Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.

THPT

1. TA IM V VECT TA IM V VECT
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Ta im : Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz
1).
( )
M M M M M M
Mx ;y ;z OM x i y j z k + +
uuuur r r r
2). Cho ( )
A A A
A x ; y ; z
v ( )
B B B
B x ; y ; z
ta c:
B A B A B A
AB (x x ;y y ;z z )
uuur
2 2 2
B A B A B A
AB (x x ) (y y ) (z z ) + +
3). Nu M chia on AB theo t s k ( )
MA kMB
uuuur uuur
th ta c :
A B A B A B
M M M
x kx y ky z kz
x ; y ; z
1 k 1 k 1 k



(Vi k -1)
@/. c bit khi M l trung im ca AB (k = 1 ) th ta c :
A B A B A B
M M M
x x y y z z
x ;y ;z
2 2 2
+ + +

II/. Ta ca vct : Trong khng gian vi h ta Oyz
1).
1 2 3 1 2 3
a (a ; a ; a ) a a i a j a k + +
r r r r r

2). Cho
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v
1 2 3
b (b ; b ; b )
r
ta c :
1 1
2 2
3 3
a b
a b a b
a b

'

r r
1 1 2 2 3 3
a b (a b;a b;a b) tt t t
r r
1 2 3
k.a (ka ;ka ;ka )
r
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b a. bcos(a;b) ab a b a b + +
rr r r r r

2 2 2
1 2 3
a a a a + +
r
III/. Tch c hng ca hai vect v ng dng:
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
50
Chuyn 6 :
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
1). Nu
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v
1 2 3
b (b ; b ; b )
r
th
2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
a a a a a a
a, b ; ;
b b b b b b
_
1


]
,
r r
2). Vect tch c hng
c a, b
1

]
r r r
vung gc vi hai vect a
r
v b
r
.
3).
a, b a b sin(a, b)
1

]
r r r r r r
.
4).
ABC
1
S [AB, AC]
2

uuur uuur
.
5). V
HpABCDABCD
=
[AB, AC].AA'
uuur uuur uuuur
.
6). V
Tdin ABCD =
1
[AB, AC].AD
6
uuur uuur uuur
.
IV/. iu kin khc:
1).
a
r
v
b
r
cng phng
1 1
2 2
3 3
a kb
a, b 0 k R : a kb a kb
a kb

1

'
]

r r r r r

2).
a
r
v
b
r
vung gc
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b 0 a .b a .b a .b 0 + +
r r
3). Ba vect a, b, c
r r r
ng phng
a, b .c 0
1

]
r r r
(tch hn tp ca chng bng 0).
4). A,B,C,D l bn nh ca t din AB, AC, AD
uuur uuur uuur
khng ng phng.
5). Cho hai vect khng cng phng
a
r
v
b
r
vect
c
r
ng phng vi
a
r
v
b
r

k,l R sao cho c ka lb +
r r r
6). G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC
A B C
G
A B C
G
A B C
G
x x x
x
3
y y y
y
3
z z z
z
3
+ +

+ +

'

