I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

--- oOo ---
TIU LUN MN HC
X L TN HIU S
TI:
THIT K B LC VI PHN THEO CU TRC FIR
BNG PHNG PHP LY MU TN S
GVHD : TS. NG VN S
SVTH : Phm c Linh
: Nguyn Vn Lm
: Hong Hu Vn
Lp : 07CLC2
Nng, thng 11/2010
2
LI M U
X l tn hiu s (Digital Signal Processing DSP) l mt lnh vc mi, pht
trin mnh m v mt l thuyt v cng ngh. Ngy nay, n tr thnh mn hc
khng th thiu cho nhiu ngnh hc v khoa hc v k thut. Cc thut ton ca n
mang li nhng thun tin cho cng ngh v ng dng mi, nht l cc lnh vc v
k thut in t v iu khin t ng.
Php x l c bn nht ca DSP l lc, v cc h thng c cp n nhiu nht
trong x l tn hiu s l cc b lc s (Digital Filter).
Nu xt v p ng xung c th chia cc b lc s thnh 2 loi chnh l b lc c
p ng xung hu hn FIR (Finite Impulse Response) cn gi l lc khng quy, v
b lc c p ng xung v hn IIR (Infinte Impulse Response) cn gi l lc quy.
Xt v p ng tn s bin c th chia cc b lc, FIR hay IIR, thnh 4 loi c
bn: thng thp, thng cao, thng di v chn di. Cc b lc ny c th c thit k
bng nhng phng php sau y: Phng php ca s (Window Design Techniques),
Phng php ly mu tn s (Frequency Sampling Design Techniques) v Phng
php xp x ti u cn bng gn sng (Optimal Equiripple Design Techniques). Mi
phng php u c nhng c im v u khuyt im ring.
Vi tiu lun ny, ti xin php c trnh by bi ton Thit k b lc thng
di cu trc FIR bng phng php ly mu tn s
Ni dung tiu lun c chia thnh 3 phn:
Phn 1. C s l thuyt
Phn 2. Thit k b Vi phn theo cu trc FIR bng phng php ly mu tn s
Phn 3. Thut ton v chng trnh thit k
Ti xin trn trng cm n Thy gio TS. Ng Vn S tn ging dy v hng dn
ti c th honh thnh tt tiu lun ny. Phn ln ni dung trnh by bo co ny
c ly t bi ging, ti liu tham kho do thy cung cp.
Trong qu trnh thc hin tiu lun, tuy ht sc c gng song khng trnh khi
nhng sai st. Rt mong nhn c s gp ca Thy, cc bn hc vin cng lp
ni dung ca tiu lun c hon chnh hn.
Nng, ngy 09 thng 11 nm 2010
3
PHN 1. C S L THUYT
1.1. M u
Vic thit k mt b lc s tin hnh theo 3 bc:
- a ra cc ch tiu (Specifications): thit k mt b lc, u tin chng ta cn
xc nh cc ch tiu. Cc ch tiu c xc nh bi cc ng dng.
- Tm cc xp x (Appproximations): Mt khi ch tiu c xc nh, ta s dng
cc khi nim v cng c ton hc khc nhau tin ti biu din v tnh gn ng
cho b lc vi tp cc ch tiu cho. Bc ny l ch chnh ca vic thit k lc
s.
- Thc hin b lc (Implementation): Kt qu ca cc bc trn c m t di
dng mt phng trnh sai phn, hoc mt hm h thng H(z), hoc mt p ng xung
h(n). T cc m t ny chng ta c th thi hnh b lc bng phn cng hoc phn mm
m phng trn my tnh.
trong nhiu ng dng nh x l ting ni hoc x l m thanh, b lc s c
dng thc hin cc thao tc chn tn. Do , cc ch tiu c i hi trong vng
tn s mi chu k v s lng v p ng pha ca b lc mong mun. Ni chung
p ng pha cn tuyn tnh trong di thng.
- Trong trng hp cc b lc FIR , C th t c chnh xc yu cu v pha tuyn
tnh.
- Trong trng hp cc b lc IIR, mt di thng c pha tuyn tnh l rt kh t.
Do , chng ta ch xt cc ch tiu v bin .
C 2 nhm ch tiu:
Cc ch tiu tuyt i (Absolute Specifications) : a ra mt tp cc yu cu
trn hm p ng bin |H(e
jw
)|. Nhng ch tiu ny c s dng chung
cho cc b lc FIR.
Cc ch tiu tng i (Relative Specifications - DB) : a ra cc yu cu
tnh theo decibels (dB), c cho bi :
Phng php ny c l mt phng php ph bin nht trong thc t v c s
dng cho c b lc FIR v IIR.
Trong nhng
phn tip sau y, m t cc ch tiu ca b lc chng ta s xem xt vic thit k
mt b lc thng thp nh mt v d c s thit cho b lc FIR.
1.2. Cc ch tiu
Trn hnh (1.1) l m t cc ch tiu ca b lc FIR thng thp (Low Pass Filter):
1.2.1.Cc ch tiu tuyt i
Band [0, w
p
] c gi l di thng, v
1
l dung sai (gn sng) c
chp nhn trong p ng di thng l tng.
0
) (
) (
log 20
max
10

j
j
e H
e H
dBscale
(1.1)
4
Band [w
s
, ] c gi l di chn, v
2
l dung sai di chn.
Band [w
p
, w
s
] c gi l di chuyn tip, v khng c rng buc no v p ng bin
trong di ny.
1.2.2. Cc ch tiu tng i (DB)
R
p
: gn sng trong di thng tnh theo dB.
A
s
: Suy hao trong di chn tnh theo dB.
Quan h gia cc ch tiu ny nh sau:

