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1
1
CC BI TP HNH HC KHNG GIAN TNG HP
GII BNG PHNG PHP TO
PHN II: HNH CHP

V Ngc Vinh - THPT A Ngha Hng - Nam nh
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PHNG PHP CHUNG GII TON
gii c cc bi ton hnh khng gian bng phng php ta ta cn phi chn h trc ta
thch hp. Lp ta cc nh, im lin quan da vo h trc ta chn v di cnh ca hnh.
Bi ton n gin hay khng mt phn ph thuc vo cch chn h trc to vung gc v n v
trn cc trc.
Bc 1: Chon he truc toa o Oxyz thch hp, chu y en v tr cua goc O ( nh ca gc vung, tm
mt cu .)
Bc 2: Da vo iu kin ca bi ton xc nh to ca im, phng trnh ca ng v mt
cn thit trong h trc to y.
(co the xac nh toa o tat ca cac iem hoac mot so iem can thiet)
Khi xac nh toa o cac iem ta co the da vao :
+)Y ngha hnh hoc cua toa o iem (khi cac iem nam tren cac truc toa o, mat phang toa o).
+) Da vao cac quan he hnh hoc nh bang nhau, vuong goc, song song ,cung phng , thang hang,
iem chia oan thang e tm toa o
+) Xem iem can tm la giao iem cua ng thang, mat pha ng.
+) Da vao cac quan he ve goc cua ng thang, mat phang.
Bc 3: Chuyn cc tnh cht hnh hc trong gi thit hoc kt lun ca bi ton sang tnh cht i s
v gii tch, a bi ton v bi ton i s, gii tch. S dung cac kien thc ve toa o e giai quyet
bai toan .
Cac dang toan thng gap:
- o dai oan thang
- Khoang cach t iem en mat phang
- Khoang cach t iem en ng thang
- Khoang cach gia hai ng thang
- Goc gia hai ng thang
- Goc gia ng thang va mat phang
- Goc gia hai mat phang
- The tch khoi a dien
- Dien tch thiet dien
- Chng minh cac quan he song song , vuong goc
- Bai toan cc tr, quy tch
Bo sung kien thc :
1) Neu mot tam giac co dien tch S th hnh chieu cua no co dien tch S
'
bang tch cua S vi cosin
cua goc gia mat phang cua tam giac va mat phang chieu
cos .
'
S S =
2) Cho khoi chop S.ABC. Tren ba ng thang SA, SB, SC lay ba iem A
'
, B
'
, C
'
khac vi S
Ta luon co:
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2

SC
SC
SB
SB
SA
SA
V
V
ABC S
C B A S
' ' '
.
' ' '
.
. . =
Ch .
a) Hnh chp S.ABCD c SA vung gc vi y v y l hnh vung (hoc hnh ch nht). Ta chn
h trc ta nh dng tam din vung.
b) Hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung (hoc hnh thoi) tm O ng cao SO vung gc vi y.
Ta chn h trc ta tia OA, OB, OS ln lt l Ox, Oy, Oz. Gi s SO = h, OA = a, OB = b ta c
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(a; 0; 0), D(0;b; 0), S(0; 0; h).
c) Hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh ch nht ABCD v AB = b. SAD ^ u cnh a v vung gc vi
y. Gi H l trung im AD, trong (ABCD) ta v tia Hy vung gc vi AD. Chn h trc ta Hxyz
ta c:
H(0; 0; 0),
, ,
a a
A ; 0; 0 , B ; b; 0
2 2
, ,
a a a 3
, C ; b; 0 , D ; 0; 0 , S 0; 0; .
2 2 2
1

( )


Phn II. 1 .
HNH CHP C MT CNH BN VUNG GC VI Y
( Hay hnh chp c hai mt bn vung gc vi y)
* Lu : ng cao ca hnh chp l cnh bn vung gc y.
V d 1.
T din ABCD: AB, AC, AD i mt vung gc vi nhau;
AB = 3; AC = AD= 4
Tnh khong cch t A ti mt phng (BCD)
( KD: 2002)
Giii
+ Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho A O
D eOx; C e Oy v B e Oz
A(0;0;0); B(0;0;3); C(0;4;0); D(4;0;0)
Phng trnh on chn ca (BCD) l:
1
4 4 3
+ + =
x y z
3x + 3y + 4z - 12 = 0
Khong cch t A ti mt phng (BCD) l:
d(A; mp(BCD)) =
6 34
17