+ +

7). G l trng tm ca t din ABCD GA GB GC GD 0 + + +
uuur uuur uuur uuur r
.
B/.BI TP:
Bi 1: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(0;1;2) ; B( 2;3;1) ; C(2;2;-1)
a)Tnh
F AB, AC .(OA 3CB)
1
+
]
uuur uuur uuur uuur
.
b)Chng t rng OABC l mt hnh ch nht tnh din tch hnh ch nht .
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC).
d)Cho S(0;0;5).Chng t rng S.OABC l hnh chp.Tnh th tch hnh chp.
Bi 2: Cho bn im A(1;0;0) , B(0;1;0) , C(0;0;1) , D(-2;1;-1)
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
51
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
a) Chng minh rng A,B,C,D l bn nh ca t din.
b)Tm ta trng tm G ca t din ABCD.
c)Tnh cc gc ca tam gic ABC.
d)Tnh din tch tam gic BCD.
e)Tnh th tch t din ABCD v di ng cao ca t din h t nh A.
Bi 3: Cho a (0;1; 2); b (1; 2;3); c (1;3;0); d (2;5;8)
r r r r
a)Chng t rng b ba vect a, b, c
r r r
khng ng phng.
b)Chng t rng b ba vect a, b, d
r r r
ng phng, hy phn tch vect
d
r
theo hai
vect a, b
r r
.
c)Phn tch vect ( )
u 2; 4;11
r
theo ba vect a, b, c
r r r
.
Bi 4: Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.ABCDbit A(0,0,0), B(1;0;0), D(0;2;0),
A(0;0;3), C(1;2;3).
a)Tm ta cc nh cn li ca hnh hp.
b)Tnh th tch hnh hp.
c)Chng t rng AC i qua trng tm ca hai tam gic ABD v BCD.
d)Tm ta im H l hnh chiu vung gc ca D ln on AC.
Bi 5: Trong khng gian ta Oxyz cho im A(2;3;4). Gi M
1
, M
2
, M
3
ln lt l
hnh chiu ca A ln ba trc ta Ox;Oy,Oz v N
1
, N
2
, N
3
l hnh chiu ca A ln ba
mt phng ta Oxy, Oyz, Ozx.
a)Tm ta cc im M
1
, M
2
, M
3
v N
1
, N
2
, N
3
.
b)Chng minh rng N
1
N
2
AN
3
.
c)Gi P,Q l cc im chia on N
1
N
2
, OA theo t s k xc nh k PQ//M
1
N
1
.
2. MT PHNG
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
52
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Phng trnh mt phng :
1). Trong khng gian Oxyz phng trnh dng Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 vi
A
2
+B
2
+C
2
0 l phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng, trong n (A; B; C)
r
l mt
vect php tuyn ca n.
2). Mt phng (P) i qua im M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) v nhn vect n (A; B; C)
r
lm vect
php tuyn c dng :
A(x x
0
) + B(y y
0
) + C(z z
0
) = 0 .
3). Mt phng (P) i qua M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) v nhn
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v
1 2 3
b (b ; b ; b )
r
lm
cp vect ch phng th mt phng (P) c vect php tuyn :

2 3 3 1 1 2
2 3 3 1 1 2
a a a a a a
n a,b ; ;
b b b b b b
_
1


]
,
r r r
.
II/. V tr tng i ca hai mt phng
Cho hai mt phng (P): Ax+By+Cz+D=0 v (Q):Ax+By+Cz+D=0
(P) ct (Q) A : B : C A: B: C
(P) // (Q) A : A = B : B = C : C D : D
(P) (Q) A : B : C : D = A: B: C: D
2). Cho hai mt phng ct nhau : (P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v (Q): Ax
+ By + Cz + D= 0 . Phng trnh chm mt phng xc nh bi (P) v (Q) l:
m(Ax + By + Cz + D) + n(Ax + By + Cz + D) = 0 (trong m
2
+ n
2
0)
III/. Khong cch t mt im n mt phng:
Khong cch t M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) n mt phng (): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 cho bi cng
thc :
0 0 0
0
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D
d(M , )
A B C
+ + +

+ +
IV/. Gc ga hai mt phng
Gi l gc gia hai mt phng : (P): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 v (Q): Ax
+ By + Cz + D= 0.
Ta c :
P Q
P Q
2 2 2 2 2 2
P Q
n .n
A.A' B.B' C.C'
cos cos(n ,n )
n . n A B C . A' B' C'
+ +

+ + + +
uur uur
uur uur
uur uur
(0
0
90
0
)

0
P Q
90 n n
uur uur
hai mt phng vung gc nhau.
Trong phng trnh mt phng khng c bin x th mt phng song song Ox,
khng c bin y th song song Oy, khng c bin z th song song Oz.
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
53
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
B/. BI TP:
Bi 1: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho bn im A( 3;-2;-2), B(3;2;0), C(0;2;1), v D(
-1;1;2).
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC).
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng trung trc ca on AC.
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P)cha AB v song song vi CD.
d) Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) cha CD v vung gc vi mp(ABC).
Bi 2: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P): 2x y + 2z 4 = 0, (Q): x
2y 2z + 4 = 0.
a) Chng t rng hai mt phng (P) v (Q) vung gc nhau.
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ng thng ( ) l giao tuyn ca hai mt
phng .
c) Chng minh rng ng thng ( ) ct trc Oz .Tm ta giao im.
d) Mt phng (P) ct ba trc ta tai ba im A,B,C. Tnh din tch tam gic
ABC.
e) Chng t rng im O gc ta khng thuc mt phng (P) t tnh th
tch t din OABC.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt mt phng (P): 2x + y z 6 = 0.
a) Vit phng trnh mp (Q) i qua gc ta v song song vi mp (P).
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ,chnh tc ,tng qut ng thng i qua gc ta
O v vung gc vi mt mp(P).
c) Tnh khong cch t gc ta n mt phng (P).
( TNPT nm 1993)
Bi 4: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P): x + y z + 5 = 0 v (Q): 2x
z = 0 .
a) Chng t hai mt phng ct nhau,tnh gc gia chng.
b) Lp phng trnh mt phng () qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v
(Q) i qua A(-1;2;3).
c) Lp phng trnh mt phng ( ) qua giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) v
(Q) v song song vi Oy.
d) Lp phng trnh mt phng ( ) i qua gc ta O v vung gc vi hai
mt phng (P)v (Q).
Bi 5: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng (P) : 2x + 2y z + 2 = 0 v im
M(2;1;-1).
a) Tnh di on vung gc k t M n mt phng (P).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M vung gc vi mt phng (P).
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
54
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua im M song song Ox v hp vi
mt phng (P) mt gc 45
0
.
Bi 6: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P): 2x + ky + 3z 5 = 0 v (Q):
mx 6y 6 z + 2 = 0.
a) Xc nh gi tr k v m hai mt phng (P) v (Q) song song nhau,lc
hy tnh khong cch gia hai mt phng.
b) Trong trng hp k = m = 0 gi (d) l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) hy tnh
khong cch t A(1;1;1) n ng thng (d).
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
55
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
3. NG THNG
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Phng trnh ng thng :
1). Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng :
Ax By Cz D 0
A' x B' y C' z D' 0
+ + +
'
+ + +