Ti sao tp trung vo b lc thng thp?
Cc ch tiu trn c a ra i vi b lc FIR thng thp, v tt nhin i vi cc
b lc khc nh thng cao HPF (High Pass Filter), thng di BPF (Band Pass Filter)
u c th c nh ngha tng t. Tuy nhin, cc tham s thit k quan trng nht
l cc dung sai di tn v cc tn s cnh-di. Bi vy, trong phn 1 v c s l thuyt
ny chng ta ch tp trung vo b lc FIR thng thp. Vic thit k c th cho b lc
FIR thng di bng k thut ca s s c pht trin trn c s lc thng thp v s
c m t chi tit trong phn 2.
Cc thun li trong thit k v thi hnh lc s FIR
Vic thit k v thc hin lc FIR c nhng thun li sau y:
(1.2)
(1.3)
0
1
1
2
10
log 20 >
+

s
A
(>>1) for stopband
0
1
1
1
1
10
log 20 >
+

p
R
( 0) for passband

1
1+
1

1-
1

gn di thng
gn di chn
Di chuyn tip
2

R
p

A
s

w
p

w
s


0
0
|H(e
jw
)|
Decibels
Hnh (1.1) Cc ch tiu ca b lc FIR
5
p ng pha l tuyn tnh.
D thit k do khng gp cc vn n nh (lc FIR lun n nh).
Vic thc hin rt hiu qu
.
C th s dng DFT thc hin
Mc du vy di cho l di thng hay di chn ch l tng i c th
o li ( minor issue).
Cc thun li ca p ng pha tuyn tnh
p ng pha l tuyn tnh (linear phase response) mang li nhng thun li sau:
Bi ton thit k ch gm cc php tnh s hc thc ch khng cn php tnh s
hc phc
B lc pha tuyn tnh khng c mo tr nhm v ch b tr mt khong khng
i.
i vi b lc c chiu di M (hoc bc M-1) s php ton c bc M/2 nh
kho st trong thi hnh pha tuyn tnh.
1.3. Cu trc ca b lc FIR
Cho h(n), n=0,1,,M-1 l p ng xung c chiu di M. Th hm truyn h thng l
mt b lc p ng xung hu hn vi hm h thng c dng:

+ + +
1 M
0 n
n
n
M 1
1 M
1
1 0
z b z b z b b ) z ( H
(1.4)
Nh vy p ng xung h(n) l:

'

else
M n b
n h
n
0
1 0
) (
(1.5)
V phng trnh sai phn l:
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
1 1 0
+ + + +

M n x b n x b n x b n y
M

(1.6)
y chnh l tch chp tuyn tnh ca cc dy hu hn.
Bc ca b lc l M-1, trong khi chiu di ca b lc l M (bng vi s lng cc
h s). Cc cu trc b lc FIR lun lun n nh, v tng i n gin hn so vi
cc cu trc b lc IIR. Hn th na, cc b lc FIR c th c thit k c mt
p ng pha tuyn tnh v l iu cn thit trong mt s ng dng.
Chng ta s xem xt ln lt cc cu trc ca b lc FIR sau y:
1.3.1. Cu trc dng trc tip
Phng trnh sai phn c thc hin bi mt dy lin tip cc b tr do khng c
ng phn hi:
) 1 M n ( x b ) 1 n ( x b ) n ( x b ) n ( y
1 M 1 0
+ + + +

(1.7)
Do mu thc bng n v nn ta ch c mt cu trc dng trc tip duy nht. Cu
trc dng trc tip c cho trong hnh (1.2) vi M = 5:
1.3.2. Cu trc dng ghp tng
b
0
z
-1
b
1
z
-1
b
2
z
-1
b
3
z
-1
b
4
y(n)
x(n)
Hnh (1.2) Cu trc lc FIR dng trc tip
6
Hm h thng H(z) c bin i thnh cc tch ca cc khu bc 2 vi cc h s
thc. Cc khu ny c thc hin dng trc tip v b lc tng th c dng ghp
tng ca cc khu bc 2.

,
_

+ + + + + +

M 1
0
1 M 1
0
1
0
M 1
1 M
1
1 0
z
b
b
z
b
b
1 b z b z b b ) z ( H
(1.8)

+ +
K
1 k
2
2 , k
1
1 , k 0
) z B z B 1 ( b
trong
1
]
1

2
M
K
, B
k,1
v B
k,2
l cc s thc i din cho cc h s ca cc khu bc
2. Cu trc dng ghp tng c cho trong hnh (1.3) vi M = 7:
1.3.3. Cu trc dng pha tuyn tnh
i vi cc b lc chn tn, ngi ta mong mun c p ng pha l hm tuyn tnh
theo tn s, ngha l:


) e ( H
j

(1.9)
Trong :
0
hoc
2

t
v

l mt hng s.
i vi b lc FIR nhn qu c p ng xung trong khong [0, M-1], th cc iu
kin tuyn tnh l:
1 M n 0 , 0 ); n 1 M ( h ) n ( h
(1.10)
1 M n 0 , 2 / ); n 1 M ( h ) n ( h t
(1.11)
Xt phng trnh sai phn c cho trong phng trnh (1.6) vi p ng xung i
xng trong phng trnh (1.10), ta c:
) 1 M n ( x b ) 2 M n ( x b ) 1 n ( x b ) n ( x b ) n ( y
0 1 1 0
+ + + + + +

+ + + + + + )] 2 M n ( x ) 1 n ( x [ b )] 1 M n ( x ) n ( x [ b
1 0
S khi thc hin phng trnh sai phn trn c m t trong hnh (1.4) di
y i vi c M l v M chn:
i vi M l: M = 7, cn i vi M chn: M = 6 ( hnh 1.4 )
R rng, vi cng mt bc ca b lc (cng M) cu trc pha tuyn tnh s tit kim
c 50% cc b nhn so vi cu trc dng trc tip.
B
1,1
z
-1
z
-1
z
-1
y(n)
x(n)
B
2,1
B
3,1
b
0
B
1,2
z
-1
z
-1
z
-1
B
2,2
B
3,2
Hnh (1.3) Cu trc lc FIR dng ghp tng

b
0
z
-
1

b
1
z
-
1

b
2
x(n)
z
-
1

z
-
1

z
-
1

y(n)
b
0
z
-
1

b
1
z
-
1

b
2
b
3
y(n)
x(n)
z
-
1

z
-
1

z
-
1

z
-
1

M=7
M=6
Hnh (1.4) Cu trc lc FIR pha tuyn tnh vi cc h s M chn v l
7
1.4. Cc c tnh ca b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh
Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun v hnh dng ca p ng xung, p ng tn
s trong hm h thng ca cc b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh.
Cho h(n), trong 0 n M 1, l p ng xung c chiu di M th hm truyn
h thng l:

1 M
0 n
n 1 M ) 1 M (
1 M
0 n
n
z ) n ( h z z ) n ( h ) z ( H
(1.12)
c (M-1) im cc gc (trivial poles) v M-1 im khng nm v tr bt k trn
mt phng z. p ng tn s l:
<

, e ) n ( h ) e ( H
1 M
0 n
n j j
(1.13)
1.4.1. p ng xung h(n)
Chng ta c th a ra rng buc pha tuyn tnh:
<

, ) e ( H
j
(1.14)
trong : l mt hng s tr pha. Ta bit rng h(n) phi i xng, ngha l:
2
1 M
, 1 M n 0 ), n 1 M ( h ) n ( h


(1.15)
Do h(n) l i xng theo , l ch s i xng. C hai kiu i xng:
M l: Trong trng hp ny,
2
1 M

l mt s nguyn. p ng xung
c m t trong (hnh 1.5) di y:
M chn: Trong trng hp ny,
2
1 M

khng phi l mt s nguyn. p
ng xung c m t bng (hnh 1.6) di y:
Hnh 1.5 p ng xung i xng, M l
8
Ta cng c b lc FIR pha tuyn tnh loi hai nu ta yu cu p ng pha ( )

j
e H
tho mn iu kin:


) e ( H
j
vi
<
(1.16)
p ng pha l ng thng nhng khng i qua gc. Trong trng hp ny
khng phi l hng s tr pha, nhng:

d
) e ( H d
j
(1.17)
l hng s, chnh l tr nhm ( l mt hng s tr nhm). Trong trng hp ny, cc
tn s c lm tr vi mt tc khng i.
i vi kiu pha tuyn tnh ny, c th thy rng:
1 M n 0 ), n 1 M ( h ) n ( h
v
2
,
2
1 M
t

(1.18)
iu ny c ngha rng p ng xung h(n) l phn i xng (antisymmetric). Ch s
i xng vn l
2
1 M

. Mt ln na chng ta li c 2 kiu, cho M l v M chn.
M l: Trong trng hp ny,
2
1 M

l mt s nguyn. p ng xung
c m t bng (hnh 1.7) di y:
Lu rng mu h( ) ti
2
1 M

phi bng 0, ngha l,
0
2
1 M
h

,
_

.
Hnh 1.6 p ng xung i xng, M chn
Hnh 1.7 p ng xung phn i xng, M l
9
M chn: Trong trng hp ny,
2
1 M

khng phi l mt s nguyn. p
ng xung c m t trong hnh 1.8.
1.4.2. p ng tn s H(e
j

)
Nh vy, khi t hp hai loi i xng v phn i xng vi M chn v M l, ta c
bn kiu lc FIR pha tuyn tnh. p ng tn s ca mi kiu c biu thc v hnh
dng ring. nghin cu cc p ng pha ca cc kiu ny, ta vit biu thc ca
H(e
j

) nh sau:
2
1 M
,
2
; e ) e ( H ) e ( H
) ( j j
r
j

t

(1.19)
trong H
r
(e
j

) l hm p ng ln ch khng phi l hm p ng bin . p

ng ln l mt hm thc, c th va dng va m, khng ging p ng bin
lun lun dng. p ng pha kt hp vi p ng bin l mt hm khng lin tc,
trong khi kt hp vi p ng ln l mt hm tuyn tnh lin tc.
B lc FIR pha tuyn tnh Loi-1 ( Type 1 ): p ng xung i xng, M l:
Trong trng hp ny
0
,
2
1 M

l mt bin nguyn, v
( ) ( ) n M h n h 1
,
1 M n 0 , th ta c th chng t rng:
( )
( )
( ) 2 / 1 M j
2 / 1 M
0 n
j
e n cos n a ) e ( H

