B cc bi tiu lun Phn m u I. Phn ni dung I.1. LPG 1, LPG l g ?

2, Phn loi 3, Ngun gc 4, Thnh phn ca LPG 5, Tnh cht c bn ca LPG 6, Ch tiu nh gi cht lng LPG 7, u nhc im ca LPG 8, So snh tnh nng ca LPG vi cc loi nhin liu khc 9, ng dng 10, Th trng LPG Vit Nam v th gii 11, Cc phng php sn xut LPG chnh 12, Cc vn thng gp trong s dng GAS v khc phc I.2. LNG 1, LNG l g ? 2, Phn loi

3, Ngun gc 4,Thnh phn ca LNG 5,Tnh cht c bn ca LNG 6, Ch tiu nh gi cht lng LNG 7,u nhc im ca LNG 8, Cc cng on chnh trong sn xut LNG 9, Cc cng ngh sn xut hin nay 10, ng dng 11, Th trng LNG 12, Lch s pht trin LNG I.3. CNG 1, CNG l g ? 2, Phn loi 3, Ngun gc 4,Thnh phn ca CNG 5,Tnh cht c bn ca CNG 6,u nhc im ca CNG 7, ng dng 8, Th trng CNG Vit Nam v th gii

9, An ton trong s dng CNG Phn kt lun Ti liu tham kho

Chi tit Phn m u

I. Phn ni dung Kh ha lng c rt nhiu loi v c nhiu ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc trong cuc sng v sn xut. Nhng chng ta ch xt ba loi chnh l : LPG, LNG, CNG. I.1. LPG 1, LPG l g ? LPG ( Liquefied Petroleum Gas) l kh du m ha lng hay kh ha lng c thnh phn chnh l Propane v Butane. 2, Phn loi Ch yu LPG c phn loi theo ch tiu s khc nhau v tinh khit (hm lng propan v butan) hoc t l thnh phn ca propan : butan. 3, Ngun gc LPG tn ti trong thin nhin cc ging du hoc ging gas v cng c th sn xut cc nh my lc du. Nguyn liu ban u dng sn xut LPG l dng kh thin nhin khai thc t cc m du hoc qua qu trnh x l du th thu c LPG. V c bn, quy trnh sn xut LPG gm cc bc sau: Lm sch kh: loi b cc tp cht bng phng php lng, lc... Sau khi loi b cc tp cht, kh nguyn liu cn li ch yu l cc hydrocarbon nh etan, propan, butan

 Tch kh: hn hp kh nguyn liu cn c tch ring tng kh s dng v pha trn cho tng mc ch s dng khc nhau. C th dng cc phng php tch kh nh phng php nn, hp th, lm lnh tng bc, lm lnh bng gin n kh Qua h thng cc dy chuyn tch kh c th thu c propan v butan tng i tinh khit vi nng t 96-98%. Pha trn: cc kh thu c ring bit li c pha trn theo cc t l th tch khc nhau ty theo yu cu. Hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam c kh nhiu loi LPG khc nhau do cc hng cung cp vi cc t l propan: butan l 30:70, 40:60, 50:50 i vi LPG c t l l 30:70, 40:60 thng c s dng trong sinh hot. Cn t l pha trn 50:50 thng c s dng lm nguyn liu trong cc ngnh cng nghip nh nu thy tinh, sn xut c quy, c kh ng tu... Khi chuyn t th lng sang th kh, LPG c t l gin n rt ln. 1 lt LPG lng s to ra khong 250 lt kh. Do vy trong cc bn cha LPG khng bao gi c np y, chng c quy nh ch cha t 80% - 85% dung tch. Sn xut LPG khng kh nhng c l vn tn tr LPG lun l mt tr ngi v chi ph xy dng cc bn cha LPG kh cao. c c mt kho cha LPG 1.000 tn theo ng tiu chun, cn khong 60 t ng. V l bn cha chu p lc cao nn phi tun th cc quy nh trong tiu chun TCVN 6486-1999 hay TCVN 7441-2004. Kho LPG ca PVGas Vit Nam hin c sc cha ln nht nc nhng cng cha c ti a 7.000 tn. Vi s lng ny, ch hai tu bm trong vi ngy l ht. Do khng c kho cha ln nn cc doanh nghip thng khng dm k hp ng nhp khu di hn vi s lng ln; hoc k hp ng nhng khng th

cng lc chuyn v vi khi lng ln. V vy cc doanh nghip thng b ng trong vic bnh n th trng, v cng l l do khin th trng LPG trong nc thng c nhiu bin ng v gi so vi th gii. 4, Thnh phn ca LPG Thnh phn ca LPG ch yu l propan v butan ngoi ra c mt s cht khc na nhng rt t do tinh ch cha sch hoc l do cho thm vo ci thin tnh cht no ca LPG hoc vi mc ch no (cht to mi). Thnh phn ca LPG th c th bin ng theo tng c s sn xut v do ng dng ca n. Nhng thng thng th t l propan : butan = 50 : 50 nhng i khi l 30:70, 40:60 ty thuc c s v mc ch s dng. 5, Tnh cht c bn LPG Tnh cht ca LPG ph thuc vo thnh phn ca n. Ta c tnh cht ca cc thnh phn ca n nh sau: C TRNG K THUT CA LPG S T T C TNH LPG PHNG PHP TH

MIN 1 2 3 T trng ti 150C p sut hi 37.80C (Kpa) Thnh phn (% khi 0.55 420

c trng 0.55 460

MAX 0.575 1000 ASTM D1657 ASTM D2598 ASTM D2163

lng ): + Ethane + Propane + Butane + Pentane v thnh phn khc 4 n mn l ng (37.80C /gi) Nc t do( % khi lng ): Sulphur sau khi to mi (PPM) Cn cn li sau khi ho hi ( % khi lng ): H2S ( % khi lng ): Nhit lng : + KJ/Kg 9 + Kcal/m3 (150C , 760 mm Hg) + Kcal/kg 10 Nhit lng 1 kg LPG tng ng : + in (KW.h) + Du ha (Lt) 50000 26000 11.300 12.000 1A 1A 40 40 50 50 2 60 60 2

1A

ASTM D1838

20

25

30

ISO 4260

7 8

0 0

0 0

0.05 0

ASTM D2158 ASTM D2420

14 1.5-2 3-4

+ Than (kg) + Ci g (kg) Nhit chy (0C) : 11 + Trong khng kh + Trong oxy 12 T l ho hi : Lng ---> Hi Gii hn chy trong khng kh (% th tch)

