MC LC Chng 1: Tng Quan V Mng Vin Thng......................

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1.1, Cc khi nim c bn trong lnh vc vin thng................................................................4 1.2,Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng........................................................................7 1.3, M hnh cc dch v vin thng...........................................................................................8 d) Dch v truyn thng a phng tin ...............................................................................12

Chng 2, Mng Li Truyn Thng Cng Cng............14

2.1. Khi nin, phn loi v iu kin kt cu...........................................................................14 2.1.1, Khi nim....................................................................................................................14 2.1.2, Phn loi mng li truyn thng v iu kin kt cu...............................................14 2.2, Mng chuyn mch v in thoi.......................................................................................15

Chng 3...............................................................................18 Cc k hoch c bn xy dng mng vin thng...............18

3.1, Gii thiu chung................................................................................................................18 3.2, Trnh t thc hin qu trnh lp k hoch.........................................................................19 3.2.1, Xc nh mc tiu xy dng mng..............................................................................20 3.2.2. Lp k hoch di hn.................................................................................................22 3.2.3. K hoch trung hn....................................................................................................22 3.2.4. D bo nhu cu..........................................................................................................23 3.3. D bo nhu cu..................................................................................................................24 3.3.1. Khi nim...................................................................................................................24 3.3.2. Tng trng nhu cu..................................................................................................25 3.3.3. Cc bc xc nh nhu cu........................................................................................26 3.3.4. Cc phng php xc nh nhu cu............................................................................28 3.4. D bo lu lng...............................................................................................................30 3.4.1. Khi nim...................................................................................................................30 3.4.2. Cc bc xc nh lu lng....................................................................................30 3.4.3. Cc phng php xc nh d bo lu lng.............................................................31 3.5. K HOCH NH S....................................................................................................35 3.5.1. Gii thiu....................................................................................................................35 3.5.2. Cc h thng nh s .................................................................................................35 3.5.3. Cu to s ..................................................................................................................35 3.5.4. Cc th tc cho vic lp k hoch nh s .................................................................36 3.6. K HOCH NH TUYN...........................................................................................39 3.6.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................39 3.6.2. Cc phng php nh tuyn.......................................................................................40 3.7. K HOCH TNH CC ...............................................................................................41 3.7.1. Gii thiu chung..........................................................................................................41 3.7.2. Cc tiu ch cho vic tnh cc ..................................................................................42 3.7.3. Cc h thng tnh cc ...............................................................................................42 3.8. K HOCH BO HIU...................................................................................................45 1

3.8.1. Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................45 3.8.2. Phn loi bo hiu.......................................................................................................46 3.9. K HOCH NG B...................................................................................................47 3.9.1.Gii thiu chung...........................................................................................................47 3.9.2. Cc phng thc ng b mng .................................................................................47 3.9.4. Mng ng b Vit Nam.............................................................................................51 3.10. K hoch cht lng thng tin.........................................................................................52 3.10.1. Cht lng chuyn mch..........................................................................................52 3.10.2. Cht lng truyn dn..............................................................................................52 3.10.3. n nh................................................................................................................53

Chng 4, Quy hoch mng vin thng .............................54

4.1. Quy hoch v tr tng i....................................................................................................54 4.1.1.Gii thiu.....................................................................................................................54 4.1.2. Phng php qui hoch v tr tng i.........................................................................54 4.1.3. Chi ph thit b............................................................................................................56 4.2. Quy hoch mng truyn dn..............................................................................................57 4.2.1. Gii thiu....................................................................................................................57 4.2.2. Cu hnh mng truyn dn..........................................................................................58 4.2.3. Cc dng c bn ca truyn dn..................................................................................60 4.2.5. V d cu hnh mng truyn dn.................................................................................61 4.2.6. NH TUYN................................................................................................................61 4.2.6. TO NHM KNH...................................................................................................62 4.3. Quy hoch mng li thu bao..........................................................................................63

CHNG 5, QUN L MNG VIN THNG ..............64

5.1. Tm quan trng ca cng tc qun l mng vin thng.....................................................64 5.2. Mng qun l mng vin thng TMN................................................................................64 5.2.1. Gii thiu v TMN.....................................................................................................64 5.2.2. Cc chc nng qun l ca TMN...............................................................................65

CHNG 6, MNG A DCH V TCH HP S ISDN .....................................................................................................72

6.1. c im ca mng vin thng khi cha c ISDN.............................................................72 6.2. Khi nim v ISDN............................................................................................................72 6.2.1. ISDN...........................................................................................................................72 6.2.2. Mc ch ca ISDN.....................................................................................................72

CHNG 7,

MNG TH H MI NGN....................76

7.1. S ra i ca NGN.............................................................................................................76 7.2. Cu trc mng....................................................................................................................79 7.2.1. M hnh phn lp chc nng ca mng NGN........................................................80 7.2.2. Phn tch................................................................................................................81 7.3. Dch v trin khai trong NGN........................................................................................88 7.3.2. Nhu cu NGN i vi cc nh cung cp dch v.........................................................89 2

7.3.3. Yu cu ca khch hng..............................................................................................91 7.3.4. Dch v NGN..............................................................................................................91

Chng 1: Tng Quan V Mng Vin Thng

1.1, Cc khi nim c bn trong lnh vc vin thng Gn y, my tnh pht trin nhanh, kh nng lm vic nhanh v gi thnh gim n ni chng ng dng khp mi ni trn th gii v xm nhp vo mi lnh vc. Do s a dng v tinh vi ca my tnh v s pht trin nhanh ca cc trm lm vic, nhu cu v mng vin thng truyn ti thng tin khng ngng pht trin. Cc mng ny kh nng cung cp cc ng truyn thng chuyn cc s liu trong lnh vc cng ngh, khoa hc k thut v m bo p ng cc loi ng dng phong ph khc nhau t gii tr cho ti cc cng vic phc tp. Cc mng ny cn c kh nng truyn ti thng tin vi tc khc nhau t vi k t trong mt giy ti hng Gbit/s. Theo mt ngha rng hn, cc mng ny cung cp chc nng truyn ti thng tin mt cch linh hot. Thng tin truyn ti vi tc khc nhau, an ton v tin cy cao. im ny khc xa so vi kh nng ca mng in thoi c hnh thnh truyn ti tn hiu ting ni vi tc c nh 64Kbit/s, an ton v tin cy khng ng b. im quan trng y l cc thit b trn mng vin thng cng c s tho thun v vic trnh by thng tin di dng s v cc th tc trn cc ng truyn. Tt c cc quy c, tho thun v cc quy tc nhm xc nh thng tin s trao i vi nhau gi l cc giao thc thng tin (communication protocol). S kt hp (marriage) gia hai cng ngh hng u vin thng v my tnh l mt thch thc mi cho cc nh khoa hc, k s v cc nh thit k. Truyn thng l vic truyn thng tin t mt im ti mt im khc, gm c truyn thng c hc (bu chnh) v truyn thng in (vin thng) bi v n pht trin t dng c hc (my mc) sang dng in/quang v ngy cng s dng nhng h thng in/quang phc tp hn.

in thoi
IN

Cc mng

Telex
Hai hng

s liu Cc mng

in Bo
Bu chnh
C KH

VIN THNG Truyn thng n hng

ring

Truyn hnh cp

Bo ch

Pht thanh

TV

Hnh 1.1: Vin thng T l phn truyn thng c hc (th t, bo ch) ang c xu hng gim trong khi t l phn truyn thng in/quang, c bit l truyn song hng, li gia tng v s chim th phn ch o trong tng lai. V vy, ngy nay nhng tp on bo ch cng ang tp trung v hng ti truyn thng in/quang, coi l c hi kinh doanh tng lai ca mnh. Vin thng chim phn ch o trong truyn thng. Vin thng (Telecommunication) l qu trnh trao i cc thng tin cc dng khc nhau (ting ni, hnh nh, d liu...) vi c ly xa nh vo cc h thng truyn dn in t (truyn dn cp kim loi, cp quang, vi ba, v tinh). Mng vin thng (Telecommunications Network) l tp hp cc thit b (Devices), cc k thut (Mechanisms) v cc th tc (Procedures) cc thit b kt cui ca khch hng c th truy nhp vo mng v trao i thng tin hu ch. Cc yu cu t ra cho mng vin thng l phi c kh nng cung cp cc ng truyn tc khc nhau, linh hot, c tin cy cao p ng cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau. Mng vt l & Mng logic (physical and logical networks) Mng vt l bao gm cc h thng truyn dn, chuyn mch nh: mng cp ni ht, mng vi ba s, mng SDH, mng thng tin v tinh, mng li cc tng i. Cc h thng c thit lp nhm to ra cc ng dn tn hiu gia cc a ch thng qua cc nt mng. Mng vt l ng vai tr l c s h tng ca vin thng, n phc v chung cho lin lc in thoi, truyn thng d liu v cc dch v bng rng khc.
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Trn c s h tng cc mng logic c to ra nhm cung cp cc dch v vin thng tho mn nhu cu ca x hi. Mng in thoi, mng TELEX, mng Radio truyn thanh l cc mng logic truyn thng. Ngy nay, ngoi cc mng trn cn c c thm cc mng khc c th cng tn ti trong mt khu vc, nh l mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN), mng d liu chuyn gi cng cng (PSPDN), mng nhn tin (Paging network), mng in thoi di ng, mng my tnh ton cu (INTERNET), mng s a dch v tch hp (ISDN) vv...Cc mng trn cung cp hng lot dch v vin thng tho mn nhu cu ca khch hng. H thng truyn thng (Communication System): l cc h thng lm nhim v x l v phn phi thng tin t mt v tr ny n mt v tr khc v cn gi l h thng thng tin. Mt h thng thng tin bao gm cc thnh phn sau: b m ho, b pht, mi trng truyn dn, b thu, b gii m.
Thng tin B m ha B pht Mi trng truyn dn B thu B gii m Thng tin

Hnh 1.2: M hnh h thng truyn thng Trong h thng truyn thng chng ta cn quan tm: khun dng thng tin, tc truyn dn, c ly truyn dn, mi trng truyn dn, k thut iu ch, th tc pht hin v sa li. Cc phng thc truyn tn hiu trong h thng truyn thng: - n cng (Simplex): Thng tin ch truyn trn mt hng, b thu khng th trao i thng tin vi pha pht. - Bn song cng (Half- Duplex): Thng tin truyn trn hai hng nhng khng cng thi im. - Song cng (Full-Duplex): Thng tin truyn trn hai hng ng thi .

1.2,Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng M hnh tng qut ca cc h thng vin thng a. Gii thiu chung v mng vin thng .
V tinh truyn thng

in thoi
My Fax u cui d liu Thit b u cui Thit b chuyn mch ng truyn dn Thit b chuyn mch

in thoi My Fax My tnh

Thit b u cui

Hnh 1.3: Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng

Khi xt trn quan im phn cng, mng vin thng bao gm cc thit b u cui, thit b chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn. b. Thit b u cui Thit b u cui l cc trang thit b ca ngi s dng giao tip vi mng cung cp dch v. Hin nay c nhiu chng loi thit b u cui ca nhiu hng khc nhau ty thuc vo tng dch v (v d nh my in thoi, my fax, my tnh c nhn...). Thit b u cui thc hin chc nng chuyn i thng tin cn trao i thnh cc tn hiu in v ngc li. c. Thit b chuyn mch Thit b chuyn mch l cc nt ca mng vin thng c chc nng thit lp ng truyn gia cc cc thu bao (u cui). Trong mng in thoi, thit b chuyn mch l cc tng i in thoi. Tu theo v tr ca tng i trn mng, ngi ta chia thnh tng i chuyn tip quc t, tng i chuyn tip lin vng v tng i ni ht.

: Nt chuyn mch

: Thu bao

Hnh 1.4: Cu trc mng in thoi c v khng c thit b chuyn mch 7

d. Thit b truyn dn Thit b truyn dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc tng i vi nhau v truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Thit b truyn dn phn loi thnh thit b truyn dn thu bao, ni thit b u cui vi tng i ni ht, v thit b truyn dn chuyn tip, ni gia cc tng i. Da vo mi trng truyn dn, thit b truyn dn c th phn loi s lc thnh thit b truyn dn hu tuyn s dng cp kim loi, cp si quang v thit b truyn dn v tuyn s dng khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. Thit b truyn dn thu bao c th s dng cp kim loi hoc sng v tuyn (radio). Cp si quang s dng cho cc ng thu ring v mng s lin kt a dch v, yu cu dung lng truyn dn ln. 1.3, M hnh cc dch v vin thng Khi nim dch v vin thng Khi nin dch v vin thng lun gn lin vi cc khi nim mng vin thng. Mi mng vin thng s cung cp mt vi loi dch v c bn c trng cho mng vin thng v mng ny c th cng h tr vi mng khc cung cp c mt dch v vin thng c th. Dch v vin thng l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s liu, ch vit, m thanh, hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca thng tin gia cc im kt cui thng qua mng vin thng.

Hnh 1.5. Dch v vin thng

Ni mt cch khc, chnh l dch v cung cp cho khch hng kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau hoc thu nhn thng tin qua mng vin thng (thng l mng cng cng nh mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng, mng in thoi di ng, mng internet, mng truyn hnh cp,) ca cc nh cung cp dch v v nh cung cp h tng mng. Hnh 1.6. M hnh cc dch v vin thng

Cc loi hnh dch v c bn v yu cu ca chng v cht lng dch v

Cc dch v vin thng c bn thng c cp l dch v thoi, dch v s liu, dch v thu knh vin thng v dch v truyn thng a phng tin. Ngoi ra, c rt nhiu dch v vin thng c bn khc v vn cn tn ti ti ngy nay, tuy nhin khng c ph cp rng ri nh 4 dch v ny. a) Dch v thoi/telex/Fax/nhn tin Dch v thoi in thoi l dch v vin thng c pht trin rng ri nht, l dch v cung cp kh nng truyn a thng tin di dng ting ni hoc ting ni cng hnh nh (nh trng hp in thoi thy hnh - videophone) t mt thu bao ti mt hoc nhm thu bao. Dch v thoi c bn nht l dch v in thoi c nh do mng PSTN (mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng) cung cp. Dch v ny cp cho khch hng ng truyn ti tn nh ring, kt ni ti tng i in thoi c nh, cho php khch hng thc hin c cuc gi thoi i ti cc khch hng khc.

Hnh 1.7. Dch v thoi

Ngoi dch v in thoi truyn thng, cn c nhiu dch v thoi khc nh dch v in thoi dng th (cardphone), in thoi di ng tc thp (in thoi di ng ni vng cityphone), in thoi i ng, in thoi v tinh v hng hi v.v. s dng dch v in thoi dng th, khch hng mua trc mt tm th vi mt gi tin xc nh trc ti cc i l bu in. Khi s dng th ny, khch hng c th gi in ni ht, lin tnh hoc quc t. Khi cn gi, khch hng a th vo cc my in dng th cng cng t trn ng ph. Cc ph m thoi s c tr v ghi nhn vo tm th ty theo thi gian m thoi v loi hnh dch v ca cuc gi. C th dng nhiu th cho mt cuc gi hoc mt th cho nhiu cuc khc nhau. Dch v ny c u im ln nht l thun tin cho vic qun l lng s dng ca khch hng. Tuy nhin mt my in thoi dng th cng cng phi cao, ph hp vi cc khu dn c ng, kinh t pht trin, du lch, ngh mt. Dch v in thoi di ng l dch v thng tin v tuyn c thit lp nhm m bo lin lc vi cc my in thoi u cui di ng. Mt thu bao in thoi c nh c th gi cho mt thu bao di ng hoc ngc li hoc c hai u l thu bao di ng. Bn cnh vic cung cp kh nng trao i thng tin di dng ting ni, cc thu bao in thoi di ng cn c th s dng cc dch v khc nh dch v bn tin ngn, hp th thoi, FAX hoc truyn s liu.... Ti Vit nam, hin nay c su nh khai thc dch v vin thng c chnh ph cp giy php cung cp dch v in thoi di ng: VINAPHONE (trc y l VPC), VMS, VIETTEL, SPT, EVN v HANOITELECOM. n cui nm 2004, tng s lng thu bao in thoi c nh v di ng Vit Nam l khong 10 triu, n gia nm 2006 con s ny ln n khong 17 triu. Dch v Telex Dch v Telex l dch v cho php thu bao trao i thng tin vi nhau di dng ch bng cch g vo t bn phm v nhn thng tin trn mn hnh hoc in ra bng giy. Dch v ny s dng cc ng truyn tc thp, da trn mt mng kt ni ring, c cch nh s thu bao khc vi cc thu bao in thoi thng thng.
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Hnh 1.8. My Telex

Dch v Fax Dch v Fax l dch v cho php truyn nguyn bn cc thng tin c sn trn giy nh ch vit, hnh v, biu bng, s ... gi chung l bn fax t ni ny n ni khc thng qua h thng vin thng.

Hnh 1.9. Dch v Fax

Dch v fax bao gm fax cng cng v fax thu bao. Dch v fax cng cng l dch v m ti cc c s Bu in chp nhn, thu, truyn a, giao pht cc bc fax theo nhu cu ca khch hng. Dch v fax thu bao cung cp cho cc t chc hoc c nhn c nhu cu lin lc vi cc thit b u cui khc qua mng vin thng. Thit b fax thu bao c u ni vi tng i in thoi cng cng bng ng cp ring hoc chung vi thit b in thoi. Dch v nhn tin Nhn tin l dch v cho php ngi s dng tip nhn cc tin nhn. Mun s dng dch v ny, khch hng cn mua hoc thu mt my nhn tin ca Bu in. My nhn tin c kch thc nh gn, c th cho vo ti hay t gn trong lng bn tay. Ngi cn nhn gi in ti trung tm dch v ca bu in yu cu chuyn tin nhn ti ngi nhn l thu bao nhn tin. Dch v ny rt tin li cho nhng ngi thng xuyn di chuyn m vn nhn c thng tin vi chi ph khng ln. Trc y ti mt s thnh ph ln nh H ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh, nng u c cc trung tm cung cp dch v nhn tin. Ngoi ra dch v nhn tin Vit nam 107 cho php ngi dng c th nhn c tin nhn trong phm vi ton quc song
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n nay dch v ny ngng hot ng. Hin nay, dch v nhn tin thng c thc hin thng qua in thoi di ng v c nh. b) Dch v thu knh vin thng (leased line) Dch v thu knh ring l dch v cho thu knh truyn dn vt l dng ring kt ni v truyn thng tin gia cc thit b u cui, mng ni b, mng vin thng dng ring ca khch hng ti hai a im c nh khc nhau. Dch v ny p ng c cc nhu cu kt ni trc tip theo phng thc im ni im gia hai u cui ca khch hng. Vit Nam cc i l Bu in i din pha nh cung cp dch v (i vi VNPT), cung cp cc dch v thu knh sau: + Knh thoi ng di + Knh in bo + Knh pht thanh v truyn hnh + Knh truyn s liu c) Dch v s liu Dch v truyn s liu l dch v truyn ti hoc cc ng dng truyn ti thng tin di dng s liu trong mng vin thng. Dch v truyn s liu thch hp vi cc kho thng tin d liu ln nh ngn hng, th vin, thng k, iu khin t xa thng qua thit b u cui... Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, Cng ty VDC c coi nh cung cp dch v truyn s liu ln nht vi cc sn phm dch v nh: truyn s liu X25, Frame relay... d) Dch v truyn thng a phng tin Dch v vin thng bng rng cung cp cho khch hng kh nng truyn ti thng tin vi rng bng tn ln ln ti vi chc Mbit trn giy (Mbit/s) (trn nn mng ISDN -Mng s a dch v tch hp). Bng tn ny cho php truyn ti ng thi nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau vi cc yu cu v bng tn cng rt khc nhau trn cng mt knh lin lc. My tnh, my fax, in thoi v k c in thoi thy hnh u c th c phc v thng qua mt knh lin lc duy nht. Bng tn ny c s dng v phn b gia cc dch v khc nhau mt cch mm do, ti u v p ng ti a yu cu v cht lng dch v ca khch hng. Ti thit b thu bao, khi cc dch v vin thng khc nhau, s dng nhiu mi trng thng tin khc nhau nh ting ni, hnh nh, m thanh hay s liu u c tch hp vo mt thit b duy nht, khi ta c c dch v thng tin a phng tin (multimedia). Lc lin lc s c thc hin thng qua nhiu mi trng thng tin trong cng mt thi im v cng n gin nh thc hin mt cuc gi in thoi thng thng. Hnh 2.9 l mt v d in hnh ca dch v a phng tin: Dch v Truyn hnh hi ngh (Video conference).

