Assignment 14: Magnetic Force

Due: 8:00am on Friday, February 24, 2012 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy.

Exercise 27.14
The magnetic field in a certain region is 0.128 , and its direction is that of the + -axis in the Figure

. Part A What is the magnetic flux across the surface abcd in the figure? ANSWER: 0 = Correct Part B What is the magnetic flux across the surface befc? ANSWER: 1.15102 = Correct Part C What is the magnetic flux across the surface aefd? ANSWER: 1.15102 = Correct Part D What is the net flux through all five surfaces that enclose the shaded volume? ANSWER: 0 = Correct

Force on Moving Charges in a Magnetic Field

Learning Goal: To understand the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. Magnets exert forces on other magnets even though they are separated by some distance. Usually the force on a magnet (or piece of magnetized matter) is pictured as the interaction of that magnet with the magnetic field at its location (the field being generated by other magnets or currents). More fundamentally, the force arises from the interaction of individual moving charges within a magnet with the local magnetic field. This force is written , where is the force, is the individual charge (which can be negative), is its velocity, and is the local

magnetic field. This force is nonintuitive, as it involves the vector product (or cross product) of the vectors and . In the following questions we assume that the coordinate system being used has the conventional arrangement of the axes, such that it satisfies , where , , and are the unit vectors along the respective axes (x, y and z).

Let's go through the right-hand rule. Starting with the generic vector cross-product equation will then be pointing in the direction of . Part A

point your

forefinger of your right hand in the direction of , and point your middle finger in the direction of . Your thumb

Consider the specific example of a positive charge moving in the +x direction with the local magnetic field in the +y direction. In which direction is the magnetic force acting on the particle? Express your answer using unit vectors (e.g., - ). (Recall that is written \hat i (or alternatively i_unit can be used.)) ANSWER: Direction of = Correct Part B Now consider the example of a positive charge moving in the +x direction with the local magnetic field in the +z direction. In which direction is the magnetic force acting on the particle? Express your answer using unit vectors. ANSWER: Direction of = Correct Part C Now consider the example of a positive charge moving in the xy plane with velocity (i.e., with magnitude at angle with respect to the x axis). If the local magnetic field is in the +z direction, what is the direction of the magnetic force acting on the particle? Hint C.1 Finding the cross product Hint not displayed Express the direction of the force in terms of , as a linear combination of unit vectors, , , and . ANSWER: Direction of = Correct Part D

First find the magnitude of the force on a positive charge in the case that the velocity (of magnitude ) and the magnetic field (of magnitude ) are perpendicular. Express your answer in terms of , , , and other quantities given in the problem statement. ANSWER: = Correct Part E Now consider the example of a positive charge moving in the -z direction with speed with the local magnetic field of magnitude in the +z direction. Find , the magnitude of the magnetic force acting on the particle. Express your answer in terms of , , , and other quantities given in the problem statement. ANSWER: 0 = Correct There is no magnetic force on a charge moving parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field. Equivalently, the magnetic force is proportional to the component of velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field. Part F Now consider the case in which the positive charge is moving in the yz plane with a speed at an angle with

the z axis as shown magnitude ). Find the magnetic force on the charge. Hint F.1 Direction of force

(with the magnetic field still in the +z direction with

Hint not displayed Hint F.2 Relevant component of velocity Hint not displayed Express the magnetic force in terms of given variables like , , , , and unit vectors. ANSWER: = Correct

Charge Moving in a Cyclotron Orbit

Learning Goal: To understand why charged particles move in circles perpendicular to a magnetic field and why the frequency is an invariant. A particle of charge and mass moves in a region of space where there is a uniform magnetic field (i.e., a

magnetic field of magnitude in the +z direction). any forces on the particle other than the magnetic force. Part A

In this problem, neglect

At a given moment the particle is moving in the +x direction (and the magnetic field is always in the +z direction). If is positive, what is the direction of the force on the particle due to the magnetic field? Hint A.1 The right-hand rule for magnetic force Hint not displayed ANSWER: x direction x direction y direction y direction z direction z direction Correct Part B This force will cause the path of the particle to curve. Therefore, at a later time, the direction of the force will ____________. ANSWER: have a component along the direction of motion remain perpendicular to the direction of motion have a component against the direction of motion first have a component along the direction of motion; then against it; then along it; etc. Correct Part C The fact that the magnetic field generates a force perpendicular to the instantaneous velocity of the particle has implications for the work that the field does on the particle. As a consequence, if only the magnetic field acts on the particle, its kinetic energy will ____________. ANSWER: increase over time decrease over time remain constant oscillate

Correct Part D If the resulting trajectory of the charged particle is a circle, what is , the angular frequency of the circular motion? Hint D.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint D.2 Determine the magnetic force Hint not displayed Hint D.3 Determine the acceleration of the particle Hint not displayed Hint D.4 Express the angular speed in terms of the linear speed Hint not displayed Express in terms of , , and ANSWER: = Correct .