7-9

1900 2900 250 ln

13

2-10

Nhng ni chung th LPG: -Khng mu , khng mi , khng c hi ( nhng c pha thm cht Etylmecaptan c mi c trng d pht hin khi c r x gas ) - Nhit si ca gas thp ( t - 45 n - 2oC ) nn gas lng tip xc trc tip vi da s b phng lnh -Trong iu kin nhit mi trng gas bc hi rt mnh lit , khi gas chuyn t trng thi lng sang hi th th tch tng n 250 ln -p sut ca gas ph thuc vo nhit mi trng , khi nhit tng th p sut gas s tng v ngc li . Trong iu kin nhit khu vc pha nam th p sut gas dao ng trong khong t 4 - 7 kg/cm2

-T trng ca gas lng nh hn nc , khi lng ring trong khong DL = 0.51 0.575 Kg/Lt -T trng gas hi nng hn khng kh DH = 1.51 - 2 ln , nn gas b r x s tch ni trng , thp hn mt bng xung quanh ( cng , rnh )

6, Ch tiu nh gi cht lng LPG Cc ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca LPG c lit k trong bng sau: STT Cc ch tiu n v Mc cht tnh Kpa Ppm % kl Kg/l lng 1430 140 Phng php th ASTM D1267 - 95 ASTM D2784 - 98

01 p sut hi 37,8 C Hm lng lu hunh, 02 max 03 Hm lng nc t do n mn tm ng 04 trong 01 gi 37,8 C 05 T trng 15C Thnh phn: - Hm lng Etan - Hm lng Butan v cc cht nng hn, max 06 - Hm lng Pentan v cc cht nng hn, max

Khng c Quan st bng mt thng S 1 S liu bo co s liu bo co s liu bo co 2,00 s liu bo co ASTM D1838 - 91 ASTM D1657 - 91

% mol % mol % mol % mol

ASTM D2163 - 91 ASTM D2163 - 91 ASTM D2163 - 91 ASTM D2163 - 91

- Hydrocarbon kh ng bo ha

07

Thnh phn cn sau khi bc hi 100ml, max

ml

ASTM D1267 - 95

7, u nhc im ca LPG -u im: +Ta nng lng (nhit) kh cao:mi kg LPG cung cp khong 12.000 kcal nng lng, tng ng nhit nng ca 2 kg than ci hay 1,3 lt du ha hoc 1,5 lt xng. + Vic sn sinh ra cc loi cht ( kh NOx ,SOx )kh c v tp cht trong qu trnh chy thp lm cho LPG tr thnh mt trong nhng ngun nhin liu thn thin vi mi trng. +D chy v th nn hiu sut chy cao, chy hon ton, t gy nhim +Nhit chy cao (c th t 1900-1950oC ) nn c th nung chy hu ht mi th. + Vn tc bay hi ca LPG rt nhanh, d dng khuych tn, ha trn vi khng kh thnh hn hp chy tt. +V c tng i t thnh phn hn nn d t c ng t l pha trn nhin liu, cho php sn phm chy hon ton. Vic ny lm cho LPG c cc c tnh ca mt ngun nhin liu t sch. +C Propane v Butane u d ha lng v c th cha c trong cc bnh p lc. Nhng c tnh ny lm cho loi nhin liu ny d vn chuyn, v v th c th chuyn ch trong cc bnh hay bn gas n ngi tiu dng cui cng.

+LPG l loi nhin liu thay th rt tt cho xng trong cc ng c nh la.Trong mt ng c c iu chnh hp l, c tnh chy sch gip gim lng cht thi thot ra, ko di tui th. +Nh mt cht thay th cho cht n y aerosol v cht lm ng, LPG c chn thay cho fluorocarbon vn c bit n nh mt nhn t lm thng tng ozone. +Vi cc c tnh l ngun nhin liu sch v d vn chuyn, LPG cung cp mt ngun nng lng thay th cho cc nhin liu truyn thng nh: ci, than, v cc cht hu c khc. Vic ny cung cp gii php hn ch vic ph rng v gim c bi trong khng kh gy ra bi vic t cc nhin liu truyn thng. -Nhc im: + Do hi LPG c t trng vi khng kh ln hn 1 (T trng LPG nh hn so vi nc l: Butane t 0,55 0,58 ln, Propane t 0,5 0,53 ln; th hi (gas) trong mi trng khng kh vi p sut bng p sut kh quyn, gas nng hn so vi khng kh: Butane 2,07 ln; Propane 1,55 ln) nn khi thot ra ngoi s bay l l trn mt t, tch t nhng ni kn gi, nhng ni trng, nhng hang hc ca kho cha, bpthm ch l mt nc rt d gy chy n. +Mu sc: LPG trng thi nguyn cht khng mu khng c mi nn kh nhn bit s c mt ca n (khc phc nhc im ny LPG c pha trn thm cht to mi Mercaptan vi t l nht nh c mi c trng nn c th nhn bit bng khu gic). +LPG l loi nhin liu d chy khi kt hp vi khng kh to thnh hn hp chy n. t ti gii hn nng chy, di tc dng ca ngun nhit hoc ngn la trn s bt chy lm ph hy thit b, c s vt cht, cng trnh.

+LPG tn ti nhit thng vi p sut kh cao nn cn phi c bo qun ni c p sut cao. V vy i hi cc thit b cha phi c bn cao 8, So snh tnh nng ca LPG vi cc loi nhin liu khc Sn lng kh du m ha lng trn th gii t 130 triu tn trong nm 1995 v trong nm 2000 con s ny tng ln n trn 200 triu tn. Kh du m ha lng c pht trin v thng mi ha t nhng nm 1950. Trc y, chng c dng ch yu cho cng nghip v sinh nhit gia dng. Vic nghin cu s dng LPG trn phng tin giao thng vn ti mi c tin hnh trong nhng thp nin gn y. gp phn lm gim nhim mi trng khng kh, mt s nc p dng chnh sch thu c bit khuyn khch ngi dn s dng kh LPG chng hn nh H lan, , Hn quc Hnh bn di gii thiu t l t s dng LPG ti mt s quc gia trn th gii.