V d 2.
Cho t dien ABCD co AD vuong goc vi mat phang (ABC) va tam giac ABC vuong tai A,
AD = a, AC = b, AB = c.Tnh dien tch S cua tam giac BCD theo a, b, c va chng minh rang :
, ) 2S abc a b c > + +
(DB H. K. D 2003)
Giai
Chon he truc toa o nh hnh ve, ta co toa o cac iem la :A(0;0;0), B(c;0;0), C(0;b;0), D(0;0;a)

z
y
x
B
C
D
A

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3
3
, ) , ) , )
(
= = =

(
= = + +

+ + > + +
+ + > + +
>


2 2 2 2 2 2
BCD
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
BC c; b; 0 , BD c; 0; a , BC, BD ab; ac; bc
1 1
S BC, BD a b a c b c pcm
2 2
a b a c b c abc(a b c)
a b a c b c abc(a b c)
Theo BT Cauchy ta c :
a b +b c 2ab c
b c +c a

> + + > + +
`

+ >
)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2bc a Cong ve : a b a c b c abc(a b c)
c a a b 2ca b

V d 3.
Cho hnh chop S.ABCD la hnh vuong canh a, SA (ABCD), SA a 2. = Mat phang (o) qua A
vuong goc vi SC cat SB, SC, SD lan lt la M, N, P. Chng minh rang t giac AMNP co hai
ng cheo vuong goc va tnh dien tch cua t giac.
Gii
Dng he truc Ax, Ay, Az oi mot vuong goc,
vi A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), C(a; a; 0), D(0; a; 0), S(0; 0; a 2)
1
SC (a; a; a 2) a(1; 1; 2) a.u = = =

2
SB (a; 0; a 2) a(1; 0; 2) a.u = = =

3
SD (0; a; a 2) a(0; 1; 2) a.u = = =

Phng trnh mp(o) qua A(0; 0; 0) vi
phap vect
1
n u (1; 1; 2) = =

:
( ) : x y 2z 0. o + =
Phng trnh ng thang SC qua C(a; a; 0) vi vect ch phng
1
u

:

x a t
(SC) : y a t
z 2t
= +

= +

N SC N(a t; a t; 2t) e + +
a a a a 2
N ( ) a t a t 2( 2t) 0 t N ; ;
2 2 2 2
| |
e o + + + = =
|
\ .

Phng trnh ng thang (SB): x = a + t; y = 0; x 2t. =
Ta co:
a 2a a 2
M SB; M ( ) t M ; 0;
3 3 3
| |
e e o =
|
\ .
. Phng trnh ng thang (SD):
x 0; y a t; z 2t. = = + = Ta co:
a 2a a 2
P SD; P ( ) t P 0; ;
3 3 3
| |
e e o =
|
\ .

S
A
P N
M
B
C
a
O
z
a 2
a
x
D
y
z
y
x
A
B
C
D
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4
4
a a a 2 2a 2a 2a 2
AN ; ; ; AN a; MP ; ; 0 ; MP .
2 2 2 3 3 3
| |
| |
= = = =
| |
\ . \ .


Ta co:
2 2
a 2a a 2a a 2 a a
AN.MP . . .0 0 AN MP
2 3 2 3 2 3 3
| |
= + + = + =
|
\ .

(pcm)
Dien tch t giac AMNP:
2
1 1 2a 2 a 2
S .AN.MP .a. .
2 2 3 3
= = =

V d 4.
Cho hnh chop S ABCD, SA (ABCD), SA = a, SC BD; ay ABCD la hnh thang vuong co
BC = 2a,
a
AD
2
= va ng cao AB = a. M la iem tren canh SA, at AM = x (0 x a) s s . Tnh o
dai ng cao DE cu a ABMD. nh x e DE at gia tr nho nhat.
Gii
Dng he truc Axyz vi Ax, Ay, Az oi mot vuong goc, A(0; 0; 0),
B(a; 0; 0), C(a; 2a; 0),
a
D 0; ; 0 , S(0; 0; a), M(0; 0; x)
2
| |
|
\ .
.
BM ( a; 0; x). =

Phng trnh ng thang BM qua B vi , vect ch phng:
x a at
(BM) : y 0
z xt
=

a
E BM E(a at; 0; xt) DE a at; ; xt
2
| |
e =
|
\ .

a
DE BM DE.BM 0 (a at)( a) .0 xt.x 0
2
= + =


+ = =
+
2
2 2 2
2 2
a
(x a )t a t .
x a
Ta co:
2 2
2 2 2 2
ax a a x
DE ; ;
2 x a x a
| |
=
|
+ + \ .

