. in tr R
1
khng tham gia vo qu trnh x l tn hiu, trong nhiu
trng hp R
1
= 0.

tm biu thc h s khuch i ca mch ta vit cc biu thc sau:
1. V
+
= V
-

2.
F
0
a
R
V V
R
V
+

= 0
3. V
+
= V
i
= V
-

Do :
F
0 i
a
i
R
V V
R
V
+ = 0 suy ra A
V
=
i
0
V
V
= (1+
a
F
R
R
) (3.3)
Biu thc (3.3) l h s khuch i vng ng ca mch khuch i khng
o.
1.
7000
V 0
10 . 8 , 9
V V
4
0

= 0 15V
-
= V
0

2.
4 4
i
10 . 2
V 0
10
V V
+ +

+

= 0
i
V
3
2
= V
+

3. V
+
= V
-


V d tm in p ra v dng ra ca mch hnh 3.1.5
T cc biu thc trn suy ra: 15(
i
V
3
2
) = V
0

V
0
= 10V
i

Vi V
i
= 0,5Sint th V
0
= 5Sint (V)
v i
0
=
3
L
0
10 . 2
t sin 5
R
V
= = 2,5 sint (mA)
3.1.2.4 Mch khuch i khng o nhiu tn hiu vo
V nguyn tc mch khuch i khng o c th c nhiu tn hiu vo
nh hnh 3.1.6

Cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
, ... nh chn sao cho ph hp vi yu cu tr vo ca
cc tn hiu vo V
1
, V
2
, V
3
,...
n gin ta xt mch vi hai tn hiu vo l V
1
v V
2
. Khi ta c cc biu
thc.

2
2
1
1
R
V V
R
V V
+ +

+

= 0
Suy ra: V
+
= (R
1
// R
2
)
|
|

\
|
+
2
2
1
1
R
V
R
V

in p trn u vo o V
-
l:
V
-
=
F a
0 a
R R
V R
+

Vi gi thit V
+
= V
-
ta nhn c in p ra V
0
ca mch
V
0
= (R
1
// R
2
)
|
|

\
|
+
2
2
1
1
R
V
R
V
|
|

\
|
+
a
F
R
V
1 (3.4)
Nh vy khi khuch i khng o c nhiu in p vo trc khi ht phi xc
nh c in p ti im P tc V
+
, sau tnh p ra bng biu thc sau:
V
0
= V
+
(1 +
a
F
R
R
)
(Hoc vit V
0
= V
P
(1+
a
F
R
R
)
3.1.3. in tr vo ca mch khuch i
3.1.3.1. in tr vo ca mch khuch i o
S tng ng ca mch khuch i o hnh 31.7

T s tng ng ta c cc biu thc sau:
(R
a
+ R
F
) i
i
= V
i
- GV
d

V
d
= -(V
i
- i
i
.R
a
)
(R
a
+ R
F
) i
i
= (1 + G) V
i
- Gi
i
.R
a

in tr vo ca mch khuch i k hiu l R
in
, theo nh ngha th ta c
R
in
=
i
i
i
V

Do R
in
=
G 1
GR
G 1
R R
1 F a
+
+
+
+
(3.5)
Khi G th
G 1
R R
F a
+
+
0
v
G 1
GR
a
+
R
a
hay R
in
R
a
.
3.1.3.2. in tr vo ca mch khuch i khng o.
S tng ng ca mch khuch i khng o v hnh 31.8
i vi OPAM l tng th khng c dng qua R
1


Do in tr vo ca mch khuch i khng o R
in

Khi mch c nhiu tn hiu vo nh hnh 31.9a th phi xt tr vo ring i
vi cc tn hiu.

u vo tng vi mch sau (hnh 31.9b)

T s tng ng ny ta c tr vo i vi tng tn hiu l:
R
in
1 = R
1
+ R
2
// R
3
R
in
2 = R
2
+ R
1
// R
3
R
in
3 = R
3
+ R
1
// R
2

Ch rng y gi thit cc ni tr tn hiu r
1
, r
2
, r
3
bng 0
3.1.4. Thit k mch khuch i dng OPAM
Mch khuch i o v khng o l trng hp ring ca mch t hp
tuyn tnh u vo o v khng o. Di y trnh by cc thit k in tng
qut t suy ra cho cc trng hp ring.
Hnh 3.1.10 l mch t hp tuyn tnh tng qut vi biu thc
V
0
= X
1
V
1
+ ... X
n
V
n
- Y
a
V
a
- ... Y
m
V
m
(3.6)
Trong X
i
l h s khuch i u vo khng o
Y
j
l h s khuch i u vo o
Mch gm t hp cc tn hiu c hai u vo v c cc in tr ni t trn
cc li vo R
y
, R
x


T H.3.10 ta thnh lp c biu thc tnh in p ra V
0
ca mch nh sau:
V
0
= R
eq

(

+ +
(

+ + +
m
m
b
b
a
a
F
n
n
2
2
1
1
R
V
...
R
V
R
V
R
R
V
...
R
V
R
V
(3.7)
Trong t R
A
= R
a
// R
b
// ... // R
m
// R
y
(3.8)
R
eq
=
|
|

\
|
+
A
F
R
R
1 (R
1
// R
2
// ... // R
n
// R
x
) (3.9)
R
1
// R
2
// ... // R
n
// R
x
= R
a
// R
b
// ... // R
m
// R
y
// R
F
(3.10)
Thay (3.8) v (3.9) vo (3.10) c:

F A
A
F
eq
R // R
R
R
1
R
=
+
(3.11)
T c: R
eq
= R
F
(3.12)
So biu thc (3.7) vi (3.6) suy ra
X
i
=
i
F
i
eq
R
R
R
R
= (3.13)
v Y
j
=
j
F
R
R
(3.14)
Biu thc (3.10) c th vit l:


= =
+
=
+
m
a j j y F
n
1 i i x
R
1
R
1
R
1
1
R
1
R
1
1
(3.15)
hoc:

= =
+ + = +
m
a j j j F
n
1 i i x
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
1
(3.16)
Thay (3.13) v (3.14) vo (3.16) c:


= =
+ + = +
m
a j F y F
n
1 i F
i
x
R
1
R
1
R
1
R
X
R
1



= =
+ + = +
m
a j
j
F y F
n
1 i i F x
Y
R
1
R
1
R
1
X
1
R
1
R
1
(3.17)
t

=
=
=
=
m
a j
j
n
1 i
i
Y Y
X X
(3.18)
Ta c th vit li biu thc (3.17) nh sau:
Y
R
1
R
1
R
1
X
R
1
R
1
F y F F x
+ + = + (3.19)
Ch rng cc in tr R
x
v R
y
c th bng do c cc trng hp sau:
1. R
x
, biu thc (3.19) l:
F y F F
R
Y
R
1
R
1
R
X
+ + = (3.20)

F F F F y
R
1 Y X
R
1
R
Y
R
X
R
1
= = (3.21)
t Z = X - Y - 1, biu thc (3.21) l:

F y
R
Z
R
1
=
Vi iu kin l Z > 0. Nu Z < 0 th khng p dng trng hp ny.
Cc in tr R
i
v R
j
xc nh theo (3.13) v (3.14)

i
F
i
X
R
R = ;
j
F
Y
R
Rj = (3.22)

2. R
y
, biu thc (3.19) l:
F F F x
R
Y
R
1
R
X
R
1
+ = + (3.23)

F F x
R
Z
R
1 Y X
R
1
=

= (3.24)
Vi iu kin Z < 0
3. Khi R
x
, R
y
th biu thc (3.19) l:
F F F
R
Y
R
1
R
X
+ = (3.25)
v c:
F F
R
Z
R
1 Y X
0 =

= (3.26)










T cc kt qu phn tch trn y ta a ra bng tm tt cho vic thit k
mch khuch i.

Trng hp Z R
y
R
x
R
i
R
j

1 > 0
Z
R
F


i
F
X
R

j
F
Y
R

2 < 0

-
Z
R
F

i
F
X
R

j
F
Y
R

3 0

i
F
X
R

j
F
Y
R

=
=
=

=
=
m
a j
j
n
1 i
i
Y Y
X X
1 Y X Z

V d di y s minh ho vic thit k mch khuch i da trn biu thc
V
0
= f(V
i
) dng (2.6) chn mch v da trn bng tm tt xc nh cc
thng s mch.
V d 1: Thit k mch khuch i c quan h vo ra l:
V
0
= 10V
1
+ 6V
2
+ 4V
3
-5V
a
- 2V
b

Gii: X =

=
3
1 i
i
X = 10 + 6 + 4 = 20
Y =

=
b
a j
j
Y = 5 + 2 = 7
Z = X - Y - 1 = 20 - 7 - 1 = 12 > 0
+ Z > 0 chn trng hp 1: R
x
=
+ Chn R
F
= 120 K ta c:
= = = K 12
10
120
X
R
R
1
F
1

= = = K 20
6
120
X
R
R
2
F
2

= = = K 30
4
120
X
R
R
3
F
3

= = = K 24
5
120
Y
R
R
a
F
a

= = = K 60
2
120
Y
R
R
b
F
b

= = = K 10
12
120
Z
R
R
F
y

+ Mch hnh 3.1.11

V d 2: Thit k mch khuch i c:
V
0
= 4V
1
+ V
2
- 8V
a
- 6V
b

Gii: X = 4 + 1 = 5
Y = 8 + 6 = 14
Z = 5 - 14 - 1 = -10 < 0
Z < 0 chn trng hp 2 R
y
=
+ Gi thit chn R
F
= 150 K
K 15
10
150
Z
R
R
F
x
= =

=

K 75 , 18
8
150
Y
R
R
a
F
a
= = =
K 25
6
150
Y
R
R
b
F
b
= = =
K 5 , 37
4
150
X
R
R
1
F
1
= = =
K 150
1
150
X
R
R
2
F
2
= = =




+ Mch hnh 3.1.12


3.2. IC khuch i thut ton
a. Cu trc ca IC khuch i thut ton
Cu trc s khi ca IC thut ton hnh 3.2a

Tng K vi sai vo Tng trung gian Tng cng sut

Tng vo ca OPAM l tng khuch i vi sai c cc c tnh k thut sau:
- Dng vo rt nh
- in tr vo rt ln
- tri (Drift) nh
- c tnh ng tt
- C kh nng b lch 0 (offset)
Tng trung gian gm c
- L tng khuch i vi sai bin i i xng _ khng i xng
- L tng khuch i lp Emitter v nh mc
- L tng khuch i E chung c h s khuch i rt ln.
Tng cng sut c nhim v a dng ra ln in p ra ln v c tr ra
rt nh. Tng cng sut thng c cu to dng mch y ko mc cc
Transistor phc tp, ch AB. Ngoi ra trong tng cng sut cn c cc
mch bo v ngn mch.
Cc IC khuch i thut hin i c tri dng v p offset vo rt nh.
Tuy nhin nng cao chnh xc khi khuch i cc dng in v in p
mt chiu nh ngi ta phi dng khuch i iu ch v khuch i chng
tri. Mch bn trong IC thut ton cha khong 20 Transitor. Hin nay cc
chp khuch i thut ton kt hp c Transistor lng cc v FET c nhiu
u im nh tr vo ln, tiu th cng sut nh.
Phn ln cc IC khuch i thut ton c dng khuch i v x l
tn hiu c cng sut nh v tn s thp di 1MHz. tn s trn vi chc
MHz v cng sut trn vi chc W cng c mt vi IC p ng c.
Nhng nhn chung vn phi s dng cc phn t ri rc trong lnh vc tn s
cao v cng sut ln.
Hnh 3.2b l mch cu trc bn trong ca mt IC khuch i thut ton in
hnh A741. y chng ta khng phn tch chi tit cc mch m ch nu ra
cc chc nng mch tng ng vi s khi hnh 3.2a.
Bng 1 lit k cc thng s k thut quan trng ca cc IC khuch i thut
ton thng dng (741), tc cao (715), t tri (5534).
Ngun cung cp cho khuch i thut ton thng thng l ngun n nh v
i xng +V
CC
.
Hai mch khuch i c bn dng IC thut ton l khuch i o v khng
o, v mt nguyn l xt trong phn khuch i thut ton l tng, trong
cc phn sau s c nghin cu chi tit hn.
H.3.2b (Xem ti liu s nguyn l cu trc bn trong 741, xem gio trnh
"K thut mch in t" v cc ti liu ting Anh th vin

L tng Thng dng
(741)
High
Speed
Low
noise
H s khuch i G
0


1.10
5
3.10
4
10
5

Tr ra Z
out
0
75 75 0,3
Tr vo Z
in

2M 1M 100K
Dng offset I
io
0 20nA 220nA 300nA
in p offset V
io
0 2mV 10mV 5mV
Bng tn BW

1MHz 65MHz 10MHz
Slewrate
0,7V/s 100V/s 13V/s

3.2b M hnh OPAM


OPAM 741 c

=
=
=
=
5
0
out
cm
in
10 G
75 R
M 400 R 2
M 2 R

Hnh 3.2c l mch m hnh ho ca IC khuch i thut ton. Pha mch vo
c c trng bng in tr vo vi sai R
i
, in p vo vi sai V
d
v hai in tr
vo ng pha k hiu l 2Rcm. Pha mch ra gm c ngun p l thuc GV
d

v in tr ra R
0
.
3.2c. c tnh truyn t
th hnh 3.2d. l c tnh truyn t V
0
= f(V
d
)

c im ca c tnh truyn t ca OPAM l V
0
ch t l vi V
d
khi V
0

nm trong khong gia +V
S
v -V
S
. c tnh truyn t b bo ho khi V
0
=
V
S
. in p V
S
trong thc t nh hn in p ngun cung cp. Nh vy
in p ra khng b mo th phi c iu kin sau.

2 2
V max
V
0
0

c tnh truyn t thc t khng i qua gc to m lch gc vi gi
tr vo mV. l in p p lch khng hay offset.
2.2.4. Cc mch b ngoi ca khuych i thut ton.
Khi thc hin mt mch khuch i vi cc IC thut ton, ngoi cc phn
t c bn nh trong trng hp OPAM l tng ngi ta cn thit k cc
mch b. Thng c ba loi mch b l:
- B dng lch khng (dng vo tnh hay I offset)
- B in p lch khng (hay U offset)
- B tn s
3.2.4.1 b dng lch khng
Dng nh thin vo ca IC khuch i thut ton c m t nh
hnh 3.2.5.

Cc dng in I
B+
v I
B-
l dng Base tnh ca cc Transistor u vo. Trong
k thut ngi ta phn bit dng nh thin vo v dng lch thin vo (lch 0
hay offset) nh sau:
Dng nh thin vo:
2
I I
I
B B
B
+
+
=
Dng lch khng:
+
=
B B off
I I I
Dng I
B
vo khong 2 A v thay i theo nhit vi h s nhit
10nA/
0
C.
Dng I
off
vo khong 20nA v h s nhit l -2n/
0
C. Cc dng tnh I
B+
, I
B-

gy ra st p trn cc in tr mch ngoi do gy ra in p lch khng
u ra.
b nhit p lch khng ngi ta mc mt in tr vo u khng o (R
1
)
nh hnh 3.2.6


iu kin b l: I
B
+ R
1
= I
B
(R
1
// R
2
)
V thc t c I
B+
I
B-
nn in tr R
1
phi tho mn biu thc:
R
1
= R
A
// r
F
=
F A
F A
R R
R . R
+

C th tnh in p ra lch khng khi coi cc dng tnh vo I
B+
v I
B-
bng
nhau (I
B+
= I
B-
= I
B*
) bng biu thc sau:
( )
1 F A
*
B
A
F
0
R R // R I
R
R
1 V
|
|

\
|
+ =
3.4.2.2 B in p lch khng _ V
off

c tnh truyn t ca IC khuch i cho thy khi ngn mch hai u
vo th u ra vn c mt in p khc 0. l in p lch khng m nguyn
nhn gy ra l s tri im lm vic v s khng cn bng ca mch.
B in p lch khng trong trng hp ny l lm cho in p ra bng 0
bng cch t vo u vo mt in p thch hp. Khi IC khuch i thut
ton tng ng vi mt mch khuch i l tng v mt in p b lch
khng u vo. in p b ny cn gi l in p offset vo k hiu l V
i off
.
Hnh 3.2.7a,b m t khuch i c in p lch khng v khuch i c b.



Nguyn l b in p lch khng cho cc s khuch i o v khng o
cho hnh 3.2.8a,b

3.2.4.3 B tn s
Khuch i thut ton cng c c tnh tn ging nh khuch i dng
Transistor tn s cao th h s khuch i vi sai gim v xut hin s lch
pha gia p ra v p vo. OPAM thng c m t nh mt mch khuch i
gm ba tng khuch i l tng vi cc mt lc RC cc u ra l nguyn
nhn gy lch pha. Khi gc lch pha bng 180
0
th phn hi m s tr thnh
phn hi dng v mch mt n nh khng kim sot c na.
Do b tn s lm cho mch n nh ngay c khi c lch pha -180
0
. Nh
vy iu kin n nh l tch h s khuch i v h s phn hi nh hn 1.
1 | K 0
180
<
=

m bo chc chn n nh th mch khuch i phi c tch K < 1 m
mt gc pha = -(180
0
- ).
i vi cc vi mch OPAM m c cc u ra b tn s, th mch b tn
s l cc khu lc RC.
Hnh 3.2.9 l c tnh tn dng th Bode ca OPAM c b tn s v khng
b tn s vi = 45
0



Hnh 3.2.9 (1) khng b tn s
(2) c b tn s
Hnh 3.2.10 l mt mch khuch i o c b dng tnh, b offset v b tn
s khuch i ca mch cho bng di.