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Hnh 1.10. Dch v truyn hnh hi ngh

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Chng 2, Mng Li Truyn Thng Cng Cng

2.1. Khi nin, phn loi v iu kin kt cu
2.1.1, Khi nim

Mng li truyn thng cng cng l tp hp cc thit b vin thng, chng c ni ghp vi nhau thnh mt h thng dng truyn thng tin gia cc ngi s dng v thc hin cc dch v vin thng tng ng.
2.1.2, Phn loi mng li truyn thng v iu kin kt cu

Mng li truyn thng c th c nh ngha l mt h thng chuyn thng tin. Cc mng li truyn thng in hin nay ang c s dng x l cc loi thng tin khc nhau bao gm mng li in thoi, mng li in tn, v mng li truyn s liu. Ngoi ra, ISDN l mt mng li c kh nng x l tch hp cc loi thng tin trn. V kha cnh loi cuc gi v cc dch v, cc mng li truyn thng c th c phn chia thnh mng truyn thng cng cng, mng truyn thng chuyn dng v mng truyn thng di ng. Da vo phm vi cc dch v truyn thng c a vo hot ng, cc mng truyn thng c th c phn loi tip thnh mng truyn thng ni b, mng truyn thng ni ht, mng truyn thng lin tnh, mng truyn thng quc t. Nu chng ta phn loi chng v x l chuyn mch, ta c th c mng truyn thng tc thi v mng truyn thng nhanh. Nh ni trn, cc mng truyn thng c th c phn ra nhiu hn na ty theo nhu cu v i hi ca ngi s dng. V cn bn, mng truyn thng bao gm mt h thng chuyn mch nh r ng ni cuc gi theo yu cu ca thu bao v mt h thng truyn dn truyn thng tin gi n ngi nhn. V cn bn, n phi p ng nhng iu kin sau: 1, C kh nng kt ni cc cuc gi c gi t tt c cc thu bao ch gi c ng k trong h thng n thu bao b gi vo bt c lc no hoc vo thi gian nh trc. 2, C kh nng p ng cc yu cu v nhng c tnh ca truyn dn. 3, S ca thu bao b gi phi c tiu chun ha. 4, C kh nng thc hin vic truyn tin mt cch cn thn v tin cy cao. 5, Cn c mt h thng ghi ha n hp l. 6, Hot ng ca n cn phi va tit kim va linh hot. thc hin c nhng iu trn, mng tng i phi c thit k, sau a vo hot ng mt cch ng n bng cch xem xt cht lng cuc gi, kh nng x l cuc gi, chi ph lp t v chi ph vn hnh, mi lin h gia h thng truyn dn v h thng chuyn mch. Cc mc c nu ra trn y c th c tng hp thnh s kt ni cuc gi v tiu chun truyn dn, k hoc nh s, tin cy v h thng ghi ha n.
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2.2, Mng chuyn mch v in thoi V cc thu bao ng k trong h thng ri rc, nn v cn bn m ni th h thng ny phi c kh nng x l tt c cuc gi ca h mt cch tit kim, tin cy v nhanh chng. t c mc ch ny, cc c tnh v nhng yu cu i hi ca thu bao phi c xem xt m bo cc dch v thoi cht lng cao. Mt mng ni ht vi mt hoc hai h thng chuyn mch c th c thit lp nu cn thit. i vi cc thu bao sng trong mt vng ring bit c th ch cn mt h thng tng i. Nhng nu s thu bao trong mt vng ring bit vt qu mt gii hn no , c th lp t nhiu tng i. Ni chung, cc mng li ng dy c th c lp ra nh minh ha hnh 2.1. Mng li mc ni tip trong hnh (a) c lp ra bng cch ni tt c cc mng li dy ca tt c cc vng theo kiu ni tip. Tri li, mng li vng trong hnh (b) c thit lp theo kiu trn. Nh c n t trong hnh (c), mng hnh sao c tp trung vo mt im chuyn mch. Trong hnh (d) trng hp mng c mc theo kiu li cc ng ni cc pha vi nhau c thc hin. Cng vy, nu c yu cu, mng li ghp c th c lp t nh hnh (e).

Hnh 2.1, Cc kiu mng li ng dy

15

Hnh 2.2, Thit lp tng i Bt c mng li no c cp trc y c th c lp t p ng nhng nhu cu v yu cu ca thu bao. Trong trng hp c mt vng rng ln cn nhiu h thng chuyn mch, thng thng th mng mc theo hnh li c thit lp. i vi nhng vng nng thn hoc nhng vng xa xi nh nng tri hoc cc lng chi c mt gi thp, ngi ta s dng mng hnh sao. Cc phng php ni mng c th dung cho cc mng li ng dy c phn no phc tp hn. Thng thng vic ni mng c thc hin theo 4 mc nh minh ha trong hnh 2.2; trung tm ni ht, trung tm lin tnh, trung tm khu vc, trung tm vng. Trong mng li phn cp c cc mc nh trn, vic to hng thay th bao gm cc hng c mc s dng cao v cc hng thay th c s dng. Nu mt cuc gi c pht sinh, hng c mc s dng cao s c tm u tin. Cuc gi ny c ni vi bn b gi thng qua hng thay th ca tng i mc cao k tip.

Mng in thoi Khi nim: - Mng in thoi l tp hp cc thit b, tng i, h thng truyn dn, h thng thu bao v cc thit b ph tr khc, chng c kt ni cht ch vi nhau m bo thng tin thoi gia cc thu bao v cc dch v thoi - PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network): mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng: L mng c quy m quc gia c t chc, qun l, phn nh r rng t trn xung di. L mt b phn c s h tng quc gia p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin thng xuyn ca ngi dn, phc v pht trin kinh t v an ninh quc phng - PA(B)X (Private Automatic (Branch) Exchange: mng in thoi ring

16

S dng tng i ring lp t mt mng in thoi cho ni b mt c quan, hoc mt khu vc no . C cc ng trung k kt ni vi mng in thoi cng cng. H thng truyn dn trong mng in thoi L mi trng truyn dn tn hiu trong mng in thoi m bo suy hao cho php v tho mn cc yu cu v: Dung lng thu bao v tc pht trin thu bao iu kin a l, kh hu thi tit Cc yu t v quy hoch th Thun tin cho bo dng, sa cha Tit kim chi ph Tu theo s lng thu bao hay tc pht trin thu bao chia thnh: - Mng in thoi khng phn vng - Mng in thoi phn vng

17

Chng 3 Cc k hoch c bn xy dng mng vin thng

3.1, Gii thiu chung Vic lp k hoch trong mng vin thng ni chung v trong mng in thoi ni ring c nh qun l vin thng a ra phi rt r rng v mang tnh cht tng th. Tt c mi vn c xem xt k cng, c th nh vic s dng cc thit b ang tn ti, s pht trin dn s trong cc khu vc v s pht trin ca nn kinh t ni chung hay s chuyn ho sang cc cng ngh mi. Trong vn lp k hoch th yu t thi gian ph hp vi cc k hoch ny l rt quan trng, ph hp vi vic u t hay d bo di hn. Trong mng vin thng, cc thnh phn trn mng (thit b chuyn mch , thit b truyn dn, thit b ngoi vi) m nhim nhng chc nng ring ca n nhng m nhim chc nng ca mt mng th cn phi c s kt hp hi ho gia chng. Cc k hoch c bn nhm phi hp cc thit b trn m bo thc hin chc nng mng.

Hnh 1.3. Cc thnh phn trong mng vin thng Cc k hoch c bn (cc quy tc c bn cho thit k mng) sau c coi l nn tng cho vic xy dng mng vin thng. + Cu hnh mng dng t chc mng vin thng. + K hoch nh s qui nh vic hnh thnh cc s (quc gia v quc t ) v cc chc nng ca tng thnh phn.

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+ K hoch to tuyn quy nh vic chn tuyn gia cc nt mng cho truyn ti lu lng thng tin m bo hiu qu v kinh t cng nh k thut. + K hoch bo hiu quy nh cc th tc truyn cc thng tin iu khin gia cc nt mng thit lp, duy tr v gii to cuc thng tin. + K hoch ng b quy nh th tc phn phi tn hiu ng h gia cc nt mng sao cho chng hot ng ng b vi nhau. + K hoch tnh cc xy dng c s tnh cc cho cc cuc thng tin. + K hoch truyn dn quy nh cc ch tiu v cc tham s k thut cho qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trn mng. + K hoch cht lng thng tin ch ra mc ch cho vic t chc khai thc v bo dng trn mng. 3.2, Trnh t thc hin qu trnh lp k hoch Khi tin hnh lp k hoch, phng hng c bn c quyt nh bi cc mc tiu qun l ca chnh ph m chng s tr thnh i tng xy dng mng li. Thng qua xc nh cc nhu cu khch hng da trn cc mc tiu qun l v cc nh gi v nhu cu v lu lng, xc nh c cc mc tiu lp k hoch v thit lp c chin lc chung. Tng ng vi mc tiu , mt khung cng vic v mng li c bn v di hn c thit lp. Sau mt k hoch thit b r rng c d tnh tng ng vi cc thit b. S chui cng vic ca qu trnh lp k hoch mng
Mc tiu qun l

Xc nh mc tiu

Xc nh nhu cu

Lp k hoch di hn

Lp k hoch trung hn

Lp k hoch ngn hn

Lp k hoch mng ti u

Hnh 3.1. S chui cng vic ca qu trnh lp k hoch mng

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3.2.1, Xc nh mc tiu xy dng mng

Khi lp k hoch mng li, chin lc chung nh l cp ca dch v c a ra, khi cc dch v bt u vi u t l bao nhiu, v cn bng li nhun vi chi ph nh th no cn phi c xem xt ph hp vi chnh sch ca chnh ph. Nhng vn ny cn phi c xc nh mt cch r rng nh l mc tiu ca k hoch. 3.2.1.1, Cc iu kin ban u xc nh mc tiu, yu cu cc nhn t sau y: - Mc tiu qun l: thit lp k hoch v dch v c a ra mt cch r rng. - Chnh sch quc gia: bi v mng li c mt nhn t cng cng quan trng, nn n c quan h cht ch vi chnh sch quc gia. - D bo nhu cu v s phn b ca n. - D bo lu lng. y l cc nhn t chnh quyt nh cu hnh c bn ca mng li, v cng l khng th thiu c cho u t thit b hiu qu. Xu hng cng ngh v iu kin ca mng li hin ti cn nh hng n vic xc nh cc mc tiu. 3.2.1.2, Nhng yu t cn c xem xt trong khi xc nh mc tiu Cc mc tiu sau cn c xc nh: (1) Cc yu cu v dch v i vi vic xc nh cc yu cu v dch v, vic xem xt cn tp trung vo loi dch v, cu trc ca mng li cho vic m dch v, v mc ch ca dch v. (a) Loi dch v Cc yu cu i vi cc dch v vin thng ang ngy cng tng ln bao gm tnh a dng, cc chc nng tin tin, cc vng phc v rng hn, v tin cy cao hn. Hn na, s tin b ca cng ngh gn y cho php a ra c cc dch v nh vy. Tuy nhin, loi dch v c a ra l rt khc nhau trong tng nc v ty theo cp pht trin vin thng hin ti. V th, i vi vic xc nh mc tiu k hoch, c th cn n mt cuc kim tra y xc nh dch v c a ra. (b) Cu trc mng cho vic m dch v Vic xc nh cu trc mng li cho vic m ra cc dch v l cn thit. Thng thng c cc kh nng sau: - Thc hin s dng mng hin ti. - Thc hin s dng mng hin ti v mng li. - Thc hin s dng mng li. - Thc hin bng cch cung cp cc u cui vi cc chc nng hin i hn.
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Hin nay, mng a ra cc chc nng lu tr thng tin v cc chc nng chuyn i phng tin, ngoi cc chc nng kt ni c bn. Tuy nhin, s pht trin gn y trong thit b bn dn nng cp cc chc nng v gim chi ph cho cc thit b u cui. V th, cc u cui ny c th x l mt s chc nng m tng c a ra bi mng li. [S chuyn giao chc nng gia u cui v mng li] - Kinh t: nu nhu cu ln, mng li nn c cc chc nng trn. Trong trng hp ny, vic a ra cc chc nng bi cc thit b mng li s kinh t hn. Nu nhu cu nh, vic a ra cc chc nng bi cc u cui l kinh t hn. - Cp dch v: nu mng li a ra cc chc nng, cc dch v a ra c th c s dng dng chung v th s rt d dng cung cp cho cc nhu cu ang tng. Nhng p ng nhanh chng cho cc nhu cu mi v tha mn cc yu cu cao cp ring l, tt nht l ci t cc chc nng ny cho u cui. - Vn hnh: nu cc chc nng c ci t cho mng li, cc h thng bo hiu iu khin kt ni tr nn phc tp. Nu cc chc nng c ci t cho u cui, mi u cui c cc chc nng iu khin ring ca n, s cho php vn hnh tt hn. - Bo dng: nu cc mng li c nhiu chc nng, n c th nhanh chng qun l cc li. Tuy nhin, nu cc chc nng c tn ti cc u cui, c th bo dng ngay lp tc. Tuy nhin, cc tc ng ca li thng c gii hn trong u cui. (2) Xc nh cc mc tiu vng dch v Cc mc tiu c nh ngha cho mt vng dch v bao gm ton b cc qu ca chnh ph cho lp k hoch mng li, cc yu cu x hi i vi dch v, ph tn v li nhun nh gi i vi vic a ra cc dch v, v phm vi ca vng hnh chnh. V c bn, mt vng dch v c xc nh da vo vic xem xt li nhun v chi ph c nh gi t nhu cu ca vng, song song vi cc mc tiu di hn. Thm ch ngay c khi doanh thu d tnh rt nh so vi chi ph, n vn c th c xc nh l mt vng dch v trong trng hp c mt cc nhn t quan trng nh l tnh x hi i vi dch v, s hn ch bi vng hnh chnh, s ph hp vi cc chnh sch quc gia v kinh t a phng. (3) Xc nh cc mc tiu cho cht lng thng tin Khi xc nh cc mc tiu cht lng thng tin, chng ta phi xem xt Khuyn ngh ITU-T, cc lut v quy nh lin quan trong quc gia, mc tha mn ngi s dng, cc tc ng x hi, tnh kh thi v mt k thut, v chi ph. Nu c cc mng hin ti, phi chp nhn s iu chnh gia cc mng hin ti v mi. Vi cc gi thit
21

ny, chng ta c th xc nh cht lng chuyn mch, cht lng truyn dn, v cht lng n nh. Mi mc tiu cht lng c xc nh s dng cc t l gi tr sau: - Cht lng chuyn mch: mt kt ni v tr kt ni. - Cht lng truyn dn: LR(t l tp m) - Cht lng n nh: t l li.
3.2.2. Lp k hoch di hn

K hoch di hn l khung cng vic c bn ca lp k hoch mng li. K hoch di hn c th bao trm mt giai on l 20 hoc 30 nm. K hoch ny bao hm cc phn m rt kh thay i nh l cu hnh mng li, v tr tng i, v k hoch nh s. Cc phn ny c ln k hoch theo cc mc tiu c xc nh trong phn trn. (1) Cu hnh mng li u tin, thit k s lc cc trm chuyn mch ni hatj v cc trm chuyn mch toll cho nhu cu, lu lng, v vng dch v ca chng, v xc nh cp mng li. Sau xc nh cc tuyn ti u, lu tm n cu hnh mng li. (2) K hoch nh s Cn i nhu cu v cu hnh mng li, xc nh dung lng, vng, v c cu nh s ti u nht. (3) K hoch bo hiu Xem xt loi dch v v cu trc mng li, xc nh nhn t yu cu cho h thng bo hiu. (4) K hoch cc Xem xt loi dch v, h thng gi cc, cu trc mng li, v k hoch nh s, xc nh h thng cc ti u. (5) K hoch v tr tng i Xem xt nhu cu, lu lng, cu trc mng li, v h thng gi cc, xc nh v tr ca mi tng i v vng dch v ca n cho chi ph thit b l thp.
3.2.3. K hoch trung hn

K hoch trung hn thng bao trm ti a l 10 nm. Thm ch n cn bao hm c k hoch thit b cho cc giai on ngn hn. K hoch trung hn c da trn cc kt qu ca k hoch di hn. So vi k hoch di hn, k hoch trung hn yu cu chnh xc cao hn khi ti u ha u t, v nh gi v quy m v dung lng ca thit b. (1) Tnh ton cc mch
22

Xem xt cc v tr tng i, lu lng, vng dch v, v s n nh v cht lng dch v, xc nh s mch ti u. (2) K hoch mng ng truyn dn Xem xt s mch gia cc tng i, v cu hnh mng, xc nh h thng truyn dn ti u m a ra mc tho mn c v kinh t v tin cy. (3) K hoch mng ng dy thu bao Xem xt nhu cu, v tr tng i, vng dch v, v mc n nh cht lng dch v, chia mng ng dy thu bao thnh mt vi vng phn b. Khi chia, to ra s kt hp ti u ca cc vng phn b v vy mi vng c th phc v hiu qu nht cc thu bao ca n.
3.2.4. D bo nhu cu

D bo nhu cu l nh gi s lng thu bao kt ni n mi im ca mng li, v xu hng pht trin trong tng lai. Cc nhn t sau s c nh hng n d bo nhu cu: Cc nhn t kinh t: tc pht trin kinh t, tiu th c nhn, khai thc v sn xut cc sn phm cng nghip. Cc nhn t x hi: dn s, s h gia nh, s dn lm vic. Gi cc: gi thit b, cc c bn, cc kt ni, cc ph tri. Chin lc marketing: chin lc v sn phm v qung co.

Cc s liu trn phi c thu thp d bo nhu cu v phn b. Thc hin mt d bo n gin ch bng vic nhn vo xu hng tng lai gn l cch tip cn th ng, l khng th chp nhn c. Lp k hoch nn bao gm cc loi tip cn tch cc, v d, tha nhn s gia tng trong nhu cu c ch dn bi chin lc kinh doanh. D bo nhu cu thc t, phng php thch hp nht nn c la chn trong mt vi phng php ty theo iu kin ca mi quc gia v mi vng, v ty theo s ph cp ca vin thng.

23

3.3. D bo nhu cu
D bo l khu quan trng khng th thiu c trong cng vic ra quyt nh. N d bo cc xu hng tng lai v tr thnh iu cn bn lp k hoch kinh doanh c kinh t v c hiu qu. - Lnh vc dch v Vin thng c nh hng ln n cuc sng con ngi v cc hot ng kinh t v n l mt ngnh c quy m ln vi cc thit b i hi lin tc u t rt nhiu. Bi vy, iu c bit quan trng vi ngnh ny m rng kinh doanh n nh v u t thit b c hiu qu phi da vo d bo nhu cu di hn. Trong phn ny s trnh by cc bc v phng php d bo nhu cu. 3.3.1. Khi nim

Theo ngha rng, d bo nhu cu khng ch bao gm vic d bo m l c vic thu thp v x l s liu, v vic iu chnh d bo nh hnh 3.1 sau y. Ba bc ny c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Thu thp v x l s liu cung cp nhng s liu c bn cho hai bc kia. iu chnh d bo phn hi nhng phn tch c c kt qu d bo nhu cu. Ni chung, ba bc ny c nh ngha nh sau: (a) Thu thp v x l s liu Chui s liu v nhu cu in thoi (yu t ni sinh) v thng k v dn s, s h gia nh, cc ch s kinh t... (yu t ngoi sinh) c thu thp v x l theo yu cu. (b) iu chnh nhu cu Nhng khc bit gia gi tr d bo v gi tr thc phi c phn tch v gi tr d bo s c iu chnh theo kt qu ca s phn tch ny. (c) D bo nhu cu Nhu cu tng lai c d bo hoc c tnh ton. y l cng vic d bo chnh v c gi l d bo theo ngha hp. Ngoi cc phng php truyn thng, cc s liu nhn c t hai bc kia phi tn dng xc nh v nh gi cc gi tr d bo.

24

D bo theo ngha rng

nhu ngha D bo theo cu hp

D liu phn tch S liu c bn Kt qu d bo

iu chnh nhu cu S liu

Thu thp v x l s liu

Hnh 3.1, Khi nim v cng vic d bo

3.3.2. Tng trng nhu cu

Mng in thoi thng phn chia thnh 3 pha nh trong hnh 5.2 sau y: - Pha bt u: tc tng trng chm. - Pha tng trng nhanh: tc tng trng rt nhanh hay gi l giai on tng tc. - Pha bo ha: tc tng trng gim. mi pha, cc iu kin v kinh t v x hi l khc nhau. Khi chn la mt phng php d bo, iu quan trng phn tch la chn l phi xc nh c mng hin ti ang nm pha no. (1) Pha bt u Pha bt u lin quan n giai on tng trng chm ca mng, vi mt in thoi mc thp. Trong pha ny, nhu cu in thoi ch yu l dnh cho nhu cu sn xut kinh doanh. Nhu cu ny ph thuc vo cc ngnh cng nghip v cc ngnh cng cng. Bi vy, mt mng c bn c lp t cng vi s pht trin cng nghip. Khng c mng c bn ny pht trin cng nghip s b cn tr.