1
]
1

(1.20)
trong :
( )

,
_

2
1 M
h 0 a
vi mu chnh gia
(1.21)
( )

,
_

n
M
h n a
2
1
2
vi
2
3 M
n 1



B lc FIR pha tuyn tnh Loi-2 ( Type 2 ): p ng xung i xng, M chn
Trong trng hp ny
0
,
( ) ( ) n 1 M h n h
, 1 M n 0 , nhng
2
1 M


khng phi l mt bin nguyn, th ta c th chng t rng:
Hnh 1.8 p ng xung phn i xng, M chn
10
( )
( ) 2 / 1 M j
2 / M
1 n
j
e
2
1
n cos n b ) e ( H

1
]
1

'

,
_

(1.22)
trong :
( )

,
_

n
2
M
h 2 n b
vi
2
M
,..., 2 , 1 n
(1.23)
Sosnh (1.21) v (1.18), ta c:
( )

'

,
_

2 / M
1 n
r
2
1
n cos n b ) ( H
(1.24)
Lu : Ti

, ta c
( ) 0
2
1
n cos n b ) ( H
2 / M
1 n
r

'

,
_

m khng cn quan tm n
b(n) hoc h(n). Do chng ta khng th s dng loi ny (h(n) i xng, M chn)
i vi b lc thng cao hoc b lc chn di.
Lc FIR pha tuyn tnh Loi-3 ( Type 3 ): p ng xung phn i xng, M l:
Trong trng hp ny ta c
2

,
2
1 M

l mt bin nguyn,
( ) ( ) n 1 M h n h
, 1 M n 0 , v
0
2
1 M
h

,
_

th ta c th chng t:
( )
( )
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

2
1 M
2
j 2 / 1 M
0 n
j
e n sin n c ) e ( H
(1.25)
trong :
( )

,
_

n
2
1 M
h 2 n c
vi
2
M
,..., 2 , 1 n
(1.26)
So snh (1.24) v (1.18), ta c:
( ) ( )
( )

2 / 1 M
0 n
r
n sin n c H
(1.27)
Lu : Ti 0 v

, ta c
( ) 0 H
r

m khng cn quan tm c(n) hoc
h(n). Hn th na,
j e
2
j

, iu c ngha l
( )
r
jH
l thun o. Do , loi b lc
ny khng thch hp i vi vic thit k b lc thng thp hoc thng cao. Tuy nhin,
iu ny thch hp i vi vic xp x cc b vi phn v b bin i Hilbert s l
tng.
Lc FIR pha tuyn tnh Loi-4 ( Type 4 ):p ng xung phn i xng, M
chn
Trong trng hp ny
2

,
( ) ( ) n 1 M h n h
, 1 M n 0 , nhng
2
1 M

khng phi l mt bin nguyn, th ta c th chng t rng:
( )
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

'

,
_

2
1 M
2
j
2 / M
1 n
j
e
2
1
n sin n d ) e ( H (1.28)
trong :
( )

,
_

n
2
M
h 2 n d
vi
2
M
,..., 2 , 1 n
(1.29)
So snh (1.27) v (1.18), ta c:
11
( )

'

,
_

2 / M
1 n
r
2
1
n sin n d ) ( H
(1.30)
Lu : Ti

,
0 ) 0 ( H
r

v
j e
2
j

. Do vy, loi ny cng thch hp cho vic

thit k cc b vi phn s v b bin i Hilbert s.
Bng sau y m t kh nng thch hp trong vic thit k cc b lc v cc b bin
i Hilbert s, b vi phn s ca 4 loi lc FIR pha tuyn tnh nu:
Bng 1.1
Type LPF HPF BPF SBF Hilbert Differentiator
FIR Type 1
FIR Type 2
FIR Type 3
FIR Type 4
12
13
PHN 1
1.PHUNG PHP CA S - PHM C LINH
a)L THUYT
tng c bn: chn mt b lc chn tn l tng (m p ng xung
lun lun phi nhn qu, di v hn) v ct (ly ca s) p ng xung ca
n thu c b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh v nhn qu.
thu c b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh v nhn qu h(n) c di M, ta cn
c
Thao tc ny c gi l "ly ca s".
Nhn xt:
+ Do ca s w(n) c chiu di M hu hn, p ng ca n c mt peaky
main lobe m rng t l vi 1/M, v side lobes ca n c chiu cao
thp hns.
+Tch chp tun hon sinh ra mt phin bn mo ca p ng xung l
tng Hd(e
jw
)
+ Main lobe sinh ra mt di chuyn tip trong H(e
jw
) m rng l chp
nhn c so vi rng chuyn tip. rng ny t l vi 1/M. (the
wider the main lobe, the wider will be the transition width).
+Side lobes sinh ra cc gn sng c hnh dng nh nhau trong c di
thng v di chn.