(vi A : B : C A : B : C)
2). Phng trnh ttham s ca ng thng :
0 1
0 2
0 3
x x a t
y y a t (t R)
z z a t
+

+
'

Trong M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) l im thuc ng thng v
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
l vect ch
phng ca ng thng.
3). Phng trnh chnh tc ca ung thng :
0 0 0
1 2 3
x x y y z z
a a a


Trong M
0
(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) l im thuc ng thng v
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
l vect ch
phng ca ng thng.
II/. V Tr tng i ca cc ng thng v cc mt phng:
V tr tng i ca hai ng thng :
Cho hai .thng ( ) i qua M c VTCP
a
r
v ( ) i qua M c VTCP
a '
ur
.
( ) cho ( )
a, a ' .MM' 0
1

]
r ur uuuuur
( ) ct ( )
a, a ' .MM' 0
1

]
r ur uuuuur
vi
a, a ' 0
1

]
r ur r
( ) // ( )
[a, a ']=0
M '

'

r ur r
( ) ( )
[a, a ']=0
M '

'

r ur r
V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng:
Cho ng thng ( ) i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
v mt phng
(): Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 c VTPT n (A; B; C)
r
.
( ) ct () a.n 0
r r
( ) // ()
a.n 0
M ( )

'

r r
( ) nm trn mp()
a.n 0
M ( )

'

r r
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
56
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
III/. Khong cch :
Khong cch t M n ung thng ( ) i qua M
0
c VTCP
a
r
.


Y
uuuuur r
r
0
[M M,a]
S
d(M, )
c.ay
a
Khong cch gia hai ng cho nhau :
( ) i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP a
r
, ( ) i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP a '
ur


r ur uuuuur
r ur
hop
ay
[a,a'].MM'
V
d( , ')
S
[a,a']

IV/. Gc :
Gc gia hai ng thng :
( ) i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ; a ; a )
r
( ) i qua M(x
0
;y
0
;z
0
) c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ' ;a ' ;a ' )
r
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
a.a'
a .a' a .a' a .a'
cos cos(a,a')
a . a' a a a . a' a' a'
+ +

+ + + +
r ur
r ur
r ur
Gc gia ng thng v mt phng :
( ) i qua M
0
c VTCP
1 2 3
a (a ;a ;a )
r
, mp() c VTPT n (A; B; C)
r
.
Gi l gc hp bi ( ) v mp()
1 2 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3
Aa +Ba +Ca
sin cos(a,n)
A B C . a a a

+ + + +
r r

B/. BI TP:
Bi 1:
a) Vit phng trnh tham s chnh tc tng qut ng thng qua hai im
A(1;3;1) v B(4;1;2).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M(2;-1;1) vung gc vi mt
phng (P) : 2x z + 1=0 . Tm ta giao im ca (d) v (P).
c) Vit phng trnh tham s chnh tc ca ung thng c phng trnh
2 4 0
2 2 0
x y z
x y z
+ +
'
+ +