25

Nhu cu c nhn b hn ch trong pha ny. in thoi vn l th hng ha xa x i vi ngi tiu dng ni chung v khng th c xem nh l hnh ha cn thit cho cuc sng. Cc hng ha tiu dng khc v thc phm vn c u tin hn l in thoi. V vy, d bo nhu cu in thoi cho sn xut kinh doanh phi da vo phn tch s pht trin kinh t ca a phng v quc gia. (2) Pha tng trng nhanh pha ny, kinh t pht trin. Trong lnh vc cng nghip, cn thit phi ci tin mng vin thng p ng dch v cht lng cao hn. iu ny ph hp khi mc sng ngi dn tng ln v nhu cu hng ha v in thoi ni chung l tng ln. Trong giai on tng trng nhanh ny, nhu cu ca dn c tr nn ln hn cung. Thm ch khi nhu cu hin ti c p ng, vn ny sinh nhiu nhu cu hn na. Tnh trng ny tip tc din ra cho n khi mng tng trng n mt qui m hp l. Pha ny tng xng vi giai on thit lp mng. Cng vic d bo trong giai on ny l rt quan trng v mt lot nhng sai st trong d bo c th dn n nhng sai xt trong vic lp k hoch v chi ph. (3) Pha bo ha pha ny, mt in thoi dn c t ti 80% hoc hn th v c in thoi dn c v sn xut kinh doanh u pht trin tng ng. Sau pha ny, nhu cu s thay i v c cu l nhu cu v cc dch v mi, v doanh thu cng s thay i theo c cu nhu cu chng hn nh doanh thu v in thoi th 2. Nhng nhn nh trn khng phi lun l ng mt vi khu vc thm ch ngay c trong mt quc gia. Tuy th, vic xc nh c mi pha l vn rt cn thit v phng php d bo s c p dng cho mi pha.
3.3.3. Cc bc xc nh nhu cu

Cc bc d bo nhu cu c th hin nh sau: Bc 1: Xc nh cc mc tiu d bo Bc u tin ca cng vic d bo l phi xc nh r cc mc tiu d bo. Cc mc tiu d bo bao gm nhu cu ca dn c v nhu cu cho sn xut kinh doanh. Vng mc tiu d bo l ton b vng trong nc hoc vng tng i,... Giai on d bo c th l 5 nm, 10 nm hoc 15 nm.
26

Bc 2: X l cc iu kin ban u D bo theo chui thi gian c th c thc hin theo cch nh sau mi lin quan gia nhu cu v cc yu t quyt nh nhu cu qu kh v c bn l khng thay i so vi tng lai. Bi vy, cc yu t ni sinh nh h thng cc v c cu cc v cc yu t ngoi sinh nh cc k hoch pht trin vng phi c xem xt. Bc 3: Cc s liu cn thu thp Trong bc ny phi xc nh c yu t no nh hng n cc mc tiu d bo v nhng s liu no nn thu thp. Tip theo, cc s liu thu thp c phi c phn loi sao cho vic phn tch chng c d dng. Cc s liu lin quan n d bo nhu cu in thoi nh sau: - Nhu cu in thoi, mt in thoi. - Dn s, s h gia nh. - S cc c quan. - T l tng thu nhp. - Tc tng trng kinh t. - Cc k hoch pht trin th. Cc s liu trn c sp xp theo thi gian, theo cc nhn t (nh nhn t ngoi sinh v ni sinh) v theo cc vng tng i. Bc 4: Tip cn v phn tch xu hng nhu cu Xu hng nhu cu cn c phn tch theo quan im nh sau: - Cc gi tr qu kh. - C cu th trng in thoi. - Ngun nhu cu. - Mt in thoi. - Cc c im ca vng nghin cu. - So snh vi cc vng khc v cc quc gia khc. Bc 5: Nghin cu cc k thut d bo v tnh ton gi tr d bo. Cc phng php d bo c phn loi theo 3 phng php sau: - Phng php chui thi gian.
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- Phng php m hnh ha. - Cc phng php khc. Mt phng php d bo c xc nh thng qua cc s liu thu thp. Tuy nhin, cho gi tr d bo m bo chnh xc cao hn, iu quan trng l nn chn phng php kh thi nht v chn cc gi tr ti u. Bc 6: Xc nh cc gi tr d bo T vic phn tch kt qu nhn c bc 2 v bc 4, cc gi tr ti u s c quyt nh.
3.3.4. Cc phng php xc nh nhu cu

3.3.4.1, Phng php chui thi gian (1) Khi qut i vi phng php chui thi gian, xu hng trong qu kh s c p dng d bo cho tng lai.V d, gi s thi gian l t v bin d bo (nhu cu hoc lu lng) l y, hm biu din mi quan h c dng y=f(t). Phng php ny thng c s dng cho d bo ngn hn. Hn ch ca phng php ny l cc bin v chnh sch nh cc v mc dch v khng c tnh n v nh vy th n khng c tnh thuyt phc. Nhng phng php ny d thc hin nht v n gin v ngoi cc s liu cn c nh nhu cu v mt in thoi ra th khng i hi thm s liu no khc. Chnh v l do m phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong d bo dn s, d bo kinh t, (2) iu chnh s liu bin thin Thng thng, s liu chui thi gian bao gm 4 dng sau: bin thin xu th, bin thin chu k, bin thin theo ma, bin thin bt thng. Bi vy cn phi chuyn cc bin thin khc nhau v dng bin thin d liu xu th bng phng php bnh qun thng, phng php nhn cng Phng php bnh qun thng c gii thch ngn gn nh sau: Phng php ny l phng php n gin nht trong cc phng php c tnh s bin thin theo ma v n cng c gi l phng php bnh qun theo chu k. Phng php ny c p dng khi bin thin xu th - mt trong cc nhn t ca chui thi gian xut hin nh bin thin l mt gi tr xu hng ca cc ng thng v cho php tm s bin thin ca s liu bng cch tnh n gin hn. Gi s rng trong chui thi gian chu k theo thng ca n nm, i thng l x ij, Mi l gi tr trung bnh, M0 l bnh qun gi tr trung bnh. Mi=xij/n M0=xi/12 (5.1) Ch s ma (SI) c tnh nh sau:
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SI=Mi/M0*100 (5.2) chuyn dng d liu ma, s dng ch s ma nh m hnh (5.2) v nhn vi 100. (3)Cc biu thc s dng cho d bo Biu thc thch hp c la chn phi da trn nn tng ca xu hng nhu cu trong qu kh. thi im ny, cc c im ca mi biu thc phi c xem xt y . l, biu thc v giai on d bo phi c xc nh xem nhu cu s thay i nh th no. i vi d bo bng phn tch chui thi gian th ch thi gian l yu t gii thch bin nhu cu. Cc yu t khc nh nhng thay i c cu khng c gii thch. Nhng phi ch rng, phng php ny ch ng trong trng hp mi lin quan gia cc yu t quyt nh nhu cu hin ti v nhu cu qu kh s khng thay i c bn trong tng lai. Nu bt k s thay i c cu no c xem l s nh hng ln n nhu cu th nguyn nhn v mc nh hng ca n phi c phn tch k lng v phng php d bo phi c iu chnh. Sau y l cc biu thc c dng cho phn tch chui thi gian. Phng trnh tuyn tnh v phng trnh bc 2 kh l ph hp vi d bo ngn hn. Hm m v hm logistic ph hp vi d bo di hn. Hm logistic nhn c t vic nghin cu vn tng dn s c bit ph hp trong d bo li ch cng cng ca hng ha c tiu th lin tc.

(4) Xc nh hng s ca m hnh d bo Vi mi phng php c xc nh da vo xu th nhu cu trong qu kh th hng s ca mi mt phng trnh phi c tnh ton. Phng php ph bin nht l phng php bnh phng nh nht. (a) Phng php bnh phng nh nht Phng php ny c ngha l tm ra c mt phng trnh sao cho tng din tch khc bit gia gi tr thc t v gi tr d bo nh nht. (b) Xc nh gi tr ti hn (mc bo ha) Gi tr ti hn K trong hm logistic v hm m iu chnh l gi tr da vo s liu qu kh thi im d bo. Gi tr K khng nht thit phi l hng s. Khi nn kinh t pht trin, gi tr K tr nn ln hn. Sai s ln s khng xut hin thm ch nu K c coi nh l mt hng s cho n khi ng cu tin gn n K. Gi tr K l khc nhau khng ch vi cc quc gia v cc vng m cn khc nhau ty theo trnh kinh t v cc iu kin ca dn c. N thng c xc
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nh da trn cc yu t kinh t v cc yu t chnh tr, tham kho s liu ca cc quc gia khc v s liu ca cc khu vc ln cn.
3.3.4.2, Phng php hi quy

(1) Khi qut Trong m hnh hi quy, mi quan h ca nguyn nhn v kt qu gia nhu cu v cc yu t quyt nh n c m hnh ha d bo. u tin, cc yu t tm c tm kim bao gm mi lin quan ph thuc ln nhau hoc mi lin quan gia nguyn nhn v kt qu trong qu kh. Nhn chung, cc yu t kinh t v cc yu t x hi u lin quan n nhu cu. Trong nhng nhn t ny, mt vi nhn t l m hnh c nh hng ln n nhu cu v gi tr tng lai ca n c th l d bo. Vi nhng m hnh ny nhu cu l d bo. (2) Xc nh cng thc hi quy (a) S tng quan Trc khi xc nh cng thc truy hi, cn phi tm mt nhn t an xen vi nhu cu. Biu hin cng ca s lin h l khi nim ca s tng quan. (3) Cc phng php khc
3.4. D bo lu lng
3.4.1. Khi nim

D bo lu lng l nh gi tng s lng xy ra ti mi im ca mng li. Cc nhn t nh hng n d bo lu lng: kt qu d bo lu lng, cc dao ng c bn, dch v.
3.4.2. Cc bc xc nh lu lng

Lu lng thng c d bo theo cc bc sau y: Bc 1: Xc nh mc ch v i tng d bo. Xc nh mc tiu ca d bo, lu lng v nm c d bo. Bc 2: Thu thp s liu v xc nh gi thit Xc nh cc gi thit ca d bo (v d: h thng gi v cc d n pht trin a phng c th c). La chn v phn tch s liu biu th xu hng ca nhu cu lu lng. Bc 3: Nghin cu xu hng lu lng

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Ghi chp v phn tch cc c tnh lu lng. Gm c: xu hng chui thi gian ca lu lng, phn tch xu hng lu lng ni ht v ng di trong nc, cc nhn t chnh nh hng n lu lng (v d: cu thu bao), mi lin h gia s pht trin vng v lu lng, s phn b lu lng theo thi gian. Bc 4: La chn phng php d bo. Phng php thch hp nht c la chn qua vic xem xt cc c tnh ca lu lng v cc nhn t dao ng. Bc 5: Tnh ton lu lng c bn Tnh ton lu lng trung bnh hng nm cho nm tham kho. Bc 6: D bo lu lng D bo thc hin bng cch s dng phng php chui thi gian, hoc nhn t l tng lu lng vi lu lng c bn. Bc 7: nh gi / xc nh d bo Xem xt cc c tnh ca cc nhn t dao ng s dng trong d bo, d bo so snh xu hng lu lng ton cu v s liu lu lng ca tng nc. Bc 8: Tnh ton lu lng tham kho Lu lng tham kho c tnh theo gi thit v s dao ng trong d bo (lu lng trung bnh hng nm). Bc 9: Bin son cc bo co Cc bo co m chng ta a ra cc s liu c s cho d bo lu lng (lu lng tham kho v s thu bao), d bo, cc gi thit cho d bo, v c s nh gi / xc nh d bo c son tho. Bc 10: Hon thin d bo Bng vic tip tc so snh d bo vi cc s liu thc t, ci tin phng php d bo t c chnh xc cao hn.
3.4.3. Cc phng php xc nh d bo lu lng

Cc phng php d bo khc nhau c chn la theo lng thoongn tin sn c l bao nhiu (ngha l ch c s liu cho mi trm hoc s liu cho ton quc gia l sn c). Trong phn ny, chng ti s miu t hai trng hp: (1) s liu lu lng sn c v (2) s liu lu lng khng sn c. 3.4.3.1, Khi s liu lu lng sn c
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Khi mt vi s liu lu lng c sn, s dng cc phng php sau y: Phng php chui thi gian. Phng php hi quy. D bo ton cu xem xt cc iu kin ca tng a phng. D bo n gin t l tng lu lng im im. Mi phng php s c miu t di y: (1) Phng php chui thi gian Phng php ny xc nh xu hng chui thi gian da trn s liu qu kh, v d bo tng lai bng cch m rng xu hng. (2) Phng php hi quy Phng php ny xc nh cc nhn t to ra cu lu lng, v m t s dao ng lu lng s thay i ca cc nhn t ny. M hnh d bo cng thc (4.1) da trn m hnh n hi. Cng thc ny c s dng tnh ton t l tng lu lng. Y=aX1.X2...Xn ,,... : Bin thin a: hng s y: t l tng lu lng X1 ,X2 ,... Xn: Bin s miu t Trong hu ht cc trng hp, lu lng c lin quan cht ch vi s lng thu bao. Tuy nhin, v s lng cuc gi l khc nhau gia cc thu bao kinh doanh v thu bao dn c nn hoc l s thu bao dn c hoc l s thu bao kinh doanh c chuyn i ln nhau. Kt qu ny gi l s thu bao chuyn i v c nh ngha l bin s miu t. Phng php ny thu c ng xu hng theo tng quan gia lu lng v s thu bao bin i. S dng ng xu hng ny, lu lng c d bo bng cch c tnh s thu bao chuyn i.

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Lu lng

Gi tr d bo

S thu bao

Hnh 6.2. D bo tng quan s dng gia lu lng v s thu bao

D bo ton b c xem xt n cc iu kin ton cc M hnh d bo ton b, c p dng trong khu vc rng ln, c th s dng tng i nhiu s liu thng k hn nh ch s kinh t. Tuy nhin, lu lng d bo cho mi khu vc tng i l khng d, bi v s liu thng k cho cc khu vc nh nh vy thng c hn. V vy, t l tng lu lng ca khu vc c tnh ton t t l tng lu lng ton b c xem xt n iu kin pht trin cc b ca vng. S dng cng thc sau y: y=K.X=ym.(X/xm) (4.2) trong y: t l tng lu lng ca khu vc lien quan. x: t l tng thu bao ca khu vc lien quan(s dng l bin i din th hin s pht trin ca khu vc). : l hng s. K=ym/Xm ym: t l tng lu lng ton b. Xm: t l tng thu bao ton b (4) D bo n gin t l tng lu lng im - im d bo lu lng gia cc khu vc, chng ta cn s liu pht trin d n v xu hng nhu cu cho cc khu vc. V lu lng ph in thoi ng di chuyn tip my tnh trn ton quc nn n chu tc ng ca nhiu xu hng kinh t x hi. Cc xu hng ny khng o c vi mt n v nh nh mt khu vc. Cng cn xt nhng nh hng ca iu kin c nhng vng khi u v kt thc lu lng. Bi vy, lu lng gia cc trm c d bo tng th theo quy trnh sau y. Vng lu lng d bo thng l vng tnh cc lien tnh (TA). (a) thu c t l tng lu lng, xem xt cc nhn t chung vi khu vc rng ln hn, trong xc nh khu vc s d bo (d bo ton b).
(3) 33

dng d bo ton b nh l mt ch s nhn t nh cc ch s kinh t, GNP, vv ph bin vi cc vng ln [quc gia v cc thnh ph chnh], lu lng khi u c bn c on trc qua xem xt iu kin cc b (nhng d n pht trin vng v bin ng dn s). (c) T l tng lu lng ca khu vc c d bo da trn t l tng lu lng ca u v cui vng tnh cc lin tnh. (d) Lu lng gia hai vng c d bo bng vic nhn t l tng lu lng vi lu lng c bn gia hai vng. y=y1.y2 y: t l tng lu lng gia TA1 v TA2 y1: t l tng lu lng ca TA1. y2: t l tng lu lng ca TA2. 3.4.3.2, Khi s liu lu lng khng c sn (1) D bo tng lu lng khi u Khi mt in thoi thp, nhiu ngi s dng mt s lng in thoi c hn. V vy tng lu lng khi u cho mi in thoi l tng i ln. Nhng khi mt in thoi tng, s thu bao vi t l s dng thp cng tng ln. Bng cch ny, tng lu lng khi u cho mi in thoi gim. (2) D bo u ra lu lng thoi ng di D bo u ra lu lng thoi ng di s dng th a ra hnh 6.4. th ny th hin mi quan h gia s lng dn c v t l lu lng ng di. N d trn nhng quan im sau y: T l u ra lu lng thoi ng di trong tng i lu lng khi u ph thuc vo hot ng kinh t x hi cc th. Nu th nh v hot ng kinh t - x hi ph thuc ln vo cc vng ngoi , t l lu lng thoi ng di s cao. V vy, di cc iu kin kinh t x hi ging nhau, th c dn c t hn s c t l lu lng in thoi ng di cao hn. Da vo t l lu lng thoi ng di thu c hnh 6.4, c th d bo u ra lu lng thoi ng di. 3.4.3.3. M hnh trng trng (d bo lung lu lng gia cc tng i) i vi mng ni ht khng c sn s liu, cng thc m hnh trng trng c s dng tnh lung lu lng. Phng php ny ph thuc vo khong cch gia cc tng i. Nhn chung, khi khong cch gn, lng ngi nhiu hn, lu lng in thoi s tng ln.
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(b) S

3.5. K HOCH NH S
3.5.1. Gii thiu

K hoch nh s c thit lp phi locgic v mm do. Cc con s khng ch c s dng nh nhng iu kin phn chia gii hn cho cc im ni iu khin gia cc thu bao v mng li m cn c s dng cho vic tnh cc cc cuc gi.Khi lp k hoch nh s cn quan tm n cc vn sau: - K hoch nh s phi n nh trong mt thi gian di, s lng cc con s phi p ng cho nhu cu pht trin dung lng trong 50 nm cng nh khi pht trin dch v mi. - Trn ton mng quc gia cc con s phi c dng chung c thit lp mt cuc gi m khng quan tm ti v tr thu bao ch gi. - K hoch nh s phi n gin v d s dng cho cc thu bao. S lng cc con s cng t cng tt sao cho khng vt qu nhng quy nh m ITU-T a ra cho s quc t. - V vn chuyn mch, k hoch nh s phi m bo sao cho th tc bin dch, to tuyn v tnh cc n gin.
3.5.2. Cc h thng nh s

3.5.2.1. H thng nh s ng H thng nh s ng l h thng nh s khi ton mng li c coi nh mt vng nh s, cc con s c gn cho cc thu bao trn mng theo mt khun dng chun . Trong h thng ny, mi thu bao c a ch ring v s lng cc con s l c nh. 3.5.2.2. H thng nh s m Trong h thng nh s ng, khi lng thu bao tng ln v mng ln ln th mi s thu bao phi tng thm s lng cc con s nhng khi quay s vi nhiu s con s nh vy th khng thun tin. Do , trong h thng nh s m, mng c xy dng da trn tp hp cc vng nh s ng. Trong h thng ny, thu bao thuc vng nh s ng khc nhau c u ni vi nhau nh vic thm vo cc con s tin t trung k v cc m trung k trc s ng. H thng ny cn cho php u ni cc thu bao trong mt vng, cng tnh , vi cc s ngn hn.
3.5.3. Cu to s

3.5.3.1. S quc gia :

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ITU-T quy nh rng con s 'O' lm s tin t trung k

Tin t trung k M vng +
+ M tng i + S thu bao

S thu bao S quc gia

Hnh 2.5 : Cu to s quc gia -

M vng c th bao gm mt hay vi con s . Mi mt tng i ni ht trong mt vng c gn mt m ring.

3.5.3.2. S quc t + i vi nhng quc gia nh a ra cc dch v gi quc t ITU-T quy nh '00'
Tin t quc t
M quc gia + +

M vng

M +

tng i

S thu bao +

S quc gia S quc t

Hnh 2.6 : Cu to s quc t

l s tin t quc t. + M quc gia c th c t 1 ti 3 con s . ITU-T a ra bng m quc gia ca cc nc . + S kt hp gia m quc gia v s quc gia to thnh s quc t . * ITU-T khuyn ngh rng con s quc t khng nn vt qu 12 con s . Do s lng cc con s trong s quc gia phi l (12-n). {trong n l s con s trong m quc gia (country code)}. Ch : ITU-T khuyn ngh rng s lng con s ISDN quc t c chiu di ti a l 15 con s . Gi s rng, c vi mng in thoi v ISDN trong mt quc gia, ITU-T m rng k hoch nh s cho in thoi t 12 s ln 15 s nhn dng c cc mng khc nhau.
3.5.4. Cc th tc cho vic lp k hoch nh s

Thng thng, k hoch nh s thit lp da trn cc bc sau y: * Xc nh dung lng s D bo nhu cu pht trin s lng thu bao quyt nh s lng cc con s. La chn s ch s * Phn vng nh s - Xem xt s ph hp gia a gii hnh chnh v vng tnh cc.
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- S ph hp gia vng t thu bao v vng t trung tm chuyn mch s cp. * Cu to s - Xem xt s kt hp gia h thng nh s ng v nh s m - Quy nh chiu di cc s thu bao l thng nht. 3.5.4.1 Quyt nh dung lng nh s 3.5.4.1.1 Chu k cu k hoch nh s Mi ln mt k hoch nh s c thit lp, cc thay i trong k hoch xy ra sau thng gy ra nhiu kh khn. iu l khng trnh khi, v th vic a ra cc ch s v cc thng s khc phi cn c vo vic d bo nhu cu in thoi chnh xc trnh vic thiu s. Do vy, khi d bo nhu cu in thoi phi lu tm ti s pht trin trong tng lai. Trn thc t vic thc hin d bo nhu cu di hn l rt kh khn. Tuy nhin, k hoch nh s nn trin khai bng cch mi ln em p dng vo thc tin th i hi khng c thay i trong vng 50 nm 3.5.4.1.2 Cc ch s v dung lng s Dung lng s ph thuc vo vic c bao nhiu ch s c s dng cho vic nh s. Dung lng nh s tng trng cho gii hn cao hn v tng s thu bao v /hoc thit b u cui m c th c cung cp trong mt vng thch hp. V d, nu 4 ch s c s dng cho vic nh s th l thuyt n s to thnh 10.000 s c th s dng c, ln xung t 0000 n 9999. C ngha l kh nng nh s y s l 10.000 s. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc s ny u s dng cho vic nh s, bi v c mt gii hn c quy nh cho cc tn t trung k v quc t v cc m dch v c bit. 3.5.4.1.3 La chn cc ch s Vic la chn cc ch s phi quan tm ti nhu cu nh s thu bao m bao gm c cc dch v c bit cng nh khi cc m ny c n nh ti cc thu bao. V d, chng hn ta gi s nhu cu nh s trong tng lai l 9 triu s, th cc ch s c la chn theo cch sau: a. Cc iu kin tin quyt: - Ch s 0 nn c s dng cho tin t trung k - H thng nh s 1XY nn c s dng cho cc s ca cc dch v c bit - M quc gia nn s dng 3 ch s
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b. Cc gii hn trong vic s dng s: - 9 ch s t 1 n 9 khng bao gn ch s 0 c s dng cho ch s u tin ca m tng i c. Thc hin php tr i 3 ch s i vi m quc gia t tng s 12 ch s ch cn li 9 ch s. Nh vy chng ta c th s dng n 9 ch s cho s quc gia - Gi s vi 8 ch s, th kh nng nh s s l: 9 x 8 x 106 = 72.000.000 s Do vy, p ng c nhu cu nh s l 9 triu s th nn s dng 8 ch s. Hn na, cn phi quan tm n tn tht khi phn tch trong dung lng nh s lin quan ti vic thit lp mt vng nh s. minh ho khi nim tn tht phn tch, chng ta hy so snh mt vng c phc v bi mt tng i in thoi duy nht vi mt vng c phc v bi 2 tng i in thoi khc nhau.

S: 2-XXXX Nhu cu in thoi: 8000 a. nh s vi mt tng i duy nht

S: 5-XXXX S: 6-XXXX Nhu cu: 5000 Nhu cu: 3000 b. nh s vi hai tng i khc nhau

a. Nu l vng c phc v bi mt tng i in thoi duy nht - Ch s 2 s c n nh cho m tng i - Nu s ca mt thu bao gm 4 ch s th kh nng nh s l 10.000 s, do s p ng nhu cu trong tng lai l 8000 s. Ly 10.000 s ca kh nng nh s tr i 8000 s ca nhu cu tng lai th cn 2000 s l dung lng khng dng n. b. Nu vng c phc v bi 2 tng i in thoi khc nhau - Vng dch v ni ht ny c chia thnh vng A v vng B. - i vi vng A, gi s nhu cu trong tng lai l 5000 s, ch s 5 c n nh cho m tng i. - i vi vng B, gi s nhu cu trong tng lai l 3000 s, ch s 6 c n nh cho m tng i. - S thu bao c quy nh c 4 ch s. Kh nng nh s l 10.000 s s c n nh cho mi vng A v B. Nh vy, tng kh nng nh s cn c l 20.000 s.