Note that this result for the frequency does not depend on the radius of the circle. Although it appeared in the equations of force and motion, it canceled out. This implies that the frequency (but not the linear speed) of the particle is invariant with orbit size. The first particle accelerator built, the cyclotron, was based on the fact that the frequency of a charged particle orbiting in a uniform field is independent of the radius. In the cyclotron, radio frequency voltage is applied across a gap between the two sides of the conducting vacuum chamber in which the protons circulate owing to an external magnetic field. Particles in phase with this voltage are accelerated each time they cross the gap (because the field reverses while they make half a circle) and reach energies of millions of electron volts after several thousand round trips.

Motion of Electrons in a Magnetic Field

An electron of mass and charge is moving through a uniform magnetic field in vacuum.

At the origin, it has velocity mounted perpendicular to the x axis at a distance from the origin. Throughout, you can assume that the effect of gravity is negligible. Part A

, where

and

. A screen is

First, suppose . Find the y coordinate of the point at which the electron strikes the screen. Hint A.1 Forces acting on electron Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Two-dimensional kinematics Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of and the velocity components and . ANSWER: = Correct Part B Now suppose , and another electron is projected in the same manner. Which of the following is the most accurate qualitative description of the electron's motion once it enters the region of nonzero magnetic field? ANSWER: The electron decelerates before coming to a halt and turning around while always moving along a straight line. The electron's motion will be unaffected. (It will continue moving in a straight line with the same constant velocity.) The electron moves in a circle in the xy plane. The electron moves along a helical path about an axis parallel to the field lines with constant radius and constant velocity in the x direction. Correct Part C The motion of the electron can be broken down into two parts: 1. constant motion in the x direction plus 2. a periodic part, the projection of which in the yz plane is circular. Find the angular velocity of the electron associated with the circular component of its motion. Hint C.1 Use Newton's 2nd law to determine the force Hint not displayed Hint C.2 Find the magnitude of the Lorentz force Hint not displayed Hint C.3 Express in terms of Hint not displayed Hint C.4 Express the acceleration in terms of Hint not displayed Express the magnitude of the angular velocity in terms of known quantities. ANSWER: = Correct , the magnitude of the electric charge , and other

Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field Ranking Task

Five equal-mass particles (AE) enter a region of uniform magnetic field directed into the page. They follow the

trajectories illustrated in the figure. Part A Which particle (if any) is neutral? Hint A.1 Neutral particles Hint not displayed ANSWER: particle A particle B particle C particle D particle E none Correct Part B Which particle (if any) is negatively charged? Hint B.1 Find the direction of the magnetic force Hint not displayed ANSWER: particle A particle B particle C particle D particle E none Correct Part C Rank the particles on the basis of their speed. Hint C.1 Determining velocity based on particle trajectories Hint not displayed Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

Correct Part D Rank the particles A, B, C, and E on the basis of their speed. Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

Correct Part E Now assume that particles A, B, C, and E all have the same magnitude of electric charge. Rank the particles A, B, C, and E on the basis of their speed. Hint E.1 Charged particle trajectories in magnetic fields Hint not displayed Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

Correct

Electromagnetic Velocity Filter

When a particle with charge moves across a magnetic field of magnitude , it experiences a force to the side. If the proper electric field is simultaneously applied, the electric force on the charge will be in such a direction as to cancel the magnetic force with the result that the particle will travel in a straight line. The balancing condition provides a relationship involving the velocity of the particle. In this problem you will figure out how to arrange the fields to create this balance and then determine this relationship. Part A Consider the arrangement of ion source and electric field plates shown in the figure.