+
= + + = + = +
+ + + +
> = = =
2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
a x a a x a a x (x a a 4x
DE 1
4 4 2 (x a ) (x a ) (x a ) x a
a a
DE minDE x 0 x 0 M A.
2 2


V d 5.
Cho hnh chop SABCD, ABCD la hnh vuong canh a, SA (ABCD), SA = 2a. Mat phang (o)
qua BC hp vi AC mot goc 30
o
, cat SA, SD lan lt tai M, N. Tnh dien tch thiet dien BCNM.
Gii.
Dng he truc toa o Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az oi mot vuong goc,
A(0; 0; 0), B(a; 0; 0), C(a; a; 0), S(0; 0; 2a).
at: AM = h; (0 < h < 2a) M(0; 0; h)
M
E
A D
a C
y
z
S
a
B
x
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5
BM ( a; a; h), BC (0; a; 0), = =


2
[BM; BC] ( a.h; 0; a ) a(h; 0; a) = =


a.n =

, vi n (h; 0; a) =

n (h; 0; a) =

la phap vect cua mat phang (o).

ng thang AC co vect ch phng
1
u (a; a; 0) a(1; 1; 0) a.u , = = =

vi
1
u (1; 1; 0) =

.
(o) hp vi AC mot goc 30
o
.
+ +
= =
+ + + +
=
+
= + = +
o
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
1.h 1.0 0.a 1
sin30
2
1 1 0. h 0 a
h 1
2
2 h a
h 2 h a 2h h a

h a = M la trung iem SA.
Ta co:
MN ( ) (SAD)
MN// BC// AD.
BC// AD
= o

BC (SAB) BC BM BCNM la hnh thang vuong tai B va M.
AABM vuong can nh A BM a 2. = MN la ng trung bnh cua ASAD
a
MN .
2
= Dien
tch hnh thang vuong BCNM:
2
1 3a 2
S .BM(MN BC)
2 4
= + = .

V d 6.
Cho hnh chp O.ABC c OA = a, OB = b, OC = c i mt vung gc. im M c nh thuc tam
gic ABC c khong cch ln lt n cc mp(OBC), mp(OCA), mp(OAB) l 1, 2, 3. Tnh a, b, c
th tch O.ABC nh nht.
Gii
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
O(0; 0; 0), A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c).
d[M, (OAB)] = 3 = z
M
= 3.

Tng t = M(1; 2; 3).
pt(ABC):
x y z
1
a b c
=
1 2 3
M (ABC) 1
a b c
= = (1).
O.ABC
1
V abc
6
= (2).
3
1 2 3 1 2 3
(1) 1 3 . .
a b c a b c
= = _

1
abc 27
6
= _ .
C
y
2a
S
N
D
y
a
x
a
B
H
A
M

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6
(2)
min
1 2 3 1
V 27
a b c 3
= = = = = =
3
6
9
a
b
c
=

V d 7.
T din S.ABC c cnh SA vung gc vi y v ABC ^ vung ti C. di ca cc cnh l SA = 4,
AC = 3, BC = 1. Gi M l trung im ca cnh AB, H l im i xng ca C qua M. Tnh cosin gc
phng nh din [H, SB, C]
Gii.
Chn h trc ta nh hnh v, ta c:
A(0; 0; 0), B(1; 3; 0), C(0; 3; 0), S(0; 0; 4) v H(1; 0;
0).
mp(P) qua H vung gc vi SB ti I ct ng thng SC
ti K, d thy
[H, SB, C] =
,
IH, IK

(1).
SB ( 1; 3; 4) =

, SC (0; 3; 4) =

suy ra:
ptts SB:
x 1 t
y 3 3t
z 4t
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+
, SC:
x 0
y 3 3t
z 4t
'
1
=
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1+

v (P): x + 3y 4z 1 = 0.
, ,
5 15 3 51 32
I ; ; , K 0; ;
8 8 2 25 25
=
379 281
cos[H, SB, C]
12645

= =
V d 8.
Cho hnh chop S. ABCD co SA (ABCD) va SA = a 6 , ay ABCD la na luc giac eu noi tiep
trong ng tron ng knh AD = 2a.
Tnh khoang cach t ng thang AD en mat phang (SBC).
Gii.
Dng
/ /
BB AD, CC AD va I la trung iem AD
/ / / /
a 3 a 3a
BB CC ; AB ; AC
2 2 2
= = = =
Dng he truc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az oi mot vuong
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
a 3 a a 3 3a
goc A(0; 0; 0), B ; ; 0 , C ; ; 0 ,
2 2 2 2
D(0; 2a; 0), S(0; 0; a 6).

a 3 a a 3 3a
SB ; ; a 6 , SC ; ; a 6
2 2 2 2
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .


2 2 2
2
a 3 a 3 a 3
[SB; SC] a 6; 0; (2 2; 0; 1) .n,
2 2 2
| |
= = =
|
\ .


vi n (2 2; 0; 1) =

Phng trnh mat phang (SBC) qua S vi phap vect n

: (SBC) : 2 2x z a 6 0 + =
V: AD// BC AD//(SBC) d(AD; (SBC)) d(SBC)) =


z
S
a 6

x
A
B
B
/

C
C
/
I D
2a y

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Ta co:
0 0 a 6 a 6
d(A; (SBC))
3 8 1
+ +
= =
+
. Vay,
a 6
d(AD; (SBC)) .
3
=

BI TP
Bi 1( KA 2000)
Cho t din OABC c OA, OB, OC vung gc vi tng i mt c OA = a, OB = a 2 , OC = c.
Gi D l nh i din vi O ca hnh ch nht AOBD v M l trung im ca BC. (P) l mt phng
qua A, M v ct mt phng (OCD) theo mt ng thng vung gc vi AM.
1) Gi E l giao im ca (P) vi OC, tnh di OE.
2) Tnh khong cch t C n mp(P).
3) Tnh t s th ca hai khi a din c to thnh khi ct khi chp C.AOBD bi mt phng
(P).
Bi 2. ( H 2001 )
Cho tam gic vung cn ABC c AB = AC = a, M l trung im BC. Trn cc na ng thng AA
1
,
MM
1
vung gc vi mt phng (ABC) v cng mt pha, ly tng ng cc im N, I sao cho 2MI =
NA = a. Gi H l chn ng vung gc h t A xung NB. Chng minh rng: AH NI.
Bi 3.
Trn ba tia Ox, oy, oz vung gc vi tng i mt ly ln lt cc im A, B, C. Gi s A c nh cn
B, C thay i sao cho OA = OB + OC. Hy xc nh v tr ca B, C sao cho th tch ca t din OABC
l ln nht.
Bi 4.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA = 3 a v vung vi y.
1) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SBC).
2) Tnh khong cch t tm O ca hnh vung n mt phng (SBC).
3) Tnh khong cch t trng tm ca tam gic SAB n mt phng (SAC).
Bi 5.
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn vi BA = BC = a, SA = a v vung gc vi
y. Gi M, N theo th t l trung im ca AB v AC.
1) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SAC) v mt phng (SBC).
2) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SEF) v mt phng (SBC).
Bi 6.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA = 2a v vung gc vi y.
1) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SBC), t C n mt phng (SBD).
2) MN ln lt l trung im ca AB, AD. CMR: MN // (SBD) v tnh khong cch t MN n
mt phng (SBD).
Bi 7.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi cnh AB = a, AD = 2a, SA = a v vung
gc vi y.
1) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SBD) v khong cch t trung im I ca SC n
mt phng (SBD).
2) Gi M l trung im ca cnh CD, tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SBM).
Bi 8.( KA 2000)
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D vi AB = AD = a, DC = 2a ,
SD = a v vung gc vi y.
1) Chng minh rng tam gic SBC vung v tnh din tch ca tam gic .
2) Tnh khong cch t A n mt phng (SBC).
Bi 9.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, SA = 2a v vung gc vi y.
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1) Gi M, N theo th t thuc BC, DC sao cho BM =
3
,
2 4
a a
DN = . Chng minh rng hai mt
phng (SAM) v mt phng (SMN) vung gc vi nhau.
2) Gi M, N theo th t thuc BC, DC sao cho BM = x, DN = y.
a. Tm h thc lin h gia x v y hai hai mt phng (SAM) v mt phng (SMN) vung gc vi
nhau.
b. Chng minh rng iu kin cn v nh din (M, SA, N) c s o bng 60
0
l :