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Ly 20.000 s ny tr i 8.000 s ca nhu cu tng lai cn 12.000 s l dung lng khng dng n. Dung lng khng dng n l qu cao trong trng hp (b) cho vng nh s l khng thch ng. V d c trch dn trn c th l trng hp c bit. Tuy nhin n li minh ho cho kh nng m cc m trung k v/hoc cc m tng i c th thiu nu khng la chn s lng ch s hon chnh cho ton b dung lng nh s. 3.5.4.2 La chn vng nh s Qua v d trn cho thy ccc vng nh s nn c la chn cn c vo nhu cu tng lai, theo vic thiu kh nng nh s s khng xy ra.Nu kh nng nh s thiu th cc s ny c th c s dng t cc vng s khc. la chn vng nh s ng n th cn phi m bo tnh nht qun i vi kh nng nh s, gia cc vng dch v ni ht v cc vng tnh cc. Nu khng m bo tnh nht qun s dn ti cc vn sau:
-

Cc mc gi khc nhau c p dng cho cc vng c cng m trung k v nh vy th ngi s dng s khng th hiu ni h thng tnh cc Khi cc vng cung cp ca trung tm c s ging ht cc vng tnh cc th tng i c th to ra mt ch s tnh cc bng cch nhn dng m trung k. Nu c bt k s khng nht qun no gia cc vung dch v ni ht v cc vng tnh cc th tng i phi nhn dng m tng i t mi nhn dng vng tnh cc. iu ny dn ti s phc tp trong hot ng ca tng i.

Cc vng nh s nn c la chn cho ton b kh nng nh s theo ng h thng phn vng nh a ht qun l m nhng ngi s dng thng tho.

3.6. K HOCH NH TUYN

3.6.1. Gii thiu

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Thng thng mt cuc gi c thc hin qua nhiu tng i khc nhau. nh tuyn l qu trnh chn mt ng i (tuyn) qua cc nt mng ti ch mt cch ti u nht v mt k thut cng nh v mt kinh t. Mt s yu cu t ra: . Qu trnh chn tuyn v cc th tc iu khin phi n gin. . m bo s dng knh & cc thit b mt cch hiu qu. . m bo thit k v qun l mng d dng
3.6.2. Cc phng php nh tuyn

3.6.2.1. nh tuyn c nh : nh tuyn c nh l phng php quy nh mt s tuyn c nh cho vic chuyn lu lng gia hai tng i. Do phng php ny yu cu phn iu khin rt n gin nn n c ng dng trong cc h thng chuyn mch c in. Tuy nhin, phng php ny rt hn ch trong vic chn tuyn dn n khng linh hot khi c knh no b li. 3.6.2.2. nh tuyn lun phin: Phng php nh tuyn lun phin c t r trong hnh v di y. Gia bt k hai nt mng no cng c nhiu hn 1 tuyn. Nguyn tc nh tuyn lun phin nh sau: khi tt c cc mch thuc tuyn u tin bn th tuyn th hai c chn. Nu tuyn th 2 bn th tuyn th 3 c chn v c nh vy cho ti khi tm c tuyn ri hoc s mt cuc gi .

Hnh 2.7. Nguyn tc nh tuyn lun phin Phng php ny rt hiu qu trong vic ti u ho s dng cc knh trung k v thng c p dng gia cc tng i in t s SPC.
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3.6.2.3. nh tuyn ng nh tuyn ng l mt kiu c bit ca nh tuyn lun phin nh trn, mt im khc bit l tng linh hot v gim thi gian chn tuyn gia hai nt mng cn c vo tnh trng ca mng hoc theo thi gian nh trc. Kiu nh tuyn ny c th c s dng gia cc tng i in t s hoc gia cc nt trn mng s liu hin nay. 3.7. K HOCH TNH CC
3.7.1. Gii thiu chung

Hng nm trn mng vin thng, cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng phi u t nhiu cho vic vn hnh, bo dng cng nh pht trin, qun l mng, do cc thu bao phi tr cc cho cc dch v m h s dng. xc nh mc cc m thu bao phi tr cho cc dch v vin thng v cc tiu ch cho tnh cc vic lp k hoch tnh cc a ra cc loi cc, s tin v phng php tnh ton ph hp l rt cn thit. m bo xy dng c h thng tnh cc ph hp nh trn th k hoch tnh cc phi tho mn mt s yu cu sau y: - Quy tc tnh cc phi cng bng, d hiu i vi khch hng v n gin cho nh qun l. - H thng tnh cc ring phi ph hp vi cu trc tnh cc chung. - H thng tnh cc phi khuyn khch nhu cu s dng dch v thu bao hay dch v mi. - Cc thit b v k thut cho vic tnh cc phi tin cy chnh xc. Cc c phn chia thnh 3 loi : - Chi ph lp t ban u (Installation fee) khi pht trin thu bao mi th cc c quan ch qun phi u t cho lp t dy cp, do thng thng khi mi lp t th ngi s dng phi tr mt khon tng i ln. - Chi ph cho ng k dch v (Subscription fee) y l mt khon chi ph c nh duy tr hot ng ca ng dy v cc thit b lin quan. - Cc cho cuc thng tin (Call charge) hai kiu trn th c nh v khng yu cu mt thit b hay mt cch tnh no nhng i vi vic tnh cc cho cc cuc thng tin th phc tp hn ph thuc vo thi gian, khong cch.
41

3.7.2. Cc tiu ch cho vic tnh cc

3.7.2.1. Tnh cc da trn s lng cuc gi Phng php ny ch quan tm n s lng cuc gi, khng cp n thi gian duy tr cuc gi. u im l n gin ho cc thit b tnh v lu cc, nhng nhc im l cc cuc gi c th din ra lu. 3.7.2.2. Tnh cc da trn thi gian duy tr cuc gi Thi gian duy tr cuc gi c tnh t khi thu bao b gi nhc my tr li cho ti khi cuc gi c gii phng. Trong phng php ny c li khi m cuc gi din ra di. 3.7.2.3. Tnh cc da trn thi gian duy tr cuc gi v khong cch Thng thng cc cuc gi ng di cn s dng nhiu thit b hn so vi cc cuc gi ni ht nn cc s cao hn. Do khong cch l tiu ch quan trng cho vic tnh cc cho cc cuc gi ng di cng vi thi gian duy tr cuc gi. Khong cch y cp ti khong cch gia tng i ch gi v tng i b gi. phc v cho vic tnh cc, mng quc gia c chia thnh nhiu vng cc khc nhau mi vng c quy nh mt mc cc c nh. 3.7.2.4. Tnh cc ph thuc vo khi lng thng tin Trong thng tin s liu th vic tnh cc c th da trn khi lng thng tin c chuyn.
Khi lng thng tin (bit) = Tc bt * thi gian truyn

Kiu tnh cc ny th rt d hiu i vi ngi s dng. i vi thng tin s liu, v d trong chuyn mch gi cc c tnh ph thuc s lng gi c chuyn i. * Ngoi ra cn c phng php tnh cc ph thuc vo tng thi im trong ngy. V d tnh cc cho bui m, cui tun hay vo nhng dp l. Khi m lu lng thp th c th gim gi tng nhu cu s dng dch v.
3.7.3. Cc h thng tnh cc

3.7.3.1. H thng tnh cc u (Flat - Rate System) y l cch tnh cc n gin nht, khng quan tm ti s lng cuc gi cng nh thi gian duy tr cuc gi. Mt mc cc c nh c t ra cho ngi s
42

dng trong mt khong thi gian thng thng l mt thng. Tuy nhin phng php ny c mt s u nhc im. . u im : - Khng yu cu thit b lin quan ti tnh cc . - Cng tc qun l rt n gin . - Ngi s dng bit trc c mc cc m h phi tr . - Khuyn khch vic s dng dch v vi cc thit b c sn. . Nhc im: - H thng khng cng bng i vi ngi s dng. - Hn ch vic ng k thu bao mi. - Thu bao khng iu chnh c mc m h phi tr. 3.7.3.2. H thng tnh cc da trn cuc thng tin (Measured - Rate System) Trong cc h thng tnh cc theo cuc gi th thng tin cc c th ph thuc vo thi gian duy tr cuc gi v khong cch thng tin. Nu mc cc cho mt c ly c nh trong khong thi gian T l a th mc cc cho mt cuc thng tin c th tnh theo cng thc sau: Mc cc = a * t/T Trong : a : l mc cc cho mt c ly nht nh trong khong thi gian T t : l thi gian duy tr cuc thng tin T: Chu k tnh Tu thuc vo s thay i ca chu k tnh hay t gi trn mt n v o m chng ta c th c hai cch tnh cc. a. Phng php tnh cc theo chu k c nh Chu k T l c nh, gi tr a thay i theo khong cch ca cuc thng tin. i vi cc thao tc nhn cng , phng php ny rt ph bin do thit b n gin (gm ng h o v cch tnh n gin). Chu k y thng thng c chn l 3 pht khi cuc gi bt u v sau l mt pht. i vi cc h thng chuyn mch khng iu khin theo nguyn tc SPC th t gi a thay i nh vic thay i ca s lng cc xung o c theo tng khong cch. Do s lng cc vng cc tng ln B cc thit b rt phc tp. Vng v V d
20 Km 70Km Vng A 43

Vng C

Hnh 2.14 : V d vic tnh cc theo chu k c nh

Gi s mt cuc gi din ra khong 5 pht 30 giy gia thu bao thuc vng A, B v C. Trong trng hp ny th t gi trn mt n v o lng c tnh nh bng sau . Bng 2.2: Tnh cc theo chu k c nh Khong cch < 40 Km 41 - 60 Km 61 - 80 Km T 1 ti 3 pht u 60 90 120 20 30 40 Mi pht sau

* i vi cuc gi t vng A ti vng B 6 2 0 0

0 3 4

2 0 0

Tng 120 Pht Tng 240 Pht

* i vi cuc gi t vng A ti vng C 1 4 206 0 00 0

0 3 4

4 00

b. Phng php o cc xung theo chu k Ti kiu tnh cc ny th t gi trong mt n v o lng a l c nh v chu k T s thay i phc thuc vo khong cch. Trong trng hp ny ngay c khi s lng cc vng cc tng ln th khng nh hng n thit b v ch cn thay i gi tr T. Bi vy thit b tnh cc trong tng i non- SPC khng b phc tp. Tng t nh v d trn khi mt cuc gi din ra trong khong 5 pht 30 giy cho 3 vng A,B v C i vi phng php tnh cc m c chu k thay i th c minh ho theo hnh v v bng sau.
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Vng B

20 Km 70Km
Vng A

Vng C

Hnh 2.15 : V d vic tnh cc theo chu k thay i

Bng 2.3: Tnh cc theo chu k thay i C li thng tin < 40 Km 41 60 Km 61 80 Km 5 pht 30 giy = 330 giy * i vi cuc gi A B: * i cuc gi A C: 10 * 330/30 = 110 10 * 330/15 = 220 Chu k vi mc cc trn mt n v o lng l 10 30 s 20 s 15 s

. Qua hai v d trn ta thy rng mc cc c tnh cho thu bao l khc nhau, tu thuc vo nh qun l la chn kiu no v tng i SPC c th cung cp cc chc nng trn. 3.7.3.3. H thng tnh cc hn hp H thng tnh cc hn hp c s dng khc phc cc nhc im v tn dng cc u im ca c hai h thng tnh cc trn. Trong h thng ny, ngoi mc cc tnh theo cuc thng tin nh trn th khch hng phi tr thm mt mc cuc c nh tu thuc vo tng dch v c th cho vic bo dng cc thit b kt cui. H thng tnh cc hn hp c mt s c im sau y : * Mc cc c nh cho cc thu bao cho cc dch v nh vy l kh cng bng * Khi khng c cuc thng tin no din ra th nh cung cp dch v vin thng vn c th p ng vic cp ngun nui cho cc thit b. * Cn thit cc thit b cho vic tnh cc 3.8. K HOCH BO HIU
3.8.1. Gii thiu
45

Bo hiu l qu trnh trao i cc thng tin iu khin lin quan n vic thit lp duy tr v gii to cuc thng tin v qun l mng gia cc thit b u cui v cc thit b chuyn mch hay gia cc thit b chuyn mch. Bo hiu l mt chc nng quan trng m bo s kt ni gia cc tng i, ng truyn v cc thit b u cui mng li. Khi p dng mt h thng bo hiu, n s nh hng ln v lu di ti chc nng mng li. V vy, bo hiu phi c tnh mm do sao cho d thch nghi vi s m rng mng li trong tng lai.
3.8.2. Phn loi bo hiu

Bo hiu trong mng in thoi c chia thnh bo hiu thu bao, l bo hiu gia thit b u cui v tng i ni ht v bo hiu lin i, bo hiu gia cc tng i.
Thit b u cui Thit b u cui

Tng i

Tng i

Bo hiu thu bao i Bo hiu lin bao Bo hiu

thu

Hnh 2.8: Phn loi bo hiu trong mng in thoi Bo hiu thu bao l qu trnh trao i cc loi tn hiu bo hiu gia thu bao v tng i ni ht v ngc li. Bo hiu lin i gm bo hiu knh kt hp v bo hiu knh chung. i vi h thng bo hiu knh kt hp, cc tn hiu thu v pht trn cng mt ng vi tn hiu ting ni. Trong khi bo hiu knh chung tn hiu bo hiu thu v pht qua mt ng dnh ring cho bo hiu khc vi knh ting ni. H thng bo hiu lin i c phn chia thnh 2 h thng chnh l : Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS) v Bo hiu knh chung (CCS). H thng bo hiu knh chung CCS c u im hn so vi bo hiu knh kt hp nh: dung lng cao, linh hot, gim phn cng v tin cy cao. Trong mng in c nhiu h thng bo hiu khc nhau c s dng nh bo hiu MFC,CCITT No 5, CCITT No 6... Tuy nhin nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v ngy cng cao m cc h thng bo hiu c khng c kh nng p ng cc dch v ny do hn ch v tc , dung lng v cht lng. Do cn mt h thng bo hiu
46

mi c kh nng p ng cc loi hnh dch v v tn dng ti u kh nng ca tng i SPC. Xut pht t yu cu v mt h thng bo hiu mi, gn y c mt vi h thng bo hiu knh chung c a vo p dng. Nm 1968 ITU-T a khuyn ngh v h thng bo hiu knh chung s 6 c thit k ti u cho lu lng lin lc a, s dng trn cc ng trung k Analog, tc thp 2,4 Kbps. Vo nhng nm 80, ITU-T gii thiu h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS7) thit k ti u cho mng quc gia v quc t s dng trung k s, tc t 64 Kbps. Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam s dng c hai loi bo hiu: R2 v C7. Mng bo hiu s 7 (C7) a vo khai thc ti Vit Nam theo chin lc trin khai t trn xung theo tiu chun ca ITU (khai thc th nghim u tin t nm 1995 ti VTN v VTI). Cu trc mng bo hiu C7 xy dng da trn c s cu trc mng chuyn mch quc gia nhm chuyn ti an ton v hiu qu cc bn tin bo hiu CCS7 gia cc vng lu lng chia thnh 5 vng bo hiu tng ng vi 5 vng lu lng thoi. Cho n nay mng bo hiu s 7 hnh thnh vi mt cp STP (im chuyn tip bo hiu) ti 3 trung tm (H Ni, Nng, TP. H Ch Minh) ca 3 khu vc (Bc, Trung, Nam), s dng loi STP tch hp t ti cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia. i vi STP quc t cng l im chuyn tip lu lng bo hiu SCCP cho cc cuc gi Roaming quc t. 3.9. K HOCH NG B
3.9.1.Gii thiu chung

Trong mng lin kt s (IDN), vic truyn dn v chuyn mch cc tn hiu s trn mng li c iu khin bi ng h vi mt tn s ring. Nu cc ng h ti cc tng i hot ng c lp vi nhau th tn s ca chng s b sai lch, hay l hin tng trt , gy ra li thng tin nh hng n cht lng cc dch v . Do k hoch ng b c a ra xy dng v t chc mng ng b m bo s ng b trn mng. S trt cc dng bt b nh hng khc nhau n cc dch v thoi, d liu hay truyn hnh.
3.9.2. Cc phng thc ng b mng

ng b mng l mt khi nim chung m t phng thc thc phn phi tn hiu ng h (common time and frequency) ti tt c cc phn t trn mng sao cho chng hot ng ng b vi nhau.
47

3.9.2.1. Phng thc cn ng b (Plesiochronous Synchronization Method) Trong phng thc cn ng b, cc tng i trn mng lp t cc b to dao ng c lp nhau cung cp tn hiu ng h iu khin cho qu trnh lm vic ca tng i . H thng ny dng cho mng vin thng quc t v c nh gi nh sau : u im : - Linh hot trong vic m rng, sa i v ti s dng mng .

- Khng yu cu mt mng phn phi tn hiu ng h . Nhc im : - Ti cc tng i trn mng yu cu cc ng h c n nh cao. - Yu cu cu hnh d phng cho cc ng h ny. - Gi thnh cho vic ng b mng cao.

Hnh 2.9 : Phng thc cn ng b

3.9.2.2. Phng thc ng b ch t (Master - Slaver Synchronization Method) Trong phng thc ng b ch t, trn mng ng b ti mt nt no trang b mt ng h c n nh cao gi l ng h ch. Thng qua mng phn phi tn hiu ng b (Synchronization Network) , ng h ch s phn phi tn hiu ng h ti cc ng h ca tng i khc trn mng, cc ng h ca cc tng i ny gi l ng h t. Ti y tn hiu ng h c ti to li lm ngun ng h tham kho cho tng i t thc hin iu khin to ra tn hiu ng h ng b vi tng i ch trn mng. u im: khng cn yu cu ng h ti mi tng i trn mng c n nh cao (ch yu cu ng h ch) . Nhc im : - Yu cu mt mng phn phi tn hiu ng h ng b (cc ng truyn dn thng thng dng cho mng ny ).
48

- Khi xy ra sai li trn ng truyn, tn hiu ng b lm nh hng ti tng i t trn mng.

~
ng h t ng h t

ng h ch

~ ~ ~

~ ~

Hnh 2.10 : Phng thc ng b ch - t

3.9.2.3. Phng thc ng b tng h Trong phng thc ng b ny cc ng h khc nhau c lp t ti cc tng i trn mng v iu khin tng h ln nhau to ra ngun ng h b chung cho mi ng h trn mng.

~ ~ ~

Hnh 2.13 : Phng thc ng b tng h

nh gi phng thc ng b tng h: u im : - Khng yu cu ng h c n nh cao cho cc tng i trn mng. - Cc tng i khng cn phn cp (khc vi h thng ng b ch t). Nhc im : - Khi mt ng h ti tng i trn mng b li, th ton mng b nh hng. - Cc ng phn phi tn hiu ng h ng b hnh thnh theo kiu mch vng do vic cch ly li ra khi h thng kh khn hn. 3.9.3. ng h v cc tham s lin quan

49

Vic ng b ho mng li c bn l vn gi cho cc ng h trn mng lm vic khng sai lch nhau v tn s cng nh v pha. ng h c nh ngha nh l mt ngun tn s, ni ti b chia hay b m. N to ra mt gc thi gian kim sot vic nh thi cho trng chuyn mch ca tng i s (to ra cc xung nhp iu khin cc mch s ni chung) . 3.9.3.1. Cc tham s tiu biu ca ng h Hai tham s quan trng nht c lin quan n cht lng ng h l n nh v chnh xc. (Stability & Accuracy). + chnh xc (A): l mc tng ng tn s ca n vi mt tn s chun (tn s danh nh )
A=
Fd -Fra F d

A: chnh xc; F d : Tn s danh nh; F ra : Tn s ra + n nh (S): l mc m cn c vo mt ng h s to nn cng mt tn s trong khong thi gian chy lin tc ca n.
F - Fra d 1 * F d T-T 1 0

S
F d : Tn s

danh nh; F ra : Tn s ra; S

: n nh

50

3.9.3.2. Mt s loi ng h tiu biu C hai ngun ng h nguyn t v tinh th thch anh u dng to dao ng trong cc b to xung. Mt s im khc nhau gia hai loi ny l, ngc li vi ngun ng h nguyn t, tn s ca cc ng h thch anh n nh, s thay i tn s ca chng (do lu ngy) rt n nh v cc din bin tnh cht ca n c th on trc mt cch an ton. Din bin c d bo trc nn c th dng lp li chnh xc tn s. Cc ng h in t gm hai loi : loi dng tia Cesium chun gi l ng h Cs, loi dng pin cha kh Rubilium gi l ng h Rb.
3.9.4. Mng ng b Vit Nam

Mng ng b Vit Nam hot ng theo phng thc ch t c d phng. Mng ng b ca VNPT bao gm 4 cp l: cp 0, cp 1, cp 2, cp 3. Trong : - Cp 0: l cp ca cc ng h ch quc gia. S dng ng h c n nh tn s,1.10E-11 (ng h Cesium). - Cp 1: l cp trc ng b trc tip t ng h ch (PRC) ti cc tng i nt chuyn tip quc t, chuyn tip quc gia v cc ng h th cp. - Cp 2: l cp mng ng b t ng h ca cc nt chuyn tip quc t hoc chuyn tip quc gia hoc ng h th cp ti cc tng i HOST v cc tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia. - Cp 3: l cp mng ng b t ng h ca cc tng i HOST v t cc tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia ti cc thit b thuc phn mng cp thp hn. ng b cho cc mng ni ht Mng ni ht c tuyn truyn dn SDH quc gia(1): + Tn hiu ng b ly t tuyn trc SDH quc gia ng b cho tng i Host (tng i Host phi c trang b cng ng b 2MHz) + Trong trng hp Host cha trang b cng ly tn hiu ng b 2MHz th ly tn hiu trc tip t lung E1 c lu lng. Mng ni ht ch c tuyn truyn dn PDH(2): + Tn hiu ng b ly trc tip t lung E1 ng b cho Tng i Host. - u tin 1: Ly tn hiu ng b t cc tuyn truyn dn cp quang.
51