2
1
,
0
1 0 ) (
) (

'

M
and
elsewhere
M n n h
n h
hp

'

otherwise
M n over to respect with function symmetric some
n w
n w n h n h
hp
, 0
1 0
) (
) ( ) ( ) (

14
tng thit k ca s cn bn
+Vi cc ch tiu b lc cho, chn chiu di b lc v mt hm ca
s w(n) vi rng main lobe hp nht v h s suy gim side lobe b
nht c th c.
+T nhn xt 4 nu trn ta ch rng dung sai di thng delta1 v dung
sai di chn delta2 khng th n nh mt cch c lp. Ta ly chung
delta
2
= delta
1
.
Hanning Window
This is a raised cosine window function
Hamming Window

'

1
]
1

,
_

otherwise
M n
M
n
n w
, 0
1 0 ,
1
2
cos 1 5 . 0
) (

'

,
_

otherwise
M n
M
n
n w
, 0
1 0 ,
1
2
cos 46 . 0 54 . 0
) (

15
THIT K B LC THNG DI PHNG PHP CA S
%thiet ke bo loc bang phuong phap kaiser window
ws1 = 0.2*pi; wp1 = 0.35*pi;
wp2 = 0.65*pi; ws2 = 0.8*pi;
As=60;
tr_width = min((wp1-ws1),(ws2-wp2))%do rong dai chuyen tiep
M = ceil(11*pi/tr_width) + 1 %do rong cua cua so
n=[0:1:M-1];
wc1 = (ws1+wp1)/2;%tan so cat duoi
wc2 = (wp2+ws2)/2;% tan so cat tren
hd = ideal_lp(wc2,M) - ideal_lp(wc1,M);%bo loc thong thap1-thong thap 2
w_ka = (kaiser(M))';%ham cua so blacknman
h = hd .* w_ka;%tong chap tich phan<=>nhan ham cua so
[db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,[1]);%db:dap ung bien do tinh theo Db
delta_w = 2*pi/1000;% khoang cach cac mau tan so
Rp = -min(db(wp1/delta_w+1:1:wp2/delta_w)) %gon song dung sai cho phep cua
dai thong
As = -round(max(db(ws2/delta_w+1:1:501))) % gon song dung sai cho phep o
dai chan
%dap ung xung ly tuong cua bo loc thong dai
subplot(1,1,1);
subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,hd); title('dap ung xung li tuong bo loc thong dai')
axis([0 M-1 -0.4 0.5]); ylabel('hd(n)');text(M+1,-0.4,'n')
%ham cua so kaiser
subplot(2,2,2); stem(n,w_ka);title('ham cua so kaiser')
axis([0 M-1 0 1.1]); ylabel('w(n)');text(M+1,0,'n')
%dap ung xung cua bo loc ly tuong
subplot(2,2,3); stem(n,h);title('dap ung xung cua bo loc li tuong')
axis([0 M-1 -0.4 0.5]); xlabel('n'); ylabel('h(n)')
%dap ung bien do
subplot(2,2,4);plot(w/pi,db);%set(gca,'FontName','cmr12');
title('dap ung bien do cua bo loc thiet ke dB');grid;
xlabel('tan so tinh theo don vi PI'); ylabel('Bien do')
axis([0 1 -150 10]);
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0,0.2,0.35,0.65,0.8,1])
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[-60,0])
set(gca,'YTickLabelMode','manual','YTickLabels',['60';' 0'])
16
2. KT QU
2 /
*
(0), 0
( ) ( )
( ) 1, 2, 1
j k M
H k
H k H e
H M k k M

'

L
17
THIT K B LC VI PHN THEO CU TRC FIR BNG PHNG
PHP LY MU TN S
(FREQUENCY SAMPLING DESIGN TECHNIQUES)
( HONG HU VN )
Cch tip cp ny a trn s kin l hm truyn h thng H(z) c th thu c t
cc mu H(k) ca p ng tn s H(e
jw
).
K thut thit k ny rt ph hp vi cu trc ly mu tn s kho st trong
chng 6.
p ng Pha i vi Type 1 & 2
p ng Pha i vi Type 3 & 4
tng c bn:
Cho mt b lc thng thp l tng H
d
(e
jw
) chn chiu di b lc M v sau ly
mu H
d
(e
jw
) M tn s cch u nhau gia 0 v 2pi. p ng thc t l ni suy ca
cc mu c cho bi

1 1
1 2 /
0 0
1 ( )
( ) ( )
1
M M M
n
j k M
n k
z H k
H z h n z
M z e

1
2 /
0
1 ( )
( )
1
jwM M
jw
jw j k M
k
e H k
H e
M e e

( )
2
( )
j H k
r
k
H k H e
M

,
( )
2 ( )
(0), 0
2
( )
, 1, 2, , 1
r
r r M k
r M
H k
k
H k H
H k M M

_

'


,

L
1 2 1
, 0, ,
2 2
( )
1 2 ( ) 1
, 1, , 1
2 2
M k M
k
M
H k
M M k M
k M
M

_ _ 1

1
, , ]

'

_ _ 1

+ +

1

, , ]

L
L
1 2 1
, 0, ,
2 2 2
( )
1 2 ( ) 1
, 1, , 1
2 2 2
M k M
k
M
H k
M M k M
k M
M


_ _ _ 1
t
1
, , , ]

'

_ _ _ 1

t +

1

, , , ]