Bng tham s mch b:

H s khuch
i (dB)
C
K1
(PF)
R
K1
(K)
C
K2
(PF)
0
10
0
30
40
50
60
5000
2400
500
270
100
27
10
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
1,5
0
200
100
20
10
3
3
3

3.2.5. H s kh tn hiu ng pha
(Conmon _ Mode Rejection)
S hot ng ca OPAM i vi tn hiu ng pha hnh 3.2.11

nh ngha h s khuch i ng pha
G
cm
=
cm
0
V
V

H s kh ng pha

cm
0
G
G
CMRR =
hoc dB
G
G
log 20 CMRR
cm
0
10
|
|

\
|
=
Thng thng cc OPAM c CMRR t 80 n 100 dB.
3.2.6 Slew Rate
Khuch i thut ton thc t c c tnh ph thuc tn s do hiu ng
phng np ca cc t in trong mch. Hiu ng ny s lm cho p ng ca
mch i vi tn hiu bc nhy u vo khng c hon ho. Ni cch khc
l nu tc tn hiu vo vt qu mt tc bin thin cc i no ca
mch th tn hiu ra s b mo. S gii hn ca tc p ng c c trng
bng i lng tc p ng S hay Slew Rate, S dc o bng V/Ms.
Vic phn tch s hn ch tc p ng da trn biu thc h s khuch
i vng ng ca mch khuch i khng o (Hnh 3.2.13a)

0 0
V
G
S
1
1
.
1
A

= ; (S = j)
Vi tn hiu bc nhy u vo V
i
(t) = V.1(t) (hnh 3.2.12b)
Theo bin i Laplace ta c p ng i vi bc nhy l:
|
|
|
|

\
|

=
0 0
0
G
S
1
1
.
1
S
V
) S ( V
V in p ra theo t dng:
[ ]
0 0
G t
0
e 1
S
V
) t ( V

=
Vi tn hiu bc nhy u vo V
i
(t) = V1(t) (hnh 3.2.1.2b)
Theo bin i Laplace ta c p ng i vi bc nhy l:

|
|
|
|

\
|

=
0 0
0
G
S
1
1
.
1
S
V
) S ( V
v in p ra theo t dng:
[ ]
0 0
G t
0
e 1
S
V
) S ( V

= (Xem H.3.2.1.26)
Ta c dc ban u ca V
0
(t) l:

0 0 0 t
G t 0 0
0 t
0
VG | e
G V
|
dt
dV
0 0
=

=
=

=

Biu thc ny l tuyn tnh vi V nh cho mch khng b bo ho.
Khi V ln lm cho mch bo ho v V
0
(t) c dng nh (hnh 3.2.12d) vi
dc ban u nh hn.
cho tn hiu ra ca khuch i thut ton c th theo kp tn hiu vo
th tc bin thin cc i ca tn hiu phi nh hn hoc ti a l bng tc
p ng ca mch l SR. Vi nh ngha
Slew Rate = SR = max
dt
dV
0

SR thng c cho trong bng d liu ca OPAM, v d 741 c SR =
0,5V/s, v c hiu l t s
t
V
0

khi h s khuch i ca mch bng n

v. (i vi mch khuch i khng o th l trng hp lp li A
V
= 1)


Tc p ng c quan h vi gii thng lm vic f
P
.
f
P
l tn s ln nht ca tn hiu ra dng sng sin. tn s ny tn hiu ra bt
u b mo. Ngha l vi tn s f
P
th tc bin thin c php ca tn hiu
ra l cc i v bng tc p ng SR.
V d tn hiu ra dng sin
V
0
= Vsin2cos2f
P
t
Vi tc l:
t f 2 cos 2 V
dt
dV
P
0
=
ti t = 0 th tc bin thin ca V
0
l cc i
V f 2 |
dt
dV
|
dt
dV
P max
0
0 t
0
= =
=

Suy ra vy gii thng l:

V 2
SR
f
P

=
V d mt OPAM c SR = 0,6 V/s, c in p ra khng b mo vi bin
1V th.
KHz 5 , 95
V 28 , 6
1
.
10
V 6 , 0
f
6
P
= =

Vi bin p ra khng mo l 10V th
f
P
= 9,55 KHz
V d ny cho thy rng f
P
t l nghch vi bin (gi tr nh) ca p ra.

3.2.7. Phn hi m (trong mch khuch i o v khng o)
H s khuch i vng h ca OPAM rt ln, trong trng hp l tng
l . i vi A741 th G
0
= 100dB hoc 10
5
v gim vi dc -
20dB/decade vi tn s ct gc l 20 Radian trn giy.
ng dng OPAM trong khuch i, phi thit lp mch phn hi m
cho c khuch i o v khng o gm c R
F
v R
A
. Mch phn hi m s
xc lp h s khuch i vng ng A
V
, gii thng B
W
v n nh h thng.
Cc mch khuch i o v khng o theo quan im phn hi m c xt
nh sau:
1. Khuch i o. (hnh 3.2.13a)

Mch c V
+
= 0 v h s khuch i vng h l G
Xt in p V
-
ta c:
- i vi in p ra V
0
th V
-
=
A
F A
0
R
R R
V
+

Do ta c h s phn hi m l
F A
A
0
R R
R
V
V
+
= =


- i vi tn hiu in p vo V
i
th c:
F
F A
i
R
R R
V
V
+
=

Do ta c s khi hnh 3.2.13b:

- Mch vng gm OPAM vi h s khuch i vng h G v h s
phn hi m
F A
A
R R
R
+
= , c h s khuch i l G
F
:
G
R R
R
1
G
G 1
G
G
F A
A
F
+
+
=
+
=
- Theo nh ngha ta c h s khuch i vng ng ca h l:
G
R R
R
1
G
R R
R
G
R R
R
V
V
A
F A
A
A F
F
F
A F
F
i
0
V
+
+
|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|
+
= =


G
R
R
1
1
1
R
R
A
A
F A
F
V
|
|

\
|
+
+
= (1*)
Nh vy khi G th G 1 nn

=
1
G
F

v do
A
F
V
A
F A
F A
F
A F
F
V
R
R
A
R
) R R (
.
) R R (
R 1
.
R R
R
A
=
+
+
=

|
|

\
|
+
=

Biu thc ny chng t khi tch h s khuch i vng h v h s phn hi
rt ln th h s khuch i vng ng ch ph thuc mch phn hi (R
A
, R
F
)
m khng ph thuc tham s ca OPAM. chnh l h s khuch i vng
ng trong trng hp l tng.
2. Khuch i khng o. Hnh 3.2.14a

Mch khuch i khng o cng c h s phn hi m l:
F A
A
R R
R
+
=
v c V
i
= V
+

S khi ca mch nh hnh 3.2.14b

Trong trng hp ny ta c h s khuch i vng ng bng h s khuch
i ca h khi c phn hi m.
A
V
= G
F
=
G 1
G
+
=
G
R R
R
1
G
F A
A
+
+

=
G R ) R R (
G ) R R (
A F A
F A
+ +
+
=
G
R
R
1
1
1
R
R
1
A
F
A
F
|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+ (2*)
Khi tch G 1 th A
V
=
|
|

\
|
+ =

A
F
R
R
1
1
, cng l h s khuch i vng ng
trong trng hp l tng.
Ngi ta cn gi

1
l h s khuch i n.
Biu thc (1*) v (2*) c t s l h s khuch i vng ng l tng cn
mu s ging nhau. Mu s th hin s sai lch gia h s khuch i khi
dng IC thut ton vi h s khuch i trong trng hp khuch i thut
ton l tng.
Ch rng in tr R
A
trong biu thc (1*) chnh l in tr vo ca tn hiu.
Trong trng hp mch cng o vi nhiu tn hiu vo th R
A
c hiu l
in tr vo tng ng ca cc tn hiu vo
k hiu l R
A
* = R
a
// R
b
//...//R
n-1
V biu thc tnh h s khuch i thnh phn l:

G
R
R
1
1
1
.
R
R
A
*
A
F
j
F
rj
|
|

\
|
+
+

=
Vi j = a ... m
3. nhy ca h s khuch i vng ng
Gi G

l h s khuch i vng, A
V
l h s khuch i trong trng
hp l tng (G

1), ngha l i vi khuch i o c A

V
= -
A
F
R
R
, i
vi khuch i khng o c
|
|

\
|
+ =

A
F
V
R
R
1 A . Lp t s A
V
/ A
V
ta nhn
c biu thc:
) G 1 (
G
A
A
V
V

+
= (3*)
Vi phn biu thc (3*) ta nhn c

2
V V
) G 1 (
A
) G ( d
dA

+
= (4*)
nhy ca h s khuch i vng ng c nh ngha l:

( )

+
=
G
) G ( d
.
G 1
1
A
dA
V
V
(5*)
Biu thc (5*) cho thy rng, bin ng ca h s khuch i vng ng nh
hn bin ng ca h s khuch i vng G (1+G) ln.
V d G = 1000 vi bin ng l 10% th bin ng ca A
V
ch l 0,01%.
(A
V
l k hiu A
V
khi G )
3.2.8. c tnh tn ca OPAM v tnh s GBP
Hnh 10.1 l th Bode c tnh tn h s khuch i vng h v cc h
s khuch i vng ng khc nhau A
V
. th cho thy c tnh tn ca h s
khuch i vng h ch bng phng trong mt gii tn s rt hp. Tuy nhin
gii thng s tng ln i vi h s khuch i vng ng khc nhau.
B chi phi bi phn lc thng thp RC, c tnh tn ca OPAM c
dc -20dB/dec vi biu thc tng qut ca h s khuch i vng h l

0
j 1
G
G

+
= (6*)
Trong
0
l tn s gii hn on bng phng c c tnh khuch i vng
h. G
0
l h s khuch i vng h trong on tn s di
0
. V d hnh 10.1
c
0
= 10
0
Hz v G
0
= 120dB
i vi mch khuch i khng o ta c h s khuch i vng ng l:

+
=
G 1
V
A
V
vi
|
|

\
|
+ =

A
F
R
R
1
1
(7*)
Thay G biu thc (6*) vo (7*), v gi thit G
0
1 ta c:

0 0
A
F
A
F
0 0
A
F
V
G
R
R
1
j 1
R
R
1
G
j
R
R
1
1
A

|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|
+
=

+
=
Nh vy th Bode ca A
V
xut pht cao 20lg(1 +
A
F
R
R
) v c tn s
ct:

A
F
0 0
c
R
R
1
G
+

= (8*)
Trong h s khuch i vng ng tn s thp

=
|

\
|
+ =
1
RA
RF
1 A
0 V
, nn c
A
V0

0
=
0
G
0

Tch
0
G
0
l hng s do nu h s khuch i vng ng tng th tn s
gc ct gim.
c tnh tn

H s khuch i vng h
0
0
s
1
G
G

+
=
G
0
: h s khuch i vng h tn s
0

Tch s h s khuch i A
V
v bng tn (gii thng) BW l hng s, k
hiu l:
GBP = A
V
.BW = Const
3.2.9. in tr ra ca mch khuch i
tnh in tr ra ca mch khuch i vi OPAM thc, ngi ta a ra
s tng ng nh hnh 3.2.14a v dn dt ti cc hnh 3.2.14b,c,d




Vi gi thit u ra t di mt in p V v c iu kin R
A
' (R
1
' + R
i
) v
R
i
R
1
', ta nhn c s tng ng cui cng ca mch H.3.2.14d
Trong R
A
' = R
A
// 2R
cm

R
1
' = R
1
// 2R
cm

T H.3.2.14d c:

F
'
A
'
A
d
R R
V R
V
+

=

|
|

\
|
+
+ = =
'
A F
'
A
0
R R
GR
1 V GVd V iR
Theo nh ngha in tr ra ta c:

( )
'
A F
'
A
0
out
R R
GR
1
R
i
V
R
+
+
= = (10_10)
Trong thc t thng c R
cm
rt ln nn R
A
' R
A
v R
1
' R
1
do :
A F
A
0
out
R R
R
G 1
R
R
+
+
=
tn s thp th :
|
|

\
|
+ =
A
F
0
0
out
R
R
1
G
R
R (10_11)
3.2.10. Phn tch khuch i khng o
1. Mch

2. Mch tng ng



Vi gi thit

in 1
0 L
R R
R R

V: R
F
' = R
F
+ R
0

R
A
' = R
A
// 2Rcm
3. Tm tr vo ca mch
T s c c V
d
= i'R
i
v (R
i
+ R
A
' // R
F
)i' = V -
'
F
'
A
i
'
A
R R
' i GR R
+

T c:
=
|
|

\
|
+
+ + =
i
'
F
'
A
'
A '
F
'
A
R
R R
G R
1 R // R
' i
V
(10.13)
Vy tr vo ca mch khuch i l (xem hnh c)
R
in
= 2R
cm
//
Vi R
A
' = R
A
// 2R
cm

R
F
' = R
0
+ R
F

R
1
R
0

v vi gii thit l R
cm
rt ln v tn s thp c h s khuch i G
0
v lm
gn ng
F
'
A
i
'
A
R R
GR R
+
, ta c:
R
in
= 2R
cm
//
|
|

\
|
+
'
A
'
F
i 0
R
R
1
R G
(10.15)
Nu mch khuch i s dng 741 c cc tham s
R
in
= 2M
1R
cm
= 400 M
G
0
= 10
5

R
0
= 75

|
|

\
|
+

= M 400
R
R
1
M 2 . 105
// M 400 R
A
F
in
(10.16)
in tr ra c xc nh theo biu thc (10.12)

5
A
F
A
F
0
0
out
10
R
R
1 75
R
R
1
G
R
R
|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|
+ = (10.17)
4. H s khuch i khng o
Mch khuch i khng o v s tng ng nh hnh v
H s khuch i khng o c nh ngha l:



Vi gi thit R
1
R
0

v R
a=A
' = R
A
// 2R
cm

R
i
' = R
1
// 2R
cm

T hnh d, ta c
cm 1
cm
1
'
1
R 2 R
R 2
R
R
+
=
in p ra theo nh ngha l GV
d
, trong V
d
= iR
i

nn V
0
= GV
d
= R
i
iG, cng t hnh d, c:
( )
d
F
'
A
'
A
i
1
'
1 '
A i
'
1
V . G
R R
R
V
R
R
i RF // R R R
+
= + +
Do c:
( )
( )
i
F
'
A
'
A '
1 F
'
A
1
i
'
1
R
R R
G R 1
R R // R
R
V R
i
(

+
+
+ +
=
Vy
( )
i
F
'
A
'
A '
1 F
'
A
1
i
'
1
i
0
V
R
R R
G R 1
R R // R
R
GR R
V
V
A
(

+
+
+ +
= = (10.18)
Ch :
Thay G bng G
0
trong biu thc (10.18) v ch rng
R
i
G
0
R
F

R
1
' = R
1

R
i
G
0
R
1

R
A
= R
A
'
R
i
G
0
R
L

G
0

th biu thc (10.18) s tr thnh biu thc h s khuch i khng o trong
trng hp OPAM l l tng.

A
F
A
F A
V
R
R
1
R
R R
A + =
+
=
5. rng di thng (Baudwidth)
Biu thc hm khuch i khng o (10.18) vi lu
R
A
'

= R
A
, R
1
' = R
1
. ta vit li

i
F A
A
1 F A
1
i 1
V
R
) R R (
G R
1 R R // R
R
GR R
A
(

+
+ + +
=
vi
0
0
S
1
G
G

+
= th:

( )
|
|

\
|
+
+
|
|

\
|

+ + +
=
A
F
0 i
0
i 1 F A
i 0
V
R
R
1
G R S
1 R R R // R
R G
A
Vi R
i
R
A
// R
F
v R
i
R
1
v G
0
1 a n biu thc sau:

1
G
S
.
R
R
1
1
R
R
1 A
0 0 A
F
A
F
V
+

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+ = (10.19)
t
0 V
A
F
A
R
R
1 =
|
|

\
|
+ ta vit li (10.19)

0 0
0 V
0 V
V
G
A
j 1
A
A

+
= T y ta xc nh tn s gc (tn s 3dB) bng
cch cho h s ca j bng 1

0 V
0 0
C
0 0
0 V
C
A
G
1
G
A
= =

C
chnh l rng gii thng BW
G
0

0
l GBP
T c biu thc tnh rng bng tn nh sau:

|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|
+

= =
A
F
A
F
0 0
C
R
R
1
GBP
R
R
1
G
BW (10.20)
Khi dng A741: A741 c GBP = 1Hz do mch s c di thng ph
thuc B
F
v R
A

A
F
6
R
R
1
10
BW
+
= (10.21)
6. V d: T0hit k mch khuch i s dng A741 sao cho V
out
= 400V
in
,
in tr vo trn 100 gii thng ln hn 20KHz
Gii:
+ rng gii thng
A
F
6
R
R
1
10
BW
+
=
+ H s khuch i 50
20
10
BW
10
R
R
1
6 6
A
F
= = = +
+ Theo yu cu c 400
V
V
in
out
= , do cn phi c 2 tng khuch i khng
o, na tng ly h s khuch i bng 20
20
R
R
1 A
A
F
= + =
+

+ Chn R
A
= 10K R
F
= 190 K v R
1
= R
A
// R
F
, R
1
= 9,5 K
=
+
=
= =
+
=
400 10 . 4
10 10 . 4
10 . 10 . 4
R
10 // 10 . 4
20
10 . 2
// 10 . 4
R
R
1
10 . 2
// 10 , 4 R
8
0 8
10 8
in
10 8
11
8
A
F
11
8
in


= =
|
|

\
|
+ = m 15 10 ). 20 ( 75 10
R
R
1 75 R
5 5
A
F
out

+ rng bng tn:
KHz 50
20
10
R
R
1
GBP
BW
6
A
F
=
+
=
S :

2.11. Phn tch khuch i o
1. Mch khuch i o v s tng ng

2. in tr vo v in tr ra
T hnh b, vi gii thit

=
0 L
0 F
cm 1
'
1
R R
R R
R 2 // R R

Ta c mch hnh c,


'
1 i
i
d
R R
V . R
V
+
=
=




|
|

\
|
+
+ = = V
R R
G R
1 GV V ' ' i R
'
1 i
i
d F

+
+ +
= V .
R ) R R (
R ) G 1 ( R
" i
F
'
1 i
i
'
1

Vy
( )
F
i
'
1
'
1 "
in
R
R G 1 R
) R Ri (
" i
V
R
+ +
+
= =

.
T y c s hnh d:

Thy rng khi G rt ln hay khi xt tn s thp ta thay G bng G
0
th
in tr R
in
'' 0. Do in tr vo ca mch khuch i o gn bng R
A

R
in
R
A

in tr ra ca mch khuch i o cng c xc nh nh i vi mch
khuch i khng o, ngha l:


0
A
F
0
out
G
R
R
1 R
R
|
|

\
|
+
=
3. H s khuch i in p
Bin i mch ngun p V
i
ni tip R
A
thay ngun dng
A
1
R
V
song song
vi R
A
v mch ngun p GV
d
= V
0
ni tip R
F
thnh ngun dng
F
d
R
GV
song
song vi R
F
, ta a mch b, thnh mch e, nh sau:

Bin i ngun dng song song in tr thnh ngun p ni tip in tr ta c
s g,:

T s g, tnh V
d

( )
(

+
+
+ +

=
d
F
'
A
'
A
A
i
F
'
A
F
'
A
'
1
i
d
V
R R
G R
R
V
R // R
R // R R Ri
R
V (10.26)
Thay GV
d
= V
0
v V
d
=
G
V
0
vo biu thc ta c:

( ) ( )
(

+
+ =
+ +
0
F A
'
A
i
A
F
'
A
i
F
'
A
'
1
'
i
0
V
R R
R
V
R
R // R
R
G
R // R R R
V

( ) ( )
A
F
'
A i
i
F
'
A
i
'
A F
'
A
'
1 i
0
R
R // R R
V
R R
R . R
G
R // R R R
V =
(

+
+
+ +

Suy ra t s
i
0
V
V
:

( )
( )( )
i
'
A P
'
A
'
i i F
'
A
A
F
'
A i
i
0
R GR R R R R R R
R
R R R G
V
V
+ + + +

= (10.27)
Vi gii thit R
A
2R
cm
v G 1 th coi gn ng R
A
' = R
A
//2R
cm
R
A
v
GR
A
'R
i
trong mu s l rt ln nn:

A
F
i A
F i
i
0
R
R
R GR
R GR
V
V
= =
l h s khuch i ca mch khuch i o
A
F
V
R
R
A = , ging nh biu
thc h s khuch i xt trong trng hp OPAM l tng.
4. Gii thng
Vi gi thit R
A
' = R
A
, R
i
R
1
' v R
i
R
F

Hm G c vit l:

0
0
S
1
G
G

+
=
Ta c kt qu hm khuch i o l:

0
0 A
F
0
A
F
0
A
F
A
0
0
F
G
S
1
R
R
1
G
R
R
S
1
0 G
R
R
1 R
S
1
G
R
A
+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|

+
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

+
=

(Vi G
0
0
G
R
R
1
R
R
1
0
A
F
A
F

|
|

\
|
+

|
|

\
|
+ ) ta c:

1
G
S
R
R
1
1
R
R
A
0 0 A
F
A
F
+

|
|

\
|
+
=

tm tn s gc t biu thc ny ta c:

F
A
F
A
0 0
C
R
R
1
GBP
R
R
1
G
BW
+
=
+

= = (10.29)
5. V d: Thit k mch khuch i dng OPAM 741 c cc tham s sau
V
0
= - 400V
in

R
in
> 100
BW > 20 KHz
Gii:

A
F
6
R
R
1
10
BW
+
=
H s khuch i ti a cho mt tng l 50
KHz 20
10
BW
10
A
6 6
max
= = =
Nh vy cn phi c hai tng khuch i m tng c A = 20
Do yu cu V
0
v V
in
ngc pha nn phi c mt tng khuch i o v
mt tng khuch i khng o
Do in tr vo yu cu ln nn tng vo l khng o
Tng th hai
Tng th nht: A
1
= 20 = 1+
A
F
R
R

chn R
A
= 10K R
F
= 190 K
R
1
= R
A
// R
F
= 9,5 K
Tng th hai: (khuch i o)
20
R
R
A
A
F
= =

Chn R
A
= 10 K R
F
= 200 K
R
1
= R
A
// R
F
= 9,5 K
in tr vo: R
in
y l ca Tng mt, tng khng o nn:
R
i
= 4.10
8
//
|
|

\
|
+
A
F
11
R
R
1
10 . 2
400
in tr ra: (ca tng o cng nh biu thc Ront ca tng khng o)
= = m 8 . 15
10
) 21 )( 75 (
R
5
out

Bng tn: KHz 6 , 47
21
10
BW
6
= =
Mch:

6. Khuch i o vi nhiu tn hiu vo

1.6. Mch cng o

V
0
= -R
F

=
m
a j i
i
R
V

t dc s cn bng dng BIAS, ngi ta chn
R
1
= R
F
// R
a
// R
b
// ... // R
m

v vi k hiu R
A
= R
a
// R
b
// ... // R
m
, in tr ra ca mch c tnh
theo biu thc sau:
R
out
=
0
A
F
0
G
R
R
1 R
|
|

\
|
+

Cn gii thng xc nh theo biu thc

|
|

\
|
+
=
A
F
R
R
1
GBP
BW
2.6 V d: Mch khuch i o c 3 tn hiu vo dng 741, c biu thc:
V
0
= - 4V
a
- 2V
b
- 3V
c

v in tr vo R
Vmin
= 8K (tr vo ti thiu)
Phng php thit k mch c gii quyt chng trc vi bng tm
tt mc 3.1.4:
Theo bng tm tt ta c:
X

= 0 (vi mch ch c khuch i o)
Y =

= =
=
c
a j
j
m
a j
j
Y Y = 4 + 2 + 3 = 9
Z = X - Y - 1 = -10
Theo yu cu th tr vo ti thiu l 8K
Chn R
F
= 80 K ta c:
R
a
= 80 K/4 = 20 K
R
b
= 80 K/2 = 40 K
R
c
= 80 K/3 = 26,7 K
R
x
= 80 K/10 = 8 K
R
A
= R
a
// R
b
// R
C
= 9 K

=
=
=
K 26,7 c Rin
K 40 b Rin
K 20 a Rin
Cc tr vo ny u ln hn tr vo ti
thiu yu cu
10
9
80
1
R
R
1
A
F

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+
Nn in tr ra l: = =
|
|

\
|
+ m 5 , 7 10
10
75
R
R
1
G
R
5
A
F
0
0

R
out
= 15m
v R
x
= R
a
// R
b
// R
c
// R
F
8K

3.2.11. Khuch i vi sai
1. Mch tng qut

( )

= =

|
|

\
|
+ =
n
1 i
m
a j j
j
F
i
i
x n 3 2 1
A
F
0
R
V
R
R
V
R // R // ... // R // R // R
R
R
1 V
Trong R
A
= R
a
// R
b
// R
c
// ... // R
m
// R
Y

Chn cc in tr t c cn bng dng BIAS:
R
1
// R
2
// R
3
... // R
x
= R
F
// R
a
// R
b
// R
c
// ... // R
Y

2. Mch vi sai hai tn hiu vo

( )
a
A
F
i
2 1
2
A
F
A
a
F
1
i
2 1
A
F
0
V
R
R
V
R R
R
R
R
1
R
V
R
R
V
R // R
R
R
1 V

+
|
|

\
|
+ =

|
|

\
|
+ =

c cn bng dng BIAS chn: R
1
// R
2
= R
1
// R
F

in tr vo i vi tn hiu li vo o (V
a
) l V
A

in tr vo i vi tn hiu li vo khng o (V
i
) l:
R
vo(+)
= R
1
+ (R
2
// R
in
)
trong : R
in
= 2R
cm
//
A
F
i
R
R
1
GR
+
2R
cm

in tr ra: R
out
= R
0

0
A
F
G
R
R
1
|
|

\
|
+

Gii thng: BW =
A
F
R
R
1
GBP
+

3. Trng hp n gin mch c: R
A
= R
1
, R
2
= R
F


V
0
= ( )
a i
A
F
V V
R
R



















3.1.3. Bng tng kt cc biu thc ca mch khuych i s dng OPAM
khng l tng vi v d 741


Khuch i khng o Khuch i o Tham s
IC_OPAM l
tng
741 IC_OPAM
khng l tng
741

R
in

2R
cm
//
|
|

\
|
+
A
F
i
R
R
1
GR

4.10
8
//
|
|

\
|
+
A
F
11
R
R
1
10 . 2

R
A
R
A

R
out

A F
A
0
R R
G R
1
R
+
+

75
5
A
F
10
R
R
1
|
|

\
|
+
A F
A
0
R R
G R
1
R
+
+

75
5
A
F
10
R
R
1

|
|

\
|
+

BW
A
F
R
R
1
GBP
+

|
|

\
|
+
A
F
6
R
R
1
10

|
|

\
|
+
A
F
R
R
1
GBP

|
|

\
|
+
A
F
6
R
R
1
10

H s
khuych
i p A
V

A
(+)
=
|
|

\
|
+
A
F
R
R
1
A
(-)
= -
A
F
R
R


A
CL
=
fc
funity
hoc A
CL
.f
C
= funity = BW
CMRR =
cm
CL
A
A

f
c max
=
PK
V 2
SR

; V
pk
=
2
1
V
out P-P

Cc thng s ca OPAM cho trong Catalogue:
funity: Tn s n v = BW
A
OL
hoc G
0
: H s khuch i vng h
R
cm
: in tr vo ng pha
R
0
: in tr ra ca OPAM
SR : Slew Rate
Chng IV:
cc mch x l thut ton tng t
ng dng khuch i thut ton
4.1. Mch tr khng m
a. Mch

b. Phn tch
in tr vo: R
in
=
I
V

Ti im P c: V
P
= V
-
=
F A
A
R R
R
+
V
0

V
N
= V
P
V
0
= V
A
F A
R
R A +
= V (1 +
A
F
R
R
)
I =
R . R
V . R
R
) R / R 1 ( V V
R
V V
A
F A F 0
=
+
=

Vy in tr vo R
in
=
I
V
R
in
=
F
A
R
R R
(1)
Biu thc (1) chng t mch trn l mt in tr m. Nu thay R bng Z th ta
c mt mch tr khng m.
4.2. Ngun dng l thuc
a. Mch


b. Phn tch mch:
mch in tr m nu ta cho R
A
= R
C
th in tr m l -R. Do :
Tr vo ca mch ny l R
in
= R + R
L
// (-R)
I
in
=
L
2
L
L i
L 1
i
in
in
RR R R R
) R R ( V
R R / RR R
V
R
V

=

=

I
in
=
2
L i
R
) R R ( V

Dng in qua ti I
L
:
I
L
=
R
V
R R
) R (
.
R
) R R ( V
R R
R I
i
L
2
L i
L
in
=

(2)
Biu thc (2) cho thy dng ti I
L
t l vi in p vo V
i
v khng ph thuc
vo ti R
L
.
Mch ny cn c gi l mch bin i p_dng.
Nu V
i
= E = Const th I
L
= Const.
4.3. Mch bin i dng _ p
a. Mch

b. Phn tch mch
V
+
= 0
V
-
= V
0
+ I
i
R
V
+
= V
-
= V
-
= V
0
+ I
i
R = 0
T c p ra l: V
0
= - I
i
R
in p t l vi dng vo.







4.3. Mch bin i p _ Dng
a. Mch

b. Phn tch:
V
+
= V
i

V
-
= I
L
R
1

V
+
= V
-

I
L
=
1
i
R
V

Dng ti khng ph thuc in tr ti v dng ti t l vi in p vo.
Tuy nhin in tr ti ca mch ny khng ni t.
c. Mch bin i p _ dng c ti ni t:
Mch:

Phn tch
0
R
V V
R
V V
0 I
R
V V
R
V V
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
i
=

= +

+ +

V
+
= V
-

2
0
1
1
2
0
1
i
R
V
R
V
I
R
V
R
V
+ = +
Do c: I
L
=
L
R
1
(V
i
- V) (4)
Dng ti khng ph thuc vo ti R
1
m ch ph thuc vo hiu (V
i
- V)
4.5. Mch tch phn Miller
T mch bin i p _ dng nu thay R
L
bng C
L
ta c mch hnh

Dng in qua t C
1
c tnh t biu thc sau:
0 I
R
V V
R
V V
L
0 P i P
= +

Vi V
P
= V
N
th c :V
P
=
2
V
R R
V R
0
1 1
0 1
=
+
, do I
L
=
R
V
i

Mt khc dng I
L
= C
L

dt
dV
C
dt
dV
P
L
CL
=
T cc bi thc suy ra : C
L
R
) t ( V
dt 2
) t ( dV
i 0
=
Hay:
dt
) t ( dV
.
2
R C
0 L
= V
i
(t). Vy in p ra ca mch l: V
0
(t) =

t
0
i
dt ) t ( V
RC
2
.
Biu thc ny cho thy in p ra t l vi tch phn ca in p vo v mch
trn l mt mch tch phn khng o, cn gi l tch phn Miller.
4.6. Mch tch phn o.
a. Mch.

b. Phn tch

=
= +
dt
dV
C i
0 i i
0
C
C 1
V
0
(t) = - ) 0 t ( V dt ) t ( V
RC
1
0 i
= +

Nu in p V
i
l V
i
(t) = V
i
e
jt
v V
0
(t=0) = 0
Ta c: V
0
(t) = V
0
e
jt
= -

dt e V
RC
1
t j
i


V
0
(t) = V
0
e
jt
=
t j i
e
RC j
V

V c:
0
90 j
i
0
e
RC
1
RC j
1
V
V

=
in p ra ca mch tch phn gim 20dB/dec.





4.7. Mch vi phn
a. Mch

b. Phn tch

=
= +
dt
dV
C i
0 i i
i
C
F C

C 0
R
V
dt
dV
0 i
= +
V
0
(t) = - RC
dt
dV
i

Nu cho V
i
(t) = V
0
e
jt
, ta c:
V
0
(t) = V
0
e
jt
= - RC
dt
e dV
t j
i

= - jRCV
i
e
jt


i
0
V
V
= - jRC =
0
90 j
RCe

Biu thc chng t p ra ca mch vi phn tng 20dB/decade.
Khi in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu V
i
bng 0, v mch c C u vo
nn tr khng vo ca mch s gim khi tn s tng.
xt phn hi, ta v s tng ng hnh 6.2

T s tng ng ny ta c h s phn hi ca mch l:
=
0
90 j
0
N
e
RC
1
V
V

=
Nh vy c gc lch pha -90
0
. Do nu m mch khuch i c gc
d tr pha l = -90
0
th ngha l mch lc tr nnc =o
o
v s mt n
nh.
Mch vi phn c ci bin nh sau:

A
r
=
1
2
Z
Z

vi: Z
2
=
f f
F
R C j 1
R
+

Z
1
=
1
1 1
C j
R C j 1

+

Cho C
1
R
1
= C
F
R
F
=
1
1

=
1
f 2
1

Hnh 6.4.c tnh bin v pha ca hnh 6.3.
a) H s khuch i ca mch c phn hi m v khng c phn hi.
b) Gc lch pha ph ca mch khuch i c b
z

c) Gc lch pha ca mch phn hi c b

d) Gc lch pha ph ca h s khuch i vng:
SZ
=
Z
+

Ta c:
2
1
2
2
1
F 1
V
f
f
4
f
f
1
R fC 2
A
|
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|

\
|

=
v h s phn hi m ca mch vi s tng ng nh hnh 6.3.b l:

=
|
|

\
|
+ +
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
(
(

|
|

\
|

=
1
F
1
2
1
1
2
1
0
N
R
R
2
f
f
j
f
f
1
f
f
2 j
f
f
1
V
V

T : c gc pha ca mch phn hi m l:

= arctg
2
1
1
f
f
1
f
f
2
|
|

\
|

- arctg
2
1
1
F
1
f
f
1
R
R
2
f
f
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+

Hnh 6.4 l c tnh tn bin v pha ca mch hnh 6.3. H s khuch i c
phn hi m
V
A tng 20 dB/dcc cho n tn s f
1
, v trn tn s f
1
th gim
20dB/dcc. Do mch hot ng nh mt mch vi phn ch khi
f
1

1 1
C R 2
1

Cn khi f
1

1 1
C R 2
1

th mch tch phn

Cc th hnh 6.4 c thc hin vi cc thng s sau:
R
1
= 800
R
F
= 100K
C
1
= 1 F
C
F
= 10 nF
f
1
= 200 Hz
- th hnh 6.4(d) cho thy
SZ
=
Z
+

nh hn 180
0
khi
V
A > 1.
- V h s phn hi c th t cc i l 1 v tch s
V
A > 1 trong khi

SZ
< 180
0
nn mch lm vic n nh.





4.8. Mch khuch i loga
a. Mch nguyn l

a. Phn tch:
I
D
= I
S

|
|

\
|
1 e
T
D
V
V
I
S
T
D
V
V
e
Vi I
1
= I
D
v V
0
= - V
D
ta c:

1
i
R
V
= I
S

T
0
V
V
e

V
0
= -V
T
ln
S 1
i
I R
V

(in p ra t l vi logarith t nhin ca in p vo)
b. Nu thay it bng transistor ta c mch sau:

mch ny ta c:
I
1
= I
C
=
1
i
R
V

V
0
= -V
BE
vi gi thit V
BC
= 0
I
C
c ly gn ng l: I
C
I
S

T
BE
V
V
e
T cc biu thc trn suy ra:
1
i
R
V
= I
S

T
BE
V
V
e

Hay: V
0
= - V
T
ln
S 1
i
I R
V

d. Kh dng in I
S

+ I
S
l dng bo ho (cn k hiu l I
0
) ca transistor n ph thuc rt nhiu
vo nhit . Do cc mch loga. Thc t thng c kh dng I
S
.
+ S di y l 1 mch kh I
S
thng dng:

+ Vit biu thc in p ra:
V
0
2 1
2
R R
R
+
- V
T
ln
S
ref
I
I
= -V
T
ln
S
i
RI
V

Do : V
0
= -
|
|

\
|
+
2
1
R
R
1 V
T
ln
ref
i
RI
V

(Trong biu thc ca V
0
khng cn I
S
na)
4.9. Mch hm m
4.10.Mch nhn v chia tng t
4.10.1. Khi nim:
+ Mch nhn: nhn hai i lng : U
1
x U
2

+ Tu theo du ca U
1
v U
2
ngi ta chia ra cc mch nhn 1/4, 2/4 v 4/4
gc to


4.10.2. Nhn 1/4 gc
+ Mch nhn analog da trn nguyn tc cng logarith nh sau:


3
2 1
U
U U
= exp (lnU
1
+ lnU
2
+ lnU
3
)
Cc php loga dc thc hin bng cc mch loga xt mc 7.
4.10.3 Nhn hai gc to :
a. Mch: Hnh 8.2 l nguyn l mt mch nhn 2 gc ca hai i lng l
U
1
> 0 v U
2
< 0.
Mch hot ng da trn c tnh hm m ca cc dng in I
C1
v I
C
ca hai
transistor trong mch khuch i vi sai.
b. Phn tch: (Vit phng trnh dng ti cc im 1 v 2)
im 1:
4
P
C
P CC
R
V
R
V V

- I
C1
= 0
im 2:
4
N 0
C
N CC
R
V V
R
V V
+

- I
C2
= 0
Vi V
P
= V
N
ta c
V
0
= R
4
(I
2
- I
C1
) (8.1)

+ Dng tng I
C
= I
C1
+ I
C2
c cung cp bi mt ngun dng (OP
1
). Nh
bit trong mch ngun dng (OP
1
) khi c R
2
R
1
th c:
I
C
= I
C1
+ I
C2
= -
1
2
R
U
(8.2)
+ Cc dng in I
C
ca transistor c vit:
I
C1
= I
S
T
1 BE
V
V
e
I
C2
= I
S
T
2 BE
V
V
e
+ V c t s : V
BE1
- V
BE2
= U
1

nn
T
1
T
2 BE 1 BE
V
U
V
) V V (
2 C
1 C
e e
I
I
= =

(8.3)
T cc biu thc (8.1) v (8.2) suy ra:
I
C2
=
2
1
(I
C
+
4
0
R
V
) (8.4)
I
C1
=
2
1
(I
C
-
4
0
R
V
) (8.5)
+ T (8.3); (8.4); (8.5) suy ra:
V
0
= - I
C
R
4
1 e
1 e
T
1
T
1
V
U
V
U
+