- u tin 2: Ly tn hiu ng b t cc tuyn truyn dn viba. Cc tuyn truyn dn SDH ni tnh phi ng b theo tn hiu ng b ca tuyn trc truyn dn quc gia thng qua b phn phi tn hiu ng b SASE. Cc tng i v tinh v c lp ng b theo tng i Host theo tn hiu ng b ly t tuyn truyn dn ni tnh theo phng thc m t (1) v (2) tng ng. Cc thit b khi a vo khai thc hot ng trn mng vin thng ca VNPT phi m bo yu cu khng lm tng cp mng ng b. 3.10. K hoch cht lng thng tin
3.10.1. Cht lng chuyn mch

i vi cc dch v vin thng, Nhiu ngi s dng phi chia s quyn s dng thit b trn mng li. Do , khi lu lng m cao th mt s cuc gi c th khng thc hin kt ni c. Cht lng m lin quan n qu trnh u ni cung cp dch v vin thng c gi l cht lngchuyn mch, c ngha l cht lng chuyn mch trong qu trnh k t khi thu bao ch gi quay s cho ti khi kt ni c vi b gi hoc l khi mt thu bao t my gii phng cuc thng tin cho ti khi gii phng hon ton cc thit b lin quan n cuc thng tin . Cht lng chuyn mch lin quan cht ch n cht lng ca thit b v lu lng thng tin. Ngi ta quy nh cht lng chuyn mch ny da trn iu kin l khi lu lng mc trung bnh v thit b hot ng tt. Cht lng chuyn mch c th tm chia thnh tn tht u ni v tr u ni. Tn tht u ni c ngha l mt cuc gi b tn tht khi m cc mch trung gian cho cuc gi ang trng thi bn hay thit b bn hoc l thu bao b gi bn hay khng nhc my tr li. Do tnh tn tht u ni ny ngi ta s dng tham s gi l xc sut tn tht. Trong khi tr u ni l khong thi gian t khi thu bao ch gi nhc my khi xng cuc gi cho ti khi nhn c m mi quay s (tr m mi quay s), hay l khong thi gian t khi quay s cho ti khi nhn c hi m chung (tr quay s) hay l khong thi gian t my gii phng cuc thng tin cho ti khi cc thit b lin quan tr v trng thi ri. tr ny thng c biu th qua tham s thi gian tr trung bnh.
3.10.2. Cht lng truyn dn

Trong dch v in thoi, nghe hiu phi c m bo trong sut qu trnh m thoi t pha pht n pha thu. Do , nghe hiu c a ra thng qua cht lng m thoi tng th bao gm cht lng pht, truyn dn v thu.
52

Cht lng thu ting ni m t r nt ca mch thu iu ny ph thuc vo kh nng nghe ca ngi nghe, ting n trong phng v cc thnh phn khc. Cht lng pht ting ni m t r nt ca mch pht v n cng ph thuc vo ting ni ca ngi ni, ting n trong phng v ngn ng vv. Cht lng truyn dn ting ni m t mc truyn dn chnh xc trn cc ng truyn dn bao gm c thit b thu bao v tng i. Cht lng truyn dn c quy nh da trn nhy ca my in thoi, tn tht trn ng truyn, Nhiu v s hn ch v bng tn. Cht lng pht v thu ting ni cn ph thuc vo kh nng nghe hiu, pht m ca ngi ni, nghe v trng thi truyn dn ting ni.
3.10.3. n nh

Ngy nay thng tin lin lc c coi l c s h tng quan trng ca mt x hi ho thng tin. Do tin cy ca cc thit b trn mng nh tng i v cc ng truyn dn phi m bo. iu ny c ngha l tin cy c th cung cp cac dch v cn thit trong iu kin lu lng khng bnh thng do li thit b hay t mt l do no . Cht lng n nh ( n nh) a ra cc mc bo dng cn thit cho cc dch v thng thng. n nh cng cao th cng tt tuy nhin tin cy m vt qu mt ngng no th gi thnh s tng rt cao. Do , mc tt nht c chn da trn s cn i gia gi thnh c th chp nhn c v vn k thut. Gi tr c chn ny phi tho mn mt s iu kin khc nh thit k mng, bo dng mng v.v. Cc tai nn hay thin tai gy ra c coi l cc nh hng khch quan khng tnh trong n nh ca h thng. Khi mt mng vin thng c thit k th cn ch vic lp t cc tuyn truyn dn v vic phn b ri rc cc tng i. tin cy ca thit b, h thng bo dng c coi nh l cc nhn t bn trong. Do chng ta cn quan tm nh cu hnh ca thit b d phng v cng ngh bo dng mng .

53

Chng 4, Quy hoch mng vin thng

4.1. Quy hoch v tr tng i
4.1.1.Gii thiu

V thit b vin thong thu bao chim phn ln v chi ph mng vin thng, thit k nhng thit b nh vy l rt quan trng. Trn ht, qui hoch v tr tng i l iu rt quan trng nh l nn tng ca qui hoch. Qui hoch v tr tng i ni ht bao gm vic xc nh khi no, u, v trm tng i rng bao nhiu s c lp t. C th c nhiu phng thc a dch v theo yu cu ti cc thu bao trong mt vng. Chng hn, bn c th chia vng thnh s vng nh hn, trong trng hp khc mt vng c th c cung cp dch v bi tng i n. C th c nhiu k hoch i vi vic t v tr ca cc tng i v ranh gii ca cc vng dch v. Trong bt k trng hp no, cc thu bao c th c cung cp cht lng dch v tha mn gi tr nht nh. Tuy nhin, tng chi ph mng ph thuc rt ln vo cc gi tr c to ra. V vy, mc ch ca qui hoch v tr tng i l tho mn nhu cu v gi tr nht nh ca cht lng dch v, v thit lp cu hnh ca cc tng i theo gim ti thiu tng chi ph mng.
4.1.2. Phng php qui hoch v tr tng i

4.1.2.1. Phn chia vng 4.1.2.1.1. Vng tng i Vng tng i l vng m tng i nhm cho php cc dch v n cc thu bao ca tng i. Khu vc ny s c qui hoch c tnh ti phn c im a l v phn b mt nhu cu cng nh chi ph tng i v thit b ngoi vi. 4.1.2.1.2. Khi n v Khu vc trm tng i c chia thnh cc khi n v. Cc khi n v ny l n v nh nht nhm khai thc thit b thu bao c tnh ti cc iu kin ca mi trng khai thc tng lai. Khi n v l c s ca vic d bo nhu cu. 4.1.2.2. Khi nim v qui hoch v tr tng i a) Thnh phn ca vic qui hoch v tr tng i Trong vic pht trin qui hoch v tr tng i, iu quan trng l xem xt phm vi ca tng i (tc l, s lng thu bao yu cu dch v), kch thc khu vc tng i v v tr ca tng i a ra hnh 12.2.
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Phm vi ca tng i

Kch c ca tng i

V tr tng i

Nhu cu

di cc ng thu bao

Chi ph tng i

Chi ph cc ng thu bao

Tng chi ph

Hnh 4.1. Thnh phn ca vic qui hoch v tr tng i ni ht

b) Nhng xem xt trong vic trin khai qui hoch v tr tng i ni ht Nhng mc sau s c xem xt trong vic trin khai qui hoch v tr tng i. Nhng iu kin ca mi trng tng lai D bo v nhu cu tng lai. Qui hoch thnh ph (cc ng ph, cng vin, ng xe la,). Quan h qua li vi khu vc tng i gn bn cnh. Tn hoa ng dy.

Quan h qua li Tho manc vi cht lng dch v bt buc

4.1.2.3. X l trng thi ban u

Trong vic xc nh vng dch v vi mi tng i, cc yu t sau s c xem xt nh cp on trc. - Nhng qun huyn hnh chnh. - c im a l. - Nhng ng st v nhng ng chnh - Nhng khu kinh t v cc vng dn c. - Nhng khu vc tnh cc. - Tng i s t ti hoc gn cc khi n v c mt nhu cu cao, a ra vic xem xt hnh thc v phn b mt nhu cu ca khu vc tng i. 4.1.2.4. Phn b mt nhu cu

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in thoi l cng c c tnh kinh t v x hi i vi vic lien lc. Mc d, mt nhu cu i vi in thoi c s phn b m n th hin mt cao ti cc trung tm ca thnh ph v gim dn pha ngoi , tng t vi s phn b v cc hot ng x hi v kinh t. Phn loi cc ng cong phn b mt nhu cu Cc ng cong phn b mt nhu cu tha nhn c nhiu dng ph thuc vo c im a l v tnh trng pht trin ca thnh ph. Cc ng cong c chia thnh hai loi: Cc ng cong phn b ng dng v cc ng cong phn b c hm m.
4.1.3. Chi ph thit b

Chi ph thit b ti khu vc dch v c chia ra mt cch gn nh ugns nh sau: Ch ph thit b Chi ph cho cc ng dy thu bao Chi ph trm tng i Chi ph cc ng trung k ni ht Chi ph cc ng dy thu bao Chi ph cc ng dy thu bao c c tnh da trn chng loi cp s dng v tng chiu di ca chng. (1)Chi ph u tin theo chng loi cp c tnh theo cc thng s sau: (a) S cp i (b)S cc/km (c) S ng cp trung bnh /km (d)T l t/khng gian (e) Xy dng ngm (cc ming cng, cc l, cc ng hm,) (2)Chi ph theo tng chiu di ca cc ng dy thu bao c quyt nh theo t hp cp c ng knh tha mn hn ch mt mt ng dy v in tr ng dy, tng ng vi di ng dy thu bao. Chi ph cc ng trung k ni ht Chi ph cc ng trung k ni ht ph thuc vo s ng trung k, khong cch gia cc tng i, chng loi cp v tnh trng lp li. Vic lp t s lng tng i loi ln ti mt vng s lm tng s ng trung k, nh vy kt qu l chi ph cao hn, nhng chi ph cc ng trung k ni ht ni chung c tnh nh hn phn tng chi ph thit b. Chi ph ca cc tng i Chi ph ca cc tng i gm c nh sau: - Chi ph ca cc tng i + Chi ph thit b tng i
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+ Chi ph xy dng + Chi ph thit b in + Ch ph t ai Chi ph thit b tng i gm chi ph h thng iu khin chung v chi ph h thng thu bao, chi ph ny t l i vi s thu bao. Chi ph xy dng thit b in v t ai c coi nh l nhng chi ph c nh. Nh vy, chi ph/thu bao vn cn cao n khi s thu bao vt qu mt mc no . Tuy nhin, vi tng i loi ln (vi vic tng s thu bao yu cu dch v), chi ph thu bao s gim. Chi ph cn thit i vi cc thit b Trong trng hp xy dng mt tng i, y l iu cn thit xem xt loi tng i kinh t nht (s thu bao c phc v), v kch thc kinh t nht ca khu vc tng i. Chi ph cc ng thu bao v cc tng i tnh hn 40% n 60% v 30% n 50% tng ng v nhng chi ph xy dng yu cu i vi mng ni ht, do y l iu cn thit quy hoch cc ng dy thu bao v tng i mang tnh kinh t vi hiu qu cao nht v cu trc mng. 4.2. Quy hoch mng truyn dn
4.2.1. Gii thiu

Quy hoch mng truyn dn nhm mc ch xy dng cc ng truyn ti u tha mn hon ton cc yu cu k thut, yu cu bo dng, hiu qu kinh t. Quy hoch mng truyn dn c xy dng trn cc iu kin cho trc v cu hnh mng v s cc mch gia cc tng i theo trnh t sau:
Cu hnh mng Cu hnh mng truyn dn nh tuyn Cht lng, s n nh To nhm mch Tnh ton s mch ri Cht lng truyn dn Tiu chun ng dng La chn h thng truyn dn Xc nh h thng truyn dn 57 nh gi dung lng tuyn truyn dn S mch gia cc Tng i

Hnh 4.2. Trnh t xc nh ng truyn dn Mng truyn dn a ra mt mng vt l trang b cc knh cho mng mch logic gia cc tng i. Mt khc, xy dng mt mng ng truyn dn cng l xy dng cc tuyn thc cho mng. V d, mng logic kiu sao c thc hin theo cc dng vt l nh mng truyn dn kiu vng v kiu sao nh sau (hnh 4.3): (mng logic) -mng kiu saoA Trung tm th cp Trung tm s cp a b c d

(mng vt l) -Mng kiu saoa A d

(mng vt l) -mng kiu liA a d b c

c Hnh 4.3. Khi nim mng truyn dn

4.2.2. Cu hnh mng truyn dn

4.2.2.1. Cc yu cu v cu hnh i vi mng truyn dn Cc tuyn truyn dn u ni gia cc tng i c th c nhiu dng vt l. Tuy nhin, chng phi c cu hnh mng tha mn cc iu kin v cht lng truyn dn, hiu qu kinh t, tin cy, 4.2.2.2. Hiu qu kinh t Trong mt mng truyn dn, mi knh phi hot ng trong mt n v c nh ty theo cng ghp knh ca mng. Khi cc knh c kt hp nhm v tuyn truyn dn c xy dng dng rng, c th thc hin h thng truyn dn dung lng ln trong tng b phn truyn dn, tng di ca tuyn c th c lm gim i vi hiu qu kinh t cao. Tuy nhin, iu ny li lm tng di ca knh cng nh s b ghp, dn n hiu qu kinh t gim.
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Mt knh c th c nhiu trm lp trn tuyn vt l ca n. Mt vn quan trng trong cu hnh mng truyn dn l: ti mi chng ghp knh, mi nhm knh nn c tch ra v kt hp trong nhng trm lp nh vy theo thit b c th c chia s vi cc nhm knh khc u ni vi chng. Nu cc knh u ni gia cc c quan khng b tch ra v ti hp trong cc trm lp th khng yu cu c thit b ghp knh. Nhng khi hiu qu ca knh gim, do vy tng chi ph truyn dn. Ngc li, nu mt nhm knh c tch ra v kt hp li trong trm lp, th ng truyn dn c th chia s vi cc nhm knh khc v hiu qu ca knh tng ln, do vy chi ph ghp knh tng ln. Do vy, dung lng truyn dn v cc n v to nhm knh ti u nht phi c la chn bng cch xem xt cn nhc gia chi ph ghp knh v chi ph tuyn truyn dn c c mt mng truyn dn kinh t. 4.2.2.3. tin cy n nh cht lng phi c gi mc thch hp m theo ch cho php t l li nht nh i vi cc thit b mng li. i vi ng truyn dn, cc b phn ca n phi c tin cy cao, cu hnh mng li c thit k c xem xt n tin cy vi cht lng n nh. Thng thng mt cu hnh mng phi c thc hin bng cch phn chia thit b v cung cp thit b d phng theo kh nng u t cho php. 4.2.2.4. Cht lng truyn dn Cc yu t tc ng n cht lng truyn dn trong mng truyn dn l tn tht ng truyn, suy gim suy hao, tp m, giao thoa gn, ting vng, li, Cc yu t ny trc tip lien quan n khong cch truyn dn cc i, s tuyn u ni, h thng truyn dn s dng. 4.2.2.5. Cu hnh mng n gin Mt mng truyn dn vi cc tuyn ni phc tp hoc cu hnh thit b phc tp c nhng vn sau y: (a) Kh thc hin c quy hoch di hn, khng c kh nng gim c cc hot ng thit k mng. (b)V kha cnh cht lng thong tin, c mt s nhc im v tnh tin cy v cht lng truyn dn. (c) Kh qun l mng bi v khng th bit chc c mi knh nm ti cc v tr trn tuyn truyn dn. Do chi ph cp si quang gim nhiu v nu h thng truyn dn dung lng ln c s dng trong thc t, khong cch chim t l chi ph ln trn ng truyn gim nhiu. Kt qu c th xy dng c mt mng truyn dn ng di n
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gin. Mt mng nh vy c cu hnh thit b c n gin ha bng cch b trong nhm ln v nh vy dung lng s ln.
4.2.3. Cc dng c bn ca truyn dn

Cu hnh in hnh ca cc mng truyn dn v c tnh ca chng (hnh 4.4)

(1)

Mng sao

(2) Mng hnh li

(3)Mng vng (4) Mng hnh thang Hnh 4.4. Khi nim mng truyn dn Mng truyn dn kiu sao Dng ny l dng mt trung tm vng c u ni vi cc n v khc. Mng sao c cc c im sau: (a) Kinh t do tng chiu di truyn dn gim (b) tin caayj thp do ch c mt ng truyn u ni gia hai nt mng. (c) Kiu ny thng c s dng nhng thi k u, mng truyn dn chuyn tip hoc mt mng thu bai u ni thoi vi cc thu bao khc. Mng truyn dn kiu li Cc tuyn truyn dn ti tt c cc tng i. Cc knh c sp xp theo cc tuyn ngn nht. Mt mng hnh li c c im sau y: (a) Tng chiu di truyn dn di nht trong s tt c cc dng, nhng chiu di mi knh ring bit gia hai c quan l ngn nht. (b)Khng c li v mt kinh t nhng rt tin cy bi v gia tt c cc tng i u c tuyn truyn dn. Khi s tng i nh v s knh ln th kiu li s rt kinh t. (c) Kiu mng li thng s dng cho mng ni ht s dng cp kim loi. Nu chiu di ng truyn dn ln cn gii hn cht ch trnh suy gim ng truyn.
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 Mng truyn dn u ni theo kiu vng Tt c cc tng i c u ni theo dng vng vi ch mt nt v nu ta v n trn giy. Mng vng c cc c im sau: (a) Rt tin cy do c hai 2 mch ng h m thng minh v c ng h sn gia bt k hai tng i no. (b)Tng chiu di truyn dn c th c thu ngn nhng chiu di mch s di. Do vy, kiu ny khng ng dng cho h htoongs truyn dn c chiu di mch b gii hn do suy hoa truyn dn. Mng truyn dn kiu thang Cc tng i ring r c u ni theo kiu thang. Mng ny c c im sau: (a) Tin cy, hp vi cc ng truyn dn c bn. (b)Thun tin nhng ni cc tng i sp xp dn tri v hp ging nh Nht. Mng ng truyn thc t l mng lp ghp c gi tr theo cc dng c bn nu trn. 4.2.4. Cc lp cp ca mng truyn dn Lu lng qua mng truyn dn c th c hiu l cc phn i v n (xut pht v kt thc) trong mt vng kinh t. Lu lng ng di m rng n cc vng kinh t khc c hnh thnh ch yu t cc thnh ph ln hai vng. Nh vy, phn lp l phng php tng quan trong mt tuyn truyn dn trang b cc mch i v n trong mt vng bao gm mt n v, v mt tuyn truyn dn trang b cc knh m rng ra ngoi vng. Vi s phn lp mng truyn dn nh vy, cc knh m rng ra ngoi mt vng c th c lp t trn cc tuyn truyn lien vng dung lng ln qua trung tm vng. Nh vy, chiu di knh s tr nn di nu so snh vi trng hp khng phn lp. Tuy nhin, kinh t nht vn l quy m c c thong qua vic lp t mt s lng nh cc tuyn truyn dn c dung lng ln. Phn lp nh vy cng em li ch li trong vic qun l v mng n gin hn.
4.2.5. V d cu hnh mng truyn dn

4.2.6. NH TUYN a) Khi nim nh tuyn nh tuyn c ngha l xc nh mt tuyn trang b cp cc mch u ni ti cc tng i, sau khi xc nh cu hnh mng. Vi vic nh tuyn nh vy, mt trm lp c th c xc nh v cho bit c thit b truyn dn nh ghp knh trong trm. Vi s tin b ca mng truyn dn, thng tn ti nhiu tuyn c kh nng p ng mt knh. Nu c mt knh c sp t trn mt tuyn t do l t do, hiu
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qu kinh t v tin cy s b hn ch, qun l khi cng rt kh khn. Nh vy cn xc nh mt phng php ti u khi xem xt nhiu tuyn. (1) 30km 30km (4) 20 km (3) 30km 20km (2) 20km

Tuyn (1) A-B-C (2) A-D-E-C (3) A-B-D-E-C (4) A-D-B-C Hnh 4.5. V d nh tuyn t (A-C) b) Cc xem xt cho qu trnh nh tuyn i vi vic nh tuyn, cn phi xem xt hiu qu kinh t, tin cy, cc iu kin k thut. (1) Hiu qu kinh t: Bng cch nh tuyn ngn nht s gim c chi ph. Trong v d hnh 4.5 khong cch ngn nht gia A-C l A-B-C. (2) tin cy: m bo s mch cn thit, thm ch khi c s c vng hoc c li ni b xy ra, cc nh tuyn c lp phi c c trng theo dng khng tp trung. Trong v d hnh 4.5 A-B-E-C phi c xc nh l tuyn th hai, trnh chng cho vi tuyn th nht A-B-C l ngn nht theo quan im tin cy. (3) Cc iu kin k thut: Tuyn c xc nh phi tha mn cc yu cu v cht lng truyn dn. Cn thit xc nh tuyn ti u c xem xt n cc iu kin a l, iu kin ng dn hin i, cu hnh mng phi mang tnh n gin.

4.2.6. TO NHM KNH

a) Khi nim To nhm knh trong mt n v trn mi tuyn theo nh tuyn c gi l to nhm knh. Vic to nhm ny c phn loi theo mi phn knh (to nhm im im) v to nhm knh cho mi phn truyn dn (to nhm b phn). (1) To nhm knh cho mi phn knh
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iu ny c ngha l to nhm knh gia hai c quan trong mt n v thc. n v to nhm ny c gi l n v to nhm im im. Mc d cc knh gia 2 tng i c sp xp theo tuyn ngn nht bng cch nh tuyn, tng chi ph bao gm cc phn ghp knh ph thuc vo c n v to nhm im im trong trm lp. Khi cc n v ny c to ra b hn, cc knh c th c lp t hiu qu hn trong ng truyn knh tch v ghp trong trm lp, do vy tng chi ph ghp knh. Tng ng, n v to nhm im im ti u c xc nh thong qua vic cn bng gia chi ph truyn dn v chi ph ghp knh. (2) To nhm knh cho mi phn truyn dn iu ny c ngha l nhn ln bng cch to b cc knh m cc knh ny c to nhm im im trong mt b phn knh. Mc ch l tng dung lng truyn dn v kt hp mt cch hiu qu tuyn truyn dn. Dung lng ca h thng truyn dn trong mi b phn c quyt nh bng cch to nhm b phn. 4.3. Quy hoch mng li thu bao

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CHNG 5, QUN L MNG VIN THNG

5.1. Tm quan trng ca cng tc qun l mng vin thng Vi xu hng ca vic qun l tp trung da trn cc giao thc v cc tiu chun c chun ha v mong mun nng cao nng lc ca mng, TMN ra i p ng nhng yu cu . Hin nay, vn qun l mng lun l mi quan tm hng u v l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong mng vin thng ca cc nh khai thc vin thng. Vi nhng kh nng m h thng qun l mng vin thng em li, cng vi s pht trin ca mng li cc nh khai thc u xy dng cho mnh cc h thng qun l mng p dng qun l cho cc mng ring. Nhm t c thng nht gia cc h thng qun l mng, kh nng lin kt cng nh nng cao nng lc v hiu qu s dng ca cc h thng Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU-T) a ra cc khuyn ngh v cc m hnh mng qun l vin thng (TMN). 5.2. Mng qun l mng vin thng TMN
5.2.1. Gii thiu v TMN

Trc y vic iu hnh mng vin thng (dng k thut tng t) ch yu bng nhn cng, dng in bo in thoi thng bo tnh hnh mng li theo lch quy c hng ngy v iu hnh x l s c. Mng iu hnh vin thng (TMN Telecommunications Management Network) ra i khi mng vin thng bao gm mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng (PSTN Public Switching Telephone Network) v mng truyn s liu (DCN Data Communications network) c s ho hon ton. Mng iu hnh vin thng (TMN) cung cp khung cng vic cho cc mng li mt cch linh hot, c th nh gi, tin cy vi chi ph khai thc bo tr thp v d dng pht trin nng cp. TMN cung cp cho cc mng nhiu nng lc v hiu qu bng vic a ra cc quy nh chun cho cc hnh ng iu hnh mng v truyn thng qua cc mng. TMN cho php x l phn b n cc mc chnh xc nh gi, ti u hiu qu khai thc v truyn thng hiu qu. Cc nguyn l TMN l cng phi hp cht ch vo mng vin thng pht v thu thng tin t mng v qun l iu hnh cc ngun thng tin . Mng vin thng c cu to t cc h thng chuyn mch, cc knh truyn dn, cc thit b u cui, . . . Trong khi nim TMN, nhng ngun quy chiu n cc phn t mng (NEs). TMN cho php truyn thng gia cc h thng h tr khai thc (OSS Operation Support Systems) v cc NEs. Hnh di y m t TMN c chn vo mng vin thng nh th no.