L
L
1 1
1 2 /
0 0
1 ( )
( ) ( )
1
M M M
n
j k M
n k
z H k
H z h n z
M z e

18

Li xp x l hiu ca p ng l tng v p ng thc t bng 0 ti cc tn s c
ly mu,
li xp x tt c cc tn s khc nhau ph thuc vo tn s ca p ng tn s l
tng, ngha l p ng tn s l tng cng sc nt th li xp x cng ln
Li cng ln khi gn cnh di v cng b khi bn trong di
Hai cch tip cnh thit k:
Phng php thit k n gin: S dng tng c bn v khng a ra mt
rng buc no v li xp x, ngha l chp nhn li sinh ra do thit k
Phng php thit k ti u: c gng ti thiu ho li trong di chn bng cch
thay i cc gi tr ca mu trong di chuyn tip.
Phng php thit k n gin
Trong phng php ny ta t H(k)=H
d
(e
j2pik/M
), k=0,, M-1 v s dng (7.35)
n (7.39) thu c p ng xung h(n).
V d 7.14
Phng php thit k n gin him khi c s dng trong thc t.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
suy hao di chn ti thiu vo khong 16dB, r rng l khng th chp nhn.
Nu tng M, s c cc mu trong di chuyn tip m chng ta khng th bit r p
ng tn s.
Phng php thit k ti u
( ) [ ( )] h n IDFT H k
19
c c h s suy gim tt hn, chng ta phi tng M to ra cc mu t do
di chuyn tip ngha l, chng ta thay i tcc gi tr ca chng thu
c h s suy gim ln nht i vi M v rng di chuyn tip cho.
y l mt bi ton ti u ho v c gii quyt bng k thut qui hoch
tuyn tnh.
Ch thch
Phng php ny th v ch khi thay i mt mu ta c th t c mt
thit k tt hn nhiu.
Trong thc t rng di chuyn tip ni chung kh b, ch cha c mt
hoc hai mu. Do chng ta cn ti u tt nht hai mu thu c h s suy
gim di chn ln nht.
iu ny cng tng ng vi vic ti thiu ho cc bin side lobe cc ai
theo nghi tuyt i. Do bi ton ti u ny cn c gi l bi ton minimax
(Cha cp n thut ton chi tit)
.
2
0.8 , 60
s
w Rp dB
1
0.35 , 1
p
w Rp dB
2
0.65 , 1
p
w Ap dB
1
0.2 , 60
s
w As dB
20
2. Chng trnh thit k b lc thng di bng phng php ly mu
tn s
2.1. Bi ton thit k
Cho cc thng s sau y:
Cnh thp di chn:
Cnh thp di thng:
Cnh cao di thng:
Cnh cao di chn:
S dng phng php ly mu tn s thit k b lc FIR thng di
Gii :
Chng ta chn M=40 chng ta c 2 mu trong di chuyn tip, a vo tn s ly
mu trong di chuyn tip l T
1
v T
2
Cc mu ca p ng ln:
{ { { { {
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
5 7 9 7 4
(w) [ 0,...,0,T ,T ,1,...,1,T ,T , 0,..., 0, T ,T ,1,...,1,T ,T , 0,..., 0]
r
H
Ti u cc gi tr T
1
v T
2
vi M=40 v 7 mu trong di thng:

T
1
= 0.10902 v T
2
= 0.59417456
Chng trnh thi hnh bng MTLAB
Trong chng trnh c s dng n cc hm Hr_type2 v freqz_m nh sau:
Hr_type2:
function [Hr,w,b,L] = Hr_Type2(h);
%
%
M = length(h);
L = M/2;
b = 2*[h(L:-1:1)]; % 1x(L+1) row vector
n = [1:1:L]; n = n-0.5;
w = [0:1:500]'*pi/500;
Hr = cos(w*n)*b';
freqz_m:
function [db,mag,pha,grd,w]=freqz_m(b,a);
% Modified version of freqz subroutine
%..................................
% [db,mag,pha,grd,w]=freqz_m(b,a);
% db=Relative magnitude in dB computed over 0 to pi radians
% mag=absolute magnitude computed over 0 to pi radians
% grd= Group delay over 0 to pi radians
% w=501 frequency samples between 0 to pi radians
% b=numerator polynomial of H(z) (for FIR: a=h)
% a=demonitor polynomial of H(z) (for FIR: a=[1])
%
[H,w]=freqz(b,a,1000,'whole');
H=(H(1:1:501))';w=(w(1:1:501))';
mag=abs(H);
db=20*log10((mag+eps)/max(mag));
21
pha=angle(H);
grd=grpdelay(b,a,w);
Chng trnh chnh:
% THIET KE BO LOC FIR THONG DAI SU DUNG PP LAY MAU TAN SO
% Cac thong so cua bo loc:
% ws1=0.2pi, wp1=0.35pi, wp2=0.65pi, ws2=0.8pi, Rp=1dB, As=60dB
% T2 = 0.59417456, T1=0.109021
M = 40; alpha = (M-1)/2; l = 0:M-1; wl = (2*pi/M)*l;
T1 = 0.109021; T2 = 0.59417456;
Hrs =
[zeros(1,5),T1,T2,ones(1,7),T2,T1,zeros(1,9),T1,T2,ones(1,7),T2,T1,zeros(1,
4)];
Hdr = [0,0,1,1,0,0]; wdl = [0,0.2,0.35,0.65,0.8,1];
k1 = 0:floor((M-1)/2); k2 = floor((M-1)/2)+1:M-1;
angH = [-alpha*(2*pi)/M*k1, alpha*(2*pi)/M*(M-k2)];
H = Hrs.*exp(j*angH);
h = real(ifft(H,M));
[db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,1);
[Hr,ww,a,L] = Hr_Type2(h);
subplot(1,1,1)
subplot(2,2,1);plot(wl(1:21)/pi,Hrs(1:21),'o',wdl,Hdr);
axis([0,1,-0.1,1.1]); title('Bandpass: M=40,T1=0.5941, T2=0.109')
xlabel(' '); ylabel('Hr(k)')
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0,0.2,0.35,0.65,0.8,1])
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[0,0.109,0.5941,1]); grid
subplot(2,2,2); stem(l,h); axis([-1,M,-0.4,0.4])
title('Impulse response');ylabel('h(n)');text(M+1,-0.4,'')
subplot(2,2,3); plot(ww/pi,Hr,wl(1:21)/pi,Hrs(1:21),'o');
axis([0,1,-0.1,1.1]); title('Amplitude response')
xlabel('Frequency in pi unit'); ylabel('Hr(w)')
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0,0.2,0.35,0.65,0.8,1])
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[0,0.109,0.5941,1]);grid
subplot(2,2,4);plot(w/pi,db); axis([0,1,-100,10]); grid
title('Magnitude response'); xlabel('Frequency in pi unit');
ylabel('Decibel');
set(gca,'XTickMode','Manual','XTick',[0,0.2,0.35,0.65,0.8,1]);
set(gca,'YTickMode','Manual','YTick',[-60;0]);
set(gca,'YTickLabelMode','manual','YTickLabels',['60';' 0'])
22
2.2 Kt qu chng trnh:
23
C. THIT K B LC S BNG PHNG PHP TI U:
(NGUYN VN LM)
Vic thit k b lc thng thp FIR bng cc s dng k thut thit k dng ca s s
n gin v m cch tng qut ,dn n kt qu l mt b lc c phaarmr cht tng i
tt.Tuy nhin,cc b lc ny khng ti u:
1. Th nht ,cc lch di thng v da chn ,delta_p v delta_s,xp x bng
nhau.mc d thng ta cn delta_s n hn nhiu so vi delta_p cc thng s ny khng th
c iu khin mt cch c lp trong phng php thit k s dng ca s.Do vy,vi
phng php thit k s dng ca s, vta cn phi thit k l di thng ca b lc tha cc
yu cu nghim ngt hn trong di chn.
2. Th hai,vi a s cc ca s , gn s khng u hoc trong da thng hoc trong
di chn v mt cch tng qut gim khi di chuyn t gii chuyn tip.vic cho php gn
c phn b u trn ton da s to ra gn nh nh hn.
B lc c pha tuyn tnh ng gn , mt khc, s ti u theo ngha bin ca gn
c ti thiu ha trn tt c cc di i vi bc cho trc N ca b lc.
Trong cp sau y,ta kho st vic thit k b lc c pha tuyn tnh loi 1.kt qu thit
k ny c th d dng c sa i thit k cc loi b lc c pha tuyn tnh loi khc.
Dp ng b lc FIR c pha tuyn tnh c th vit nh sau:
Trong cc gi tr t beta v cc biu thc i vi Hr(w) c cho trong bng
7.2(P.278)
S dng cc biu thc lng n gin,mi biu thc i vi Hr(w) trn c th c vit
di dng tch ca hm c nh theo w(Q(w)) v mt hm l tng ca cosine(P(w)).

A. Mc ch ca phn tch l c c cng thc chung i vi Hr(w) trong c bn
trng hp .gip cho nh dng bi ton d dng hn. thit lp bi ton thit k b lc
nh mt bi ton xp x Chebyshev,ta phi xc nh p ng ln Hdr(w) v mt hm
trng s W(w), c xc nh trn c di thng v di chn.
B. Bi ton xp x chepbyseb:
Hm trng l cn thit c th iu khin c lp trn delta1 v delta2. li trng s
c tnh nh sau:
C. Thc trng bi ton:
Xc nh mt tp hp cc h s a(n) or b~(n) or c~(n) or d~(n) [hoc tng ng a(n) or
b(n) or c(n) or d(n)] ti thiu ho gi tr tuyt i cc i ca E(w) trn di thng v di
chn.
By gi chng ta thnh cng trong vic n nh chnh xc wp,ws,delta1, delta2. Thm vo
li c phn b u n trong c di thng v di chn.
) ( ) (
2
1
w H e e e H
r
w j
j jw
M

L
n
r
wn n w P w P w Q w H
0
cos ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) (
] , [ ] , 0 [ )], ( ) ( )[ ( ) (
s p r dr
w w S w w H w H w W w E
S w w P
w Q
w H
w Q w W
w P w Q w H w W w E
dr
dr

1
]
1

, ) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
)] ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( ) (
)] ( ) (