(8.6)
V c V
0
= - I
C
R
4
th
T
1
V 2
U
(8.7)
Khai trin chui ca biu thc ny c:
V
0
= -I
C
R
4
|
|

\
|
...
V 24
U
V 2
U
2
T
3
1
T
1

Hoc V
0
= -I
C
R
4

T
1
V 2
U
(1- ...
V 12
U
2
T
2
1
) (8.8)
Khi
1
U V
T
c:
V
0
= - I
C
R
4
T
1
V 2
U

Vi biu thc (8.2) ta c kt qu l:
V
0
=
T
2 1
1
4
V
U U
.
R 2
R
(8.9)
Kt qu ny c thc hin vi
1
U V
T
. Do b qua cc thnh
phn bc cao trong (8.8) nn c sai s.
Sai s nh hn 1% khi
1
U 0,35 V
T
= 9mV.
4.10.4 Nhn 4 gc
a. Mch: Mch (8.4) l mch nhn 4 gc
c th nhn v-i du ca V
1
v V
2
bt k ngi ta dng 2 mch
khuch vi sai ni song song (Q
1
Q
2
v Q
3
Q
4
)
Cc dng in I
C5
v I
C6
c iu khin ngc pha nhau bi in p V
2

thng qua mt mch khuch vi sai c phn hi m l Q
5
v Q
6
.
Hai mch khuch i vi sai song song Q
1
Q
2
, Q
3
Q
4
c iu khin bi U
1
qua
mch vi sai c phn hi m Q
7
Q
8


b. Phn tch
i vi mch khuch i vi sai ta c cc biu thc gn ng sau:
V
1
= I
1
h
21
R
1

I
C
= h
21
I
1
=
1
1
R
V

T c hin hai dng in Collector l:
I
C7
- I
C8
=
1
1
R
V
-
|
|

\
|

1
1
R
V
= 2
1
1
R
V
(8.10)
I
C5
- I
C6
= 2
2
2
R
V
(8.10b)
tnh in p V
3
ta s dng biu thc V
D
= f(I
D
) ca it:
V
D
= V
T
ln
S
D
I
I
v c:
V
3
= V
D2
- V
D1
= V
T
ln
S
8 C
I
I
- V
T
ln
S
7 C
I
I

V
3
= V
T
ln
7 C
8 C
I
I

7 C
8 C
I
I
=
T
3
V
V
e (8.11)
i vi cc mch khuch i vi sai Q
1
Q
2
, Q
3
Q
4
ta c [xem (8.3) v (8.11)]

7 C
8 C V
V
4 C
3 C
1 C
2 C
I
I
e
I
I
I
I
T
3
= = = (8.12)
Dng in I
C
ca Q
5
v Q
6
l:

+ =
+ =
4 C 3 C 6 C
2 C 1 C 5 C
I I I
I I I

Tng dng in I
C
ca Q
7
Q
8
l I
C7
+ I
C8
=2I.
Vi cc phn tch trn ta c cc biu thc quan h gia cc dng I
C
trong cc
transistor nh sau:

= +
= +
= +
= =
I 2 I I
I I I
I I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
8 C 7 C
6 C 4 C 3 C
5 C 2 C 1 C
8 C
7 C
4 C
3 C
1 C
2 C

T cc phng trnh trn ta rt ra cc biu thc sau:

=
=
=
=
) d 13 . 8 ( I
I 2
I
I
) c 13 . 8 ( I
I 2
I
I
) b 13 . 8 ( I
I 2
I
I
) a 13 . 8 ( I
I 2
I
I
7 C
6 C
4 C
8 C
6 C
3 C
8 C
5 C
2 C
7 C
5 C
1 C

i vi hai mch khuch di vi sai song song Q
1
Q
2
, Q
3
Q
4
v OP ta c:
V
0
= R
4
[(I
C1
+ I
C3
- (I
C2
- I
C4
)] (8.14)
Vi cc biu thc (8.13) ta c:
V
0
=
I 2
R
4
(I
C5
I
C7
+ I
C6
I
C8
- I
C5
I
C8
- I
C6
I
C7
)
V
0
=
I 2
R
4
( I
C7
- I
C8
) (I
C5
- I
C6
)
S dng cc biu thc (8.10a) v (8.10b) ta nhn c
V
0
=
2 1
4
R IR
R 2
V
1
V
2
(8.15)
in p ra V
0
t l vi tch V
1
V
2
. Du ca V
0
ph thuc du ca V
1
v V
2
.
4.10.5. Nhn s dng mch pht hm bc 2
Ta hy xt mt ng nht thc sau:
( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2 1
2
2 1 2 1
V V V V
4
1
V V + =
= [ ]
2 2 1
2
1
2
2 2 1
2
1
V V V 2 V V V V 2 V
4
1
+ + +
= V
1
V
2
(8.16)
ng nht thc trn gi thc hin php nhn bng cc php cng, tr
v bnh phng.
S khi mch nhn nh hnh 8.5, trong khi to hm bnh phng
c thc hin bng mch to hm it

Hnh 8.5 : Mch nhn c mch to hm bnh phng
4.10.6. Nhn bng mch loga v i loga
a. Biu thc ton hc:
Z = exp (lnX + lnY)
Z = exp (lnX.Y)
b. S khi thc hin mch nhn: (Hnh8.6a)

Gi s X = k
x
V
x

Y = K
y
V
y

Z = K
z
V
z

Ta c:
|
|

\
|
+ =
y x z
k
Y
ln
k
X
ln exp
k
Z

Z =
y x
z
k k
k
X.Y
c. V d mch nhn log v antilog.
Hnh .6.6b l v d mt mch nhn s dng cc mch khuch i logarith
v mch hm m


T s t rn ta c: V
BE1
+ V
BE2
= V
BE3
+ V
BE4

V cho rng cc transistor ging nhau, ngha l c dng bo ho I
S
bng nhau,
ta suy ra:
V
BE4
= V
T
ln
|
|

\
|
s 2 1
3
ref
y x
I
1
.
R R
R
.
V
V V

i vi mch OP3 ta c:
V
0
= R
4
I
S
exp
|
|

\
|
T
4 BE
V
V
, nn:
V
0
=
2 1
4 3
ref
y x
R R
R R
.
V
V V
(8.18)
4.11. Mch chia
a. Mch: thc hin mt mch chia ngi ta mc mt mch nhn lm phn
hi m cho mt mch khuch i thut ton nh hnh 8.7

b. Biu thc in p ra:
+ Mch nhn thc hin php nhn V
0
vi V
2
V
M
= Const.V
0
.V
2

+ V
M
l in p ra ca mch nhn t trn R
F
, ti im S ta c:

F
M
1
1
R
V
R
V
+ = 0
Do : V
0
=
const
1
V
1
V
2
(8.19)
c. C th thc hin mch chia bng s hnh 8.6b. V biu thc (8.18) c th
l: V
0
= Const.V
ref

y
x
V
V





Chng 5:
Mch gi tuyn tnh

Mch gi tuyn tnh l mch c c tnh ra vo tuyn tnh tng on.
Khong xc nh v dc ca tng on thng c xc nh bi iu kin
ng m ca cc it trong mch h s khuch i v iu kin lt trng thi
ca mch.
Cc mch phi tuyn thng gp trong k thut o v iu khin l mch
chnh lu tch cc (ly tr tuyt i), mch to hm v mch so snh.
5.1. Mch chnh lu tch cc
Mch chnh lu tch cc l mch chnh lu loi tr c in p thun
ca it (0,7v). Do c th chnh lu c in p nh m khng b sai s.
1.1. Mch chnh lu tch cc na sng
Hnh 1 l mch chnh lu na sng

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch c gii thch nh sau, gi thit OPAM l
tng ta c V
N
= V
P
= 0
Khi V
i
> 0 th phn ng ca OPAM l V
1
< 0. Nh vy D
1
b kho cn D
2
m,
trng thi ny mch tng ng vi mt khuch i o nhng in tr phn
hi m l in tr thun ca it D
2
rt nh.
it D
1
kho cho nn in p ra V
0
bng V
N
= 0. Ngc li khi V
i
< 0 phn
ng ca OPAM l V
1
> 0 nn D
2
kho, D
1
m. Lc ny ta c mch hnh 1.c
vi R
f
v V
f
l in tr thun v in p thun ca D
1


in p ra V
0
l in p im 2 so vi t, trong khi d ta c iu kin l
V
N
= V
P
= 0, do V
0
= -
A
F
R
R
V
i
(1)
Biu thc (1) cho thy in p ra khng ph thuc vo in p thun trn D
1

(V
f
= 0,7v) v nu
A
F
R
R
> 1 th in p ra cn ln hn in p vo.
c tnh vo ra ca mch hnh 1.b
1.2. Mch chnh lu c dch trc to
im xut pht ca c tnh vo _ ra c th dch chuyn trn trc V
i
nu
u vo c t trc mt in p V
ref
nh trn Hnh 2.a

im xut pht ca c tnh vo _ ra c hiu l lc D
1
bt u m
v V
0
= 0. Bi vy ta c th vit c biu thc sau:
V
0
= -
a
F
R
R
V
i
-
b
F
R
R
V
ref
= 0
Hay V
i
= -
b
a
R
R
V
ref
(2)
Nu V
ref
> 0 th im xut pht chnh lu (hay im gy ca c tnh vo _ ra)
nm bn tri gc to . Nu V
ref
< 0 th im xut pht nm bn phi gc to
. c tnh vo _ ra c dch trc v hnh 2.b vi V
ref
< 0 v hnh 2.c vi
V
ref
> 0

dc ca c tnh l
a
F
R
R

1.3. Mch chnh lu ton sng
Trong s chnh lu bn sng hnh 1.a nu o chiu it D
1
v D
2
th
in p ra i du v c tnh vo _ ra nm trong gc to th 2 (V
i
> 0, V
0

< 0). Do c th thc hin mch chnh lu ton sng bng hai mch chnh
lu bn sng nh s hnh 3.a.

T s ta c V
1
= -V
i
vi V
i
> 0 V
1
< 0
V
2
= -V
i
vi V
i
< 0 V
2
> 0
V
0
= V
2
- V
1
> 0
suy ra V
0
=
i
V (3)
c tnh vo _ ra ca mch hnh 3.b

Mt phng n chnh lu ton sng khc c mch n gin hn nh
hnh 4.a. in p ra ca mch chnh lu bn sng v in p vo c a ti
mt b cng o. H s khuch i i vi in p vo chn bng 1, h s
khuch i i vi in p chnh lu (V
1
) chn bng 2. Do nu in p
vo V
i
l hnh sin th in p ra s l chnh lu hai na chu k.

th thi gian ca mch v hnh 4.b

Bi tp: V dng tn hiu ti cc im (1), (2), (3) ca mch di
Cng th:

5.2 Mch tch sng nh
Mch tch sng nh l mch ghi nh gi tr nh ca tn hiu.
Nguyn l mch tch sng nh hnh ...

Gi s ban u t C phng ht do n nt reset. Mt in p vo dng
t trn li vo khng o s lm cho D m v t C c np.
Qu trnh np cho t c ko di cho n khi li vo o v li vo
khng o c cng in th, ngha l in p trn li vo o bng in p
vo. Nu in p vo li vt qu in p trn li vo o tc l in p trn t
C s lun lun bng in p dng ln nht t trn li vo khng o (V
i
).
Tng khuch i m cch ly t C vi ti do khi ngn mch t xung
t th t s phng ht ngay lp tc v in p ra bng khng.
5.3. Mch c phn hi hn ch
ngha ca mch: Hn ch V
0
mt gi tr cho trc.

V c tnh V
0
= f(V
i
) ca mch: Mt cch nh tnh ta c V
0
v V
1
khi D
kho:
V
0
= - V
i
A
F
R
R

V
1
=
2 1
0 1 ref 2
0 2
2 1
0 ref
R R
V R V R
V R
R R
V V
+
+
= +
+

= (R
1
//R
2
)

+
2
0
1
ref
R
V
R
V

Gi thit it D l tng th khi V
1
= 0, it D bt u m.
Khi ta c:
(R
1
// R
2
)

+
2
0
1
ref
R
V
R
V
= (R
1
// R
2
)

2 A
F
i
1
ref
R
1
.
R
R
V
R
V
= 0
V
i
=
F 1
2 A
R R
R R
V
ref
= V
iC
Nh vy trong khong - < V
i
V
iC
th D kho, trong khong ny
dc ca c tnh l -
A
F
R
R
< 0.
Trong khong V
iC
V
i
< + , D m v nu D l tng th dc c
tnh t ngt thay i t S
1
= -
A
F
R
R
sang S
2
=
A
2 F
R
R // R

Ti V
i
= V
iC
th V
0
c ln l:
V
0
= -
1
2
R
R
ref
= V
0C

T cc phn tch nh tnh trn ta c c tnh V
0
= f(V
in
) nh sau:

Nu S
2
rt nh, ta coi V
0
b hn ch gi tr V
0C
. Khi V
i
l in p hnh sin
th V
0
c dng sau:

Mch hn ch hai pha: Thm mt ng phn hi hn ch i xng vi
ng phn hi ca mch trn ta s c c mch phn hi hn ch hai
pha. Tu theo V
ref1
v V
ref2
mc hn ch trn v mc hn ch di c th
bng nhau hoc khng bng nhau. Mch nguyn l nh sau:


5.4 Mch so snh
Mch so snh dng so snh mt in p bin i lin tc vi mt in
p chun (V
ref
).
Kt qu so snh th hin trng thi ra bo ho ca mch .
Mch so snh c thc hin cc IC khuch i thut ton c tc cao
v lm vic ch khuch i vng h hoc c phn hi dng.
5.4.1. Mch so snh hai in p trn li vo
Loi mch so snh ny c in p chun V
ref
t trn mt li vo v in
p so snh V
i
t trn mt li vo khc.
Nu V
i
t trn li vo o th ta c mch so snh o Nu V
i
t trn li
vo khng o th mch l so snh khng o.
Hnh 5.a,b: l s so snh o v c tnh vo _ ra vi V
ref
> 0.
Hnh 5.c,d: l s so snh khng o v c tnh vo _ ra vi V
ref
> 0.


iu kin so snh l V
N
= V
P
. Trong s so snh o th V
N
= V
i
, V
P
= V
ref

do khi V
i
= V
ref
th mch lt trng thi. im lt trng thi l V
ref
, ti V
0

nhy t bo ho dng V
S
+
xung bo ho m V
S
-
(hnh 5.b)
Tng t i vi s so snh khng o im lt trng thi vn l V
ref
nhng
V
0
nhy t V
S
-
ln V
S
+
.
Cc c tnh vo _ ra trn y c v vi gi thit l OPAM l tng.
Nu in p chun V
ref
= 0 th im lt trng thi l gc to cn nu V
ref
<0
th im lt trng thi nm bn gc to .
5.4.2. So snh hai in p trn mt li vo.
Mch so snh vi hai in p trn mt li vo c V
i
v V
ref
cng t trn
mt li vo cn li vo kia ni t. Nu u vo o ni t th mch so snh
l khng o hnh 7.a
Nu u vo khng o khng o ni t th c mch so snh o hnh 7.c


iu kin lt trng thi ca mch l V
N
= V
P
. Khi so snh khng o th
V
N
= 0.
im lt trng thi c tm t biu thc:

2
i
1
ref
R
V
R
V
+ = 0, do
V
i
= -
1
2
R
R

V
ref
.
c tnh vo _ ra ca hai mch so snh trn hnh 7.b v hnh 7.c vi V
ref
< 0.
Nu V
ref
> 0 im lt trng thi nm tri bn gc to .
th thi gian V
0
(t) ca hai mch so snh v trn hnh 7.e,f,g vi
V
i
(t) = V
i
sint.

5.5. Mch so snh c phn hi hn ch
Xt mch hnh 3.3a. Mch c it trong ng phn hi m
Khi it kho, mch hot ng nh mch so snh u vo o nhng V
0
b
hn ch bi V
ref.
Khi it m, mch lm vic nh khuch i

Trong khong < V
i
< 0, D kho
V
0
= V
S
+
(=V
ref
)
Khi V
i
= 0 mch lt trng thi, im lt trng thi trong mch ny chnh l
im chuyn tip t trong hnh 2b l V
iC
vi R
F
=
Gi thit in tr thun v in p thun trn it bng 0, khi D m th mch
hon ton nh khuch i, do .
V
0
= -
ref
1
2
i
A
2
V
R
R
V
R
R
.
in p ra V
0
l hm ca in p vo V
i
v in p chun V
ref
, trong
khong t 0 n ca V
i
(V
i
>0) c tnh c dc l -
1
2
R
R
.
c tnh V
0
= f(Vi) ca mch hnh 3.3b. l c tnh hn ch mt
pha.
5.6 Trigsmit (SChmitt triggers)
Trig _ Smit l mch khuych i c phn hi dng. N lm nhim v
ca mch so snh c tr. Ngha l mch s c hai im lt trng thi i v v
ca in p vo do trnh c tnh trng mch lt trng thi do nhiu hoc
do bin ng ca tn hiu quanh gi tr ngng lt.
5.6.1. Trig_Smit u vo o

Mch Trig_Smit u vo o hnh 4.1a vi V
i
l tn hiu vo V
0
l tn
hiu ra. Vi phn hi dng, in p ra V
0
hoc bo ho dng hoc bo ho
m tu theo quan h gia V
N
v V
P
nh mch so snh, nhng in p V
ref

Trig l V
P
.
Khi Trig lt trng thi th V
P
cng i du, do c tnh V
0
= f(V
i
) c
hai im lt trng thi l V
P1
v V
P2
hnh 4.1b.
V
ref
=
0
2 1
1
V
R R
R
+

Nu mch ang bo ho dng (V
0
= V
S
+
) th im lt trng thi l:
V
P1
= 0 V
R R
R
S
2 1
1
>
+

ngc li V
P2
= 0 V
R R
R
S
2 1
1
<
+
.
Nu V
I
(t) C dng nh hnh 4.1c th V
0
(t) c dng nh hnh 4.1d.
Khong cch gia V
P1
v V
P2
l tr ca mch.
Nu gim R
1
th tr gim. Tuy nhin khi mun gim R
1
phi lu n iu
kin. K

> 1
Tc l 1
R R
R
K
2 1
1
>
+



5.6.2 Trig_Smit u vo khng o

Mch Trig_Smit u vo khng o hnh 4.2a c V
i
t li vo khng
o.
Vit phng trnh cho im P ta c:
0
R
V V
R
V V
2
0 P
1
i P
=

2
0
1
i
2 1
P
R
V
R
V
R
1
R
1
V + =

+
Mch lt trng thi khi V
N
= V
P
, y V
N
= 0
Do mch lt trng thi khi:
0
2
1
i
V
R
R
V =
Nu mch ang bo ho dng V
0
= V
S
+
th im lt trng thi l V
P1
vi
V
P1
= 0 V
R
R
S
2
1
<
+

Ngc li ta c: V
P2
= 0 V
R
R
S
2
1
>


c tnh Trig ca mch hnh 4.2b
th thi gian V
0
(t) c dng ngc vi th thi gian hnh 4.1d
5.7. Dch chuyn c tnh
i vi mch TrigSmit u vo khng o, dch chuyn c tnh tc
dch im lt trng thi th thay v ni t R
1
, ta t mt in p Reference
l V
1
. (Hnh 4.3a)

So vi hnh 4.1a th thy im P hnh 4.3a c thm mt thnh phn in p
l
2 1
2
1
R R
R
V
+
. Do im 0 dch i mt on tng ng hnh 4.3b
Nu i ch V
i
cho V
1
th ta c mch Trig u vo khng o c t in p
dch c tnh V
1
.
Trong trng hp ny in p dch chuyn l
1
2
1
V
R
R
1

+
5.8. TrigSmit c hn ch c tnh.
in p bo ho V
S
thc t bng 80 n 90% in p ngun cung cp
V
CC
. hn ch in p ra ngi ta dng mch hn ch. Gm c ngun p
chun V
ref
, phn p in tr v cc it nh v d hnh 4.4a

Gi thit in p thun trn cc it l 0,7V ta c c tnh Trig hn ch nh
hnh 4.4b






Chng 6:
mch dao ng
6.1. Nguyn l to dao ng
Mch to dao ng l mt mch chc nng c bn trong k thut mch
in t. Mch to dao ng dng to ra cc tn hiu sin hoc xung.
Nguyn l c bn ca mch t to dao ng l khuch i vi phn hi dng,
s khi hnh 6.1.