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Hnh 5.1, Mi lin h chc nng gia TMN v mng vin thng
5.2.2. Cc chc nng qun l ca TMN

TMN cho php cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng t c kt ni lin vi nhau v truyn thng qua cc h thng khai thc v cc mng vin thng. Kt ni lin vi nhau c cc giao din chun thc hin, sao cho tt c cc ngun c iu hnh nh l cc i tng. 5.2.2.1. Cc khi dng nn TMN TMN c biu hin bng nhiu khi cung cp cp ton din cc sn phm v chc nng TMN nh m t trn hnh 5.1 trn : Cc chc nng chnh ca TMN c chia thnh 3 nhm : 1. Chc nng qun l iu hnh, 2. Chc nng truyn thng 3. Chc nng quy hoch mng. Sau y chng ta xem xt chi tit hn tng chc nng : 1. Chc nng qun l iu hnh : bao gm nm chc nng con di y : 1.1. Qun l iu hnh cu hnh : gm cc ni dung chnh yu sau : Cung cp cu hnh mng t khi mi lp t v s thay i cu hnh n hin ti. Qun l Trng thi cu hnh ang lm vic. Qun l vic lp t phn cng theo cu hnh c thit k. Qun l vic khi to h thng theo cu hnh nh.

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 Qun l s lng thit b, ph tng thay th v c thay th c c cu hnh hin ti. Qun l vic sao lu cu hnh c thay i theo qu trnh khai thc v bo dng mng li trn c phn cng v phn mm, cht lng khi thay i cu hnh trn thc t, khi phc li cu hnh 1.2. Qun l iu hnh x l li v s c mng li Gim st cnh bo bao gm : phn tch s liu thu c t cc cnh bo khc nhau, ch lc s liu cnh bo so snh tm ra mi tng quan gia cc thnh phn mng v tng quan theo thi gian. T cc thng tin v li v s c xy ra trn mng, phn tch v cn thit th dng cc phng tin o kim tra mng xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra li, v tr xy ra li v s c trn mng. Kim tra thc trng v mc nguy him ca li, phm vi nh hng ca li v x l li bng cc phng tin nh hiu chnh cc ch tiu, khi phc hoc khi to li cu hnh h thng 1.3. Qun l hiu qu khai thc mng Thu thp cc loi d liu v : lu lng mng (thi gian, s cuc gi thc hin thnh cng , t l thnh cng v khng thnh cng cc cuc gi qua tng nt mng); d liu o cht lng truyn dn; cc d liu qun l phn mm nt chuyn mch bao gm cc s liu v cp nht phn mm, s c phn mm, h thng t khi ng li; d liu v cc m chn cui ca cc nt chuyn mch; d liu khiu ni khch hng; d liu t pha i tc, . . . T cc loi s liu thu thp ni trn tin hnh chn lc d liu, nh gi mc phn nh nhiu t n hiu qu khai thc mng trn c hai mt k thut v kinh t. T cc s liu thng k hng ngy, hng thng, hng nm phn tch a ra xu th hot ng ca mng trn cc tiu ch : lu lng, li v s c, cht lng tin cy thit b, kh nng p ng ca ngi khai thc v hng lot s liu khc, a ra xu th ca mng trong tng lai gn v xa c k hoch b xung cn thit. 1.4. Qun l s liu cuc gi v tnh cc khch hng Thu thp s liu cuc gi khch hng, knh thu ring theo tc v dung lng khch hng thu v cht lng dch v t cc h thng thng k t ng v nhn cng trn mng tnh cc khch hng theo cc quy nh hin hnh hp php hp l, cung cp ho n chi tit hoc tng hp cho khch hng tu theo quy nh hp php. Khi thu thp c nhng s liu sai dn n s v l lm thit hi n khch hng th phi sa cho ph hp thc t khch quan v ng tin cy khch hng khi
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b thit thi. Gii quyt cc khiu ni khch hng l cng vic rt a dng, phc tp trong nhiu khi vt khi kh nng cc phng tin k thut 1.5. Qun l an ton v an ninh mng li l chc nng cung cp v m bo kh nng truy cp an ton ti cc chc nng v nng lc ca cc thnh phn cu thnh mng li (Network Element NE). y l chc nng cung cp kh nng truy cp an ton ti cc thnh phn thuc h thng mng iu hnh mng vin thng (TMN) nh : cc h thng khai thc (OS Operation System), cc b iu khin mng cp di (SNC Subnetwork Control) v cc thit b trung gian (MD Mediation Device). 2. Chc nng truyn thng Truyn thng gia cc h thng khai thc vi nhau (OS OS); Truyn thng gia h thng khai thc v phn t mng (OS - NE); Truyn thng gia cc phn t mng vi nhau (NE NE); Truyn thng gia h thng khai thc vi cc trm lm vic (OS WS); Truyn thng gia phn t mng v trm lm vic (NE WS) 3. Chc nng quy hoch mng 3.1. Quy hoch mng gm quy hoch cc ngun ti nguyn vt l nh : cng c, thit b, ngun nhn lc. TMN c th l mt mng rt n gin kt ni mt OS vi mt thnh phn mng (NE) nhng c th l mt mng rt rng ln kt ni nhiu : OS; NE; WS. Di tiu ch chc nng, TMN nh mt mng ring qun l iu hnh mng vin thng; p ng nhu cu truyn thng TMN c th s dng cc knh khai thc gn kt EOC (Embedded Operations Channel) dng tn hiu s cng c ngha l mt s phn ca TMN c th l mt mng logic gn kt trong mng vin thng. 3.2. M hnh kin trc chc nng TMN TMN c cc chc nng cung cp phng tin truyn thng, x l cc thng tin lin quan n qun l cu hnh mng v dch v vin thng. TMN bao gm chc nng h thng khai thc OSF (Operations System Function), chc nng trung gian MF (Mediation Function), chc nng truyn thng d liu DCF (Data Communications Function); ngoi ra TMN cn c chc nng thnh phn mng NEF (Network Element Function), chc nng my trm WSF (Work Station Function); chc nng tng thch Q (QAF - Q Adapter Function) h tr cc chc nng qun l TMN.

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Hnh 2. Cc khi chc nng TMN v cc im tham chiu Cc chc nng TMN cung cp : phng tin truyn thng, x l cc thng tin lin quan n qun l iu hnh mng v dch v. 3.2.1. Chc nng h thng khai thc (OSF) : n cung cp chc nng lp k hoch mng bao gm nhiu loi OSF qun l v lp k hoch v dch v, theo ITUT M.3010 c bn loi khi OSF l : BML : Business Management Layer (Lp iu hnh kinh doanh) SML : Service Management Layer (Lp iu hnh dch v) NML : Network Management Layer (Lp iu hnh mng) NEML : Network Element Management Layer (Lp iu hnh thnh phn mng) hay cn gi l lp qun l mng con SNML hoc lp qun l thnh phn EML. 3.2.2. Chc nng trung gian (MF): cho php cc chc nng truyn thng vi nhau khi chng c cc giao din hoc im tham chiu khc nhau (cung cp mt s chc nng cng hoc chuyn tip); mt s v d v MF l : Chc nng ti thng tin ITF(Information Transport Function) bao gm : chuyn i giao thc; chuyn i bn tin; chuyn i tn hiu; nh x v gii m a ch; nh tuyn; tp trung 3.2.3. Chc nng x l thng tin IPF (Information Processing Function) bao gm : chy chng trnh; gim st; lu tr d liu; lc d liu. 3.2.4. Chc nng iu hnh mng NMF v NEMF : hin nay c th coi cc thnh phn mng nh mt mng vi x l hoc mng my tnh nh; trong nhiu nm qua thng minh ca mng tng theo cp s nhn, nhiu OSF hoc MF c tch hp vo cc NE (cc h thng chuyn mch, u cho s DCS (Digital Cross Connect System); thit b tch ghp knh ADM (add - drop multiplexing); mch vng mang s DLC (Digital Loop Carrier). 3.2.5. Cc chc nng NE- NMF :
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Chuyn i giao thc; nh x a ch; chuyn i bn tin; nh tuyn; thu thp v lu tr d liu nh hiu nng mng, tnh cc, trng thi mng, cnh bo mng; d phng d liu; t ng khc phc s c; t kim tra o th; t xc nh v tr xy ra li - s c; phn tch cnh bo mc NE; ti s lieu khai thc qua knh khai thc gn kt EOC (Embedded Operations Channel). 3.2.6. Chc nng iu hnh mng my trm (WS-NMF) : Chc nng ny cung cp phng tin din gii thng tin iu hnh cho ngi s dng bng cch dch cc thng tin iu hnh t dng giao din F sang dng giao din G. 3.2.7. Chc nng chuyn i Q QA NMF : Chc nng ny cung cp dch v chuyn i gia im tham chiu TMN v im tham chiu phi TMN. 3.2.8. Chc nng truyn thng d liu DCF : Chc nng truyn thng TMN s dng chc nng truyn thng d liu DCF trao i thng tin gia cc chc nng TMN. Nhim v ca DCF l ti thng tin gia cc thc th sau y : OS - OS; OS - NE; NE - NE; WS - OS; WS - NE. Do DCF c th c cc mng con khc nhau h tr l : knh kt ni im - im; mng cc LAN; mng din rng WAN; cc knh gn kt EOC 3.2.9. im tham chiu : l im mang tnh khi nim trao i thng tin gia cc chc nng khng chng ln ln nhau (c m t trn Hnh 3). im tham chiu c th tr thnh mt giao din khi : Cc khi chc nng kt ni vi n l cc thit b ring bit v mt vt l. Cc im tham chiu bao gm : Q; F; X; G; M im tham chiu Q : kt ni cc chc nng TMN nh : OSF; MF; NEF; QAF trc tip vi nhau hoc qua DCF; trong nhm Q th Q3 kt ni : NEF - OSF; MF OSF; QAF - OSF; OSF - OSF; Qx kt ni MF - MF; MF - NEF; MF QAF. im tham chiu F kt ni OSF v MF vi WSF; im tham chiu X kt ni cc chc nng OSF thuc cc TMN khc nhau, hoc kt ni gia mt OSF trong mi trng TMN vi mt chc nng trong mi trng khng phi TMN. im tham chiu G khng c coi nh mt phn TMN k c khi n mang thng tin v TMN; im tham chiu G khng phi TMN t bn ngoi TMN (gia ngi dng v WSF. im tham chiu M cng nm ngoi TMN, gia QAF v cc thc th b iu hnh phi TMN hoc cc thc th b iu hnh nhng khng theo cc khuyn ngh TMN (cho php qun l cc NE phi TMN qua mi trng TMN).

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Hnh 3. V d v kin trc vt l TMN 4. Kin trc vt l : Cc chc nng TMN c th c trin khai theo nhiu cu hnh vt l khc nhau (Hnh 3 l tng quan). Kin trc vt l TMN cung cp phng tin truyn ti v x l thng tin qun l iu hnh mng vin thng bao gm : H thng khai thc OS (Operation System); thit b trung gian MD (Mediation Device); mng truyn thng d liu DCN (Data Communications network); trm lm vic WS (Work Station); thnh phn mng NE (Network Element); B chuyn i Q (QA). Xc nh kin trc vt l TMN c th khng bao trm ht cc kh nng cu hnh vt l TMN s gp trong tng lai) v cc thit b vin thng ngy cng tr nn thng minh v phc tp hn, b vi x l s c s dng nhiu hn to nn kh nng phn tn cc chc nng vo nhiu thnh phn khc nhau ca mng. Tu thuc mi cu hnh TMN khi thc hin c th bao gm MD hoc QA; DCN c th l ng ni im - im (hoc c th l mng truyn ti phc tp nh mng truyn s liu chuyn mch gi (IP). Trn Hnh 3 cc im tham chiu tr thnh giao din nh Q, F, G, X khi m cc chc nng kt ni vi n c gn vo cc thit b ring bit. 4.1. Giao din TMN Cc chc nng NE, OS, WS, QA, MD c kt ni vi nhau qua cc giao din chun ca DCN. Cc giao din DCN m bo kh nng tng tc ca cc h thng c kt ni vi nhau thc hin chc nng iu hnh/ lp k hoch TMN. Giao din Qx h tr mt tp hp nh chc nng bng cc giao thc n gin ph hp vi
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NE, khng yu cu nhiu chc nng khai thc bo tr OAM (Operation And Maintenance); Qx c th truyn a thng tin hai chiu lin quan n cc s kin : thay i trng thi cnh bo, khi to li cnh bo, iu khin mch vng; i vi ng dng ny c th la chn mt s giao thc h tr dch v t nht l t cc lp 1 v 2 ca m hnh tham chiu OSI; Cc giao din Qx vi tp hp giao thc phc tp l bt buc h tr mt tp hp chc nng khai thc bo tr OAM ln hn v i hi phi c thm cc dch v giao thc b sung t lp 3 n lp 7. Giao din Qx vi mt tp hp cc giao thc phc tp thng c s dng cho NE v MD phc tp.

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CHNG 6, MNG A DCH V TCH HP S ISDN

6.1. c im ca mng vin thng khi cha c ISDN Trc khi c ISDN phn ln cc dch v quay s (dial) s dng ng kt ni in thoi bnh thng (analog) bng modem. Nhng ng kt ni ny c tc khng cao (khng vt qua 9600 bps). c th truyn c d liu vi tc cao s dng c nhiu dch v ( v d nh vn m bo dng in thoi nh bnh thng) ngi ta to ra ISDN. 6.2. Khi nim v ISDN
6.2.1. ISDN

Cho n nay, mng hin ti c xy dng ring bit cho mi loi dch v, nh mng in thoi, mng fax, mng th,... Do , khi s dng mt hay nhiu mng loi dch v, ngi s dng rt bt tin khi lm hp ng thu bao, dn ti nhiu loi thu bao cho nhiu dch v khc nhau. ISDN nhm a ra nhiu dch v khc nhau di cng mt s, dng cp thu bao bng mng ring bit lin kt vo mng s. Mng vin thng s tch hp a dch v ISDN: l mt mng vin thng kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau v cung cp cc ng ni s gia cc giao din ngi s dng v mng (cc thit b kt cui). ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) cung cp nhng dch v WAN chuyn mnh s tc ln hn hoc bng 54 kbps. ISDN ra i cch y hn 20 nm v u thp k 90 c s dng M.
6.2.2. Mc ch ca ISDN

Theo quan im s dng line (ng), cc mng ring bit xy dng c phc v cc dch v ring bit c hiu qu nht. Tin b lng ph cho ngi s dng cp thu bao chim phn ln hn ca chi ph mng i vi cch dch v ring bit. Ngy nay, vic xy dng mng s tit kim hn vic xy dng mng analog do s pht trin nhanh ca cng ngh LSI v cng ngh truyn dn si quang hc. iu ny gp phn to ln thc hin ISDN.

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Mng Fax in thoi fax u cui video u cui d liu u cui d liu

Mng videotex Mng in thoi in thoi fax u cui video My tnh My tnh

Mng s (packet) Mng s (circuit exchange)

in thoi Fax u cui video u cui d liu

in thoi Fax u cui video u cui d liu

ISDN

Hnh 6.1 S vin thng ISDN Mng in thoi hin c c hnh thnh trn cng ngh analog ph hp nht vi truyn dn thoi. Tuy nhin, khi xem xt, nhu cu i vi cc dch v truyn dn phi thoi nh thng tin s liu v thng tin fax c tng hn i vi dch v thoi, ngi ta mong rng cc loi dch v ny c th a ra c mt hnh thc thng nht v nhng ci chung mng ca ngi s dng cho php s dng ng thi nhiu thit b u cui. Nh hnh 6.1, ISDN nhm a ra nhiu dng dch v vin thng, gm c cc dch v thng tin s liu v in thoi bng mng s. Mc ch ca n l nng cao hiu qu mng, v gim bt cc vic cho thu bao i vi hp ng ring bit cho mi dch v, ph ring bit, cc s ring, v cp thu bao ring bit. 6.2.3. c im ca ISDN (1) S lin kt dch v Trong mng ISDN, c th a ra cc dch v thng tin phc tp (in thoi, thng tin s liu, fax) v cc phng thc thng tin phc tp (chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi) bng mt mng. (2)Tiu chun ha Trong mng ISDN, vic tiu chun ha quc t i hi n mc cc dch v vin thng a dng c th c chp nhn bi bt k ngi s dng u cui no trn ton th gii. Vic lin kt cc tiu chun k thut ca ISDN cho php t do ha quc t v
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vin thng, y mnh quc t ha, v m rng s dng thit b u cui. Cc tiu chun k thut ca ISDN c khuyn ngh bi ITU-T. *Tiu chun ha giao din mng ngi s dng kt ni gia cc thit b u cui vo mng, iu kin kt ni phi r rng v cc dch v nh dch v in thoi c thc hin bng cc thit b u cui khc nhau. Giao din mng ngi s dng nh r cc iu kin kt ni ny. Giao din mng ngi s dng nh r vic kt ni cc im kt ni ny. Giao din mng ngi s dng cng c gi l nhng im chung seri-I v n c nh r khuyn ngh seri-I ca ITU-T.
Thit b u cui

Thit b u cui

ISDN

Giao din mng ngi s dng Hnh 6.2. Khi nim giao din v mng ngi s dng (3)S dng ng thi cc knh phc tp Trong mng ISDN, vi hp ng i vi mt thu bao, thng tin c th c chuyn ti cc im khc nhau bng vic s dng nhiu knh. V d, trong khi on fax ang c truyn t Tokyo ti Osaka, mt cuc m lun c th c thc hin vi Hiroshima. Osaka Tokyo Tel. Fax. D.T ISDN Hiroshima Tel. Fax. D.I Tel. Fax. D.T Nagasaki Tel. Fax. D.T Hnh 6.3. V d vin thng ng thi (4)Phn tch cc thng tin v cc knh bo hiu Bng vic phn tch cc knh bo hiu, tn hiu c th c trao i trong sut qu trnh truyn tin, do cho php cung cp cc dch v a dng. (a) Cc dch v c th c a ra bng cc tn hiu truyn dn trong qu trnh truyn tin. - Xc nh ng kt ni - Cc thit b dch chuyn trong sut qu trnh truyn tin (b) Cc dch v c th a ra bng vic truyn / nhn mt lng ln tn hiu. - Xc nh ng lin lc
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- Tnh cc - Bo hiu gia nhng ngi s dng vi nhau - Xc nh ng kt ni 6.3. Cc c im k thut ca ISDN Cu trc giao din I Knh: L n v c s dng mang thng tin ring qua giao din. Knh c phn ra: Knh truyn thng tin ngi s dng (Knh B, H) Knh bo hiu (Knh D) Knh B: S dng truyn thng tin ngi s dng gia cc u cui. N c th c s dng cho c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Trong thng tin chuyn mch knh, tc l 64 kbps (trong sut i vi cuc gi). Cn nu knh B s dng chuyn mch gi th tun theo chun X.25. Knh H : Knh H l knh truyn thng tin ngi s dng tc cao nh truyn hnh hi ngh, truyn d liu tc cao. Knh H0 c tc 384 kbps, knh H11 c tc 1,536 Mbps, knh H12 c tc 1,920 Mbps. KnhD: Knh D mang thng tin bo hiu cho iu khin cuc gi ca knh B v knh H. Knh D cng c th c s dng chuyn mch gi vi tc 16 kbps i vi giao din c s v 64kbps i vi giao din s cp.

