Chng 2: Vnh v tr ng

M cl c
1 Vnh v tr ng 1.1 Vnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Tr ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Vnh con v tr ng con . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ng c u vnh, tr ng 3 Vnh v tr ng s p th t 1 1 2 3 3 3

1
1.1

Vnh v tr ng
Vnh

nh ngha: T p h p X cng v i hai php ton c k hi u theo ki u c ng (+) v nhn (.) l m t vnh khi n th a cc i u ki n sau: (X, +) l nhm giao hon. (X, .) l n a nhm. Php nhn c tnh phn ph i i v i php c ng. T c l, v i m i a, b, c X a(b + c) = ab + ac (a + b)c = ac + bc Ngoi ra, n u php nhn c tnh giao hon th vnh X c g i l vnh giao hon. N u php nhn trong X c ph n t n v th vnh c g i l vnh c n v . Ch : i v i php c ng: ph n t trung ha g i l ph n t khng, k hi u l 0; ph n t i x ng c a x g i l ph n t i, k hi u x. i v i php nhn: ph n t trung ha c a php nhn g i l ph n t n v , k hi u l 1 ho c e; ph n t i x ng c a x g i l ph n t ngh ch o, k hi u x1 . V d 1. T p cc s nguyn Z cng v i php c ng v php nhn thng th ng l m t vnh giao hon c n v . Ta th ng g i l vnh s nguyn Z. Th t v y, ta c (Z, +) l nhm giao hon, (Z, .) l n a nhm giao hon, c n v (l 1) v php nhn thng th ng c tnh phn ph i i v i php c ng. 1

2 2. T p cc s t nhin N cng v i php c ng v php nhn thng th ng khng l vnh v (N, +) khng l nhm (v trong N, c ph n t , ch ng h n s 1, khng c ph n t i x ng). 3. T p s h u t Q hay t p cc s th c R cng v i php c ng v php nhn thng th ng l cc vnh. 4. Trn Z cho quan h tng ng l quan h c cng s d khi chia cho 6. a l l p tng ng c ph n t i di n l a, ta k hi u t p thng Z/ = Z6 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Trn Z6 , ta xy d ng 2 php ton c ng v nhn nh sau: a + b = a + b; V d : 2 + 3 = 1; 3.5 = 3 Ta ki m tra c (Z6 , +, .) l m t vnh giao hon, c n v . (ph n t khng l 0, ph n t n v l 1). a.b = a.b

1.2

Tr ng

c c a khng: Trong m t vnh X, m t ph n t a c g i l c c a 0 khi v ch khi a = 0 v c m t ph n t b = 0 sao cho a.b = 0 V d : Vnh (Z6 , +, .) c cc c c a 0 l 2, 3, 4 v 2.3 = 0 v 4.3 = 0 Mi n nguyn: N u m t vnh giao hon c n v , c nhi u hn m t ph n t v khng c c c a 0 th n c g i l m t mi n nguyn (hay vnh nguyn v n). V d : Vnh s nguyn Z l m t mi n nguyn. Vnh (Z6 , +, .) khng l mi n nguyn. Tr ng: l m t vnh giao hon c n v , c nhi u hn m t ph n t trong m i ph n t khc khng u c ngh ch o. Nh v y, t p h p X c nhi u hn m t ph n t cng v i hai php ton c ng (+) v nhn (.) c g i l m t tr ng khi v ch khi cc i u ki n sau y th a mn: 1. (X, +) l nhm giao hon, c th l v i m i x, y, z X, ta c: Php c ng c tnh k t h p (x + y) + z = x + (y + z) C ph n 0 X l ph n t trung l p i v i php c ng: x + 0 = 0 + x = x M i ph n t x X u c ph n t i x X: x + (x) = (x) + x = 0 Php c ng c tnh giao hon x + y = y + x 2. (X , .) l nhm nhn giao hon (X l X \ {0}, t c l t p cc ph n t khc 0 c a X). C th l, v i m i x, y, z X : Php nhn c tnh k t h p (x.y).z = x.(y.z) C ph n t 1 X l ph n t trung l p i v i php nhn: 1.x = x.1 = x M i ph n t x X u c ph n t ngh ch o x1 : x.x1 = x1 .x = 1 Php nhn c tnh giao hon x.y = y.x 3. Php nhn c tnh phn ph i i v i php c ng. C th l v i m i x, y, z X x(y + z) = xy + xz (x + y)z = xz + yz Bi gi ng CC T P H P S - tu n 3 2

V d : 1. T p cc s h u t Q, t p cc s th c R l m t tr ng i v i php c ng v php nhn thng th ng. 2. Vnh Z cc s nguyn khng ph i l m t tr ng v c ph n t thu c Z (c th l y s 2) khng c ngh ch o.

1.3

Vnh con v tr ng con

Cho X l m t vnh (hay tr ng), A l m t t p con n nh c a X v i php c ng v php nhn. N u A cng v i 2 php ton trn X l m t vnh (hay tr ng) th A c g i l vnh con (tr ng con) c a X. V d : 1. X l m t vnh th X v {0} l nh ng vnh con t m th ng c a X. 2. mZ - l t p cc s nguyn l b i c a m(m Z) - l vnh con c a vnh Z. 3. T p cc s h u t Q l tr ng con c a tr ng cc s th c R.

ng c u vnh, tr ng

Cho X, Y l cc vnh. nh x f : X Y c g i l ng c u vnh n u v i m i a, b X ta c f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b) f (ab) = f (a)f (b) Tng t nh nh ngha trn, n u X, Y l cc tr ng th ta c ng c u tr ng.

Vnh v tr ng s p th t
1. a, b, c X, a b a + c b + c 2. a, b, c X, a b v 0 c ac bc

Cho X l m t vnh cng v i quan h th t ton ph n l m t vnh s p th t n u:

Tng t , ta cng c khi ni m tr ng s p th t n u X l m t tr ng.

Bi gi ng CC T P H P S

- tu n 3