T l t s dng LPG ti mt s nc trn th gii Qu trnh chy ca LPG din ra thun li hn nhiu so vi xng do hn hp

c ha trn tt. Mt khc LPG th kh trong iu kin kh tri nn khng c lp nhin liu lng ngng t trn thnh xy lanh hay thnh ng ng np do gim thnh phn cc cht kh cha chy trong kh thi ng c. Thc nghim cho thy t chy bng LPG d dng tha mn nhng tiu chun kht khe nht ca lut mi trng hin nay. Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng, t LPG c mc pht nhim gim 80% i vi CO, 55% i vi HC v 85% i vi NOx so vi ng c xng cng c. Ngoi ra s dng nhin liu LPG cng gp phn lm a dng ha ngun nng lng s dng cho giao thng vn ti. Do LPG c cc c tnh k thut nh c tnh chng kch n cao, khng c ch (khi so vi xng pha ch) nn sn phm chy khng c mui than, khng c hin tng ng mng nn ng c lm vic vi LPG t gy kch n hn, t gy mi mn xy lanh, piston, segment, v cc chi tit kim loi khc trong ng c. So snh kh thi ca cc xe chy bng xng, diesel v LPG

So snh kh thi ca mt s loi xe chy bng Diesel, xng v LPG

Ngun sn xut v c tnh kh thi ng c s dng Propane Qua cc nghin cu thc nghim qu trnh chy ca ng c s dng LPG, t cc kt qu thc nghim cc nh nghin cu rt ra c nhng kt lun sau :

 Tc chy ca hn hp LPG khng kh ln hn tc chy ca hn hp xng khng kh v ph thuc vo tc ng c. Do cn iu chnh li gc nh la sm khi chuyn ng c xng sang LPG. Hn hp LPG khng kh c th chy n nh gii hn di ca m c. V vy c th thit k ng c lm vic vi hn hp long nng cao tnh kinh t v gim nhim mi trng.

9,ng dng LPG c s dng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh sau: Dn dng: cc h gia nh s dng LPG lm nhin liu, cht t trong sinh hot theo hnh thc s dng bnh gas 12kg. (t l propan :butan = 30 :70 hoc 40 :60) Thng mi: ch yu l cc khch sn, nh hng, khu vui chi gii tr s dng bnh gas 45kg. (t l propan :butan = 30 :70 hoc 40 :60) Tiu th cng nghip: cc nh my s dng LPG lm nhin liu phc v sn xut nh nh my sn xut gm, s, thy tinh, gch men, ch bin thc phm, nng sn, thy sn y l ngun tiu th LPG quan trng Vit Nam. (LPG c t l propan :butan = 50 :50) Giao thng vn ti: s dng LPG thay th cho cc nhin liu truyn thng nh

xng, du; v xanh ha nhin liu. Tuy nhin n thi im hin nay vic s dng LPG trong giao thng vn ti cn khim tn. i ngoi ng thnh thong chng ta bt gp nhng chic taxi xanh vi nhin liu LPG ca hng Petrolimex. Kt qu th nghim s dng b chuyn i LPG cho xe taxi s tit kim c khong 25-29% chi ph so vi chy xng. Vit Nam cng bt u ng dng LPG lm nhin liu thay xng cho xe gn my. Thng k t c s d liu sng ch (SC), trn th gii, t nm 1955 n nay c 4.259 SC v kh ha lng v cc ng dng ca n. Ba nc dn u s lng sng ch LPG l Hn Quc (1.181 SC), Trung Quc (1.155 SC) v Nht Bn (834 SC). Cc doanh nghip chu cng l nhng n v s hu nhiu sng ch LPG nht nh Hyundai (371 SC), Kia (106 SC), Toyota (98 SC) Ti Vit Nam s lng sng ch v LPG c khong hn 10 SC, ch yu l cc SC ng dng LPG vo lm nhin liu cho ng c xe, trong GS. TSKH. Bi Vn Ga (Gim c i hc Nng) c 5 SC. 10,Th trng LPG Vit Nam v th gii Th trng LPG Vit Nam Ngun cung LPG Nhng nm gn y chng ta c qu nhiu chuyn ni v cng nghip du kh Vit Nam. Vo nhng nm 70 ca th k trc, vi s gip ca cc chuyn gia Lin X bt u c nhng iu tra c bn v quy m v tin nng du kh Vit Nam. Khi u tht bi khin nhiu ngi cho rng Vit Nam tuy s hu 1 thm lc a di v rng nhng khng h tn ti cc m du kh. May mn v 1 cht kin nhn pht l tim nng du kh Vit Nam. Tuy nhin thc t rng

nhng g ngnh du kh lm c t n nay vn ch l vic xut khu du th thu ngoi t v li em ngoi t mua cc sn phm du m qua ch bin vi gi chc chn l cao hn. Tt nhin khng th 1 sm 1 chiu a nn CN du kh VN ln 1 ng cp mi c, nhng tht s vic ch i khin nhiu ngi mt kin nhn trong vn m bo an ninh nng lng, pht trin kinh bn vng, n nh an ninh quc phng... LPG do nh my x l kh Dinh C (B Ra-Vng Tu) sn xut p ng khong 30% nhu cu th trng LPG Vit Nam. Sn lng LPG d kin nm 2009 s t khong 270.000 tn. D kin sn lng LPG Dinh C s t khong 230.000 tn vo nm 2010, gim dn xung cn 173.000 tn vo nm 2015, tng tr li mc 279.000 tn vo nm 2020 v t mc 230.000 tn vo nm 2025 (s liu bo co u t d n Kho LPG lnh Th Vi ca PVGAS). Sn phm LPG ca nh my Dinh C c Quatest 3 cp chng nhn ph hp vi tiu chun quc t ASTM D 1835-03. K t nm 2009, th trng LPG Vit Nam c thm ngun cung LPG mi t nh my lc du Dung Qut. T thng 7/2009, nh my lc du Dung Qut chnh thc cung cp LPG cho th trng vi sn lng khong 130.000 tn (nm 2009), cc nm tip theo s cung ng cho th trng khong 340.000 tn/nm. Sn lng LPG sn xut ni a trong nm 2009 t khong 400.000 tn, p ng khong 42% nhu cu c nc. Hng nm, Vit Nam vn phi nhp khu thm LPG t cc quc gia ln cn nh Thi Lan, Malaysia, Singapore, i Loan, Trung Quc. Tuy nhin trong nhng nm gn y, ngun cung LPG cho th trng Vit Nam t cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam ngy cng tr nn khan him v khng n nh. D kin trong tng

