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CHUYN 1
Trang 2
Li gii
3x2 + 8x + 4 = 3x2 + 2x + 6x + 4 = (3x2 + 2x) + (6x + 4)= x(3x + 2) + 2(3x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x +2)
b) Cch 2 (tch hng t bc hai ax2)
f (1)
v
a 1
f (1)
u l s nguyn.
a+ 1
Chng minh
a thc f(x) c nghim x = a nn f(x) c mt nhn t l x a. Do f(x) c dng :
f(x) = (x a).q(x)
(1)
f (1)
. V cc h s ca f(x) nguyn nn cc h
a 1
f (1)
l s nguyn.
a 1
f (1)
l s nguyn.
a+ 1
p
, trong p, q Z v (p , q)=1, th p l c a0, q
q
l c dng ca an .
Chng minh
Ta thy f(x) c nghim x =
p
nn n c mt nhn t l (qx p). V cc h s ca f(x)
q
u nguyn nn f(x) c dng: f(x) = (qx p) (bn1xn1 + bn2xn2 + ... + b1x + b0)
ng nht hai v ta c qbn1 = an , pb0 = ao. T suy ra p l c ca a0, cn q l
c dng ca an (pcm).
V d 10. Phn tch a thc f(x) = 3x3 7x2 + 17x 5 thnh nhn t.
Hng dn
Cc c ca 5 l 1, 5. Th trc tip ta thy cc s ny khng l nghim ca
1 5
1
f(x). Nh vy f(x) khng c nghim nghuyn. Xt cc s , , ta thy l nghim ca
3 3
3
a thc, do a thc c mt nhn t l 3x 1. Ta phn tch nh sau :
Trang 6
Hng dn
a) Phn tich a thc nay tng t nh phn tich a thc f(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
Ta tach hang t th 2 :
2x2 5xy + 2y2 = (2x2 4xy) (xy 2y2) = 2x(x 2y) y(x 2y)
= (x 2y)(2x y)
a) Nhn xet z x = (y z) (x y). Vi vy ta tach hang t th hai cua a thc :
t x -
6
+2
x
1 2
=x
x2
x +
1
+6
x
x2
1
+7
x
1
1
= y thi x 2 + 2 = y 2 + 2 . Do o :
x
x
= (x2 + 3x 1)2.
= x
x
+
3x
ac + b + d =12
ad + bc =- 14
bd = 3
Xet bd= 3 vi b, d Z, b { 1, 3}. Vi b = 3 thi d = 1, h iu kin trn tr
thanh
a + c =- 6
ac = 8
2c = 14 (6) = 8. Do o c = 4, a = 2.
a + 3c =- 14
Vy x4 6x3 + 12x2 14x + 3 = (x2 2x + 3)(x2 4x + 1).
IV. PHNG PHAP XET GIA TRI RING
Trong phng phap nay, trc ht ta xac inh dang cac nhn t cha bin cua a
thc, ri gan cho cac bin cac gia tri cu th xac inh cac nhn t con lai.
V d 19. Phn tich a thc sau thanh nhn t :
P = x2(y z) + y2(z x) + z(x y).
Li giai
Thay x bi y th P = y2(y z) + y2( z y) = 0. Nh vy P cha tha s (x y).
Ta thy nu thay x bi y, thay y bi z, thay z bi x th p khng i (a thc P c th
hon v vng quanh). Do nu P cha tha s (x y) th cng cha tha s (y z),
(z x). Vy P c dng k(x y)(y z)(z x).
Trang 10
Li giai
a) a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b)3 3a2b 3ab2 + c3 3abc
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = 0 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Vy (x y)3 + (y z)3 + (z x)3 = 3(x y)(y z)(z x)
2. a v a thc : (a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3
Li giai
a) (a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3 = [(a + b) + c]3 a3 b3 c3
Trang 11
dang : (a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3
Theo kt qua cu a) ta co : (a + b + c)3 a3 b3 c3 = 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
Hay 8(x + y + z)3 (x + y)3 (y + z)3 (z + x)3 = 3(x + 2y + z)(y + 2z + x)(z + 2x + y)
BI TP
1. Phn tich cac a thc sau thanh nhn t :
a) (ab 1)2 + (a + b)2 ;
b) x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1;
d) x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 + 2x + 1 ;
e) x4 2x3 + 2x 1.
c) x3 4x2 + 12x 27 ;
b) x4 + 2x3 4x 4 ;
d) (1 + 2x)(1 2x) x(x + 2)(x 2) ;
e) x2 + y2 x2y2 + xy x y.
Trang 12
Phn tich cac a thc sau thanh nhn t (t bai 7 n bai 16) :
7. a) 6x2 11x + 3 ;
d) 49x2 + 28x 5 ;
8. a) x3 2x + 3 ;
b) 2x2 + 3x 27 ;
c) x2 10x + 24 ;
c) x3 5x + 8x 4 ;
d) x3 9x2 + 6x + 16 ;
e) x3 + 9x2 + 6x 16 ;
g) x3 x2 + x 2 ;
h) x3 + 6x2 x 30 ;
b) 2x3 + x2 +5x + 3 ;
b) x2 + 2xy + y2 x y 12 ;
c) (x2 + x + 1)(x2 + x + 2) 12 ;
11. a) (x + a)(x + 2a)(x + 3a)(x + 4a) + a4 ;
b) x6 + 27 ;
Trang 13
d) (2x2 4)2 + 9.
14. a) 4x4 + 1 ;
b) 4x4 + y4 ;
c) x4 + 324.
15. a) x5 + x4 + 1 ;
b) x5 + x + 1 ;
c) x8 + x7 + 1 ;
e) x7 + x5 + 1 ;
g) x8 + x4 + 1.
d) x5 x4 1 ;
16. a) a6 + a4 + a2b2 + b4 b6 ;
b) x3 + 3xy + y3 1.
b) x4 7x3 + 14x2 7x + 1 ;
c) x4 8x + 63 ;
18. a) x8 + 14x4 + 1 ;
b) x8 + 98x4 + 1.
a = b = c = d.
23. Chng minh rng nu m = a + b + c thi :
(am + bc)(bm + ac)(cm + ab) = (a + b)2(b + c)2(c + a)2.
24. Cho a2 + b2 = 1, c2 + d2 = 1, ac + bd = 0. Chng minh rng ab + cd = 0.
25. Chng minh rng nu x2(y + z) + y2(z + x) + z2(x + y) + 2xyz = 0 thi :
x3 + y3 + z3 = (x + y + z)3.
26. Tinh cac tng sau :
a) S1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n ;
b) S2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + + n2.
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