Bi 2 : Trong khng gian Oxyz cho ba im A(0;1;1), B(-1;0;2), C(3;1;0) v mt

ng thng ( ) c phng trnh
4 2 1 0
3 5 0
x y z
x z
+ +
'
+

Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
57
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng () i qua ba im A,B,C.
b) Vit phng trnh tham s chnh tc tng qut ng thng BC.Tnh
d(BC, ).
c) Chng t rng mi im M ca ng thng ( ) u tha mn AM BC,
BM AC, CM AB.
Bi 3: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hnh hp ch nht c cc nh A(3;0;0),
B(0;4;0), C(0;0;5), O(0;0;0) v D l nh i din vi O.
a) Xc nh ta nh D.Vit phng trnh tng qut mt phng (A,B,D).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua D v vung gc vi mt phng
(A,B,D).
c) Tnh khong cch t im C n mt phng (A,B,D). (TNPT nm 1999)
Bi 4: Cho hai ng thng:
x 2 t
x 2z 2 0
( ) : ( ') : y 1 t
y 3 0
z 2t
+

' '

a) Chng minh rng hai ng thng ( ) v ( ) khng ct nhau nhng

vung gc nhau.
b) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng ( )v ( ).
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua ( ) v vung gc vi ( ).
d) Vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca ( )v ( ).
Bi 5: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho bn im A(-1;-2;0), B(2;-6;3), C(3;-3;-1) D(-
1;-5;3).
a) Lp phng trnh tng qut ng thng AB.
b) Lp phng trnh mp (P) i qua im C v vung gc vi ng thng AB.
c) Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) l hnh chiu vung gc ca ng thng
CD xung mt phng (P).
d) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v CD.
Bi 6: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(3;-1;0), B(0;-7;3), C(-2;1;-1), D(3;2;6).
a) Tnh cc gc to bi cc cp cnh i din ca t din ABCD.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC).
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua D vung gc vi mt phng (ABC).
d) Tm ta im D i xng D qua mt phng (ABC).
e) Tm ta im C i xng C qua ng thng AB.
Bi 7: Cho ng thng
2x y z 5 0
( ) :
2x z 3 0
+ +

'
+

v mp (P) : x + y + z 7 = 0
a) Tnh gc gia ng thng v mt phng.
b) Tm ta giao im ca ( ) v (P).
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
58
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
c) Vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca ( ) trn mp(P).
Bi 8: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho hai ng thng ( ) v ( ) ln lt c phng
trnh:
2x y 1 0 3x y z 3 0
;
x y z 1 0 2x y 1 0
+ + + +
' '
+ +

.
a) Chng minh rng hai ng thng ct nhau tm ta giao im.
b) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng () i qua hai ng thng ( )
v ( ).
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc v ct c hai ng ( ) v
( ) .
Bi 9: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho ba im A(5;0;0), B(0;5/2;0), C(0;0;5/3) v
ng thng
x 5 t
y 1 2t
z 4 3t
+

+
'

.
a) Lp phng trnh mt phng () di qua A , B, C. Chng minh rng () v
( ) vung gc nhau, tm ta giao im H ca chng.
b) Chuyn phng trnh ca ( ) v dng tng qut. Tnh khong cch t
M(4;-1;1) n ( ).
c) Lp phng trnh ng thng (d) qua A vung gc vi ( ), bit (d) v
( ) ct nhau.
( HK2 2005)
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
59
Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
4. MT CU
A/. CC KIN THC C BN:
I/. Phng trnh mt cu:
Phng trnh mt cu tm I(a;b;c) bn knh R l:
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
.
2). Phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2Ax + 2By + 2Cz + D = 0 vi A
2
+B
2
+C
2
D>0 l
phng trnh mt cu tm I(-A;-B;-C), bn knh
2 2 2
R A B C D + +
.
II/. V tr tng i ca mt cu v mt phng:
Cho mt cu (S) : (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
tm I(a;b;c) bn knh R v mt
phng (P): Ax+By+Cz+D=0.
Nu d(I,(P)) > R th mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) khng c im chung.
Nu d(I,(P)) = R th mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) tip xc nhau.
Nu d(I,(P)) < R th mt phng (P) v mt cu (S) ct nhau theo giao tuyn l
ng trn c phng trnh :
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
x a x a x a R
Ax By Cz D 0