lai, ngun cung LPG nhp khu cho th trng Vit Nam s ch yu t cc nc thuc khu vc Trung ng. C nc hin c khong 60 doanh nghip tham gia th trng kinh doanh LPG, v cng c chng y thng hiu. Trong cc thng hiu LPG y, c nhiu thng hiu c tnh gian ln thng mi nh sang chit gas tri php, nhi bao b mu m, s dng v bnh gas khng bo m quy chun an ton v chnh ngi tiu dng b nh hng quyn li trc tip. Cch y hn 10 nm, Thi Lan cng l nc lon thng hiu LPG nh Vit Nam. Sau , ngnh LPG Thi Lan t chc quy hoch sp xp li. n nay, Thi Lan ch cn 5 thng hiu d nhu cu tiu th LPG ca Thi Lan cao gp 4 ln Vit Nam. Hin nay, Vit Nam c th tm chia ra 4 cm khai thc kh quan trng. - Cm kh th nht nm vng ng bng Bc B, gm nhiu m kh nh, trong c Tin Hi - Thi Bnh, tr lng khong 250 t m3 kh (?), c bt u khai thc nm 1981 phc v cho cng nghip a phng. - Cm kh th 2 thuc vng bin Cu Long, gm c 4 m du Bch H, Rng, Rng ng, Ru Bi. - Cm th 3 vng bin Nam Cn Sn gm m i Hng ang khai thc v cc m kh pht hin khu vc xung quanh Lan Ty, Lan , Hi Thch, Mc Tinh. - Cm m th 4 ti thm lc a Ty Nam gm c m BungaKewa - Ci Nc. Cng nghip kh i hi phi c cng ngh ng b t khai thc, vn chuyn, ch bin v tiu th. Ngun tiu th u tin l d n khai thc v dn kh vo b cho cc nh my in Ph M I v Ph M II, nh my sn xut phn m. Cng

vi n, ngy 1/1/1995 nh nc quyt nh cho nh my in B Ra - Vng Tu s dng kh ng hnh thay diezen, ng thi xy dng nh my kh Dinh C ti B Ra vi cng sut thit k l vn chuyn vo b 3 triu m3 kh/ngy v s c nng ln 3,5 - 4 t m3 kh/nm. y l nh my x l kh u tin ca nc ta chnh thc hot ng, cung cp LPG phc v cho cng nghip v dn dng. LPG c sn xut ti Dinh C s dng ngun nguyn liu l kh ng hnh c vn chuyn t cc m Bch H, Rng, i Hng. Kh ng hnh ti cc m ny c hm lng H2S v CO2 rt thp (0,4 - 4%) rt thun li cho ch bin v s dng (kh ngt). Du m Bch H c t xut kh ha tan trung bnh l 180m3/tn ngha l c mt tn du trong iu kin m c p sut ln hn p sut bo ha khi khai thc ln c th tch ra 180m3 kh. y l mt ngun nguyn liu rt di do thc y nhanh ngnh cng nghip ch bin kh ca nc ta, ng thi thc y s pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip khc c lin quan. Ti nguyn du kh c hn trong khi CN du kh ha du VN vn hu nh cha c g nn bn cnh vic pht hin, khai thc du kh vi sn lng ngy cng tng th y cng chnh l 1 s lng ph ti nguyn thin nhin ca t nc.

Nhu cu LPG Min Nam vn c xem l th trng ln nht v c nhu cu tiu th cao nht, chim khong 66% nhu cu LPG ca c nc, min Bc v min Trung chim khong 30% v 4%. Theo s liu d bo mi nht, nhu cu tiu th LPG ca Vit Nam n nhng nm

2010 s t khong 1,3 triu tn vi mc tng trng bnh qun mi nm l 10%. n nm 2015 nhu cu LPG khong 2 triu tn. Vi d bo trn, th trng LPG Vit Nam ha hn tim nng pht trin to ln.

Th trng LPG th gii Gi LPG th gii 2 nm qua dao ng vi bin kh rng. Thng 6/2008, gi propan giao ngay ti khu vc Bc u trung bnh l gn 950 USD/tn nhng ti thng 12/2008 n gim gn 340 USD/tn. Thng 3/2010, gi propan giao ngay trung bnh tr li mc gi 700 USD/tn. c bit trong nm 2009, sn xut LPG th gii gim st xung mc k lc, mc tng trng ca th trng ch l 0.1%, nu so snh vi mc tng trng trung bnh

0.6% - 6.5%/nm trong sut giai on 25 nm v trc th r rng l rt ti t. Tuy nhin s phc hi ca nn kinh t th gii v vic gi du h nhit tc ng nhiu ti th trng LPG trong nm nay. V cng chnh l nhng nhn t quan trng tc ng ti cung, cu v gi LPG trong giai on tip theo. Ngoi ra, s tin b ca khoa hc cng ngh v cc ngun nhin liu mi, gip ngun cung LPG tr nn a dng hn. Nhng yu t mang tnh cht bt thng nh thi tit lnh gi ko di ti M v Chu u 2009-2010 cng l mt trong nhng yu t tc ng ti nhu cu loi nng lng ny. Ngun cung LPG th gii. LPG v cc loi kh ha lng khc u l sn phm ca cng nghip khai thc v ch bin du kh. V vy, bt c mt s thay i ln nh no trong qu trnh khai thc v ch bin du kh u c nhng nh hng nht nh ti th trng LPG. Hin nay, khong 35% LPG l sn xut ra t kh thin nhin, 24% t ngun kh ng hnh v khong 41% cn li l sn phm t qu trnh lc ha du. Nm 2008, cc nc OPEC sn xut khong 45% lng du th th gii. Nm 2009, tng nhu cu du th th gii st gim khong 1.7% lm cho sn lng khai thc ca OPEC st gim khong 3.8 triu thng/ngy. Trong khi , cc nc ngoi OPEC d n lc gia tng sn lng khai thc, nhng tng sn lng khai thc du th ton th gii vn gim khong 2.7 triu thng/ngy, tng ng khong 3.7% so vi nm trc. Khai thc du th suy gim ko theo sn lng kh ng hnh st gim l nguyn nhn khin ngun cung LPG st gim 3.4% t ngun ny. Cng vi , khng hong kinh t lm cho cc nh my lc du buc phi ct gim hot ng, ngun cung LPG t lc du trong nm 2009 gim khong 1.8%. Ch c LPG t kh thin nhin l tng ln trong nm 2009, b p mt phn