2
3 ( ) a x y xy a + + = .
Bi 10.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l na lc gic u ni tip ng trn ng knh AB = 2a,
SA = 6 a v vung gc vi y.
1) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SAD) v mt phng (SBC); Tnh gc gia hai mt phng
(SCD) v mt phng (SBC).
2) Tnh khong cch t A , D n mt phng (SBC) v t ng thng AB n mt phng
(SCD).
3) Tnh din tch thit din ca hnh chp S.ABCD to bi mt phng ( ) song song vi mt
phng (SAB) v cch mt phng (SAB) mt khong bng
3
4
a
.
Bi 11.
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B vi AB = a, 2 SA a = v vung gc vi
y. Gi M l trung im ca AB. Tnh di ng vung chung ca SM v BC.
Bi 12.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ng cao AB = a, BC = 2a, SA = a
vung gc vi y, ngoi ra cn c SC vung gc vi BD.
1) Tnh AD.
2) Gi M l mt im trn on SA, t AM = x (0 x a). Tnh di ng cao DE ca tam
gic BDM. Xc nh x DE c gi tr ln nht, nh nht.
Bi 13.
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi y mt phng (ABC), ABC l tam gic vung ti B,
AB = a, AC = 2a, mt (SBC) hp vi mt (ABC) gc 60
0
.
1) Tm trn on BC im M cch u hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAC). Tnh khong cch .
2) Tm trn on SA im N cch u hai mt phng (SBC) v (SAC). Tnh khong cch .
3) Tm trn on AB im P cch u hai mt phng (SAC) v (SBC). Tnh khong cch .
Bi 14.
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti C vi AB = 2a, gc ZBAC = 30
0
, SA = 2a
v vung gc vi y . Gi M l mt im di ng trn cnh AC, t AM = x (0 x 3 a ).
1) Tnh khong cch t S n BM theo a v x.
2) Tm gi tr x khong cch trn c gi tr ln nht, nh nht.
Bi 15. ( H- KA 2001)
Cho t din SABC c SC = CA = AB = 2 a , SC vung gc vi mt phng (ABC), tam gic ABC
vung ti A, cc im M thuc SA v N thuc BC sao cho AM = CN = t (0 < t < 2a).
1) Tnh di on thng MN. Tm gi tr ca t on MN ngn nht.
2) Khi on MN ngn nht, chng minh MN l ng vung gc chung ca BC v SA.
Bi 16. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung cnh a, SA = a v vung gc vi y. Gi E l
trung im CD.
1) Tnh din tch ^SBE.
2) Tnh khong cch t nh C n (SBE).
3) (SBE) chia hnh chp thnh hai phn, tnh t s th tch hai phn .
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Bi 17. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung cnh a. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v
SA a 3 = .
1) Tnh khong cch t nh C n (SBD).
2) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SD v AC.
3) Tnh gc phng nh din [B, SC, D].
Bi 18. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y hnh vung cnh 3cm. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v
SA 3 2 = cm. Mp( ) o i qua A v vung gc vi SC ct cc cnh SB, SC, SD ln lt ti H, M, K.
1) Chng minh AH vung gc vi SB, AK vung gc vi SD.
2) Chng minh BD song song vi ( ) o .
3) Chng minh HK i qua trng tm G ca SAC ^ .
4) Tnh th tch hnh khi ABCDKMH.
Bi 18. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh ch nht, AB = a, AD = b. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi
y v SA = 2a. Gi M, N l trung im cnh SA, SD.
1) Tnh khong cch t A n (BCN).
2) Tnh khong cch gia SB v CN.
3) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SCD) v (SBC).
4) Tm iu kin ca a v b

3
cos CMN
3
= . Trong trng hp tnh th tch hnh chp
S.BCNM.
Bi 20. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = 2a. ng cao SA = 2a.
Trn cnh CD ly im M, t MD = m (0 m a) _ _ .
1) Tm v tr im M din tch SBM ^ ln nht, nh nht.
2) Cho
a
m
3
= , gi K l giao im ca BM v AD. Tnh gc phng nh din [A, SK, B].
Bai 21: Cho hnh vuong ABCD canh bang a tam I . Tren hai tia Ax, By cung chieu va cung vuong
goc vi mat phang (ABCD) lan lt lay hai iem M,N . at AM=x, CN=y
1) Tnh the tch hnh chop ABCMN.
2) CMR ieu kien can va u e goc MIN=90
0
la 2xy=a
2
.
Bai 22: Cho hnh chop S.ABC co ay la tam giac vuong can ABC vi canh huyen AB = 4 2 .
Canh ben SC (ABC) va SC = 2 .Goi M la trung iem cua AC, N la trung iem AB
1) Tnh goc cua hai ng thang SM va CN
2) Tnh o dai oan vuong goc chung cua SM va CN.
















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10
Phn II. 2 .
HNH CHP C MT MT BN ( HOC MT CHO) VUNG GC VI Y
* Lu : ng cao ca hnh chp l cnh ng cao ca mt bn hoc mt cho .