Nh c mch phn hi dng, mt phn nng lng u ra c a v
u vo. Mch phn hi dng c tnh chn lc tn s. Do h thng t pht
sinh dao ng mt tn s no . Tu theo mc ch ng dng m bin
v tn s dao ng s c xc lp v n nh.
Gi s trong mch pht sinh dao ng mt tn s no th theo s
hnh 6.1 ta c th vit cc biu thc sau:
V
i
= V

(1)
V
0
=

= V K V K
u
i
u
(2)
V

=
0 u
V

(3)
V
0
=
0 u
u V K

(4)
Biu thc (4) cho thy rng tch
u
u K

buc phi bng 1, l iu kin dao
ng ca mch.


u
u K

= 1 e . e K
j
u
j
u
K
=

(5)
Nh vy iu kin dao ng ca mch gm c iu kin cn bng bin
1 K K
u u
=

(6)
V iu kin cn bng pha

K
+

= 0 n.2 (7)
Hoc

= -
K
n.2
Khi t c iu kin bin ngha l
u
u
K
1
= th mch dao ng vi bin
khng i (hnh 6.2a).
Nhng nu
u
u
K
1
< th dao ng tt dn (hnh 6.2b) v nu
u
u
K
1
> th
dao ng tng dn n bo ho (hnh 6.2c).

Trong thc t kh m bo chnh xc iu kin
u
u
K
1
= do u tin
ngi ta thng chn cc thng s mch sao cho
u
u
K
1
> th mch chc
chn dao ng.
gii thch s pht sinh dao ng trong mch, ta xt quan h
i 0
V f U = v
i
u
0
V
K
1
U = trn th hnh 6.3a,b






c tnh V
0
= f(V) ca khuch i, nh bit ban u V
0
t l vi V
i
.
Khi V
i
t ti mt gi tr no th V
0
khng cn t l vi V
i
na m V
0
b
hn ch mt gi tr no .
c tnh
i
u
0
V
1
U

= ca mch phn hi c m t l mt ng
thng c dc ph thuc
u
. Khi in p vo nh th in p ra ca mch
phn hi V

ln hn in p vo ti thi im , v mch c kh nng pht

sinh dao ng. Bin dao ng s tng dn v khi

= V V
i
, tc l
1 K
u u
< .
ng c tnh khuch i v ng c tnh phn hi khng ct nhau
trong mch khng pht sinh dao ng.
nh hng ca dc c tnh pha n n nh tn s
Hnh 6.4 m t hai ng c tnh pha c dc khc nhau. Cng mt
lch pha th ng (1) c lch tn s f
1
. ng (2) c lch tn s l
f
2
> f
1


- Nguyn nhn gy ra sai lch tn s dao ng l s bin ng ca ngun
cung cp, nhit , lo ho linh kin ...
- Nhng mch vng dao ng c phm cht cao, hoc dao ng thch anh c
c tnh pha dc s c tn s dao ng n nh.
6.2. Mch dao ng RC
Mch dao ng RC c dng to cc dao ng tn s thp. Cc
mch RC c bit nh mch dch pha RC, mch T, mch Cu Wien c dng
lm mch phn hi dng. Mch dao ng RC c u im l n gin gn
nh v d ch to. Trong phn ny ta ch xt mch dao ng Cu Wien l loi
mch dao ng RC thng dng.
Nguyn l mch dao ng RC Cu Wien. Hnh 6.5 l mch dao ng
gm mch khuch i thut ton khng o v mch Cu Wien gm R
1
C
1
v
R
2
C
2
dng lm mch phn hi dng.

u vo ca mch Cu Wien l 1_1, u ra l 2_2
T s in p ra trn in p vo ca mch Cu Wien l:

|
|

\
|

+ + +
=

1 2
2 1
1
2
2
1 0
C R
1
C R j
C
C
R
R
1
1
V
V
(8)
Phn o mu s ca biu thc trit tiu tn s

2 1 2 1
C C R R 2
1
f

= (9)
Ti tn s ny t s p ra trn p vo ca mch Cu Wien l s thc:

1
2
2
1
0
C
C
R
R
1
1
V
V
+ +
=

v gc lch pha ca mch Cu Wien bng 0 (

= 0)
Nu chn R
1
= R
2
= R v C
1
= C
2
= C, ta c:

3
1
V
V
0
u
= =

(10)

RC 2
1
f

= (11)

= 0 (12)
Biu thc (10) v (12) cho thy mun thc hin c iu kin dao ng
(6) v (7) th mch khuch i phi c h s khuch i bng 3 v gc lch
pha gia V
i
v V
0
bng 0, tc l
3 K
u
=

K
= 0
iu ny ph hp vi vic chn mch khuch i hnh l khuch i khng
o vi:
3
R
R
1 K
a
F
u
=
|
|

\
|
+ = (13)
n nh bin dao ng, trong thc t cc in tr trong mch phn
hi m ca mch0 khuch i l R
a
v R
F
thay bng in tr iu khin c
nh nhit in tr c h s nhit m, hoc h s nhit dng hoc bng
in tr knh ca FET.
Cc in tr ny phi c thay vo R
F
hoc R
a
cho ph hp sao cho
nu khi bin dao ng V
0
tng qu mc yu cu th K
u
t ng gim xung
v nu khi V
0
gim qu mc yu cu th K
u
li c t ng tng ln. Thc t
k
u
c t ng iu chnh trong khong K
umin
= 2,9; K
umax
= 3,1
V d mch to dao ng Cu Wien (hnh 6.6)
- Mch dao ng: Cu wien v OP1
- Mch t ng n nh bin gm: mch chnh lu tch cc OP2, OP3
- Mch to h s khuch i c t ng iu chnh gm R
T
// MOSFET v
R
K



- MOSFER knh N c trc lm vic trong ch bnh thng v c trong
ch o xem c tnh i
D
= f(U
DS
) vi U
GS
l tham s

..
in tr knh R
DS
.
b iu khin bi in p U
GS
( ly t u ra ca OP3)
6.3. Dao ng xung
6.3.1 Mch to xung dng IC 555
1. S nguyn l ca IC 555 (555 timer)
- S nguyn l ca 555 nh hnh 6.7
- 555 c hai ch lm vic l to dao ng xung v to xung n

2. Mch to xung dng IC555
2.1. S hnh 6.8

2.2Qu trnh np phng ca t C.
Trong ch pht xung IC 555 c ni vi mt mch ngoi gm cc
in tr R
1
R
2
v C nh hnh 2.
- Khi u t C c np in t V
CC
qua R
1
v R
2
khi in p trn t
V
C
<
3
1
V
CC
th do mch so snh C
1
c V
N
= V
ref
=
3
2
V
CC
(chn 5) nn u ra
ca C
1
mc thp, tc l u R ca FF mc thp: R = 0.
u ra mch so snh C
2
khi mc cao (V c V
P
= V
ref
=
3
1
V
CC
), do li
vo S ca FF c mc cao (S = 1).
Nh vy FF c R = 0 v S = 1 nn FF trng thi SET vi Q = 1 v 0 Q = .
u Q iu khin Transistor nn khi T trng thi kho.
- Khi t C np n
3
1
V
CC
th u ra ca mch so snh C
2
lt xung mc thp
ngha l S = 0.
- Trong khong
3
1
V
CC
< V
C
<
3
2
V
CC th
R = 0, S = 0 nn u ra Q ca FF vn
gi nguyn trng thi, T vn kho.
- Khi V
C
=
3
2
V
CC
th b so snh C
1
lt trng thi v c R = 1 (Khi RS_FF
c R = 1, S = 0) u ra Q ca FF mc cao nn Transistor T m v in
p chn 7 ca 555 mc thp nn t C phng in qua R
2
T t.
- Khi C phng in th V
C
s gim dn v mch so snh C
1
lt li trng thi
vi R = 0. Nh vy RS_FF li trong trng thi c R = S = 0 nn T vn
tip tc m v C tip tc phng in.
- Khi in p trn C gim n
3
1
V
CC
th mch so snh C
1
lt trng thi. Khi
ta li c R = 0 v S = 1 nn Q= 0 v qu trnh np in cho t C li
c lp li.
Tm tt





V
C
V
0C1
= R V
0C2
= S
Q
T C V
01
= Q
V
C
<
3
1
V
CC

0 1 0 kho np
np
=
(R
1
+R
2
)C
3
1
V
CC

V
C
<
3
2
V
CC

0 0 0 kho np

1
V
C
=
3
2
V
CC

1 0 1 m phng
3
1
V
CC
<V
CC

3
2
V
CC

0 0 1 m phng

Phng
= R
2
C


0

V
C
=
3
1
V
CC

0 1 0 kho np

Tham s k thut ca 555: V
CC
= 4,5V 16V
LM555 I
3
200mA
TCL555_CMOS ca Texas instrument U
31
0,3 V
U
3H
V
CC
- 1,7VKhi I
3
= 100mA
R
L
300
(Dng tiu th khi U
3L
l 3,1mA khi V
CC
= 5V v 9,6mA khi V
CC
= 1,5V
2.3. Tn s dao ng

th thi gian qu trnh phng np ca t C nh hnh 6.9.
in p trn t C c dng:
V
C
= V
C
() + [V
C
(0) - V
C
()]e
-t/
Qu trnh np c V
C
() = V
CC
; V
C
(0) =
3
1
V
CC
;

np
= (R
1
+R
2
)C; V
C
(0) =
3
1
V
CC
Do c:
3
2
V
CC
= V
CC
+
nap / t
CC CC
e V V
3
1

(

Suy ra: t
np
= ln2
nap
= 0,693
nap

t
np
= 0,693 (R
1
+ R
2
)C
Tng t ta nhn c t
phng
= 0,693 R
2
C
Vy chu k dao ng l: T = t
np
+ t
phng

T = 0,693 (R
1
+ 2R
2
)C
V tn s dao ng l: f =
( )C R 2 R
443 , 1
T
1
2 1
+
=
3. Mch to n xung vi 555
3.1. S nguyn l

3.2. Gii thch (s lc) (xem cu trc bn trong ca 555)
+ Trong ch ny ngi ta a vo hai chn ca b so snh C
2
mt xung
kch t bin m. Khi chn 2 xung mc thp th T s b kho v C np (qua
R). Khi C np n
3
2
V
CC
th u ra Q = 1 nn t C phng in ngn mch qua
T, in p trn C gim ngay n 0.

trnh cho FF trong 555 khi tc ng nhm hoc ri vo trng thi
cm th xung kch c thi gian tn ti ngn hn xung ra (thng ly bng 1/5
thi gian xung ra). V xung kch c to ra bng mch sau:

+ rng xung ra
T C khi phng qua T c gi thit l phng ht, nn in p ban u ca
qu trnh np l V
0
= 0. in p ngun V
CC
l 5V. in p so snh V
ref
ca b
so snh trn
3
2
V
CC
.
Hng s thi gian np ca mch l RC nn ta c:

3
2
V
CC
= V
CC
- V
CC
e
-t/RC
Do : e
t/RC
= 3
RC
t
= ln3 hay t = ln3RC = 1,1RC
V
C
= V
2C0
+ [V
C0
- V
C
]e
-t/c


3
2
V
CC
= 5V + [0 - 5V]e
-t/RC


3
2
= 1 - e
-t/RC

3
2
- 1 = e
-t/RC


3
1
= e
-t/RC

Bi tp
Cho mch v cc thng s nh hnh v.
Tm tn s dao ng ca xung ra.

Gii:
in p trn t C:
V
C
(t) = V

+ (V
0
- V

)e
-t/
Qu trnh np c:
a, V
0
= 10V (t np t ngun V
CC
= 10V)
V
0
= 1,67V (in p ban u trn C bng
3
1
V
CC
)
b, V
C
(t) = 10 + (1,67 - 10)e
-t/ np
= 10 - 8,33 e
-t/ np

c, Hng s thi gian np:

np
= (R
1
+ R
2
)C = 76.7.10
3
.10
-8
= 7,67.10
-4

d, in p trn C khi kt thc qu trnh np bng
3
2
V
CC

V
C
(t
1
) =
3
2
V
CC
= 3,33V
10 - 8,33 e
-t1/ np

Do c t
1
= 0,17ms

3.3 Qu trnh phng in ca C c:
a, V

= 0V
V
0
= 3,3V
b, V
C
(t) = 0 + (3,33 - 0) e
-t1/ phng

V
C
(t) = 3,33 e
-t1/ phng

c, Hng s thi gian phng

phng
= R2C = 6,67.10
-8

d, in p trn C ni qu trnh phng bng
3
1
V
CC

V
C
(t
2
) =
3
1
V
CC
= 1,67V
3,33 e
-t1/ phng
= 1,67
Do t
2
= 0,462 ms

3.4. Tn s dao ng:
- Chu k T = t
1
+ t
2
= 0,17 + 0,462 = 0,63 ms
- Tn s f =
63 , 0
1
10 . 63 , 0
1
T
1
3
= =

KHz
f = 1,587 KHz.

3.5. H s lp y xung:
nh ngha l: dc = 37 , 0
46 , 0
17 , 0
t
t
t
t
2
1
L
H
= = =
6.3.2. Mch pht dao ng xung vung v xung tam gic
1. My pht sng vung
C s mch pht sng xung vung cho hnh 6.6. Loi mch ny cn
c gi l Relaxation Oscilator.

V cu trc mch ta thy OPAM c c hai ng phn hi. Mch hot
ng ch t dao ng v in p trn t C c so snh vi in p U
P
.
in p c xc nh bi biu thc
V
1
= U
P
= U
ra
2 1
1
R R
R
+

(Nu OPAM l tng th coi U
ra
E, v hai ngng so snh l:
U
P+
= E
2 1
1
R R
R
+
)
T C s np in t gi tr ban u l U
P-
cho n gi tr U
P+
. V phng
in t gi tr ban u l U
P+
n gi tr U
P-
.
in p ti t = ca qu trnh np l E v in p ti t = ca qu tnh
phng l -E.
Hng s thi gian = RC
Biu thc np ca t C:
V
C
(t) = E + (-V
1
- E)e
-tn/
Biu hc phng ca t C:
V
C
(t) = -E + (V
1
+ E)e
-tp/

Trong t
n
l thi gian np v t
P
l thi gian phng vy chu k phng np l:
T = t
n
+ t
P

Gi s thi gian np v thi gian phng bng nhau, ta c:
- Khi kt thc qu trnh np :
V
C
(
2
T
) = V
1
= E + (V
1
- E)e
-T/2

hay e
-T/2
=
1
1
V E
V E
+

Vi V
1
= E
2 1
1
R R
R
+
ta c:
e
-T/2
=
2 1
2
2 1
1
2 1
1
R R 2
R
R R
R
E E
R R
R
E E
+
=
+
+
+

Nu chn R
1
= R
2
th c e
-T/2
=
3
1
R 3
R
2
2
=
Ly log c hai v c:
1 , 1
3
1
ln
2
T
=
|

\
|
=

Vy c: T = 2,2 = 2,2RC
V tn s dao ng l: f = Hz
RC
455 , 0
T
1
=
Hnh 6.7 l th thi gian ca xung vung ra v qu trnh phng np ca tC

Mch trn hnh 6.6 cho thy rng thi gian np v thi gian phng bng
nhau vi hng s thi gian l RC v in p cui qu trnh phng np c
ln bng nhau do ta c xung ra i xng.
Trong trng hp cn c thi gian np khc thi gian phng th ngi ta
thng dng mch nh hnh 6.8.

np
= C.R
3
//R

phng
= C.R >
np

2. Mch to xung vung v tam gic
2.1. Mch

2.2. Tn s dao ng
f =
1
2
R
R
.
RC 4
1

2.3. Phn tch mch
a, OP1 c dng:

y l Trig Smit u vo khng o. im lt trng thi c xc nh nh
sau:(Tn hiu vo ca OP1 l U
ra2
)
U
P
= U
ra2
2 1
2
1 ra
2 1
2
R R
R
U
R R
R
+
+ +
+

U
P
= U
N
= 0
Suy ra U
ra2
R
2
= - U
ra1
2
1
R
R

Vi gi thit OPAM l tng th ta coi U
ra1
= E v dng U
ra1
(t) l xung
vung vi hai im lt trng thi l E
2
1
R
R

b, OP2: l mch tch phn. in p vo ca mch phn tch l U
ra1

Ta c: U
ra2
= ) 0 t ( U dt ) t ( U
RC
1
2 ra
t
0
1 ra
= +

Trong U
ra1
(t) c dng:

V im lt trng thi ca OP1 l E
2
1
R
R
nn gi tr u ca U
ra2
l - E
2
1
R
R
v
gi tr cui ca U
ra2
l +E
2
1
R
R
(qu trnh tch phn thun). V qu trnh tch
phn ngc th gi tr u ca U
ra2
l + E
2
1
R
R
v gi tr cui ca U
ra2
l - E
2
1
R
R
.
U
ra2
=

= +
1 t
0
2 ra 1 ra
) 0 t ( U dt ) t ( U
RC
1
l:
U
ra
(t) = ( )
2
1
2
1
1
R
R
E
R
R
E t E
RC
1
=
Do :
2
1
1
R
R
E 2 t
RC
E
=
t
1
= 2RC
2
1
R
R

Xung ra i xng nn ta c chu k dao ng l:
T = t
1
+ t
2
= 2t
1

Hay tn s l: f =
1
2
1
R
R
RC 4

|
|

\
|

f =
1
2
R
R
.
RC 4
1



chng 7:
cc mch khuch i o lng
1. Mch c bn
1.1. Khuch i p _ khuych i U U

H s khuch i:K
u
1
2
1
2
R
R
1
U
U
+ =

in tr vo: R
V


in tr ra: R
ra
0



1.2. Khuch i p vo _ dng ra _ Khuch i U I

H s truyn t: K
UI
=
R
1
U
I
1
2
=
in tr vo: R
V

in tr ra: R
ra




1.3. Khuch i dng vo _ p ra _ Khuch i I U

H s truyn t: K
IU
= R
I
U
1
2
=
in tr vo: R
V
0
in tr ra: R
ra
0



1.4. Khuch i dng vo _ p ra _ Khuch i I I

H s truyn dng : K
I
=
1
2 1
1
2
R
R R
I
I +
=
in tr vo: R
V
0
in tr ra: R
ra



2. Khuch i o lng ng dng
2.1. Khi nim:
Tn hiu dng hoc p ly ra t cc Sensor thng rt nh. khuch i
cc tn hiu ny mch khuch i phi c nhng tnh nng c bit.
Khuch i o lng l khuch i vi sai c phn hi m c in tr vo ln
v h s nn tn hiu ng pha ln. Hin nay cc khuch i o lng ang
c ch to thnh cc IC c th s dng d dng nh i vi khuch i
thut ton.
2.2. Mch khuch i vi sai o lng
Mch khuch i nh hnh 1. Tng vo l mch khuch i vi sai c
u vo v u ra i xng. Tng th 2 (tng ra) l tng khuch i vi sai
thng thng (mch khuch i tr). Trong nhng trng hp yu cu v
chnh xc v chng nhiu ng pha khng cao th ngi ta vn dng mch
khuch i o lng l mt tng khuch i vi sai thng.
Mch hnh 1 c hai li vo khng o nn tr khng vo i vi tn hiu rt
cao.
Gia ngun tn hiu v t ca h thng c ni vi nhau v dng mt
chiu cho dng vo tnh ca OP1 v OP2 c th chy qua:
t h thng t mch o im P (im chung ca hai ngun tn
hiu) u vo khng o ca OP1 v OP2 in p ngun cung cp
t h thng.
Gi thit cc OPAM l tng:
V
C
= 0
V
1
= V
d

I
1
= V
1
/R
1

V
0
' = I
1
(R
2
+ R
2
'

+ R
1
)


T cc quan h trn ta c:
V
0
' = V
d

|
|

\
|
+
+
1
'
2 2
R
R R
1
v c: V
0
=
|
|

\
|
+
+
1
'
2 2
R
R R
1 (V
i1
- V
i2
)
Thay i R
1
ta c th thay i h s khuch i
Nu R
2
= R
2
' = R ; V
0
=
|
|

\
|
+
1
R
R 2
1 (V
i1
- V
i2
)
nng cao kh nng chng nhiu ng pha ngi ta cn bc kn cc
ng dy u vo v mt s bin php khc.
Trng hp in tr ti xa mch khuch i v c dng ti ln th c
th c st p trn ng dy v gy sai s. trnh sai s ng dy kiu
ny, ngi ta dng mch ni ti nh hnh 2.


2.3. Mch khuch i "Electromet"
Ngi ta c th thc hin mt mch khuch i kiu vi sai c in tr
vo rt ln v h s kh ng pha ln ch bng hai mch khuch i thut
ton. S hnh 3.

Gi thit khuch i thut ton l tng v lm vic trong vng tuyn
tnh. T hnh v ta c th tnh in p ra V
0
vi iu kin V
i1
0, V
i2
= 0, sau
tnh V
0
vi iu kin V
i1
= 0; V
i2
0.
- Trng hp V
i1
0 v V
i2
= 0 ta c s hnh 4
v c V
0
' = 2V
i1


Trng hp V
i1
= 0; V
i2
0 ta c s hnh 5 v c V
0
'' = -2V
i2


Kt qu xp chng hai s trn:
V
0
= V
0
' + V
0
" = 2(V
i1
- V
i2
) = 2V
d
.
2.4. Mch khuch i cu o
Mt ng dng quan trng ca khuch i vi sai l khuch i tn hiu cu
o.
Hnh 6 l mch nguyn l mch khuch i cn o 1 nhnh tc dng.

Tm in p cc im N v P ca mch. Sau cho V
N
= V
P
cng vi gi thit
l 1 ta c in p ra ca mch l:
V
0
V
C
.
R
R
F

Trng hp s dng ngun cung cp i xng V
C
cho cu o ta c mch o
nh hnh 7.


T s ta c th tm c in p ra V
0
:
V
0
= - V
C

( ) +

1
.
R
R
F

2.5. Mch khuch i c th iu chnh c h s khuch i nhng
khng thay i in tr vo

Mch c thit k sao cho I
3
I
2
. Khi ta c: U
R3
=
3
3
ra
R R
R
. U
+

Vy c:
( )
3 2
3
ra
2
3
1
v
R R R
R
U
R
UR
R
U
+
= =
Do h s khuch i ca mch l:
K
U
=
|
|

\
|
+ =
+
=
3 1
2
3
3
1
2
v
a
R
R
1
R
R
R
R R
.
R
R
U
U

in tr vo ca mch l R
1
cng ging nh mch khuch i u vo
o thng thng, nhng mch trn khi thay i h s khuch i th thay
i in tr R cn R
1
v R
2
vn gi nguyn. Thc t mch khuch i o
thng thng ngi ta thay i h s khuch i bng cch thay i R
2
, i
khi thay i c R
1
. Nhng trong nhiu trng hp thc t cn phi gi nguyn
gi tr R
1
v R
2
khi thay i K
u
.
Mch trn nu u vo l dng in th ta c mch khuch i bin i dng
dng.

I
ra
= I
3
+ I
2

I
ra
=
F
3 R
3
3 R
R
U
R
U
+
K
i
=
|
|

\
|
+ =
3
F
v
ra
R
R
1
I
I


2.6. Mch chun ho p _ dng
truyn tn hiu p ra t cc sensor trong k thut o, iu khin ngi
ta dng mch bin i dng chun ho 4 20 mA, v truyn i di dng hai
dy c ly vi m n vi Km.
2.6.1. Mch bin i in p



3
S ra
2
ref
1
v
R
R I
R
U
R
U
= +
I
ra
=
(

+
ref
2
3
v
1
3
S
U
R
R
U
R
R
R
1

Nu cho R
3
/R
1
= 16; R
S
= 100 Ohm
R
3
/R
2
= 0,08; U
ref
= 5V
th c I
ra
= mA 4
100
U 16
v
+
Mch ny c U
V
trong khong t 0 n 100mV
Ngha l khi U
V
= 0 th I
ra
= 4mA
khi U
V
= 100mV th I
ra
= 16 + 4 = 20 mA
2.6.2. Mch bin i in p (010) ra dg (020mA)

Khi U
V
= 0 th U
raOP1
= 0 nn T kho v in p phn hi trn R
2
= 0.
Khi U
V
= 10V th U
raOP1
0 v T m, c dng qua R
2
. in p phn hi
trn R
2
c khuch i bi mch khuch i vi sai OP2.
in p ra ca mch khuch i vi sai l
U
raOP2
=
a
f
R
R
(U
ra
- U
B
)
Ngi ta chn cc in tr R
f
v R
a
sao cho
a
f
R
R
= 5, v c U
A
- U
B
= I
t
R
2
, nu
chn R
2
= 100 th kt qu l U
raOP2
= 5.100.I
t
. u ra co OP2 ni v chn
o ca OP1 do in p ny buc phi bng in p chn khng o ca
OP1, bng ((010V).
Do I
t
=
( )

500
V 10 0
= (020mA)

2.7. Mch ngun dng ti ni t


Vit phng trnh mch ti cc im 1, 2, 3:
1:
2
P ra
2
1 P
R
U U
R
U U
=

(1)
2:
2
N 2
3
N
R
U U
R
U
= (2)
3: -I
ra
=
2
P ra
1
2 ra
R
U U
R
U U
+

(3)
1_2: U
P
- U
N
= U
d
= 0 (4)
T biu thc (1) c: U
P
=
2
U U
1 ra
+
(5)
v t cc biu thc (2), (5): U
2
=
3
3 2 1 ra
R
R R
2
U U +
+
+
(6)
Thay U
P
(5) v U
2
(6) vo (3) ta c:
I
ra
= U
1
|
|

\
| +

+
+ +
+
2 1
2 1
3 1
3 2
ra
2 3 1
3 2
R R 2
R 2 R
R R 2
R R
U
R 2
1
R R 2
R R
(7)
Biu thc (7) cho thy dng ra ca mch I
ra
l hm ca U
1
v U
ra

I
ra
= f(U
1
, U
ra
). Mun I
ra
l ngun dng th phi c tr ra ca mch bng
. Theo nh ngha v in tr ra ta c th vit:

2 1
2 1
3 1
3 2
ra
ra
ra
ra
R R 2
R 2 R
R R 2
R R
dU
dI
g
r
1 +

+
= = =
Khi g
ra
0 th r
ra
, tc l iu kin c tr ra bng l:
0
R R 2
R 2 R
R R 2
R R
2 1
2 1
3 1
3 1
=
+

+
(8)
T (8) c: R
3
=
2 1
2
2
R R
R
+
(9) vi iu kin ny th thnh phn th 2
trong biu thc (7) trit tiu v I
ra
ch cn quan h vi U
1
.
Nu chn: R
2
R
1
, th biu thc (7) tr thnh:
I
ra
= U
1=
1
1
2 1
1
2 3 1
3 2
R
U
R 2
1
R
1
U
R 2
1
R R 2
R R

|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
+
+
(10)
Nh vy dng ra c to bi U
1
v R
1
khng ph thuc ti.





Chng 8:
lc tch cc
1. M u
1.1. Khi nim v lc
Lc th ng: Lc th ng cu to t RC, RLC c ng dng rng
ri. Nhng tn s thp c nhiu nhc im v kch thc, phm cht v
gi thnh.
Lc tch cc gm cc phn t th ng R, C v phn t tch cc l OPAM.
T hp gm R, C v OPAM vi phn hi dng hoc m to thnh mt
mch lc tch cc c cc c tnh nh lc th ng nhng tn s thp th
c nhiu u im hn. Tuy nhin tn s cao th lc th ng c nhiu u
im hn nh v n nh, tin cy, kch thc.
Mt s u im chnh ca lc tch cc ( tn s thp c 100KHz)
- dc ln
- H s phm cht ln
- Tnh ton n gin
- t ph thuc ti
- Khng b suy gim m ngc li c th khuch i (K)
c tnh lc
- th so snh c tnh lc Bessel, Bulterworth v TSchebyscheff

- c tnh bin ca lc TSchebyscheff c dc ln nht (suy gim
nhanh nht (suy gim nhanh nht f > f
g
). Tuy nhin trong gii thng th
c tnh c gn sng ln nht.
- Lc Bessel c dc km nht, tuy nhin so vi lc RC th n vn tt hn.
- Lc Bulterworth l s dung ho gia lc Bessel v lc TSchebyscheff.
Trong thc t ngi ta cng hay s dng lc vi c tnh Bulterworth.

Hnh 1: Cu trc chung ca mt lc tch cc phn hi m nhiu ln.
Hm truyn t ca mch ny l:

4 3 4 3 2 1 5
3 1
i
0
Y Y ) Y Y Y Y ( Y
Y Y
U
U
K
+ + + +

= =
Y c th l R hoc C tu theo mch l lc thng thp, thng cao hay thng
gii.

Loi lc Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y
5

Thng thp R C R R C
Thng cao C R C C R
Thng gii R R C C R

1.2. Thc hin mch lc tch cc
+ Cc phng php thc hin mt mch lc tch cc bng t hp RC v
OPAM l:
- Mch c phn hi m mt ln
- Mch c phn hi m nhiu ln
- Mch c phn hi dng mt ln
- Lc bc mt v bc hai c thc hin vi mch c mt OPAM
- Lc bc cao l ni chui ca lc bc mt v bc hai
(V d mch lc phn hi m nhiu ln hnh 1)
1.3. Hm truyn t ca mch lc
- Hm truyn t ca mch lc thng thp
K(p) =
( )

i
2
i i
0
P b P a 1
K
+ +
(1)
=
( )( )( ) ... P b P a 1 P b P a 1
K
2
2 2
2
1 1
0
+ + + +

Trong : P = j = j
g g g
f 2
p p

=
|
|

\
|

(vi f
g
l

tn s gii hn 3 - dB)
- Hm truyn t ca mch lc thng cao
K(p) =

i
2
i i
P
b
P
a
1
K
|

\
|
+ +

(2)
K

l h s khuch i f f
g

Cc h s ca a thc a
i
, b
i
c cho bng chun i vi cc loi lc I, II, III
nh sau:

Bc Lc Bulterworth (II)
n a
1
b
1
a
2
b
2
1
2
3
4
1,000
1,414
1,000
1,848
0,000
1,000
0,000
1,000
0,000
0,000
1,000
0,765
0,000
0,000
1,000
1,000


Bc TSchebyscheff (III)
1
2
3
4
1,352
0,978
3,480
2,140
0,000
1,663
0,000
5,323
0,000
0,000
0,369
0,192
0,000
0,000
1,283
1,154


Bc Bessel (I)
1
2
3
4
1,000
1,362
0,756
1,340
0,000
0,618
0,000
0,489
0,000
0,000
1,000
0,774
0,000
0,000
0,477
0,389

Bng 1
2. Lc thng thp bc 2
2.1. Mch: Hnh 2 l mt mch lc ch cc thng thp bc 2. (Trong thc t
thun tin ngi ta hay s dng mch c phn hi dng mt ln)

2.2. Hm truyn t
Vit phng trnh ti cc nh ca mch ta s c c hm truyn t
sau:
K =
[ ]
2 1 2 1
2
g
2
2 1 1 2 1 1 g
C C R R P C R ) k 1 ( C R C R PW 1
k
+ + + +
(3)
2.3. Xc nh cc phn t mch
n gin ta xc nh cc phn t mch trong hai trng hp sau:
a. Cho

=
= =
1 k
R R R
2 1

Khi ta c OPAM l mt mch lp in p. Biu thc (3) tr thnh:
K =
2 1
2
g
2
1 g
C C P RC P 2 1
1
+ +
(3a)
So biu thc (4) vi biu thc (1) ta rt ra:

=
=
1 g
1
2
g
1
1
0
Ra f
b
C
R f 4
a
C
1 K

T theo c tnh lc cc h s a
1
, b
1
c chn t bng h s
b. Cho

= =
= =
C C C
R R R
2 1
2 1

Biu thc (3) tr thnh:
K =
( )
2 2 2
g
2
g
C R P k 3 RC P 1
k
+ +
(3b)
So vi biu thc (1) ta c:

= = =

=
1
1
0
g
1
b
a
3 K k
f 2
b
RC

phng n b, k ch ph thuc a
1
, b
1
m khng ph thuc f
g
v k xc
nh loi lc. Tn s gii hn f
g
c th c xc nh bi cc in dung hoc
cc in tr m khng ph thuc vo loi lc. k c tnh ton t bng h s.
Khi k = 3 th
K =
2 2 2
g
2
C R P 1
k
+

Nh vy mch s b t kch tn s f =
RC 2
1

v tn s ny K
3. Lc thng cao bc hai
Hm truyn t ca mch lc thng cao cho biu thc (2) so vi biu
thc (1) ta thy mch lc thng cao vi tn s gii hn f
g
cng c tnh ton
nh i vi mch lc thng thp cng tn s gii hn.
3.1. Mch:(hnh 3)

3.2. Hm truyn t
K =
2
g
2
2 1
2
g 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2
C R R
1
.
P
1
C C R R
) k 1 ( C R ) C C ( R
.
P
1
1
k

+ +
+
(4a)
So (4a) vi (2) ta c:

=
=

g 2
1
2
g
2
2 1
1
g 1
1
C R
a
.
2
1
C R R
1
b
C R
2
a
0 K

c. Cho

= =
= =
C C C
R R R
2 1
2 1

Biu thc (4) c dng:
K =
2
g
2
g
) RC (
1
.
P
1
RC
k 3
.
P
1
1
k

+
(4b)
So (4b) vi (1) ta c:
( )

=
=

2
g
1
g
1
RC
1
b
RC
k 3
a
k V


Chn cc h s a
1
, b
1
t bng h s (vi n = 2) v xc nh cc thng s
mch bng cc biu thc sau:

= =
=

V
b
a
3 k
b
a
k 3
b
1
RC
1
1
1
1
1 g


4. Lc bc cao
4.1. Lc thng thp bc 4
Lc bc cao c hin t cc lc bc 2 hoc t cc lc bc 2 hoc cc lc
bc 1 _ Bng 1 cho cc h s ca lc bc 1 n bc 4. Cc mch OPAM
dng lp in p cch ly.
V d mt mch lc thng thp bc 4 l gm hai mch lc thng thp bc 2
hnh 4.