lng LPG st gim t cc ngun khc. Khai thc kh phc v cho vic sn xut LPG tng ln ch yu l t kh du phin khu vc Bc M. Uc tnh sn xut LPG t tt c cc ngun trn th gii trong nm 2009 l khong 235 triu tn, xp x mc sn lng nm 2008. Mc d tng trng thp, ngun cung LPG th gii vn tng khong 1.9% k t nm 2000, thi im m ngun cung th gii t mc 198 triu tn. D bo ngun cung LPG c th t mc 269 triu tn vo nm 2013, mc tng trng bnh qun khong 3.4%/nm. Nhng nhn t lm tng ngun cung l do ngun kh ng hnh s hi phc do sn lng khai thc du th tng ln, cc nh my lc du hot ng vi qui m v cng sut ln hn v khng cn phi cm chng nh trc do tc ng ca vic nn kinh t th gii hi phc.

Nhu cu LPG th gii Mt na lng LPG tiu th trn th gii hin nay l dng cho khu vc thng mi v dn dng nhm mc ch un nu v si m. Nhu cu ca khu vc ny rt nhy cm vi nhng bin ng ca gi. Thng thng nhu cu c bn i vi LPG thng c xu hng hi tr so vi nhu cu trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v thng duy tr mc thng d (khong 3-7% tng lng tiu th) bng lng tiu th t ngnh cng nghip ha cht. Nm 2009, nhu cu c bn tng khong 2.7%, lng tiu th t khong 119 triu tn. Khu vc tiu th LPG ln th 2 l cng nghip ha cht du kh, hng nm tiu th khong 54 triu tn. Nhu cu tiu dng LPG trong cng nghip ha cht du kh l sn xut Olefin, nhu cu cho ngnh ny khong 10 triu tn/nm.

Tip n l th trng nhin liu cho giao thng vn ti chim khong 22 triu tn trong nm 2009. Th trng LPG cho nhin liu giao thng vn ti y khng tnh n lng butan s dng trong cc nh my lc du tng hp pha ch xng hoc ankyl. LPG s dng lm nhin liu trong giao thng vn ti l lnh vc tng trng nhanh nht trong giai on 2000-2009, mc tng trng trung bnh hn 4%/nm. Tip theo l lnh vc cng nghip ha cht du kh, mi nm tiu th ca ngnh ny tng trng trung bnh khong 3%/nm. Lnh vc thng mi dn dng, tiu th ln nht vi khi lng tng ln khong 21 triu tn/nm tng ng vi mc tng trng trung bnh khong 2%/nm.

11, Cc phng php sn xut LPG chnh a. Phng php nn Nguyn tc ca phng php l nguyn liu c a vo thp chng s tch ra cc kh hydrocacbon ch yu t C2 ti C4. Cc kh ny c a vo my nn ti p sut p = 1,2 1,5 MPa, ha lng, ri c a sang thp tch etan v thp tch propan. Sn phm ca qu trnh l etan, propan, butan

b. Phng php lm lnh theo bc Nguyn tc chung ca phng php l dng kh nguyn liu c lm lnh theo hai bc (bc th nht tc nhn lnh l propan, bc th hai tc nhn lnh l etan). Bng cc qu trnh lm lnh ny, kh c ha lng i vo cc thp tch metan, thp tch etan, thp tch propan v thp tch butan. Sn phm thu c sau mi thp tch l metan, etan, propan, butan v xng nh.

c. Phng php lm lnh bng gin n kh

Nguyn tc chung ca phng php l s dng chu trnh lm lnh trong bng phng php gin n, kh nguyn liu s c lm lnh v ha lng. Sau i vo thp tch metan, kh metan s c tch ra v a i lm kh t. Sn phm ca qu trnh l LPG v xng t nhin.

d. Phng php hp th Nguyn liu c a vo thp chng ct phn on thu cc kh phc v qu trnh ch bin. Kh c a qua my nn ri i vo thp tch etan; sn phm y thp l LPG. Phn on naphta ca qu trnh chng ct c s dng lm tc nhn hp th. i ra khi thp hp th l etan, naphta c tun hon lin tc trong qu trnh.

e. Thu hi t nh my LNG Nguyn liu l kh t nhin c a vo thp tch metan, sn phm nh thp l metan a ti ha lng sn xut LNG, sn phm i ra t y thp c a vo thp tch etan. Etan s c tch ra trn nh thp tch etan, sn phm i ra y thp l LPG.

12, Cc vn thng gp khi s dng GAS v cch khc phc

Cc h gia nh thng s dng bnh GAS LPG lm nhin liu, cht t trong sinh hot theo hnh thc s dng bnh gas 12kg vi t l propan :butan = 30 :70 hoc 40 :60. Trong qu trnh s dng thng gp nhng vn sau : Cc tnh hung - Ht gas - Van bnh gas b kha - C qu nhiu khng kh trong vi hay ng iu Khng nh c la - Ht pin hoc dy nh la b h - Thay pin hoc dy nh la mi Nguyn nhn Cch x l - Thay bnh gas mi - M van bnh gas - Lp li quy trnh nh la

- B chp u d v thn bp b - Lp rp li b chp u l v thn bp cho chnh xc lp rp khng chnh xc - Nhng l gas trn b chp u - Lm sch l thng hi gas bng si kim loi hoc bn chi d b bt - ng gas b gp khc - Loi gas ang s dng khng ng vi loi c ch nh - Ko thng ng hoc thay ng mi - Thay th ng loi gas c ch nh - Thay bnh gas mi

La tt khi ang s dng

- Ht gas - Gi - Nc tro vo b phn u l - t bp ni thng gi - Dng vi kh lau b phn u d - Lp rp li b chp u l v

La chy khng bnh

- B phn chp u l v thn bp b lp rp khng chnh xc

thng( la yu, ngn la mu vng hoc ngn la b pht v khng u) thn bp cho chnh xc - Nhng l gas trn u l b bt - Lm sch thng l gas bng si kim loi hoc bn chi.