+ +

'
+ + +

Bn knh ng trn
2 2
r R d(I, (P)) .
Tm H ca ng trn l hnh chiu ca tm I mt cu (S) ln mt phng (P).
B/. BI TP:
Bi 1: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x 4y 6z = 0 v hai
im M(1;1;1) N(2;-1;5).
a) Xc nh ta tm I v bn knh ca mt cu (S).
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng MN.
c) Tm k mt phng (P): x + y z + k = 0 tip xc mt cu(S).
d) Tm ta giao im ca mt cu (S) v ng thng MN. Vit phng
trnh mt phng tip xc vi mt cu ti cc giao im.
Bi 2: Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(6;-2;3), B(0;1;6), C(2;0;-1), D(4;1;0)
a) Chng minh rng A,B,C,D l bn nh ca t din.
b) Tnh th tch t din ABCD.
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng qua ba im A,B,C.
d) Vit phng trnh mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD. Xc nh ta tm
v bn knh.
e) Vit phng trnh ng trn qua ba im A,B,C. Hy tm tm v bn knh
ca ng trn .
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Bi 3: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho mt phng (P): 2x 3y + 4z 5 = 0 v mt cu
(S): x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 3x + 4y 5z + 6 = 0.
a) Xc nh ta tm I v bn knh R ca mt cu (S).
b) Tnh khong cch t tm I n mt phng (P).T suy ra rng mt phng
(P) ct mt cu (S) theo mt ng trn m ta k hiu l (C). Xc nh bn knh R v ta
tm H ca ng trn (C).
Bi 4: Trong khng gian cho (P): x + 2y z + 5 = 0 im I(1;2;-2) v ng thng
x 2y 1 0
(d) :
y z 4 0
+

'
+

.
a) Tm giao im ca (d) v (P). Tnh gc gia (d) v (P).
b) Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) tm I tip xc vi mt phng (P).
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) qua (d) v I.
d) Vit phng trnh ng thng (d)nm trong (P) ct (d) v vung gc (d).
(Thi HK2, 2002-2003)
Bi 5: Trong khng gian Oxyz ,cho A(1;-1;2), B(1;3;2), C(4;3;2), D(4;-1;2).
a) Chng minh A, B, C, D l bn im ng phng.
b) Gi A l hnh chiu vung gc ca im A trn mt phng Oxy. hy vit
phng trnh mt cu (S) i qua bn im A, B, C, D.
c) Vit phng trnh tip din () ca mt cu (S) ti im A.
(TN THPT 2003-2004)
Bi 6: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(1;0;0) B(1;1;1) v C(1/3; 1/3;1/3)
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) vung gc OC ti C. Chng minh O, B, C
thng hng. Xt v tr tng i ca mt cu (S) tm B, bn knh R 2 vi mt
phng(P).
b) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng l hnh chiu vung gc ca
ng thng AB ln mt phng(P).
Bi 7: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho mp(P): x + y + z 1 = 0. mp(P) ct cc trc ta
ti A, B, C.
a) Tm ta A, B, C. Vit phng trnh giao tuyn ca (P) vi cc mt ta
. Tm ta giao im D ca (d):
2 0
2 1 0
x y
x y z
+
'
+