V d .
Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay ABCD la hnh vuong canh a. Mat ben SAB la tam giac eu va
vuong goc vi ay. Goi H la trung iem cua AB va M la iem di ong tren canh BC. Chng minh
SH vuong goc (ABCD). at x = CM vi 0 x a (a 0) s s > .
Tnh khoang cach t S en DM. Tm x e khoang cach nay ln nhat.
Gii.
Ta co:
(SAB) (ABCD), (SAB) (ABCD) AB
SH AB
=

SH (ABCD)
Chon he truc Hxyz, vi Hx, Hy, Hz
a
oi mot vuong goc, H(0; 0; 0), A ; 0; 0 ,
2
a a a
B ; 0; 0 , C ; a; 0 , D ; a; 0 ,
2 2 2
a 3 a
S 0; 0; , M ; a x; 0 , 0 x a; a 0
2 2
| |

|
\ .
| | | | | |

| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| |
| |
s s >
| |
\ . \ .

x
2 2
a a 3
SD ; a; , DM (a; x; 0), DM a x
2 2
| |
= = = +
|
\ .


2
2
ax 3 a 3 ax
[SD; DM' ; ; a
2 2 2
| |
=
|
\ .



2 2 4 2
2 2 2
3a x 2a a a
[SD; DM] (x 2a) 4x 4ax 7a
4 4 4 2
= + + = +


Khoang cach t S en ng thang DM:

2 2
2 2
[SD; DM] a 4x 4ax 7a
d(S; DM)
2 x a
DM
+
= =
+

.
Xet ham so:
2 2
2 2
4x 4ax 7a
f(x) ,
x a
+
=
+
vi 0 x a (a 0) s s >

2 2
/
2 2 2
2a(2x 3ax 2a )
f (x)
(x a )

=
+


/ 2 2
a
f (x) 0 2x 3ax 2a 0 x hay x 2a.
2
= = = =




z
S
a 3
2

A
D
C
B
a
2
M
x
H
y
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Bang bien thien:
x
a
2
0 a 2a
f
/
(x) + 0 - - - 0 +
f(x)


7
7
2


T bang bien thien ta co: maxf(x) 7 = tai x = 0.
Vy: Maxd(S; DM) =
7
2
a
, t c khi x = 0.
BI TP
Bi 1. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. SAD ^ u v vung gc vi (ABCD).
Gi H l trung im ca AD.
1) Tnh d(D, (SBC)), d(HC, SD).
2) Mt phng ( ) o qua H v vung gc vi SC ti I. Chng t ( ) o ct cc cnh SB, SD.
3) Tnh gc phng nh din [B, SC, D].
Bai 2: Cho hnh thoi ABCD tam O, canh bang a va AC=a, T trung iem H cua canh AB dng
SH(ABCD) vi SH=a
1) Tnh khoang cach t O en mat phang (SCD).
2) Tnh khoang cach t A en mat phang (SBC).
Bi 3. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a. T trung im H ca cnh AB dng SH vung gc vi
mt phng (ABCD) sao cho nh din cnh AD ca hnh chp S.ABCD c s o bng 60
0
.
1) Tnh SH v khong cch t H n mt phng (SCD).
2) Gi K l trung im cnh AD. Chng minh CK SD v tnh s o nh din (A, SD, C)
3) Tnh gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v mt phng ( SCK).
Bi 4. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. Mt bn SAD l tam gic u v vung
gc vi (ABCD). Gi H l trung im ca AB.
1) Tnh gc gia DB v mt phng (SAD).
2) Tnh gc gia DS v mt phng (SCH).















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12
Phn II. 3 .
HNH CHP U
* Lu : Chn ng cao ca hnh chp l tm ca a gic y.
V d 1. (H. K A 2002).
Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c di cnh y l a. Gi M, N l trung im SB, SC. Tnh theo
a din tch ^AMN, bit (AMN) vung gc vi (SBC).
Gii
Gi O l hnh chiu ca S trn (ABC), ta suy ra O
l trng tm ABC ^ . Gi I l trung im ca BC,
ta c:
3 a 3
AI BC
2 2
= =
a 3 a 3
OA , OI
3 6
= = =
Trong mp(ABC), ta v tia Oy vung gc vi OA.
t SO = h, chn h trc ta nh hnh v ta
c:
O(0; 0; 0), S(0; 0; h),
a 3
A ; 0; 0
3
1

( )

a 3
I ; 0; 0
6
1

=

( )
,
a 3 a
B ; ; 0
6 2
1

( )
,
a 3 a
C ; ; 0
6 2
1

( )
,
a 3 a h
M ; ;
12 4 2
1

( )

v
a 3 a h
N ; ;
12 4 2
1

( )
.