Ngoi ra cn gp mt s tnh hung khn cp sau : Nghi ng c r r gas - Cha xc nh c v tr 1. Kim tra ton b h thng xem c du hiu no ca gas r r nh mi, hoc ting x hi. 2. Lm ng tc th vi nc x phng, bi nc x phng vo, bong bng s ni ln ch x. -> Khng dng dim qut hay mi la th 3. Ni li cc ch ni v th. Nu gas x trong nh, cn phi qut thng gi hon ton cho gas x thot ht ra khi nh trc khi bt bp nu n. 4. Khng c lm hng bt k b phn no ca mt h thng c nh. Gas x - Cha pht ha 1. Nu c th, chm dt vic x gas bng cch ng van. 2. Thng gi ton b khu vc x gas cho n khi khng kh trong lnh tr li.

3. Nu khng th khng ch vic x gas, thn trng em bnh gas n ch thng thong an ton. Gi cho ch x hng ln trn cho ch c kh gas x ra m lng khng tro ra c. 4. Khng cho gas lng dnh vo ngi. 5. Nu khng th di c bnh gas i ni khc, cn phi xua gas i bng vi xt hi nc v lm thng thong ti a. 6. t bnh gas cch ngun la t nht 20 mt cho ti khi gas thot ht ra khi bnh. Nhng ngun la ny c th bao gm cc thit b in khng chu la, nh sng flash ca camera, in thoi, radio, ng c xe, v bt k thit b in no c th pht ra tia la. Bnh Gas b t vo sc nng qu mc 1. ng cng xa cng tt, dng vi nc xt lm mt bnh gas. 2. Di di ngun la nu c th. Thit b hoc bnh gas b r r - pht ha 1. Trng hp van cha hng, ng van nu c th v cho la thot ra ngoi. Khng s dng li bnh gas hoc thit b cho ti khi kim nh li. 2. Nu khng th ng van, gi i PCCC. Cn ch : - V tr ca bnh gas hoc thit b. - Bn ang dng gas. - Kch c bnh gas.

Nu thy nguy c bnh gas b chm trong la, cn nhanh chng thot ra khu vc khc. -> V s dng bnh GAS hng ngy nn y l cc yu t c bn nht cn bit ta c th m bo an ton cho tnh mng cng nh ti sn ca mi ngi.

I.2. LNG 1, LNG l g? LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) l kh thin nhin c ha lng nh lm lnh su n -160 oC (- 256o F) p sut kh quyn, sau khi loi b cc tp cht. LNG c thnh phn ch yu l Methane. LNG ch chim 1/600 th tch so vi kh thin nhin thng thng, nh vy n c th c vn chuyn d dng bng cc phng tin chuyn dng nhue tu, xe bnn nhng khong cch rt xa hoc n nhng ni c a hnh khng ph hp cho vic xy dng ng ng dn kh. Sau khi c vn chuyn n ni tiu th, LPG c chuyn tr li trng thi kh nh thit b ti ha kh v c cng dng tng t nh kh. LNG c s dng lm nhin liu cho cc nh my khng c kh nng tip cn ng ng dn kh v l nhin liu cho cc phng tin giao thng vn ti, c bit l cc phng tin giao thng vn ti nng. 2, Phn loi LNG cng nh cc loi kh ha lng khc c s phn bit da vo thnh phn ca tng cu t tn ti trong LNG. N c thng c phn bit theo tng quc gia vi hm lng v cc thnh phn khc nhau:

Thnh phn ca mt s LNG ca cc vng v lnh th 3, Ngun gc LNG c thnh phn ch yu l Methane nhng cng c Ethane, Propane v cc Hydrocacbon nng hn. LNG c cc thnh phn tn ti trong cc m kh t nhin, cc m du (khai thc c cng vi cc m du th kh ng hnh), hoc cng c th thu c trong cc qu trnh ca nh my lc du (qu trnh Cracking nhit). Tuy nhin, thnh phn ch yu l Methane (C1) nn n c khai thc ch yu trong cc m kh t nhin.

Thnh phn ca kh thin nhin

4, Thnh phn LNG c thnh phn bin di theo tng khu vc v tng quc gia. Tuy nhin thnh phn LNG ni chung gm ch yu l Methane (chim ti 95%) v mt s kh khc (Ethane, Propane)

Thnh phn ch yu ca LNG

5, Tnh cht c bn LNG l kh thin nhin c ha lng nh lm lnh su n -160 oC (- 256o F) p sut kh quyn (p sut cao nht trong chuyn ha khong 25 kPa/3,6 psi) , sau khi loi b cc tp cht ( nc H2O, kh Cacbonic CO2, kh Hydro Sunfua H2S, ) LNG c th tch ch bng 1/600 ca kh thin nhin. Nh vy kh thin nhin chu nn p rt tt v kh an ton. LNG l kh khng mu, khng mi ,khng n mn, khng cnn kh an ton trong khi tng cha v vn chuyn. LNG l kh sch t cha tp cht nng , do vy n c khi lng ring ch bng khong 45% khi lng ring ca nc (tc vo khong 0.45kg/lit) . LNG c nhit tr vo bng khong 60% nhit tr ca nhin liu Diesel ( khong 24 MJ/L). Nhng thng th vi LNG c thnh phn Methane > 90% th vo khong 21 MJ/L. 6, Ch tiu nh gi cht lng ca LNG Cht lng ca LNG l mt ch tiu quan trng nht trong vic nh gi LNG thng mi. Mt s kh khng ph hp vi cc ch tiu cn c trong thng mi c gi l off-specification hay off-quality. Cht lng thng c nh gi theo mt s tiu chun sau: 1- chc chn kh khng n mn v khng c, hn ch mc cao nht hm lng ca H2S , tng hm lng Sunphua, hm lng CO2 v Hg.