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CHNG 7,
7.1. S ra i ca NGN

MNG TH H MI NGN

Hn ch ca Mng Vin Thng hin ti Hin nay c rt nhiu loi mng khc nhau cng song song tn ti. Mi mng li yu cu phng php thit k, sn xut, vn hnh, bo dng khc nhau. Nh vy h thng mng vin thng hin ti c rt nhiu nhc im m quan trng nht l: Ch truyn c cc dch v c lp tng ng vi tng mng. Thiu mm do: S ra i ca cc cng ngh mi nh hng mnh m ti tc truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra, s xut hin nhiu dch v truyn thng trong tng lai m hin nay cha d on c, mi loi dch v s c tc truyn khc nhau. Ta d dng nhn thy mng hin ti s rt kh thch nghi vi nhng i hi ny. Km hiu qu trong vic bo dng, vn hnh cng nh s dng ti nguyn. Ti nguyn sn c trong mt mng khng th chia s cho cc mng khc cng s dng. Mt khc, mng vin thng hin nay c thit k nhm mc ch khai thc dch v thoi l ch yu. Do , ng gc ny, mng pht trin ti mt mc gn nh gii hn v s cng knh v mng tn ti mt s khuyt im cn khc phc. Kin trc tng i c quyn lm cho cc nh khai thc gn nh ph thuc hon ton vo cc nh cung cp tng i. iu ny khng nhng lm gim sc cnh tranh cho cc nh khai thc, c bit l nhng nh khai thc nh, m cn tn nhiu thi gian v tin bc khi mun nng cp v ng dng cc phn mm mi. Cc tng i chuyn mch knh khai thc ht nng lc v tr nn lc hu i vi nhu cu ca khch hng. Cc chuyn mch Class5 ang tn ti lm hn ch kh nng sng to v trin khai cc dch v mi, t dn n vic lm gim li nhun ca cc nh khai thc. S bng n lu lng thng tin khm ph s km hiu qu ca chuyn mch knh TDM. Chuyn mch knh truyn thng ch dng truyn cc lu lng thoi c th d on trc, v n khng h tr lu lng d liu tng t bin mt cch hiu qu. Khi lng d liu tng vt lu lng thoi, c bit i vi dch v truy cp Internet quay s trc tip, thng xy ra nghn mch do ngun ti nguyn hn hp. Trong khi , chuyn mch knh lm lng ph bng thng khi cc mch u ri trong mt khong thi gian m khng c tn hiu no c truyn i. ng trc tnh hnh pht trin ca mng vin thng hin nay, cc nh khai thc nhn thy rng s hi t gia mng PSTN v mng PSDN l chc chn xy ra. H cn c mt c s h tng duy nht cung cp cho mi dch v (tng t - s, bng hp 76

bng rng, c bn - a phng tin,) vic qun l tp trung, gim chi ph bo dng v vn hnh, ng thi h tr cc dch v ca mng hin nay. nh ngha Mng vin thng th h mi c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, chng hn nh: Mng a dch v (cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau) Mng hi t (h tr cho c lu lng thoi v d liu, cu trc mng hi t) Mng phn phi (phn phi tnh thng minh cho mi phn t trong mng) Mng nhiu lp (mng c phn phi ra nhiu lp mng c chc nng c lp nhng h tr nhau thay v mt khi thng nht nh trong mng TDM). Cho ti hin nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cung cc nh cung cp thit b vin thng trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin lc pht trin NGN nhng vn cha c mt nh ngha c th v chnh xc no cho mng NGN. Do nh ngha mng NGN nu ra y khng th bao hm ht mi chi tit v mng th h mi, nhng n c th tng i l khi nim chung nht khi cp n NGN. Bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch gi v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, mng thng tin th h mi (NGN) ra i l mng c c s h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng. Nh vy, c th xem mng thng tin th h mi l s tch hp mng thoi PSTN, ch yu da trn k thut TDM, vi mng chuyn mch gi, da trn k thut IP/ATM. N c th truyn ti tt c cc dch v vn c ca PSTN ng thi cng c th nhp mt lng d liu rt ln vo mng IP, nh c th gim nh gnh nng ca PSTN. Tuy nhin, NGN khng ch n thun l s hi t gia thoi v d liu m cn l s hi t gia truyn dn quang v cng ngh gi, gia mng c nh v di ng. Vn ch o y l lm sao c th tn dng ht li th em n t qu trnh hi t ny. Mt vn quan trng khc l s bng n nhu cu ca ngi s dng cho mt khi lng ln dch v v ng dng phc tp bao gm c a phng tin, phn ln trong l khng c tr liu khi xy dng cc h thng mng hin nay. c im ca NGN Mng NGN c bn c im chnh: 1. Nn tng l h thng mng m. 2. Mng NGN l do mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc hin c lp vi mng li.
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3. Mng NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt giao thc thng nht. 4. L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng cng ngy cng tng, c dung lng p ng nhu cu. Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m : - Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng chia thnh cc phn t mng c lp, cc phn t c phn theo chc nng tng ng, v pht trin mt cch c lp. - Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng. Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng mi, nh kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn t khi t chc mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin ni thng gia cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau. Tip n, mng NGN l mng dch v thc y, vi c im ca: Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng, thc hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v. Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng dng c tnh linh hot cao. Th ba, NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht. Mang thng tin hin nay, d l mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay mng truyn hnh cp, u khng th ly mt trong cc mng lm nn tng xy dng c s h tng thng tin. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy r rng l mng vin thng, mng my tnh v mng truyn hnh cp cui cng ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th ln m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s u c th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau; con ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia (NII). Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c s dng lm c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn th bt li so vi cc chuyn mch knh v mt kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tc i mi nhanh chng trong th gii Internet, m n c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny.
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PSTN Internet Internet services

Signaling gateway

GSM

Mobile Client

IP QoS Network

Media gateway

GPRS Resident gateway

Direct Client

3G
Softswich

Application & services

WLAN Bluetooth

Hnh 7.1. Topo mng th h sau 7.2. Cu trc mng Cho n nay, mng th h sau vn l xu hng pht trin mi m, cha c mt khuyn ngh chnh thc no ca Lin minh Vin thng th gii ITU v cu trc ca n. Nhiu hng vin thng ln a ra m hnh cu trc mng th h mi nh Alcatel, Ericssion, Nortel, Siemens, Lucent, NEC, Bn cnh vic a ra nhiu m hnh cu trc mng NGN khc nhau v km theo l cc gii php mng cng nh nhng sn phm thit b mi khc nhau. Cc hng a ra cc m hnh cu trc tng i r rng v cc gii php mng kh c th l Alcatel, Siemens, Ericsions. Nhn chung t cc m hnh ny, cu trc mng mi c c im chung l bao gm cc lp chc nng sau : Lp nt ni (Access + Transport/ Core) Lp trung gian hay lp truyn thng (Media) Lp iu khin (Control) Lp qun l (Management) Trong cc lp trn, lp iu khin hin nay ang rt phc tp vi nhiu loi giao thc, kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca hng l vn ang c cc nh khai thc quan tm.

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7.2.1. M hnh phn lp chc nng ca mng NGN

Hnh 7.2. Cu trc mng th h sau (gc mng) Xem xt t gc kinh doanh v cung cp dch v th m hnh cu trc mng th h sau cn c thm lp ng dng dch v. Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh th s c rt nhiu thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dng dch v.

Hnh 7.3. Cu trc mng v dch v NGN (gc dch v)

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7.2.2. Phn tch

Hnh 7.4. Cu trc lun l ca mng NGN Kin trc mng NGN s dng chuyn mch gi cho c thoi v d liu. N phn chia cc khi vng chc ca tng i hin nay thnh cc lp mng ring l, cc lp ny lin kt vi nhau qua cc giao din m tiu chun. S thng minh ca x l cuc gi c bn trong chuyn mch ca PSTN thc cht l c tch ra t phn cng ca ma trn chuyn mch. By gi, s thng minh y nm trong mt thit b tch ri gi l chuyn mch mm (softswitch) cng c gi l mt b iu khin cng truyn thng (Media Gateway Controller) hoc l mt tc nhn cuc gi (Call Agent), ng vai tr phn t iu khin trong kin trc mng mi. Cc giao din m hng ti cc ng dng mng thng minh (IN- Intelligent Network) v cc server ng dng mi to iu kin d dng cho vic nhanh chng cung cp dch v v m bo a ra th trng trong thi gian ngn. Ti lp truyn thng, cc cng c a vo s dng lm thch ng thoi v cc phng tin khc vi mng chuyn mch gi. Cc media gateway ny c s dng phi ghp hoc vi thit b u cui ca khch hng (RGW- Residental Gateway), vi cc mng truy nhp (AGW- Access Gateway) hoc vi mng PSTN (TGW- Trunk Access). Cc server phng tin c bit rt nhiu chc nng khc nhau, chng hn nh cung cp cc m quay s hoc thng bo. Ngoi ra, chng cn c cc chc nng tin tin hn nh : tr li bng ting ni tng tc v bin i vn bn sang ting ni hoc ting ni sang vn bn.
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Cc giao din m ca kin trc mi ny cho php cc dch v mi c gii thiu nhanh chng. ng thi chng cng to thun tin cho vic gii thiu cc phng thc kinh doanh mi bng cch chia tch chui gi tr truyn thng hin ti thnh nhiu dch v c th do cc hng khc nhau cung cp. H thng chuyn mch NGN c phn thnh bn lp ring bit thay v tch hp thnh mt h thng nh cng ngh chuyn mch knh hin nay : lp ng dng, lp iu khin, lp truyn thng, lp truy nhp v truyn ti. Cc giao din m c s tch bit gia dch v v truyn dn cho php cc dch v mi c a vo nhanh chng, d dng; nhng nh khai thc c th chn la cc nh cung cp thit b tt nht cho tng lp trong m hnh mng NGN. 7.2.2.1 Lp truyn dn v truy nhp Phn truyn dn - Lp vt l : Truyn dn quang vi k thut ghp knh bc sng quang DWDM s c s dng. - Lp 2 v lp 3 : Truyn dn trn mng li (core network) da vo k thut gi cho tt c cc dch v vi cht lng dch v QoS ty yu cu cho tng loi dch v. ATM hay IP/MPLS c th c s dng lm nn cho truyn dn trn mng li m bo QoS. Mng li c th thuc mng MAN hay mng ng trc Cc router s dng bin mng li khi lu lng ln, ngc li, khi lu lng thp, switch router c th m nhn lun chc nng ca nhng router ny. - Thnh phn : Cc nt chuyn mch/ Router (IP/ATM hay IP/MPLS), cc chuyn mch knh ca mng PSTN, cc khi chuyn mch PLM nhng mng ng trc, k thut truyn ti chnh l IP hay IP/ATM. C cc h thng chuyn mch, h thng nh tuyn cuc gi. Chc nng : Lp truyn ti trong cu trc mng NGN bao gm c chc nng truyn dn v chc nng chuyn mch. Lp truyn dn c kh nng h tr cc mc QoS khc nhau cho cng mt dch v v cho cc dch v khc nhau. N c kh nng lu tr li cc s kin xy ra trn mng (kch thc gi, tc gi, tr hon, t l mt gi v Jitter cho php, i vi mng chuyn mch gi; bng thng, tr hon i vi mng chuyn mch knh TDM). Lp ng dng s a ra cc yu cu v nng lc truyn ti v n s thc hin cc yu cu .
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 Phn truy nhp : - Lp vt l : Hu tuyn : Cp ng, xDSL hin ang s dng. Tuy nhin trong tng lai truyn dn quang DWDM, PON (Passive Optical Network) s dn dn chim u th v th trng xDSL, modem cp dn dn thu hp li. V tuyn : thng tin di ng - cng ngh GSM hoc CDMA, truy nhp v tuyn c nh, v tinh. - Lp 2 v lp 3 : Cng ngh IP s lm nn cho mng truy nhp. - Thnh phn : Phn truy nhp gm cc thit b truy nhp ng vai tr giao din kt ni cc thit b u cui vo mng qua h thng mng ngoi vi cp ng, cp quang hoc v tuyn. Cc thit b truy nhp tch hp IAD. Thu bao c th s dng mi k thut truy nhp (tng t, s, TDM, ATM, IP,) truy nhp vo mng dch v NGN. - Chc nng : Nh tn gi, lp truy nhp cung cp cc kt ni gia thu bao u cui v mng ng trc ( thuc lp truyn dn) qua cng giao tip MGW thch hp. Mng NGN kt ni vi hu ht cc thit b u cui chun v khng chun nh cc thit b truy xut a dch v, in thoi IP, my tnh PC, tng i ni b PBX, in thoi POTS, in thoi s ISDN, di ng v tuyn, di ng v tinh, v tuyn c nh, VoDSL, VoIP, 7.2.2.2 Lp truyn thng - Thnh phn : Thit b lp truyn thng l cc cng truyn thng (MG Media Gateway) bao gm : Cc cng truy nhp : AG (Access Gateway) kt ni gia mng li vi mng truy nhp, RG (Residental gateway) kt ni mng li vi mng thu bao ti nh. Cc cng giao tip : TG (Trunking Gateway) kt ni gia mng li vi mng PSTN/ISDN, WG (Wireless Gateway) kt ni mng li vi mng di ng,... - Chc nng : Lp truyn thng c kh nng tng thch cc k thut truy nhp khc vi k thut chuyn mch gi IP hay ATM mng ng trc. Hay ni cch khc, lp ny chu trch nhim chuyn i cc loi mi trng ( chng hn nh PSTN, FramRelay, LAN, v tuyn,) sang mi trng truyn dn gi c p dng trn mng li v ngc li.

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Nh , cc nt chuyn mch (ATM + IP) v cc h thng truyn dn s thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc thu bao ca lp truy nhp di s iu khin ca cc thit b thuc lp iu khin. 7.2.2.3 Lp iu khin - Thnh phn Lp iu khin bao gm cc h thng iu khin m thnh phn chnh l Softswitch cn gi l Media Gateway Controller hay Call Agent c kt ni vi cc thnh phn khc kt ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch IP nh : SGW ( Signaling Gateway), MS (Media Sever), FS (Feature Server), AS (Application Server).

Hnh 7.5. Cc thnh phn ca Softswitch Theo MSF (MutiService Switching Forum), lp iu khin cn c t chc theo kiu module v c th bao gm mt s b iu khin c lp. V d c cc b iu khin ring cho cc dch v : thoi / bo hiu s 7, ATM / SVC, IP/MPLS,

84

Hnh 7.6. Cu trc mng chuyn mch a dch v. - Chc nng Lp iu khin c nhim v kt ni cung cp cc dch v thng sut t u cui n u cui vi bt k loi giao thc v bo hiu no. C th , lp iu khin thc hin : nh tuyn lu lng gia cc khi chuyn mch. Thit lp yu cu, iu chnh v thay i cc kt ni hoc cc lung, iu khin sp xp nhn (label mapping) gia cc giao din cng. Phn b lu lng v cc ch tiu cht lng i vi mi kt ni (hay mi lung) v thc hin gim st iu khin m bo QoS. Bo hiu u cui t cc trung k, cc cng trong kt ni vi lp media. Thng k v ghi li cc thng s v chi tit cuc gi, ng thi thc hin cc cnh bo. Thu nhn thng tin bo hiu t cc cng v chuyn thng tin ny n cc thnh phn thch hp trong lp iu khin. Qun l v bo dng hot ng ca cc tuyn kt ni thuc phm vi iu khin. Thit lp v qun l hot ng ca cc lung yu cu i vi chc nng dch v trong mng. Bo hiu vi cc thnh phn ngang cp.
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Cc chc nng qun l, chm sc khch hng cng c tch hp trong lp iu khin. Nh cc giao din m nn c s tch bit gia dch v v truyn dn, iu ny cho php cc dch v mi c a vo nhanh chng v d dng. 7.2.2.4 Lp ng dng - Thnh phn : Lp ng dng gm cc nt thc thi dch v SEN (Service Excution Node), thc cht l cc server dch v cung cp cc ng dng cho khch hng thng qua lp truyn ti. - Chc nng : Lp ng dng cung cp cc dch v c bng thng khc nhau v nhiu mc . Mt s loi dch v s thc hin lm ch vic thc hin iu khin logic ca chng v truy nhp trc tip ti lp ng dng, cn mt s dch v khc s c iu khin t lp iu khin nh dch v thoi truyn thng. Lp ng dng lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua cc giao din m API. Nh m cc nh cung cp dch v c th pht trin cc ng dng v trin khai nhanh chng trn cc dch v mng. Mt s v d v cc loi ng dng dch v c a ra sau y: Cc dch v thoi Cc dch v thng tin v ni dung VPN cho thoi v s liu Video theo yu cu Nhm cc dch v a phng tin Thng mi in t Cc tr chi trn mng thi gian thc. 2.5 Lp qun l Lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp t lp kt ni cho n lp ng dng. Ti lp qun l, ngi ta c th trin khai k hoch xy dng mng gim st vin thng TMN, nh mt mng ring theo di v iu phi cc thnh phn mng vin thng ang hot ng. Tuy nhin cn phn bit cc chc nng qun l vi cc chc nng iu khin. V cn bn NGN s da trn cc giao din m v cung cp rt nhiu loi hnh dch v trong mt mng n, cho nn mng qun l phi lm vic trong mt mi trng a nh u t, a nh khai thc, a dch v. T nhng phn tch trn, ta xy dng s cc thc th chc nng ca mng NGN:

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Hnh 7.7. Cc thc th chc nng trong NGN AS-F: Application Server Function MS-F: Media Server Function MGC-F: Media Gateway Control Function CA-F: Call Agent Function IW-F: Interworking Function R-F: Routing Function A-F: Accounting Function SG-F: Signaling Gateway Function MG-F: Media Gateway Function Nhim v ca tng thc th nh sau: - AS-F: y l thc th thi hnh cc ng dng nn nhim v chnh l cung cp cc logic dch v v thi hnh mt hay nhiu cc ng dng/dch v. - MS-F: cung cp cc dch v tng cng cho x l cuc gi. N hot ng nh mt server x l cc yu cu t AS-F hoc MGC-F. - MGC-F: cung cp logic cuc gi v tn hiu bo hiu x l cuc gi cho mt hay nhiu Media Gateway. - CA-F: l mt phn chc nng ca MGS-F. Thc th ny c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin vic iu khin cuc gi. - IW-F: cng l mt phn chc nng ca MGC-F. N c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin cc bo hiu gia cc mng bo hiu khc nhau. - R-F: cung cp thng tin nh tuyn cho MGC-F. - A-F: cung cp thng tin dng cho vic tnh cc. - SG-F: dng chuyn cc thng tin bo hiu ca mng PSTN qua mng IP. - MG-F: dng chuyn thng tin t dng truyn dn ny sang dng truyn dn khc.
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Trn y ch l nhng chc nng c bn nht ca mng NGN. V ty thuc vo nhu cu thc t m mng c thm nhng chc nng khc na.
7.3. Dch v trin khai trong NGN

7.3.1. Gii thiu S cnh tranh gay gt trong lnh vc mng thng tin cng nh mng vin thng ang din ra trong nhng nm gn y. Khi s cnh tranh gia tng, iu c bit quan trng i vi cc cng ty l xc nh v tr thch hp mang li thun li cho bn thn mnh, v chun b cho mi trng truyn thng mi ang ni ln. Trong mi trng ny, s ha nhp, lin kt v cnh tranh ca cc thnh vin mi tham gia vo th trng phi hot ng tch cc tm ra phng thc mi, nhm gi v thu ht hu ht cc khch hng c tim nng. Cc nh cung cp dch v hin nay ang c gng tm ra li i ring cho mnh to ra s khc bit vi cc nh cung cp khc, chng hn nh tm kim phng thc mi ng nhn v ng gi dch v, thc hin gim cc chi ph hot ng, Mng th h mi NGN l bc k tip ca th gii vin thng, c th c hiu l mng da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, ni m cc chuyn mch v cc phn t truyn thng (nh cc b nh tuyn, cc b chuyn mch v gateway) c phn bit mt cch lun l v vt l theo kh nng iu khin thng minh dch v hoc cuc gi. Kh nng iu khin thng minh ny thng h tr cho tt c cc loi dch v trn mng truyn thng, t dch v thoi c bn (Basic Voice Telephony Services) cho n cc dch v d liu, hnh nh, a phng tin, bng rng tin tin (Advanced Broadband), v cc ng dng qun l (Management Application).

Hnh 7.8. Mng a dch v (gc dch v) Nh cp cc phn trc, NGN l s tp trung ca ba loi mng chnh: mng thoi PSTN, mng di ng v mng chuyn mch gi (mng Internet). Cu trc
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ny phn phi ton b cc phng thc truy nhp, hu ht cc cng ngh v ng dng mi. T to ra nhiu dch v mi.