)[ (

) ( w P w H w W w E
dr

1
]
1

S w
coeff over
w E | ) ( | max min
.
24
C bao nhiu cc i v cc tiu cc b tn ti trong hm li E(w) i vi mt b lc
M-im cho?
Kt lun: hm li E(w) c nhiu nht (L+3) cc tr trong S.
D. nh l lun phien(Alternation theorem):
Gi S l tp con ng bt k trn on khp kn [0,pi]. cho P(w) l xp x minimax
duy nht i vi Hdr(w) trn S, th iu kin cn v l hm li E(w) c t nht (L+2) tn s
cc tr lun phin (alternations) trong S; ngha l, phi tn ti (L+2) tn s wi trong S sao cho
E. Thut ton:Park-McCelelan:
c gii bng thut ton Remez.
1. c lng chiu di b lc bc M bng (7.48)
2. D on cc tn s cc tr wi (i= 1:L+2)
3. Tm mt a thc bc L (Lth polynomial) ph hp cc im ny
4. Xc nh cc a thc mi ca wi bng cch ni suy a thc
5. Lp t bc u
6. Xc nh a(i) v Emax bng min(max(E(w)))
Cc bc ny c tch hp trong hm remez

F. Hm Remez thit k cn bng gn sng:
ng qut: [h]=remez(N,f,m,weights,ftype)
Khi y weight=1 mi ni, V ftype khng phi l b bin i Hilbert hoc b Vi phn
[h]=remez(N,f,m)
h l cc h s b lc c chiu di M=N+1
N k hiu bc ca b lc
f -- mt mng k hiu cc cnh di tnh theo n v ca .
m p ng bin mong mun mi f
S w w w
w E w E w E
L
S
i i
< < <
t t
+

1 1 0
1
| ) ( | max ) ( ) (

2
,
6 . 14
log 20

10 * ) 1 (
1
log 20
1 10
1 10
1
1
log 20
2 1 10
20 /
1 2
1
2
10
20 /
20 /
1
1
1
10
p s
A
s
R
R
p
w w
f
f
M
A
R
s
p
p

+
+

+

25
a. Thit k b lc thng di dng phng php ti u:
ws1 = 0.2*pi; wp1 = 0.35*pi; wp2 = 0.65*pi; ws2 = 0.8*pi;
Rp = 1.0; As = 60;
delta1=(10^(Rp/20)-1)/(10^(Rp/20)+1);
delta2=(1+delta1)*(10^(-As/20));
delataH=max(delta1,delta2);deltaL=min(delta1,delta2);
weights=[1 delta2/delta1 1];
delta_f=min((ws2-wp2)/(2*pi),(wp1-ws1)/(2*pi));
%uoc luong bac bo loc
M=ceil((-20*log10(sqrt(delta1*delta2))-13)/(14.6*delta_f)+1)
%uoc luong sai so giua thuc te va ly tuong
f=[0 ws1/pi wp1/pi wp2/pi ws2/pi 1];%mot mang ky hieu cac canh dai tinh
theo don vi cu pi
m=[0 0 1 1 0 0];%dap ung bien do mong muon
%uoc luong bang thuat toan REMEZ
M = M+1;
h=remez(M-1,f,m,weights);% M-1:bac cua bo loc
%f:da giai thich
%m:
%weights:trong so
[db,mag,pha,gr,w]=freqz_m(h,[1])%db:do suy hao
%mag:dap ung bien do
%pha:dap ung pha
%gr:dap ung thoi gian tren nhom
%w:dap ung tan so lay mau
delta_w=2*pi/1000;
ws1i=floor(ws1/delta_w)+1; wp1i = floor(wp1/delta_w)+1;
ws2i=floor(ws2/delta_w)+1; wp2i = floor(wp2/delta_w)+1;
Asd = -max(db(1:1:ws1i))
M = M+1;
h = remez(M-1,f,m,weights);
[db,mag,pha,grd,w] = freqz_m(h,[1]);
Asd = -max(db(1:1:ws1/delta_w))
[Hr,omega,P,L] = ampl_res(h);
figure(1); subplot(1,1,1)
subplot(2,2,1); stem([0:1:M-1],h); title('dap ung xung thuc te')
axis([0,M-1,-0.4,0.5]);ylabel('h(n)');text(M,-0.4,'n')
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',[0:3:M-1])
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[-0.4:0.1:0.5])
%dap ung do lon
subplot(2,2,2);plot(w/pi,db);title('dap ung do lon o db');
axis([0,1,-80,10]); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Decibels')
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',f)
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[-60,0]);
set(gca,'YTickLabelMode','manual','YTickLabels',['60';' 0']);grid
%dap ung bien do
subplot(2,2,3);plot(omega/pi,Hr);title('Dap ung bien do');
axis([0 1 -0.1 1.1]); xlabel('frequency in pi units'); ylabel('Hr(w)')
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',f)
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[0,1]);grid
%trong so
delta_w = 2*pi/1000; sp_edge1 = ws1/delta_w+1; sp_edge2 = ws2/delta_w+1;
subplot(2,2,4);
sb1w = omega(1:1:ws1i)/pi; sb1e = Hr(1:1:ws1i);
pbw = omega(wp1i:wp2i)/pi; pbe = Hr(wp1i:wp2i)-1;
sb2w = omega(ws2i:501)/pi; sb2e = Hr(ws2i:501);
plot(sb1w,sb1e,pbw,pbe*(delta2/delta1),sb2w,sb2e);
title('Loi trong so');
axis([0,1,-deltaL,deltaL]);
xlabel('X 10^(-3)'); ylabel('Hr(w)')
set(gca,'XTickMode','manual','XTick',f)
set(gca,'YTickMode','manual','YTick',[-deltaL,0,deltaL]);
set(gca,'XGrid','on','YGrid','on')
26

b. Kt qu chng trnh