vi mp(Oxy). Tnh th tch t din

ABCD.
b) Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) ngoi tip ABCD. Lp phng trnh ng
trn ngoi tip ACD. Xc nh tm v bn knh ca ng trn .
(TN THPT 2001-2002)
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Bi 8: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho 4 im A, B, C, D c ta xc nh bi :
A (2; 4; 1), OB i 4j k, C (2; 4;3), OD 2i 2j k + +
uuur r r r uuur r r r
.
a) Chng minh ABAC, ACAD, ADAB. Tnh th tch khi t din
ABCD.
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng (d) vung gc chung ca hai ng
thng AB v CD. Tnh gc gia (d) v mt phng (ABD).
c) Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) qua 4 im A, B, C, D. Vit phng trnh
tip din ( ) ca (S) song song vi mt phng (ABD).
Bi 9: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho 3 im A(2;0;1), B(1;0;0), C(1;1;1) v mt phng
(P): x + y + z 2 = 0.
a) Vit pt mt cu i qua 3 im A, B, C v c tm thuc mp (P).
b) Tnh di ng cao k t A xung BC
c) Cho D(0;3;0).Chng t rng DC song song vi mp(P) t tnh khong
cch gia ng thng DC v mt phng (P).
Bi10: Trong khng gian Oxyz cho A(2;0;0) , B(0;4;0), C(0;0;4).
a)Vit phng trnh mt cu qua 4 im O, A, B, C. Tm ta tm I v bn
knh ca mt cu.
b)Vit phng trnh mt phng(ABC).
c) Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng qua I v vung gc mt
phng(ABC).
d)Tm ta tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Bi 11: Cho mt cu (S) c phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
- 2x - 4y - 6z =0
a) Xc nh tm v bn knh mt cu (S).
b) Gi A, B, C ln lt l giao im (khc im gc ta ) ca mt cu (S)
vi cc trc ta Ox, Oy, Oz. Tnh ta A, B, C v vit phng trnh mt phng
(ABC).
c) Tnh khong cch t tm mt cu n mt phng.T hy xc nh tm v
bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
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Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
5. GII TON BNG HHGT
A/. CCH GII CHUNG
gii bi ton bng phng php ta trong khng gian ta c th chn cho n
mt h trc ta ph hp ri chuyn v hnh hc gii tch gii.
Cc bc chung gii nh sau:
B1: Chn h trc ta thch hp.
B2: Chuyn cc gi thit ca bi ton v HH gii tch.
B3: Gii bng HH gii tch.
B4 : Kt lun cc tnh cht, nh tnh, nh lng... ca bi ton t ra.
B/. CC BI TP
Bi 1:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c cnh bng a
a) Tnh theo a khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v BD.
b) Gi M,N,P ln lt l trung im BB, CD, AD.Tnh gc gia hai ng
thng MP v CN.
Bi 2:
Cho hnh chp t gic u c cnh bn v cnh y bng a .Tnh gc hp bi
cnh bn v mt bn i din.
Bi 3:
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC) y ABC l tam
gic vung ti C. Cho SA = AC = CB = a
a) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng AC v SB.
b) Tnh gc gia ng thng SA v mp(SBC).
Bi 4:
Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti C. SA(ABC), AC =
a, BC = b, SA = h. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AC v SB.
a) Tnh di MN.
b) Tm h thc lin h gia a, b, h MN l ng vung gc chung ca cc
ng thng AC v SB.
Bi 5:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD.Tnh s o ca gc nh din [B,AC,D].
Bi 6:
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
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Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
Cho hnh lng tr ng ABCD.ABCDc y ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a, gc
0
60 BAD R . Gi M l trung iim cnh AA v N l trung im ca cnh CC. Chng
minh rng bn im B,M,D,N cng thuc mt mt phng. Hy tnh di cnh AA
theo a t gic BMDN l hnh vung.
Bi 7*:
Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.ABCD c cnh a. M l im thuc AD v N
thuc BD sao cho AM=DN=k (0<k< 2 a ).
a) Tm k on MN ngn nht.
b) Chng minh rng MN//(ADBC) khi k bin thin.
c) Khi on MN ngn nht. Chng minh rng MN l ng vung gc chung
ca AD v BD v MN//AC.
Bi 8*
Tm m h phng trnh sau y c ng mt nghim tm nghim .
2 2 2
x y z 1
2x y 2z m
+ +
'
+

.
Bi 9*
Cho ba s thc x,y,z tha
2 2 2
x y z 1 + + tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh
nht ca
F 2x 2y z 3 +
.

Bi 10*: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2 2
6 2 2 2 0
2 2 6 0
x y z x y z
x y z
+ + + +
'
+ + +

.

Bi 11*: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2 2
2 4 6 0
3 2 2 8 0
3 3 4 12 0
x y z x y z
x y z
x y z
+ +

+
'

Bi 12: Tm a h sau y c nghim duy nht

2 2
2 2
0
x y x
x y a
+
'
+

Bi 13: Tm a h sau c duy nht nghim

2 1
1
x y xy m
x y

+ + +
'
+

(S:m=-1/2)
Bi 14 Tm a h sau c nghim
2 2
4 3 2 0
x y a
x y
+
'
+

(S:a4/25)
Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
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Ti liu tham kho n tp TN.THPT
Bi 15 Cho h
2 2
( 1) ( 1) 2
0
x y
x y m
+
'
+

xc nh m nghim ng vi mi x[0;2]
(Sm=0)
Bi 16: Cho h phng trnh
2 2
0
0
x y x
x ay a
+
'
+

tm a h phng trnh c hai nghim.

(S:0<a<4/3)
Bi 17:Tm cc s dng a h sau y c nghim:
a.
2 2 2
1 x y a
x y a
+
'
+ >

b.
2 2
( )
log ( ) 1
2
x y
x y
x y a
+
+

'
+

Bi 18:

1 1 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
Gias(x ; ) ( ; ) lahai nghiem cua hephng trnh
x 0
0
Chng minh rang (x -x ) +(y -y ) 1
y va x y
y x
x ay a
+
'
+

Hi ng b mn Ton - THPT
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