Gi s cho mch c R
11
= R
21
= R
12
= R
22
= R, cn cc in dung ca mch
th nht l C
11
, C
21
v ca mch th 2 l C
21
v C
22
. V c hai mch u c
V
0
= 1
Thng s ca tng khu lc c xc nh nh mc 2.3

=
R
1
.
a
b 2
C
R
1
.
2
a
C
g 1
1
21
g
1
11

=
R
1
.
a
b 2
C
R
1
.
2
a
C
g 2
2
22
g
2
12

Gi s yu cu mch lc trn c t lc Bessel th ta ly cc h s t bng1
nh sau: (vi n = 4)
a
1
= 1,340 b
1
= 0,489
a
2
= 0,774 b
2
= 0,389
4.2. Lc thng cao bc 4

Gi s cho mch c C
1
= C
2
= C v K = V

= 1


Tng t nh mc 3.3 ta c:

=
C
1
.
b 2
a
R
C
1
.
a
2
R
g 1
1
21
g 1
11

=
C
1
.
b 2
a
R
C
1
.
a
2
R
g 2
2
22
g 2
12

5. Lc chn v lc thng gii
5.1. Lc thng gii.
Lc thng gii l lc c hai tn s gii hn trn v di f
H
v f
L
. Do
thit lp lc thng gii ngi ta dng chui lc gm mt lc thng thp c tn
s gii hn l f
H
v mt lc thng c tn s gii hn f
L
vi iu kin l f
H
> f
L
-
(xem hnh 6)

5.2. Lc chn.
Lc chn l lc thng gii c tn s gii hn trn vi gii hn di bng
nhau.
Ghp ni lc thng cao vi lc thng thp:
Nu ta ni mt mch lc thng cao bc 1 vi mch lc thng thp bc 1 c
cng tn s gii hn l f
g
th nhn c hm truyn t nh sau:
K =
( )
2
1
1
0
P P 1
AP
P
a
1 P a 1
K K
+ +
=
|

\
|
+ +

(5)
c trng c bn ca lc chn l tn s cng hng f
g
v phm cht Q
tn s cng hng ta c h s khuch i l: (A = K
0
. K

) (5a)

(5a) K
res
=

A
( tn s cng hng = 1, P = j)
rng di thng c xc nh khi V
res
gim i 2 ln, nn ta c:


2
A
j 1
iA
2
V
K
2
res

=
+

= = (5b)
(Vi P = j v = f/f
res
)
Gii phng trnh (5a) theo ta c 2 nghim:
1,2 =
2
2
4
2
2
+
+
(5c)
Theo nh ngha phm cht ca mch cng hng l:
Q =
1 2
1

(5d)
Thay
1
v
2
biu thc (5c) vo (5d) ta c biu thc h s khuch i ca
mch lc chn l:
K =
2
res
P P
Q
1
1
P
Q
K
+ |

\
|
+
|

\
|
(6)
Lc chn tch cc:
Xt mch hnh 7: Mch c phn hi m nhiu ln v c h s khuch i
l: (7)
K =
( )
2 2
res
2
3 1 2 res 2 1
res
3 1
3 2
P C ) R // R ( R P C ) R // R ( 2 1
P C
R R
R R
+ +

+


So biu thc (7) vi biu thc (6) ta thy biu thc (7) c dng h s khuch
i ca mch lc chn nu h s ca P
2
bng 1:
R
2
(R
1
//R
2
)C
2

2
res
= 1
Do suy ra tn s cng hng l:
f
res
=
( )
3 1
2
R // R R C 2
1

(7.a)
V khi c:
K
res
=
1
2
R 2
R
(7.b)
Q = R
2
Cf
res
(7.c)
B =
C R
1
Q
f
2
res

= (7.d)
(B l rng bng tn)
T cc biu thc (7.a), (7.b), (7.c), (7.d) ta thy vic chn f
res
, K
res
v Q khng
nh hng ln nhau. (V d chn f
res
bng cch chn R
3
, chn k
res
bng cch
chn R
1
chn Q bng cch chn R
1
)

chng 9:
khuch i cng sut
Khuch i cng sut ch A
1. Khuch i ghp in cm
Hnh 1 l mch khuch i cng sut ch A ghp in cm.

in cm L c chn sao cho n c tr khng cao i vi tn hiu
nhng in tr i vi thnh phn mt chiu th bng 0. Ni cch khc l phi
c iu kin.
L R
Load

v R
l
R
Load

R
l
R
E

Trong R
l
l in tr thun ca cun cm L
im lm vic c chn gia ng ti AC c bin p ra ln nht m
khng b mo, khi ta c:
I
CQ
=
dc ac
cc
R R
V
+

Vi
( )

=
=
E dc
Load Load ac
R R
R L // R R

Do I
CQ
=
E Load
cc
R R
V
+

Ch d A thng c thit k sao cho im lm vic Q nm gia ng ti
AC v Q cng l giao im ca ng ti AC vi ng ti DC (xem hnh 1b)
Do d: V
CEQ
V
CC

I
CQ

L
CC
Load
CEQ
R
V
R
V
=
ng ti xoay chiu ct trc honh ti im V
CE
2V
CC
.
T ta c cng sut Transistor tiu th t ngun cung cp l:
P
CC
= V
CC
I
CQ
=
Load
2
CC
R
V
(vi gi thit ls R
E
R
Load
)
Cng sut a ra ti cc i (I
max
= I
CQ
=
L
2
CC
R
V
v hin 3:
L
CC max
R 2
V
2
I
=
P
Load
= I
2
Load max
.
Load
2
CC
Load
2
CQ
Load
R 2
V
2
R . I
2
R
= =
Nh vy hiu sut ca mch theo nh ngha bng:
% 50
R
V
R 2
V
P
P
Load
2
CC
Load
2
CC
CC
Load
= = =
2. Tng cng sut ch A ghp bin p
Hnh 2a l tng khuch i cng sut ch ghp bin p trong mch
Emiter _( Khuch i E chung)

Vi h s bin p l a th in tr ti qui i v s cp s l ti xoay chiu R
ac
:
R
ac
= a
2
R
Load

Dng in I
CQ
c xc nh theo biu thc
I
CQ
=
dc ac
cc
R R
V
+

y R
dc
in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p, c gi thit l:
R
dc
= R
tr
= 0, do :
I
CQ
=
Load
2
cc
ac
cc
R a
V
R
V
= (1)
Cng sut Transistor tiu th t ngun cung cp l:
P
CC
= V
CC
I
CQ
=
Load
2
2
cc
R a
V
(2)
Cng sut a ra ti vi dng ti cc i l:
p
Load
=
1
2
max Load
R 2
V
=
Load
2
2
cc
R a
V
(3)
Ch thch: (trong V
Load max
=
a
V
a
V
CC
CQ
= v

tr hiu dng ca in p
trn ti l
2 a
V
2
V
CC max Load
= , tr hiu dng dng trn ti l
Load
CC
R
1
.
2 a
V
. Do
cng sut ti l P
Load
=
Load
2
2
CC CC
Load
CC
R a 2
V
2 a
V
.
R
1
.
2 a
V
= )
Hoc c th tnh cng sut trn ti l bng bnh phng dng ti hiu dng
nhn vi ti. Trong dng ti th bng dng bn s cp nhn vi h s bin
p a.
I
Load
= a.I
CQ
= a.
Load
CC
Load
2
CC
aR
V
R a 2
V
= v dng ti hiu dng l:
I
Load(rms)
=
Load
CC Load
R 2 a
V
2
I
=
Vy cng sut trn ti l: P
Load
= I
2
Load(rsm)
.R
Load

Root_Mean_Square = RMS
P
Load
=
Load
2
2
CC
Load
2
Load
2
2
CC
R a 2
V
R .
R a 2
V
=
Hiu sut ca mch:
= % 50
V
R a
.
R a 2
V
P
P
2
a
Load
2
Load
2
2
CC
CC
Load
= =





Khuch i cng sut ch B.
1. Phn tch mch khuch cng sut ch B
a. Mch cng sut ch B in hnh c it b nhit nh hnh

b. S tng ng phn tch mch cng sut.

hnh b =
e
eb
I
U

V
cb
= const
=
b
eb
i ) 1 (
U
+

V
cb
= cte
=
( ) +

1
1
.
I
U
b
eb

Suy ra: hie = (1+ ) hib hib
S tng ng (AC) khi mt transistor lm vic nh hnh b.
Vi ch l y b qua hnhb v n nh.
Dng in mt chiu qua it cho bi biu thc
I
D
=
2
CC
2
BE
CC
R
7 , 0
2
V
R
V
2
V

Dng in xoay chiu (tn hiu) qua it (hng ngc vi dng mt
chiu) l i
d







































Gi gi nh ca cc dng xoay chiu trong hnh b l:
i
aP
, i
bP
v i
R2P
ta c quan h sau:
i
dP
= i
bP
+ i
R2P

Cc Transistor Q
1
, Q
2
lm vic ch khuch i lp nn in p xoay
chiu gia E v t l V
*
L
bng in p xoay chiu gia B so vi t. Ngha l
V
*
L
= V
R2
. Do
i
R2P
=
2
2
Lp
R
V

Vy i
dP
= i
bP
+
2
2
Lp
R
V

Dng nh xoay chiu qua Diod ti a bng dng tnh ca Diod v vy
i
bP
+
2
2
Lp
R
V
=
2
CC
R
2
V

T iu kin ca R
2
l:
R
2
=
bp
*
LP
CC
i
V 7 , 0
2
V


tn s gia th X
C
= 0, do V
*
LP
= V
LP
= i
bP
R
1
v s tng ng
tnh tr vo ca mch c v nh hnh c (ch v trng hp Q
1
m Q
2
kho,
in tr thun R
f
ca

D
1
v D
2
bng nhau)

T s hnh c c cc biu thc:
R
in
= (R
f
+ R
2
) // (R
f
+(R
2
//R
L
))
i
in
= i
D2
+ i
bP
+
2
L
R
V

i
D2
=
2 f
L 1 D
R R
V V
+
+

V
D1
= R
f
(i
bP
+
2
L
R
V
)
Do i
in
=
2
L
bp
2 f
L 1 D
R
V
i
R R
V V
+ +
+
+

H s khuch i dng in A
i
=
n
L
i
i

Vi i
L
= i
bP
, nhn c A
i
=
in
bp
i
i

2. Cng sut v hiu sut ca mch khuch cng sut ch B (Push
Pull)
a. th thi gian dng in p xoay chiu i vi mt Transistor cng sut

b. Cng sut tiu th t ngun cung cp ca Transistor:
P
VCC
= V
CC
I
DC

Trong I
DC
l dng in trung bnh qua Transistor cng sut trong c chu k
I
DC
c xc nh t biu thc:
I
DC
=


= =
2
T
0
max C
max C
2
T
0
C
I
tdt sin i
T
1
dt ) t ( i
T
1

Vi I
Cmax
=
L
CC
L
max L
R 2
V
R
U
= ta c I
DC
=
L
CC
R 2
V

Do P
VCC
= V
CC
L
2
CC max C
R 2
V I

c. Cng sut xoay chiu cc i a ra ti:
P
ac max
=
2
1
I
Lmax
U
L max
=
2
1
.
L
2
CC CC
L
CC
R 8
V
2
V
.
R 2
V
=
(hoc vit P
ac max
=
L
CC
L
2
L
CC
L
2
max C
R 8
V
R .
R 2
V
2
1
R
2
I
=
|
|

\
|
= )
d. Cng sut tiu tn trn cc in tr R
2
v R
f
(in tr thun ca it)
P
R
=
( )
f 2
2
CC
R 2 R 2
V
+


e. Cng sut tiu th tng cng l :P
*
VCC
= P
VCC
+ P
R

f. Cng sut tn hao trn mt Transistor
P
tr
=
2
1
2
R I I . V
L
2
max C max C CC

Cng sut tn hao cc i ca Transistor t c khi:

|

\
|

= =
L max C
CC
max C
tr
R I
V
2
1
0
dI
dP

hay I
Cmax
=
L
CC
R
V

Nh vy cng sut cc i m Transistor cng sut cn c l:
P
max
=
2
1
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
L
2
2
CC
R 4
V
R 2
V
R
V

=
|
|

\
|

g. Hiu sut ca mch khuch cng sut ch B.


=
4
R 2
V
R 8
V
P
P
L
2
CC
L
2
CC
vcc
ac

=

= = 0,785
hay = 78,5%
3. V d tnh ton mch khuch i cng sut ch B
a. Thit k tng khuch i cng sut ch B c mch b nhit bng
diod c cc thng s sau.
R
L
= 4
V
L
= 3V tn s ct (3dB) 50Hz
Transistor Q
1
npn v Q
2
pnp c = 100, V
BE
= 0,7V
Cc diod c R
f
= 10
V
CC
= 16V
Gii:
Mch: Mch khuch i cng sut ch B vi diod b c dng c bn
sau:

Xc nh t C
1
: f
c
=
1 L
C R 2
1

Theo ra th fC = 50Hz do C1

=
4 . 50 . 2
1
R f 2
1
L C

=

C
1
= 800 F
Xc nh dng in i
bP

i
bP
=

cp
i

i
cP
= mA 750
4
V 3
R
V
L
max L
=

=
Do i
bP
= mA 5 , 7
100
750
=
Xc nh in tr R
2

R
2
= =

=

573
10 . 5 , 7
3 7 , 0
2
16
i
V 7 , 0
2
V
3
bP
LP
CC

Tnh in tr vo:
R
in
= (R
f
+ R
2
) // [R
f
(R
2
// R
1
)]
= (10 + 573) // [10 + (573 // 100.4] = 173
Tnh cng sut tng tiu th t ngun cung cp:

W 04 , 4
573 . 2 10 . 2
16 . 16
14 , 3
750 , 0 . 16
R 2 R 2
V I V
V P
2 f
2
CC max C CC
CC
*
=
+
+ =
+
+

=

Tnh cng sut xoay chiu nh ra ti
P
ac
= W 13 , 1 4 .
2
75 , 0
R
2
I
2
L
2
max C
= =
Tnh cng sut tiu tn trn mt Transistor
P
tr
= W 62 , 1
R 4
V
L
2
2
CC
=

Tnh h khuch i dng in: V s tnh cc dng in trong mch
hnh e

i
b
=
973
573 . i
R R
R i
2
L 2
2 2
=
+
i
2
= mA 7 , 12
573
mA 5 , 7 . 973
573
i . 973
bp
= =
Dng in i
2
v i
in
c quan h vi nhau theo biu thc sau:
i
2
=
( )
( )
( )
( ) 400 // 573 10 573 10
i 573 10
R // R R R R
i R R
in
2 2 f 2 f
in 2 f
+ + +
+
=
+ + +
+

i
2
=
828
i 583
in
i
in
=
2
i
583
828

i
in
= mA 18 mA 7 , 12 .
583
828
=
H s khuch i dng in l:
A
i
= mA 6 , 41
mA 18
mA 5 , 7 . 100
i
in
ib
= =

Tham kho
Diode Complusation
Khi nhit thay i th im lm vic Q cng b thay i

























Mch b dng diode:




V
B
= V

+ I
D
(R
f
+ R
D
)
= V
BE
+ I
CQ
R
E

I
D
=
f 2 1
CC
R R R
V V
+ +


V
TH
= I
D
R
1
+ V

+ I
D
R
f






Vi gi thit R
1
R
2
(in tr forward ca Diode)
ta c: V
TH
=

+
+

V R
R R
V V
1
2 1
CC

V
TH
=
2 1
2 1 CC
R R
R V R V
+
+

R
TH
= R
2
// (R
f
+ R
1
) R
2
// R
1



T s tng ng Therenin (Hc) c:
E TH
BE TH
BQ
R R
V V
I
+

=
Do
E TH
BE TH
BQ CQ
R / R
V V
I I
+

= =

E TH
BE 2 1 2 1 CC
CQ
R / R
V ) R R /( ) R V R V (
I
+
+ +
= , trong V v V
BE
l
hm nhit .

nhy vi nhit ca dng I
cq
l :

E TH
BE
2 1 2
CQ
R / R
T
V
T
V
) R R /( R
T
I
+

+
=

Nu R
2
>> R
1
th c:

(*)
R / R
1
).
T
V
T
V
(
T
I
E TH
BE
CQ
+

Nu R
2
R
1
R th c:


E TH
BE
CQ
R / R
1
).
T
V
T
V
.
2
1
(
T
I
+

Nh vy b nhit c hiu qu th phi dng 2 diode ni tip nhau, khi
ta c


E TH
BE 2 1 2 1 CC
CQ
R / R
V ) R R /( ) R V 2 R V (
I
+
+ +
=

(*)
R / R
T
V
T
V
) R R /( R 2
T
I
E TH
BE
2 1 2
CQ
+

+
=

chng 10:
Ngun cung cp (cho mch in t)

1. Khi nim
2. S khi (h.1)

3. Cc mch chnh lu
- Chnh lu na chu k
- Chnh lu hai na chu k (s th cp bin p c im gia v s
chnh lu cu it)
4. Xc nh t lc ngun C
Xt s mch ngun n gin sau: (H.2a)


Phn tch: Lu mt s im sau
Qu trnh phng / np ca t C c m t gn ng bng th H.2b.
- in p trn C khi phng: V
C
(t) = V
max
C R / t
L
e

- dc ban u ca ng phng l:
m
1
=
C R
V
L
max

- T phng n in p V
min
(sau li np n V
max
)
dc ng np l: m
2
=
2
T
V
max

- T H.2b li c th vit:
t
1
= V
V
C R
m
V
max
L
1
=


v c t
1
=
2
T
V 2
V . T
t
2
T
max
min
2
+ = +
(Xt theo tam gic DFB v tam gic DEC)
T suy ra:

2
V
V
2 ( T
V
V . C R
max
max
L

t T =
p
f
1
ta c:
R
L
C
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=

max p max p max

V 2
V
1
f
1
V
V
2
f 2
1
V
V

Thc t c 1
V 2
V
max

do
max
L
p
V
V
C R
f
1
=
Hay C =
L p
max
VR . f
V

(f
P
l tn s ca sng chnh lu, nu chnh lu hai na chu k th f
P
= 2f
vo
)
V d:
- in p xoay chiu u vo chnh lu l 100V, 60Hz = f
in

- in p ra nh nht l 95V (Sau chnh lu trn ti) th c:
V = V
max
- V
min
= 100 - 95 = 5V
Vi mch chnh lu 2 na chu k th f
P
= f
in
= 60 x 2 = 120Hz
Do ln chn t C l:
C =
L L
R
167 , 0
R . 5 . 120
100
=
Chn C tu theo ti R
L

5. n p Zener
5.1. Mch n p tham s
a. Mch

b. Phn tch
R
i
=
L Z
Z S
R
Z S
i i
V V
i
V V
+

(1)
i
Z
=
L
i
Z S
i
R
V V

(2)
Biu thc (2) cho thy
Dng i
Z
cc tiu khi V
S
cc tiu v i
L
cc i
Dng i
Z
cc i khi V
S
cc i v i
L
cc tiu
T c iu kin xc nh in tr R
i


min L max Z
Z max S
i
max L min Z
Z min S
i
I I
V V
R
I I
V V
R
+

=
+

=
(3)
Do ta suy ra: (V
Smin
- V
Z
)(I
Zmax
+ I
Lmax
) = (V
Smax
- V
Z
)(I
Zmin
+ I
Lmax
) (4)
i vi it Zener ngi ta ly I
Zmin
= 0,1I
Zmax
nn t (4) ta c:
I
Zmax
=
max S Z min S
Z max S max L min S Z min L
V 1 , 0 V 9 , 0 V
) V V ( I _ ) V V ( I