Hnh 7.9. Cu trc NGN dng module C ba loi dch v ch yu trong NGN: dch v thi gian thc v thi gian khng thc, dch v ni dung, dch v qun l. Cc dch v ny gip cho cc nh khai thc c s iu khin, bo mt v tin cy tt hn ng thi gim chi ph vn hnh. Nh , cc nh cung cp dch v c th nhanh chng c ngun thu mi. Xy dng trn cc thnh phn m v c module ha, trn cc giao thc chun v cc giao din m, NGN tr thnh mt phng tin thc hin mc ch l cho php kt ni gia con ngi v my mc bt c khong cch no. Ni cch khc, NGN c kh nng cung cp cc yu cu c bit ca tt c khch hng cng ty, vn phng xa, vn phng nh, nh ring, N hp nht thoi hu tuyn v v tuyn, d liu, video, bng cch s dng chung mt lp truyn ti gi. Cc lp dch v ca NGN linh hot, chi ph hiu qu v c kh nng m rng hn i vi cc dch v trc y.
7.3.2. Nhu cu NGN i vi cc nh cung cp dch v

Mng Internet ang x l kh tt tt c cc dch v chng ta yu cu. Gii php ca mng Internet n gin l s dng cc thit b u cui thu bao CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) tin tin nh PC, smart phone, set-top-box, Dch v c thc hin ti cc h thng u cui. Cc x nghip, cc cng ty phn mm v mt s trng
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i hc, trung hc s pht trin cc ng dng v ti chng t mng Internet n cc thit b CPE. Cc yu cu i vi mng truyn ti cng cng l tnh tin cy v bng thng truyn dn cao. Nh vy ti sao cc nh cung cp dch v li quan tm n dch v NGN? Ti sao h khng theo phng thc kinh doanh c? Sau y l mt s l do tiu biu: Nh cung cp c th tn ti vi phng thc c (nu h may mn), tuy nhin chc chn h s khng thnh cng. Cc nh cung cp ang bt buc cnh tranh v gi m bo thu nhp. Trong lc , cc i th cnh tranh a ra cc dch v hp dn c cc khch hng bo b nht. Do nu nh cung cp dch v mun thnh cng trong thi i mi, h buc phi thm gi tr vo cc dch v truyn thng ca mnh. NGN h tr cc dch v mi tin tin nn cho php h gi c cc khch hng quan trng v m rng th trng trong nhiu khu vc mi. Mng li hin nay khng th cung cp tt c cc yu cu ca khch hng. Mt iu khng th nghi ng l cc dch v ca mt vi khch hng ang chuyn dn ra bin mng. Nh cung cp mng cng cng khng th chng li khuynh hng ny. Tuy nhin h khng chp nhn tht bi. Kinh doanh cc dch v thng tin mi tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip c th thu v hng t la. Cui cng c mt thc t l mt s ngi mun s dng cc dch v mi trn nn CPE, trong khi s khc li thch dch v trn nn mng. Cc dch v trn nn mng c nhiu u im. Vi mt s nh cc dch v n gin khng yu cu lm vic gia khch hng vi nhau, cc dch v trn nn CPE c th hiu qu. Tuy nhin, khi s lng khch hng lm vic vi nhau tng, cc dch v trn nn mng t ra c nhiu li th hn. V d, cc ng dng trn nn mng linh hot hn v c kh nng m rng hn so vi cc dch v trn nn CPE. Vi cc ng dng trn nn CPE, thit b CPE cn phi tinh vi, phc tp hn (v do , t tin hn) m bo cc yu cu v cc ng dng tin tin hn. Gii php trn nn mng cho php chia s ti nguyn v d dng m rng p ng cc yu cu . Th hai, dch v trn nn CPE kh khn trong vic cung cp cc dch v i vi thu bao di ng. Nu khch hng mun truy nhp vo cc dch v ca h ti nhng a im khc nhau, h cn phi mang thit b CPE theo hay ti phn mm t v tr mi, lng ph thi gian v ti nguyn mng. Vi cc dch v trn nn mng, khch hng c th truy nhp vo cc dch v ca h bt k t v tr no. Cui cng, cc vn khch hng quan tm nh tnh cc, qun l cu hnh, d phng v cc dng qun l khc c x l d dng hn i vi cc dch v trn nn mng. NGN s cho php cc nh khai thc cung cp vi chi ph hiu qu ca cc dch v mi phc tp hn bng cch xy dng mt li lin h vi cc dch v truyn ti truyn thng. Thm vo , vic hp nht cc ng dng NGN lm gim chi ph bng cch
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loi b cc nhc im ca cc dch v ring l hin nay. NGN cn gim thi gian thng mi ha v xoay vng vn nhanh hn khi cung cp cc dch v mi. V sau cng, NGN m rng cc dch v tin tin, tng kh nng cnh tranh v m rng kh nng thm nhp th trng ca h.
7.3.3. Yu cu ca khch hng

Sau y l phn tch yu cu ca mt s khch hng c trng: Cng ty ln: - Dch v VPN cho kt ni ni b, v dch v truyn dn (chng hn nh leased line) kt ni vi bn ngoi. C nhu cu qun l dch v v mng. - Dung lng bng thng ln, phn phi bng thng linh hot. - Yu cu QoS l bt buc, c s d phng. Cng ty trung bnh: - Dch v VPN cho kt ni ni b v cc dch v vn phng kt ni vi bn ngoi nh: thoi, Internet, fax, - Dung lng bng thng trung bnh. - QoS: quan trng Cng ty nh, vn phng t ti nh: - Dch v kt ni t xa, dch v vn phng nh thoi, fax, d liu, Internet,.. - Dung lng bng thng trung bnh. - QoS: t quan trng. Thu bao ti nh - Dch v kt ni t xa v cc dch v ti nh nh thoi, Internet, di ng, gii tr, iu khin cc thit b trong nh, - Dung lng bng thng nh. - QoS: t quan trng.
7.3.4. Dch v NGN

7.3.4.1. Xu hng cc dch v trong tng lai xc nh c cc dch v trong mng th h sau cng nh chin lc u t ca cc cng ty, xu hng pht trin cc dch v trong tng lai l vn rt cn xem xt. Trc ht chng ta cn quan tm n xu hng ca dch v thoi. y l dch v ph bin, lu i v thu nhiu li nhun nht t nhng ngy u cho n nay. Do , dch v thoi truyn thng s tip tc tn ti trong thi gian di. Sau , mt phn dch v truyn thng ny chuyn sang thng tin di ng v thoi qua IP. i vi dch v truyn thng a phng tin, hin nay H.323 l mi trng cho gii php thoi qua giao thc IP v cc dch v a phng tin tng i n gin.
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Tuy nhin, sau SIP s thay th cho H.232 do SIP c nhiu u im hn v thch hp vi cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin phc tp. Trong tng lai, tnh cc dch v theo ni dung v cht lng, khng theo thi gian s chim u th. Nhiu dch v v truy nhp ng dng thng qua cc nh cung cp dch v v truy nhp ng dng s pht trin mnh. Cc dch v leased line, ATM, Frame Relay hin nay s tip tc tn ti thm mt thi gian na do cc t chc kinh doanh khng mun thay i thit b ch v thay i dch v kt ni. Dch v IP-VPN s tr thnh mt la chn hp dn. Cui cng, phng thc truy nhp mng, ra lnh, nhn thng tin, bng li ni (voice portal) s l mt chn la trong tng lai. Hin nay, k thut chuyn i t li ni sang file vn bn v ngc li ang pht trin mnh. 7.3.4.2. Cc c trng ca dch v NGN Mc d tht kh d on ht cc ng dng trong tng lai, nhng chng ta c th ch ra cc c trng v cc kh nng quan trng ca dch v trong mi trng NGN bng cch xem xt cc xu hng cng nghip lin quan n dch v hin nay. Mt iu chc chn l chng ta ang dch chuyn t mng chuyn mch knh, trn nn TDM sang mng da trn chuyn mch gi, da trn truyn ti t bo hay khung. Tuy nhin cc thay i ny l trong mng truyn ti v y chng ta ch xem xt mc dch v. Cc nh cung cp dch v mng truyn thng cung cp cc dch v vi khuynh hng thoi bng hp, bng mt kt ni n im-im trong mi cuc gi trn mt th trng rng ln gia cc thu bao u cui, vi cc kh nng s dng cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc nhau. D sao, cc dch v ny lm thay i nhanh chng n nn kinh t th gii v thng tin cng c xem nh mt ngun ti nguyn c s. Trong khi cc dch v hin ti vn c cc nh cung cp gi li, th khch hng li s hng n cc dch v a phng tin bng rng v cc dch v mang nhiu thng tin. Khch hng c th tng tc vi nhau thng qua mng nh cc thit b CPE tinh vi v c th chn trn phm vi rng cht lng dch v (QoS) v di tn. Trong tng lai, mng thng minh s khng ch to ra cc tuyn kt ni bng cch da trn c s d liu n gin m cn c th mang nhiu thng tin rng hn nh: qun l session a phng tin, cc kt ni a cng ngh, iu khin/qun l thng minh, bo mt cao, cc dch v ch dn trc tuyn, cc phn t gim st, S pht trin ca cc dch v truyn thng hin nay s hng ti vic cc nh cung cp dch v phi c s mm do, linh hot phc v c c th trng ln v nh. Cc quyt nh v vic cung cp dch v ca h c th gp nhiu vn phi gii quyt nh gi c, vic ng gi, tip th cng nh s tin ch ca dch v thc t khi
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cung cp. Khi c nhiu phng tin truyn tin, nh cung cp dch v, nh cung cp thit b v cc doanh nghip thng mi lin quan n vic cung cp dch v, lin mng v cc h thng thng mi s tr nn cng quan trng. Mc tiu chnh ca dch v NGN l cho php khch hng c th ly thng tin h mun bt k dng no, trong bt k iu kin no, ti mi ni v dung lng ty . Da trn cc khuynh hng c cp trn, sau y l mt s c tnh dch v quan trng trong mi trng NGN: Lin lc thng tin rng khp, thi gian thc, a phng tin, m bo tin cy, thn thin trong vic lin kt cc thu bao, truy nhp tc cao v truyn ti thng tin vi bt k phng tin no, vo mi lc, ti mi ni, Nhiu thc th v cc phn t mng thng minh c phn b trn ton mng. N bao gm cc ng dng cho php truy nhp v iu khin cc dch v mng. N cng c th thc hin cc chc nng c th thay th cho nh cung cp dch v hoc mng. Ta c th xem n nh mt tc t qun l c th thc hin gim st ti nguyn mng, tp hp cc s liu, D dng s dng. Khch hng khng b nh hng t cc qu trnh tp trung, x l v truyn dn thng tin phc tp ca h thng. N cho php khch hng truy xut v s dng cc dch v mng mt cch n gin hn, bao gm cc giao din ngi dng cho php tng tc t nhin gia khch hng v mng. Khch hng c cung cp cc thng tin hng dn, cc ty chn, cc tng tc qun l xuyn sut cc dch v. Ngoi ra n cn cung cp cc menu khc nhau cho nhng ngi cha c kinh nghim ngc li vi nhng ngi c kinh nghim, v cung cp mt mi trng thng nht cho cc dng thng tin. NGN cho php khch hng qun l h s cc nhn, t d phng cc dch v mng, gim st thng tin tnh cc, c nhn ha giao din ngi dng, to ra v d phng cc ng dng mi Vi vic qun l thng tin thng minh, NGN gip ngi dng qun l s qu ti ca thng tin bng cch cung cp cho h kh nng tm, sp xp v lc cc bn tin hoc d liu, qun l chng cho mi phng tin. 7.3.4.3. Cc dch v chnh trong mng NGN Trong thi gian hon thnh ti liu ny, NGN vn ang trn ng trin khai. Do vy, chng ta s gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic xc nh ht tt c cc loi hnh dch v m NGN c kh nng cung cp trong thi gian ti. Rt nhiu dch v, mt s sn sng, mt s khc ch mc khi nim trong giai on u ca qu trnh trin khai NGN. Trong khi mt s dch v c th c cung cp t mt bng sn c, mt s khc c cung cp t kh nng bo hiu, qun l v iu khin ca NGN. Mc d cc dch v mi l ng lc chnh to ra NGN, nhng li nhun ca NGN trong giai
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on u vn do cc dch v truyn thng mang li. Do , cc dch v truyn thng vn trang tri c cho mng, trong khi cc dch v mi phc v cho s pht trin sau ny. Hu ht cc dch v truyn thng l cc dch v da trn c s truy nhp/ truyn dn/ nh tuyn/ chuyn mch, da trn c s kh nng kt ni/ ti nguyn v iu khin phin, v cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc. NGN c kh nng cung cp phm vi rng cc loi hnh dch v, bao gm: - Cc dch v ti nguyn chuyn dng nh: cung cp v qun l cc b chuyn m, cc cu ni hi ngh a phng tin a im, cc th vin nhn dng ting ni, - Cc dch v lu tr v x l nh: cung cp v qun l cc n v lu tr thng tin v thng bo, file servers, terminal servers, nn tng h iu hnh (OS platforms), - Cc dch v trung gian nh: mi gii, bo mt, bn quyn, - Cc dch v ng dng c th nh: cc ng dng thng mi, cc ng dng thng mi in t, - Cc dch v cung cp ni dung m n c th cung cp hoc mi gii ni dung thng tin nh: o to, cc dch v xc tin thng tin,.. - Cc dch v interworking dng tng tc vi cc dch v khc, cc ng dng khc, cc mng khc, cc giao thc hoc cc nh dng khc nh chuyn i EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). - Cc dch v qun l, bo dng, vn hnh v qun l cc dch v v mng truyn thng. Sau y l mt s dch v m chng ta tin rng n s chim v tr quan trng trong mi trng NGN, bao gm mt phm vi rng cc dch v t thoi thng thng n cc dch v tch hp phc tp nh Thc t o phn tn (Distributed Virtual Reality) nhm nhn mnh rng kin trc dch v th h sau s cung cp rt nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau. 7.3.4.3.1 Dch v thoi (Voice Telephony) NGN vn cung cp cc dch v thoi khc nhau ang tn ti nh ch cuc gi, chuyn cuc gi, gi ba bn, cc thuc tnh AIN khc nhau, Centrex, Class, Tuy nhin cn lu l NGN khng c gng lp li cc dch v thoi truyn thng hin ang cung cp; dch v th vn m bo nhng cng ngh th thay i. 7.3.4.3.2 Dch v d liu ( Data Service) Cho php thit lp kt ni thi gian thc gia cc u cui, cng vi cc c t gi tr gia tng nh bng thng theo yu cu, tnh tin cy v phc hi nhanh kt ni, cc kt ni chuyn mch o (SVC- Switched Virtual Connection), v qun l di tn, iu
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khin cuc gi, Tm li cc dch v d liu c kh nng thit lp kt ni theo bng thng v cht lng dch v QoS theo yu cu. 7.3.4.3.3 Dch v a phng tin (Multimedia Service) Cho php nhiu ngi tham gia tng tc vi nhau qua thoi, video, d liu. Cc dch v ny cho php khch hng va ni chuyn, va hin th thng tin. Ngoi ra, cc my tnh cn c th cng tc vi nhau. 7.3.4.3.4 Dch v s dng mng ring o (VPN) Thoi qua mng ring o ci thin kh nng mng, cho php cc t chc phn tn v mt a l, m rng hn v c th phi hp cc mng ring ang tn ti vi cc phn t ca mng PSTN. D liu VPN cung cp thm kh nng bo mt v cc thuc tnh khc mng ca mng cho php khch hng chia s mng Internet nh mt mng ring o, hay ni cch khc, s dng a ch IP chia s nh mt VPN.

Hnh 7.11. Dch v VPN tin tin cho SOHO 7.3.4.3.5 Tnh ton mng cng cng (PNC- Public Network Computing) Cung cp cc dch v tnh ton da trn c s mng cng cng cho thng mi v cc khch hng. V d nh cung cp mng cng cng c th cung cp kh nng lu tr v x l ring ( chng hn nh lm ch mt trang web, lu tr/ bo v/ d phng cc file s liu hay chy mt ng dng tnh ton). Nh mt s la chn, cc nh cung cp dch v mng cng cng c th chung cp cc dch v thng mi c th (nh hoch nh ti nguyn cng ty (ERP- Enterprise Resource Planning), d bo thi gian, ha
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n chng thc,) vi tt c hoc mt phn cc lu tr v x l xy ra trn mng. Nh cung cp dch v c th tnh cc theo gi, ngy, tun, hay theo ph bn quyn i vi dch v. 7.3.4.3.6 Bn tin hp nht (Unified Messaging) H tr cung cp cc dch v voice mail, email, fax mail, pages qua cc giao din chung. Thng qua cc giao din ny, ngi s dng s truy nhp (cng nh c thng bo) tt c cc loi tin nhn trn, khng ph thuc vo hnh thc truy nhp (hu tuyn hay v tuyn, my tnh, thit b d liu v tuyn). c bit k thut chuyn i li ni sang file vn bn v ngc li c thc hin server ng dng cn phi c s dng dch v ny. 7.3.4.3.7 Mi gii thng tin ( Information Brokering) Bao gm qung co, tm kim v cung cp thng tin n khch hng tng ng vi nh cung cp. V d nh khch hng c th nhn thng tin trn c s cc tiu chun c th hay trn cc c s tham chiu c nhn, 7.3.4.3.8 Thng mi in t (E-commerce) Cho php khch hng mua hng ha, dch v c x l bng in t trn mng; c th bao gm c vic x l tin trnh, kim tra thng tin thanh ton tin, cung cp kh nng bo mt, Ngn hng ti nh v i ch ti nh nm trong danh mc cc dch v ny; bao gm c cc ng dng thng mi, v d nh qun l dy chuyn cung cp v cc ng dng qun l tri thc. Dch v thng mi in t cn c m rng sang lnh vc di ng. chnh l dch v thng mi in t di ng (m-commerce Mobile Commerce). C nhiu khi nim khc nhau v m-commerce, nhng ta c th hiu y l dch v cho php ngi s dng tham gia vo th trng thng mi in t (mua v bn) qua cc thit b di ng cm tay. 7.3.4.3.9 Cc dch v chuyn cuc gi (Call Center Service) Mt thu bao c th chuyn mt cuc gi thng thng n trung tm phn phi cuc gi bng cch kch chut trn mt trang web. Cuc gi c th xc nh ng n mt agent thch hp, m n c th nm bt c u thm ch c nh (nh trung tm cuc gi o Vitual Call Center). Cc cuc gi thoi cng nh cc tin nhn e-mail c th c xp hng ging nhau n cc agent. Cc agent c cc truy nhp in t n cc khch hng, danh mc, ngun cung cp v thng tin yu cu, c th c truyn qua li gia khch hng v agent. 7.3.4.3.10 Tr chi tng tc trn mng (Interactive Gaming) Cung cp cho khch hng mt phng thc gp nhau trc tuyn v to ra cc tr chi tng tc (chng hn nh video games) 7.3.4.3.11 Thc t o phn tn (Distributed Virtual Reality)
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Tham chiu n s thay i c to ra c tnh cht k thut ca cc s kin, con ngi, a im, kinh nghim, ca th gii thc, nhng ngi tham d v cc nh cung cp kinh nghim o l phn tn v a l. Cc dch v ny l yu cu s phi hp rt phc tp ca cc ti nguyn khc nhau. 7.3.4.3.12 Qun l ti nh (Home Manager) Vi s ra i ca cc thit b mng thng minh, cc dch v ny c th gim st v iu khin cc h thng bo v ti nh, cc h thng ang hot ng, cc h thng gii tr, v cc cng c khc ti nh. Gi s nh chng ta ang xem ti vi v c chung ca, khng vn g c, ta ch vic s dng iu khin ti vi t xa xem c trn mn hnh ai ang ng trc ca nh mnh. Hoc chng hn nh chng ta c th quan st c ngi nh ca mnh trong khi ang i xa, hoc quan st c ngi trng tr ang chm sc em b nh th no khi ta ang lm vic ti c quan. Ngoi cc dch v nu trn cn c rt nhiu dch v khc c th trin khai trong mi trng NGN nh: cc dch v ng dng trong y hc, chnh ph in t, nghin cu no to t xa, nhn tin a phng tin, Nh vy cc dch v th h sau l rt a dng v phong ph, vic xy dng, pht trin v trin khai chng l m v linh hot. Chnh v vy n thun tin cho cc nh cung cp dch v v ng dng trin khai dch v n cho khch hng trong mi trng NGN. 7.3.5. Kin trc dch v th h sau

Hnh 7.12: Cu trc mng a dch v (t gc mng) S hiu bit cu trc dch v mng th h mi s gip lm sng t cc yu cu i vi mi pht hnh v cng ngh NGN.

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Xt trn lp ng dng dch v, c hai thnh phn chc nng c thm vo cu trc mng th h sau: chc nng server ng dng v chc nng media server.

Hnh 7.13 Cu trc chc nng lp ng dng Chc nng ca Server ng dng Cung cp mt flatform phn phi dch v i vi cc dch v tin tin SIP l giao thc c s dng gia cc b iu khin cuc gi (MGC) v cc server ng dng. C th cung cp cc giao din m APIs cho vic to v trin khai cc dch v (nh giao din JAIN, Parlay, CLP,)

Hnh 7.14 Cc API t bn cnh server ng dng L nn tng cho vic thc thi v qun l cc dch v. Trin khai cc dch v nhanh chng v nng cp cc dch v hin c. Chc nng ca Media Server Cung cp cc ti nguyn phng tin c trng nh IVR, hi tho, fax, Cc ti nguyn ny thng l thu m thanh, pht hin nhn phm, hi tho, chuyn vn bn thnh thoi, facsimile, nhn dng ting ni,.. Giao tip vi server ng dng bng giao thc MGCP v/hoc SIP Kt cui mt dng RTP, ng vai tr nh mt u cui media.
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Cu trc chc nng ny c th c t theo nhiu kiu cu trc vt l khc nhau, nh cc hnh sau:

Hnh 7.15. M hnh cu trc vt l 1

Hnh 7.16. M hnh cu trc vt l 2 Phn ny miu t ba c trng quan trng nht ca mi trng iu khin dch v trong mng th h mi: 7.3.5.1. Kin trc phn lp Khi nim cu trc phn lp l khi nim trung tm ca mi trng NGN. NGN chia iu khin dch v/ session t cc phng thc truyn ti c s. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp la chn (cho tng trng hp c th) cc phng thc truyn ti thng tin khng ph thuc vo phn mm iu khin. Nh m t trong hnh sau,
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iu khin NGN c th c phn tch thnh iu khin c tnh (feature), iu khin dch v/ phin, iu khin kt ni. S phn tch gia truy nhp, dch v v iu khin phin trong lp dch v cho php mi phin c x l c lp vi cc phin khc. Do , nhiu phin dch v c th c bt u t mt phin truy nhp. Tng t, cc phin lin lc c th c x l ring l vi phin dch v ni chung m chng l b phn (bng cch cho php iu khin cuc gi v kt ni mt cch ring l). iu quan trng nht l cc s phn tch ny cho php cc dch v c pht trin c lp vi truyn dn v kt ni. Do vy, cc nh pht trin dch v c th khng cn hiu ht cc dch v h ang pht trin.

Hnh 7.17 Cu trc iu khin phn lp 7.3.5.2. Giao din cc dch v m API Hnh 5.10 cng ch ra mt s c tnh quan trng ca kin trc dch v th h sau, nh tnh tin cy ca n trn cc giao din v cu trc m. c bit, mi trng pht trin m da trn giao din lp trnh ng dng (API) s cho php cc nh cung cp dch v, cc nh pht trin ng dng v cc khch hng tim nng to v gii thiu cc ng dng mt cch nhanh chng. N cng m ra nhiu c hi to ra v phn phi cc dch v cho nhiu khch hng hn. Nh vy, kh nng cung cp cc dch v mi v sng to s ch b gii hn bi chnh s sng to ca chng ta m thi.

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Hnh 7.18. Kin trc phn lp/ Giao din dch v m 7.3.5.3. Mng thng minh phn tn Trong mi trng cc dch v NGN, phm vi th trng ca cc dch v c th s dng c m rng mt cch ln mnh gm cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau v mng lin kt thng minh. Mi trng x l phn tn NGN (DPE Distributed Processing Environment) s gii phng tnh thng minh t cc phn t vt l trn mng. Do vy, tnh thng minh ca mng c th c phn tn n cc v tr thch hp trong mng hoc nu c th, n CPE. V d, kh nng thng minh ca mng c th nm cc server cho mt dch v no , trn cc server nay thc hin cc chc nng c th (v d nh cc im iu khin dch v SCP, cc node dch v trong mt mi trng AIN), hoc trn cc thit b u cui gn khch hng. Cc kh nng thc hin s khng b rng buc trong cc thnh phn vt l ca mng.

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Hnh 7.19 NGN vi cc nt truy nhp phn tn KT LUN Nhn t gc ngi s dng, mng ngy nay v ang tr thnh phng tin cho php con ngi v my mc c th kt ni vi nhau bt k khong cch no. Tuy nhin, nhn t quan trng c tp trung nhiu l nn cng nghip truyn thng da trn khi nim dch v NGN c thc hin trong mi trng NGN nh th no t cc gc mng khc nhau.

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