2
(AMN)
ah 5a 3
n AM, AN ; 0;
4 24
1
l
= = =

l
l
( )

,
2
(SBC)
a 3
n SB, SC ah; 0;
6
1
l
= =

l
l
( )

2 2
2
(AMN) (SBC)
AMN
5a 1 a 10
(AMN) (SBC) n .n 0 h S AM, AN
12 2 16
^
l
l = = = = = = =
l
l


.
V d 2.
Cho hnh chp SABC, cc cnh u c di bng 1, O l tm ca AABC. I l trung im ca SO.

1) Mt phng (BIC) ct SA ti M. Tm t l th tch ca t din SBCM v t din SABC.
2) H l chn ng vung gc h t I xung cnh SB. CMR: IH i qua trng tm G ca ASAC.
Gii.
Chn h trc Oxyz sao cho O l gc ta
AeOx, S eOz, BC//Oy
Ta cc im:
3
( ; 0; 0)
3
A ;
3 1
( ; ; 0)
6 2
B ;
3 1
( ; ; 0)
6 2
C ;
6
(0; 0 )
3
S ;
6
(0; 0; )
6
I
Ta c: (0;1; 0) =

BC ;
3 1 6
( ; ; )
6 2 6
=

IC ;
6 3
, ( ; 0; )
6 6
(
=


BC IC

z
x
y

I
O
H
A
C
S
G
N

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Phng trnh mt phng (IBC) l:
6 3 6
( 0) 0( 0) ( ) 0
6 6 6
+ + = x y z
Hay:
6
2 0
6
+ = z m ta li c:
3 6
( ; 0; ) // (1; 0; 2)
3 3
=

SA SA SA u
Phng trnh ng thng SA:
3
;
3
= + x t 0; 2 = = y z t .
+ Ta im M l nghim ca h:
3
(1)
3
0 (2)
2 (3)
6
2 0(4)
6

= +

+ =

x t
y
y t
x z
Thay (1) (2) (3) vo (4) c:
3 6 3 6
; 0; ( ; 0; )
12 4 12 4
= = = x y z M ;
3 6
( ; 0; ) 4
12 12
= =

SM SA SM
M nm trn on SA v
1
4
=
SM
SA
( )
1
( ) 4
=
SBCM
SABC
V
V
.
2. Do G l trng tm ca AASC SG i qua trung im N ca AC GI c (SNB) GI v SB ng
phng (1). Ta li c ta :
G
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 9
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 18
=

GI
3 1 6
( ; ; )
18 6 18
=

GI . 0 (2) =

GI SB GI SB
T (1) v (2) = GI SB H

V d 3.
Cho t dien eu SABC co canh la a. Dng dng cao SH.
1) Chng minh SA BC. Tnh the tch va dien tch toan phan cua hnh chop SABC.
2) Goi O la trung iem cua SH. Chng minh rang OA, OB, OC oi mot vuong goc vi nhau.
Gii
1) Goi M la trung iem BC
a 3
AM BC, AM
2
= . Goi SH la ng cao cua t dien eu,
nen SH la truc ng tron (ABC) H la tam ng tron (ABC)
2 a 3
AH AM .
3 3
= =
Dng he truc Axyz, vi Ax, Ay, Az oi mot vuong goc,
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
a a 3 a a 3 a 3 a 6
A(0; 0; 0), B ; ; 0 , C ; ; 0 , S 0; ; ,
2 2 2 2 3 3
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
a 3 a 3
M 0; ; 0 , H 0; ; 0 .
2 3
a 3 a 6
BC ( a; 0; 0), SA 0; ;
3 3
| |
= =
|
\ .

. Ta co:
a 3 a 6
SA.BC 0.( a) .0 .0 0 SA BC
3 3
= + + =

. Vay, SA BC.

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14
.
The tch hnh chop:
2 3
ABC
1 1 a 6 a 3 a 2
V .SH.S . .
3 3 3 4 12
= = = .
Dien tch toan phan:
2
2
tp ABC
a 3
S 4.S 4. a . 3.
4
= = =
2) O la trung iem SH toa o
a 3 a 6
O 0; ;
3 6
| |
|
\ .

a 3 a 6 a a 3 a 6 a a 3 a 6
OA 0; ; , OB ; ; , OC ; ;
3 6 2 6 6 2 6 6
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

. Ta co:
2 2
a a 3 a 3 a 6 a 6 a a
OA.OB 0. . . 0 OA OB.
2 3 6 6 6 6 6
= + = =


Chng minh tng t ta cung co: OB OC, OC OA.
Vay, OA, OB, OC oi mot vuong goc nhau.