2 - bo v chng li s hnh thnh ca cht lng hoc Hydrat trong ng ng vn chuyn (ng ng hoc bn cha), qua tiu chun lng nc ln nht v im sng (dewpoint) 3 - c trng cho s bin i ca tng loai kh , qua khong dao ng ti a vi thng s lm bc chy : Hm lng kh tr, gi tr Calo, ch s Wobbe Wobbe index (ch s to dao ng nhit) , ch s Soot Soot index ( ph mui) , h s chy hon ton Incomplete Combustion Factor , ch s vng ca ngon la Yellow Tip Index, Cht lng ca LNG c o cc im cp phi bng mt thit b nh my sc k kh ( Gas Chromatograph). Tnh cht quan trng nht cu kh l thnh phn Sunphua, thy ngn, v gi tr Calo. Tuy nhin, s lin quan chnh l gi tr nhit tr ca kh. Kh thin nhin thng mi thng c phn chia theo 3 khong theo gi tr nhit tr: + Chu ( Japan, Korea, Taiwan) th kh phn b l giu, vi mt GCV ( Generalized Cross Validation) cao hn 43 MJ/m3 (n), tng ng :1090 Btu/scf. + Anh v M th kh phn b l ngho , vi mt GCV thng thp hn 42 MJ/m3 (n) , tng ng : 1065Btu/scf. + Lin Minh Chu u (EU) th kh l chp nhn c vi mt GCV khong dao ng 39-46 MJ/m3 , tng ng :900 ti 1160 Btu/scf. 7, u Nhc im ca LNG -u im:

+ LNG c lm lnh p sut kh quyn nn an ton hn cc kh ha lng p sut cao. + D vn chuyn hn cc cht kh ha lng khc, c th vn chuyn bng ng ng hoc cc bn b cha hoc cc thuyn chuyn ch ti mi ni trn th gii. + LNG l ngun nng lng c hm lng kh thi vo khng kh thp hn nhu so vi nhin liu ha thch nh l du hoc than + LNG l kh khng mi, khng mu, khng n mn, khng c. iu ny c ngha ln v mt thit b v thit b s an ton hn, gim n mn hay hng hc. + LNG c kim chng, tin cy v an ton cho ng c, con ngi v mi trng. N l kh sch nht trong cc loi nhin liu. -Nhc im: + LNG c ha lng nhit rt thp v vy vic m bo iu kin thc hin qu trnh l rt nghim ngt. + LNG nh hn nc khong nn d to ra cc vng LNG (Pool LNG). iu ny kh nguy him v khi r r, LNG s di chuyn ti cc vng trng hn v tch t li. Khi gp la s gy ra chy,n ta rt nhiu nhit (nhit cao) s gy ra tai hi khn lng. Thc t xy ra mt s tai nn nghim trng nh : Cng ty Skikda Algeria ... 8, Cc cng on chnh trong sn xut LNG

- Thm d : y l cng on tm kh thin nhin trong v tri t v sn xut kh phn phi n ngi s dng. Hu ht cc m kh t nhin c pht hin trong qu trnh tm du. - Ha lng : chuyn ha kh t nhin thnh dng cht lng nh vy c th vn chuyn bng tu. Ch : Sau khi khai thc kh thin nhin, trc cng on ha lng cn phi loi b cc tp cht nh: + Lu hunh, Cacbondioxit v thy ngn : nhng cht ny c th gy n mn cho cc thit b LNG + Nc : c th gy ra ng bng v gy ra hin tng tc nghn thit b lm vic v vn chuyn. + Cc Hydrocacbon nng cng c th gy ra tc nghn ging nc. - Vn chuyn (Shipping) : LNG c cha ng trong cc bnh (bn ) cha c bit. V c vn chuyn ti khch hng, cc cng ty nng lng, cc nghnh cng nghip khc trn khp t nc hoc th gii.

- Tng cha v ha kh : chuyn ha LNG d tr trong cc bn b cha c bit, t pha lng chuyn sang pha kh, sn sng chuyn ti ch cui cng bng cc h thng ng ng. 9, Cc cng ngh hin nay s dng Hin ti th c 4 cng ngh ha lng ang c s dng: 1.C3MR ( i khi c coi nh APCI) : c thit k bi tp on Air Products & Chemicals 2.Cascade : c thit k bi ConocoPhilips 3.Shell DMR 4. Linde Vi k vng ti ht nm 2012, trn th gii s c 100 nh my vi tng cng sut khong 297,2 MMTPA. Hu ht cc nh my s dng cng ngh APCI hoc Cascade trong qu trnh ha lng. Nhng cng ngh khc, c s dng trong mt s nh my nh hn, bao gm Shells vi cng ngh DRM v cng ngh Linde. Cng ngh APCI c s dng nhiu nht trong cc qu trnh ha lng trong cc nh my LNG :Trong 100 nh my ha lng ang hot ng hoc ang xy dng, 86 nh my vi tng cng sut 243 MMTPA c thit k trn c s cng ngh APCI. Tip n cng ngh Philips Casade c s dng trong 10 nh my vi tng cng sut 36,16 MMTPA. Cng ngh Shell DMR c s dng trong 3 nh my vi tng cng sut 13,9 MMTPA. V cui cng l Cng ngh Linde/Statoil ch c s dng duy nht Snohvit vi cng sut 4,2 MMTPA. 10, ng dng

Nh ta bit LNG l ngun nhin liu phc v cc hot ng cng nghip,vn chuyn, nng lng + LNG l ngun nhin liu t cho cc nghnh cng nghip nh : Gm, s, thy tinh, gia cngcung cp nhit tr kh ln + LNG vn ti: Mt s nc tin tin s dng LNG lm nhin liu cho cc ng c, phng tin giao thng. Ngun nhin liu ny c u im l nhit tr cao hn LPG, thn thin mi trng v an ton hn + LNG phc v cho cc nh my nhit in : y l ngun cung cp kh t chy cc nh my nhit into hiu sut kh cao. nc ta nh my in m Ph M, C Mau u dng ngun LNG phc v cho chy my pht in. 11, Th trng LNG Vit Nam v th gii Vit Nam Sn xut v nhp khu LNG Theo d bo cn i cung cu kh, t nm 2010 tr i th trng kh Vit Nam s nm trong tnh trng cung thp hn cu. Do , PV GAS hin ang trin khai 2 d n v kh thin nhin ha lng LNG: D n LNG quy m nh (SSL): s dng ngun kh thin nhin sn xut LNG sau vn chuyn bng xe bn, s lan n cc h tiu th cng nghip ti ha kh v s dng. D n nhm mc ch th im, gii thiu cho khch hng tip cn lm quen vi sn phm mi LNG. Cng sut ca d n l 50 triu m3/nm. D kin 2013 d n s hon thnh. D n nhp khu LNG bng tu (FSRU) : d n s xy dng mt cng tip nhn tu ch LNG lnh ti khu vc tnh B Ra Vng Tu ci cng sut ban u khaongr 1-1,5 t m3 kh/nm. D kin cui nm 2013 s i vo hot ng.