(5)

c. V d n p Zener
Thit k mt n p dng Zener 10V c dng ti thay i t 100 n 200 mA
v in p ngun l 14 n 20V
Gii: ta c I
Lmin
= 100mA = 0,1A
I
Lmax
= 200mA = 0,2A
V
Smax
= 20V
V
Smin
= 14V
V
Z
= 10V
Theo biu thc (5) ta c:
I
Zmax
= A 533 , 0
) 20 .( 1 , 0 ) 10 .( 9 , 0 14
) 10 20 ( 2 , 0 ) 14 10 ( 1 , 0
=

+ =

R
i
= =
+

=
+

8 , 15
1 , 0 533 , 0
10 20
I I
V V
min L max Z
Z max S

in tr R
i
phi m bo cng sut sau:
P
Ri
= (I
Zmax
- I
Lmin
) (V
Smax
- V
Z
) = (0,533 - 0,1) (20 - 10) = 4,3W
it Zener phi m bo cng sut:
P
Z
= V
Z
.I
Zmax
= 10 . 0,533 = 5,3W
Mch
C th thc hin mch sau y:

Chn C
F
: C
F
=
i P
Z max S
R . Vf
V V

(Xem mch chnh lu)

5.2. Mch n p tham s cng sut ln (I ti ln)
tng dng ra ti ngi ta dng mt Transistor cng sut ni tip vi ti.
a. Mch n p

b. Phn tch mch
Dng I
P
l ti ca mch n p tham s vi it Zener
Trong mc 5.1 c iu kin xc nh R
i
l
1. V
Smax
, I
Zmax
, I
Lmin

2. V
Smin
, I
Zmin
, I
Lmax

mch trn th I
L
chnh l I
b
vi I
b
=

LT
I

Do y ta c iu kin xc nh R
i
l:
R
i
=

max LT
min Z
Z min S
min LT
max Z
Z max S
I
I
V V
I
I
V V
(6)
Vi I
Zmin
= 0,1I
Zmax
ta suy ra:
(V
Smax
- V
Z
) (0,1I
Zmax
+

max LT
I
= (V
Smin
- V
Z
) (I
Zmax
+

min LT
I
)
T c:
I
Zmax
=
) V 9 , 0 V 1 , 0 V (
) V V ( I ) V V ( I
Z max S min S
Z max S max LT min S Z min LT

+
(7)
[Ta thy biu thc (7) ging nh biu thc (5) vi I
L
trong biu thc (5) l

LT
I
trong biu thc (7)]

c. V d mch n p
Cho mch nh hnh 3 vi cc thng s sau:
Dng ti thay i t 400 n 500mA
it Zener c V
Z
= 12V, R
Z
= 2
Transistor c V
BE
= 0,7V, = 100
in p cun th cp l V
2max
= 28,3V
Hy xc nh R
i
v C
F
ca mch (V
i
c tn s l 50Hz)
Gii: T iu kin V
S
= 10% c:
V
Smin
= 0,9V
Smax

Trong V
Smax
l p np trn t s bng V
2max
nn
V
Smin
= 0,9. 28,3V = 25,47V
Tnh I
2max

I
LTmax
= 500mA
I
LTmin
= 400mA v V
Z
= 12V
I
Zmax
= mA 32 , 2
) V 9 , 0 V 1 , 0 V (
) V V ( I ) V V ( I
Z max S min S
Z max S max LT min S Z min LT
=

+

Tnh R
i
:
R
i
=
3 3
3
min LT
max Z
Z max S
10 . 32 , 6
3 , 16
100
10 . 400
10 . 32 , 2
12 3 , 28
I
I
V V

=
+

R
i
= 2580 = 2,58 K
Tnh t C
F
: T lc ngun C
F
c xc nh theo biu thc sau (Xem phn
t lc ngun):
C
F
=
L P S
max S
R . f . V
V

Trong : V
S
= V
Smax
- V
Smin
= 28,3 - 25,47 = 2,83V
f
P
= 50Hz x 2 = 100 Hz
R
L
= = =

50 51
10 . 500
47 , 25
I
V
3
max LT
min S

Vy C
F
= F 10 . 2
500
1
50 . 100 . 83 , 2
3 , 28
3
=
Hay C
F
= 2000F
6. n p iu khin lin tc
6.1. Nguyn l n p c iu khin lin tc
a. S khi hnh1.a.

b. Mch ly in p V
0
i vi mch n p v n dng (hnh 1b,c)



c. Nguyn l mch n p v n dng (hnh 2a,b)

d. Ngun p chun V
ref
(hnh 3a,b)

V
0
= V
Z
(1 +
1
2
R
R
) V
0
= -V
Z
.
1
2
R
R

V
0min
= V
Z
(Khi R
2
0) V
0min
= 0 ( Khi R
2
)
6.2. Mch n p iu chnh lin tc dng Transistor
a. S nguyn l

b. Gii thch qu trnh n nh in p ra bng th

Trng hp U
V
= Const
I
ti
= var (thay i)

Trng hp I
ti
= Const
U
V
= var (thay i)















6.3. Mch n p iu chnh dng khuch thut ton
a. S nguyn l




b. Phn tch
phn tch mch n p trn hnh 4a, ta v s tng ng hnh 4b.
T s tng ng ta c:
-V
d
=
0 0
Z d
Z
2 1
1
V . k V
r R
r
R R
R
=
(

+
(1)
A.V
d
= V
0
+ V
BE
(2)
V
i
= V
0
+ V
CE
(3)
Dng in qua R
d
v R
2
thc t rt nh hn dng ti I
L
v h s khuych i
ca Transistor T
1
: 1, ta c th vit:
I
L
= I
C
+ I
B
I
C
=
e b

V
BE
+
ce
CE
r
V
(4)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
I
L

ce
i
0
be ce
r
V
) V ( ) kA 1 (
r r
1
+
(

+
T ta c: I
0

( ) ( ) kA 1
r r
1
I
kA 1
r
r
1
V
ce ce
L
be
ce
i
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

+
|
|

\
|
+

(5)
Gi s ti khng c bin ng ngha l: I
L
= 0, ta xt h s n nh ca
mch i vi bin ng ca p vo V
i
V
i
.
Theo nh ngha v h s n p S ta c th vit n gin t biu thc (5) nh
sau:
S =
i
0
i
0
0
i
V
V
. G
V
V
.
V
V
=

G = ( )
(

+ + kA 1
r
r
1
be
ce
(6)
(Transistor T
1
phi c r
ce
> 100r
be
, c > 10 n 100 v kA > 10
2
n 10
3
th
h s n p S c th t c t 10
3
n 10
5
)
xc nh in tr trong ca ngun n p (in tr ra ca mhc hnh
4.a), ta gi thit ngun cung cp V
i
khng c bin ng tc l V
i
= 0.
Theo nh ngha ta vit:
r
i
=
L
0
I
V

V
i
= 0 T biu thc (5) c:
r
i
=
( )
( ) kA 1
r
kA 1
r r
1
1
be
be ce
+

+
(7)
Biu thc (7) cho thy rng in tr ra ca mch n p hnh 4.a l rt nh v
c kA 1, 1 v r
be

E
I
mV 26
.
V d cho kA = 10
3
I
E
= 0,1A th r
i
= 0,26m.

7. IC n p
S dng IC n p cho php n gin vic thit k ngun cung cp cho
cc mch in t. Vi mt IC n p v mt vi linh kin ph ta c th nhn
c mt ngun n p c th iu chnh c ti hn 0,01%, c h s n p
cao v c kh nng bo v qu ti, qu nhit.




7.1. S khi ca IC n p
Hnh 5 l s khi ca IC n p iu khin ni tip

Hnh 5 (1) : Pass Transistor
(2) : Thermal Shutdown and current limit circurity
(3) : Error amplifier
(4) : V
ref

T s trn ta c : V

= V
ref
-
0
2 1
1
V
R R
R
+

Khi V

= 0 th c V
0
= (1 +
1
2
R
R
)V
ref

V

l in p phn hi so lch, c khuych i ln iu chnh li in p

V
CE
ca Transistor cng sut (1). Nu R
1
, R
2
v V
ref
khng thay i th in p
ra V
0
cng khng thay i. Cng sut tiu tn trn Transistor cng sut l
(V
imax
- V
0
)I
Lmax
.

7.2. IC n p 78XX v 79XX
Cc IC n p h 78, 79 c in p ra c nh c biu th bng hai ch
s XX. 78XX c V
0
> 0 v 79XX c V
0
< 0.
Cc gi tr V
0
thng dng l 5, 6, 8, 8.5, 10, 12, 15, 18 v 24 VDC. Dng cp
cho ta I
L
t 0,75 n 1,5A.
Mt thng s na cn quan tm n thit k bin p ngun l in p
V
imax
v V
imin
ca IC n p. V d khi mch chnh lu l hai na chu k vi
bin p c im gia ( cun th cp) th t s bin p n c chn theo biu
thc:

2
V V
n . 2
2 . V
min i max i
socap
+
=
V d n p 7805 c V
imin
= 7V
V
imax
= 25V
in p s cp: V
scp
= 220V
Ta c: 16
2
25 7
n 2
2 220
=
+
=
n = 10
32
2 220

Di y l V
imin
v V
imax
ca mt s IC n p:
7805 V
imin
= 7V V
imax
= 25V

7812 V
imin
= 14,5V V
imax
= 30V
7815 V
imin
= 17,5V V
imax
= 30V
7824 V
imin
= 27,0V V
imax
= 38V
S : (bi tp)
7.3. IC n p LM317, LM337
IC n p LM317 (c in p ra V
0
dng) v LM337 (c in p ra V
0

m) thuc loi cc IC n p c 3 chn nhng in p ra c th thy i c
theo yu cu. V cu trc mch bn trong cc IC ny c mt s ng dng
LM317 cho hnh 6.

Do cu trc mch, in p trn in tr R
1
lp li in p chun trong
LM317: V
R1
= V
ref
. Qua in tr R
2
c hai dng in l dng hiu chnh
I
adj
v dng I
1
.
T hnh 6 ta c: V
0
= V
ref
+ (I
1
+ I
adj
)R
2

= V
ref
+
1
2 ref
R
R . V
I
adj
R
2

= V
ref
(1+
1
2
R
R
) V
ref

in p chun V
ref
ca LM317 l 1,25V.
in p ra cho php thit k trong khong t 1,2V n 37V
Dng ra cho php c 1,5A.
7.4. Mch n p c tng cng dng ra

I
t
ph thuc kh nng cp dng ca T. V d nu dng T l Mj 2955 th I
t

c th s dng ti 5A.
7.5. Mch n p c bo v ngn mch

7.6. Mch n p iu chnh c in p ra

7.7. V d
Thit k mt n p s dng IC n p c U
ra
= 12V, R
ti
= 40 . in p
xoay chiu vo l 220V 50Hz.
Gii:
in p DC yu cu l 12V nn ta s dng IC n p 7812
S dng s chnh lu hai na chu k bin p im gia
xc nh h s bin p ta phi xem in p vo cho php ca 7812.
U
vmin
= 14,5 V
U
vmax
= 30 V
Nu in p vo l 220V 50Hz th ta c bin in p cun s cp l
220 2 .
Cun th cp c im gia phi c bin p bng trung bnh cng ca
U
vmin
v U
vmax
ca 7812 l
U
2m
= V 25 , 22
2
30 5 , 14
=
+

Vy t s bin p l: a = 7
25 , 22 2
2 220
U 2
U
m 2
vm
=

=
Xc nh t lc C
1
: T lc ngun C
1
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
C
1
=
t P
max v
R Uf
U

Trong :
- U
v max
chnh

l U
2m
, U = U
vmax
- U
vmin
vi U
vmin
l 14,5V. Do c U =
22,25 - 14,5 = 7,75V
- f
P
l tn s xung sau chnh lu, y chnh lu hai na chu k nn:
f
P
= 2f
vo
= 2.50Hz = 100Hz
- R
t
l in tr ti bng 40
- Suy ra t lc C
1
= 700
40 . 100 . 75 , 7
25 , 22
= F. Thc t chn t C
1
1000F.
7.8. IC n p A723 (xt 723 loi 10 chn)

Hnh 7_S khi A 723
1. Hn ch dng
2. u vo o ca khuch i vi sai iu chnh
3. u vo khng o ca khuch i vi sai
4. in p chun V
ref

5. in p cung cp
6. u ra (Emitter ca Transistor cng sut m)
7. Collector ca Transistor cng sut (ni vi ngun cung cp)
8. in p cung cp +V
CC

9. Base ca Transistor cng sut _ u ra ca khuch i vi sai
10. Base ca Transistor mch hn ch dng
Thng s k thut ca A723
in p vo V
i
trong gii 9,5V n 40V
Dng ti cc i (I
Lmax
) = 0,15A
Cng sut tn hao 0,8W
in p chun a ra ngoi (chn 4) V
ref
= 7V
Kh nng thit lp in p ra (V
0
): 2V n 37V
Mch ng dng:
a. in p ra V
0
=(2 ... 7)V Hnh 8
V
0
=
ref
4 3
4
V
R R
R
+

R
3
+ R
4
> 470 ; R
1
= R
3
// R
4

R
5
=
max L
I
V 65 , 0


b. in p ra V
0
= (7 ... 37). Hnh 9
V
0
=
ref
2
1
V
R
R
1
|
|

\
|
+

8. n p Switching
(n p iu khin gin on)
8.1. S nguyn l
Nguyn l c bn ca n p Switching (Switching Regulator) nh hnh 1.
Mch gm 4 khu sau:
1. Chuyn mch cng sut (Power Switch) l mt Transistor cng sut
2. Mch lc v chng in p cm ng ngc
3. Mch so snh p ra vi p chun
4. Mch iu khin thi gian ng m chuyn mch cng sut

8.2. Hot ng ca mch
Mch hot ng theo nguyn tc t ng thay i thi gian ng m ca
Transistor cng sut Q
1
sao cho ph hp vi st p V
out
. V d khi V
out

gim so vi yu cu th thi gian m ca Q
1
phi tng ln cn khi V
out
tng th
phi gim thi gian m ca Q
1
. Tu theo mc thay i ca V
out
m p ra
ca mch so snh cng vi xung ra t mch dao ng s tc ng vo mch
iu ch xung to ra xung iu khin ng m thch hp cho Q
1
.
Khu 2 gm c ba phn t l L, C v D. Vai tr ca L v C l tch lu nng
lng khi Q
1
m v cp nng lng cho ti.
L c tc dng gi cho dng ti n nh
C c tc dng gi cho p ti n nh
it D c tc dng chng in p cm ng ngc trong cun L, v khi Q
1

ng m th in p cp vo mch 2 l dng xung vung t bin
Hnh 2 l th thi gian m t quan h gia in p ra ca mch dao ng
V
OSC
, in p ra ca mch so snh V
erro
v xung in p iu khin Q
1
ca
mch iu ch xung V
B
.
Mch dao ng y to ra xung tam gic, cn mch iu ch xung lm
vic theo nguyn l iu ch rng xung.

Quan h gia V
OSC
v V
erro
lun lun phi m bo iu kin l: V
OSC
V
erro
.
H.2a v H.2b cho thy khi V
erro
nh th thi gian m ca Q
1
(T
on
) ln, khi V
erro

ln th thi gian m ca Q
1
nh
V
erro1
< V
erro2
T
on1
> T
on2

in p trung bnh Emitter Q
1
c tnh t biu thc sau
V
E
= V
in

|
|

\
|
+
off on
on
T T
T

V
E
: in p DC trung bnh Emitter Q
1

V
in
: in p vo (sau chnh lu)
T
on
: thi gian m ca Q
1
T
off
: thi gian kho ca Q
1

V d V
in
= 24 VDC, T
on
= 5 s, T
off
= 10s th in p trung bnh a ra ti l
V
E
= 24VDC
( ) s 10 5
s 5
+

= 8 VDC



8.3. u, nhc im ca n p Switching
1.u im:
a) Hiu sut cao
n p iu khin lin tc th cng sut tiu tn trn Collector ca
Transistor cng sut l:
P
Cmax
= U
CE max
I
Lmax

trong dng ti cc i I
Lmax
=
min L
out
R
V

U
CS max
= V
in max
- V
out

Hiu sut ca loi n p lin tc ch t ti a l 60%
i vi n p Switching th Transistor cng sut lm vic trong ch xung
thng c thi gian bo ho ngn hn thi gian ct dng, im lm vic ca
Transistor cng sut c th nm trn ng gii hn cng sut.
Cng sut tn hao trn Transistor cng sut (Switch) c cho bi biu thc:
P
c
=
max C max CE
off on
on
1 t
0
c
I U
) t t (
t
.
6
1
dt ) t ( i ) t ( uce
T
1
+

Hiu sut ca mch c th t ti 95%
V c cng sut tiu tn nh nn c th thit k n p Switching c cng sut
ra ln hn cng sut cho php ca Transistor cng sut.
V d c th dng Transistor (Switch) c cng sut 2W thit k n p vi
cng sut 20W. iu ny khng th thc hin c mch n p iu khin
lin tc

b) Gii in p vo ln

n p switching c th lm vic vi s thay i in p vo (Vin) trong
mt gii rng, do c dng lm n p gii rng, cng sut ln (trn
10W).

c) Kh nng thay i cu hnh

mch n p iu khin lin tc tuyn tnh th Vout<Vin. Nhng n
p switching th c th thay i cu hnh mch c th c Vout<Vin (Step-
down-regulator) hoc Vout>Vin (Step-up-regulator). Ngoi ra c th o du
in p ra.

2.Nhc im

a) Tc phn ng i vi thay i ti chm hn n p iu khin tuyn tnh.
b) in p ra c p mch ln.
c) Khi lm vic th chuyn mch cng sut v b lc gy ra nhiu ng k
cho mi trng xung quanh, do cn phi c bc kim chng nhiu.

8.4. IC n p Switching
Hnh 3 l cu trc bn trong mt IC n p Switching (MC 34063). N gm
cc khu c bn:
+ Mch iu khin gm c in p chun 1,25V v mch so snh
+ Mch dao ng v iu ch xung (Switching drirer)
+ Mch kho cng sut (Switch Power)

MC 34063 dng thit k n p Switching vi u ra 12V/750mA u vo
V
CC
= 36V (sau chnh lu)
Mch ng dng MC34063 cho hnh 4