BI TP
Bi 1.
Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD. Gi I l trung im ca ng cao SO vi O l tm ca ABCD.
Bit khong cch t I n cnh bn v mt bn ca hnh chp theo th t bng p, q, Tnh th tch ca
hnh chp.
Bi 2.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung tm O cnh a, SO vung gc vi y. Gi M, N
theo th t l trung im ca SA v BC. Bit rng gc gia MN v mt phng (ABCD) bng 60
0
.
1) Tnh MN v SO.
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
M
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
z
x
y
I
O
B
A
C
S
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2) Tnh gc gia MN v mt phng (SBD).
Bi 3.
Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD cnh bng 2a. Gi d
1
, d
2
, d
3
, d
4
theo th t l khong cch t
im M bt k thuc y ABCD ti cc mt bn.
CMR: Tng d
1
+ d
2
+ d
3
+ d
4
khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im M.
Bi 4.
Cho hnh chp u S.ABC, gi O l trng tm tam gic ABC v I l trung im SO. Chng minh rng
IA, IB, Ic i mt vuong goc vi nhau.
Bi 5.
Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c ng cao SO = 1 v y Abc c cnh bng 6 a . Gi M, N
theo th t l trung im AB, AC. Tnh th tch hnh chp S.AMN v bn knh mt cu ngoi tip hnh
chp.
Bi 6. Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c di cnh y l a, ng cao SH = h. Mt phng ( ) o
i qua AB v vung gc vi SC.
1. Tm iu kin ca h theo a ( ) o ct cnh SC ti K.
2. Tnh din tch ABK ^ .
3. Tnh h theo a ( ) o chia hnh chp thnh hai phn c th tch bng nhau. Chng t rng khi tm
mt cu ni tip v ngoi tip trng nhau.



























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16
Phn II. 4 .
HNH CHP C CC CNH BN BNG NHAU
( Hay hnh chp c cc cnh bn to vi y cc gc bng nhau)
* Lu : Chn ng cao ca hnh chp trng vi tm ca ng trn ngoi tip a gic y.
V d .
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh a, SA = SB = SC, khong cch t S n mt
phng (ABC) bng h. Tm iu kin ca a v h hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAC) vuong goc vi nhau.
BI TP
Cho t dien OABC (vuong tai O), biet rang OA,OB,OC lan lt hp vi mat phang (ABC) cac
goc , , . Chng minh rang:
1)
2 2 2
cos cos cos 2 + + =
2)
2 2 2 2
ABC OCA OBC OAB
S S S S
A A A A
= + +

Phn II. 5 .
HNH CHP C CC MT BN NGHING U TRN Y
* Lu : Chn ng cao ca hnh chp trng vi tm ca ng trn ni tip a gic y.
V d .
Cho t dien OABC co ba canh OA;OB;OC oi mot vuong goc . Goi ; ; o | lan lt la cac goc
gia mat phang (ABC) vi cac mat phang (OBC);(OCA) va (OAB).
Chng minh rang :
1)
2 2 2
cos cos cos 1 + + =
2) cos cos cos 3 o + | + s
BI TP
Cho hnh cu bn knh R ni tip trong hnh chp. y ca hnh chp l hnh thoi c gc nhn , cc
mt bn ca hnh chp to vi y gc . Tnh th tch ca hnh chp.

Phn II. 6 .
CC LOI HNH CHP KHC
V d 1.
Cho hnh chp S.ABCD y l hnh thoi ABCD c tm O, SO l ng cao ca hnh chp. M l trung
im cnh SC. SO = 2 a , AC = 4, BD = 2.
1) Tnh gc v khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BM.
2) Gi s mt phng (ABM) ct ng thng SD ti N. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABMN.
3) Chng minh rng mi im thuc ng cao ca hnh chp cch u bn mt bn ca hnh
chp.
BI TP.
Cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Trn cc na ng thng At, Ct vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD) v
nm cng pha i vi mt phng (ABCD) ln lt ly cc im M, N tng ng. t AM = m,
CN = n, AB = a, BC = b.
1) Tm iu kin ca a, b, m, n mt phng (MBD) vung gc vi mt phng (NBD).
2) Trong trng hp mt phng (MBD) vung gc vi mt phng (NBD). Hy tm gi tr nh
nht ca t din ACMN theo a, b, m, n.