The ion source sends particles with velocity along the positive x axis. They encounter electric field plates spaced a distance apart that generate a uniform electric field of magnitude in the +y direction. To cancel the resulting electric force with a magnetic force, a magnetic field (not shown) must

be added in which direction? Using the right-hand rule, you can see that the positive z axis is directed out of the screen. Hint A.1 Method for determining direction Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Right-hand rule Hint not displayed Choose the direction of . ANSWER:

Correct Part B Now find the magnitude of the magnetic field that will cause the charge to travel in a straight line under the

combined action of electric and magnetic fields. Hint B.1 Find the magnetic force Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Find the force due to the electric field Hint not displayed Express the magnetic field that will just balance the applied electric field in terms of some or all of the variables , , and . ANSWER: = Correct Part C It may seem strange that the selected velocity does not depend on either the mass or the charge of the particle. (For example, would the velocity of a neutral particle be selected by passage through this device?) The explanation of this is that the mass and the charge control the resolution of the device--particles with the wrong velocity will be accelerated away from the straight line and will not pass through the exit slit. If the acceleration

depends strongly on the velocity, then particles with just slightly wrong velocities will feel a substantial transverse acceleration and will not exit the selector. Because the acceleration depends on the mass and charge, these influence the sharpness (resolution) of the transmitted particles. Assume that you want a velocity selector that will allow particles of velocity to pass straight through without deflection while also providing the best possible velocity resolution. You set the electric and magnetic fields to select the velocity . To obtain the best possible velocity resolution (the narrowest distribution of velocities of the transmitted particles) you would want to use particles with __________. Hint C.1 Use Newton's law Hint not displayed Assume that the selector is short enough so that particles that move away from the axis do not have time to come back to it. ANSWER: both and large large and small small and large both and small Correct You want particles with the incorrect velocity to have the maximum possible deviation in the y direction so that they will not go through a slit placed at the right end. The deviation will be maximum when the acceleration is maximum. The acceleration is directly proportional to and inversely proportional to :

. So for maximum deviation, should be large and small.

Exercise 27.28
Part A What is the speed of a beam of electrons when the simultaneous influence of an electric field of magnetic field of electrons? ANSWER: Part B When the electric field is removed, what is the radius of the electron orbit? ANSWER: 4.16103 = Correct Part C What is the period of the orbit? and a

, with both fields normal to the beam and to each other, produces no deflection of the = 3.38106 Correct

ANSWER:

7.74109 = Correct

Mass Spectrometer
J. J. Thomson is best known for his discoveries about the nature of cathode rays. Another important contribution of his was the invention, together with one of his students, of the mass spectrometer. The ratio of mass to (positive) charge of an ion may be accurately determined in a mass spectrometer. In essence, the spectrometer consists of two regions: one that accelerates the ion through a potential and a second that measures its radius of curvature in

a perpendicular magnetic field. The ion begins at potential and is accelerated toward zero potential. When the particle exits the region with the electric field it will have obtained a speed . Part A With what speed does the ion exit the acceleration region? Hint A.1 Suggested general method Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Initial energy Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Final energy Hint not displayed Find the speed in terms of , , , and any constants. ANSWER: = Correct Part B After being accelerated, the particle enters a uniform magnetic field of strength and travels in a circle of radius (determined by observing where it hits on a screen--as shown in the figure). The results of this experiment allow one to find in terms of the experimentally measured quantities such as the particle radius, the magnetic field, and the applied voltage. What is ? Hint B.1 Cyclotron frequency Hint not displayed

Hint B.2 Relationship of and Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Putting it all together Hint not displayed Express in terms of , , , and any necessary constants. ANSWER: = Correct By sending atoms of various elements through a mass spectrometer, Thomson's student, Francis Aston, discovered that some elements actually contained atoms with several different masses. Atoms of the same element with different masses can only be explained by the existence of a third subatomic particle in addition to protons and electrons: the neutron.

Problem 27.66
A particle of charge is moving at speed in the z-direction through a region of uniform magnetic field . The , where is a positive constant.

magnetic force on the particle is Part A

Determine the component . Express your answer in terms of the variables ANSWER: = Correct Part B Determine the component . Express your answer in terms of the variables ANSWER: = Correct Part C Can you determine the component ANSWER: yes no Correct Part D

, , and .

, , and .

form the given information?

If it is given in addition that the magnetic field has magnitude component . Express your answer in terms of the variables , , and . ANSWER: = Correct

determine the magnitude of the last