Th trng cho sn phm LNG i tng khch hng ca d n l cc h cng nghip v cc nh my in ang s dng du lm nhin liu. Mc d vy, cc nghin cu kho st ca PV GAS vn cho thy ngay ti thi im hin ti vn c nhng c hi dnh cho kh (LNG) nhp khu ti th trng khu vc, vi iu kin gi kh n tay khch hng cnh tranh c vi cc nhin liu truyn thng nh DO, FO, LPG, xng. (Theo kho st ca PV GAS cng nh theo kinh nghim ti Malaysia, gi kh thin nhin khng vt qu 85% gi du FO th c nhiu kh nng c th trng chp nhn). Th gii Cc m du ngy cng i vo giai on tn thu nn cng ngy cng phi tn dng ti a cc sn phm ca du m. V vy vic x l v thu hi kh ng hnh l rt quan trng v c mi quc gia trn th gii nghin cu v ngy cng y mnh pht trin.

S pht trin ca LNG trn th gii t 1970 ti 2002

S pht trin v s lng tu vn chuyn LNG

Gi c theo cc phng php vn chuyn Nhu cu v sn xut LNG trn th gii ngy cng ln v vy vic m rng v nng cao sn lng, quy m sn xut l tt yu ca th gii hin nay. 12, Lch s pht trin LNG Kh t nhin ha lng c bit n t th k 19th khi mt nh ha hc v l hc ngi Anh l Michael Faraday th nghim vi nhng loi cht kh khc nhau, bao gm c kh t nhin. Mt k s ngi c Karl Von Linde xy dng my nn kh ly tm u tin Munich nm 1873. Nh my LNG u tin c xy dng pha ty Virginia vo nm 1912.N bt u i vo hot ng t nm 1917. Nh my sn xut LNG thng phm u tin c xy dng Cleveland, Ohio nm 1941. LNG c cha trong b p sut kh quyn. Qu trnh ha lng kh thin nhin c xy dng nhiu hn v nng cao kh nng vn chuyn ti nhng khong cch xa hn. Vo thng 1 nm 1959, bn cha LNG u tin trn th gii, bn Methane Pioneer, s chuyn bin ca chin tranh th gii th II v hng ha t do c vn chuyn bao gm 5 b (dung tch 7000 thng) nhm lng tr vi g nh h tr v cch nhau bi g dn v Urethane, LNG thng phm c mang t h Charles, Louisiana ti o Canvey, Anh. iu ny chng minh c rng cht lng ln kh thin nhin ha lng c th c vn chuyn an ton qua i dng.

Hn 14 thng tip theo, 7 chuyn hng ha c phn phi m ch gp cc vn nh. Tip theo s thnh cng Methane Pioneer, hi ng nhng ngi lm kh Anh thc hin mt k hoch nhp khu LNG t Venezuela ti o Canvey. Tuy nhin, trc khi s tha thun cui cng t c, kh thin nhin cht lng cao c pht hin Libya v khu m khng l Hassi R Mel Algeria, ni ch vi khong cch bng mt na t Anh ti Venezuela. Vi lng ban u 260 triu cubit feet day (mmcfd) Arzew GL4Z hoc nh my Camel trong nm 1964, nc Anh tr thnh nc nhp khu LNG u tin trn th gii v Algeria tr thnh nc u tin xut khu LNG. Algeria t tr thnh nc cung cp kh t nhin chnh trn th gii. Sau l thuyt c a ra hot ng Anh, thm cc nh my ha lng v cng on nhp khu cui c xy dng c i Ty Dng v Thi Binh Dng. Bn ng nhp khu c xy dng M gia 1971 v 1980. Chng tp trung h Charles ( hot ng bi CMS Energy), Everett, Massachusetts (hot ng bi

Tractebel v h thng ph tr Distrigas) ,o Elba, Georgia (hot ng bi El Paso Enery), v Cove Point, Maryland ( hot ng bi Dominion Enery). Xut khu u tin cu LNG t U.S ti Chu c xy ra nm 1969 khi LNG Alaskan c gi ti Japan. Alaskan LNG c phn phi t kh thin nhin c sn xut bi ConocoPhillips v Marathon t m pha nam ca phn Alaska, ha lng nh my LNG Kenai Peninsula v c vn chuyn ti Nht. Khu giao dch c Chu u v Chu c tip tc pht trin nhanh t im .

I.3. CNG 1, CNG l g ? CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) l kh t nhin nn, thnh phn ch yu l methane (CH4) ly t cc m kh thin nhin, c x l v nn p sut cao (200bar) tn tr v vn chuyn ti cc h tiu th l cc nh my c s dng nhit nng, cc khu chung c Do thnh phn n gin d x l loi b cc hp cht c hi nh SOx , NOx, CO2 , khng c benzen v hydrocarbon thm km theo. CNG l nhin liu sch do khng c benzene v hydrocarbon thm km theo, nn khi t nhin liu ny khng cho ra nhiu kh c nh NO2, CO v lng pht thi CO2 thp hn xng v du diesel. Ngoi ra CNG d pht tn, khng tch t nh hi xng khi b r r ra mi trng khng kh, hn ch nguy c chy n, chng cng khng gy ng cn ti b ch ha kh ca cc phng tin nn ko di c chu k bo dng ng c, khi chy khng to mng... v hu nh khng pht sinh bi.

2, Phn loi Cng ging nh LNG, s phn loi CNG ph thuc vo hm lng cc thnh phn ca cc cu t, vo sn phm ca cc nh my v tng quc gia, vng lnh th. 3, Ngun gc CNG c nn th ngun nguyn liu l kh thin nhin. Do vy n cng c coi l mt ngun nhin liu ha thch. Nhin liu CNG l loi kh nn Methane t nhin, pht sinh t bn, qu trnh phn hy xc thc vt, khai thc du khTrong th ngun cung cp kh thin nhin ch yu phc v cho cng ngh sn xut CNG l t cc m kh hoc kh cng tn ti trong cc m du (kh ng hnh). 4, Thnh phn CNG CNG l kh thin nhin nn, ch yu l hp phn ca Methane (chim 85% - 95%) cn li khong (5% - 15%) l Ethane.

CH4 (85%-95%)

C2H6 (5% -15%)

Ch : vi mt s loi kh nn, hm lng ca Methane cn c th cao hn, c th nn hon ton l Methane. 5. Tnh cht CNG