Utilization Some of Seaweeds in Poultry Diets BY: Khaled Mohamed El Syed Al Zaablawy

Review of literature
UTILIZATIONSOMEOFSEAWEEDSINPOULTRYDIETS
BY
KHALEDMOHAMEDELSYEDALZAABLAWY
B.Sc.Agric.(Animalproduction),AlAzharUniversity,1999
ATHESIS
SubmittedinPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegree
of
MASTEROFSCIENCE
in
AGRICULTURALSCIENCES
(EnvironmentandBiologicalAgriculture)
DepartmentofEnvironmentandBiologicalAgriculture
FacultyofAgriculture
AlAzharUniversity
1426A.H.
2005A.D.
APPROVALSHEET
Name:KHALEDMOHAMEDALSYEDALZAABLAWY
TITLE:UTILIZATIONSOMEOFSEAWEEDSINPOULTRYDIETS
ATHESIS
SubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
fortheDegree
of
MASTEROFSCIENCE
in
FacultyofAgriculture,AlAzharUniversity
1426A.H.
2005A.D.
Approvedby:
Prof.Dr.NohamedElSaidFarghaly..
ProfessorofMarineEcology,Departmentof MarineScience,FacultyofScience,SuezcanalUniversity.
Prof.Dr.AbdelhadiA.Amer..
ProfessorofPoulltrynutriton,DepartmentofAnimalproduction,FacultyofAgriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
Prof.Dr.NabilN.ElHefnawy...
ProfessorandHeadofEnvironmentandBiologicalAgricultureDepartment,FacultyofAgriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
Prof.Dr.KhimsawyA.ElKhimsawy...
3
Date: 13/8/2005
TITLE: UTILIZATIONSOMEOFSEAWEEDSINPOULTRYNDIETS
Name:KHALEDMOHAMEDELSYEDALZAABLAWY
ATHESIS
SubmittedinPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegree
of
MASTEROFSCIENCE
in
FacultyofAgriculture
AlAzharUniversity
1426A.H.
2005A.D.
SupervisionCommittee:
Prof.Dr.NabilN.ElHefnawy...
ProfessorandHeadofEnvironmentandBiologicalAgricultureDepartment,FacultyofAgriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
Prof.Dr.KhimsawyA.ElKhimsawy...
Dr.MohsenA.O.Elmohandes
AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofEnvironmentandBiologicalAgriculture,FacultyofAgriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
Acknowledgement
IwishtoexpressmygratitudeandappreciationtoDr.NabilN.ElHefnawy,ProfessorandHeadofEnvironment
and Biological Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AlAzhar University and Dr. Ayman F. AbouHadid,
ProfessorofVegetableCrops,DepartmentofHorticulture,FacultyofAgriculture,AinShamsKhimsawyA.ElKhimsawy
Professor of Poultry nutrition, Department of Animal production, Faculty of Agriculture, AlAzhar University and Dr.
Mohsen A. O. Elmohandes, associate Professor, Department of Environment and Biological Agriculture, Faculty of
Agriculture, AlAzhar University for their supervision, suggesting the problem, valuable guidance, constructive and
fruitfulhelpthroughoutwritingofthisdissertation.
My deep thanksarealsoduetoandDr.MahmoudElSaidFarghaly,ProfessorofMarineEcology,Departmentof
MarineScience,FacultyofScience,SuezcanalUniversity.
Many thanks are also due to all staff members of the Department of Environment and Biological Agriculture,
Faculty of Agriculture, AlAzhar University and all staff members of the Department of Animal production, Faculty of
Agriculture,AlAzharUniversity.
Specialthanksareduetomyfamilywhoencouragedandpushedmeforwardtoachievethepresentwork.
Finallymydeepthanksareduetoallpeoplewhotaughtanddirectedmethroughoutmylife.
TableofContents
1Introduction.
page
1
2ReviewofLiterature...
2.1.AlgaeandSeaweeds
2.2.1. The major components of Seaweeds (ash,

protein,fiber,fat,andcarbohydrates). 16
2.2.2.Aminoacidandfattyacidcompositionof
seaweeds..
2.2.3.Mineralandheavymetalscontaminationin the
seaweeds...
2.2.4.Vitaminsinseaweeds.
22
27
31
2.3.Effectofseasonsonseaweeds. 33
2.3.1.Theseasonaleffectsonyieldandgelproperties
ofseaweeds. 33
2.3.2.Seasonaleffectsonchemicalcompositionofthe
seaweeds. 36
2.4. Cell wall degradation by chemical and enzymatic
treatment for improvement of protein extraction
fromseaweeds. 41
2.5.Seaweedsinpoultryfeeding..
46
3MaterialsandMethods......
54
4ResultsandDiscussion .....
61
4.1.Effectofareaandseason onchemicalcomposation
ofalgae... 61
4.2.Degradationofalgalcellwallstoimprovingprotein
86
accessibility..
4.3.Effectofchemicalandenzymatictreatmentson
digestibilityofnutrientsonJapaneseQuail.. 105
5Summaryandconclusion..
110
6References....
7ArabicSummary...
116
LISTOFTABLES
Table
page
1 Seaweedworldproduction(Tons) 13
2 Productionandvalueofinternationalseaweedgumsmarket,
1995.. 15
3 ThenutritionalcompositionofGreenSeaweeds(Chlorophyta) 20
4 ThenutritionalcompositionofRedSeaweeds(Rhodophyta)... 21
5 FreeAminoAcidComposition(mg/gm protein)ofseveral
speciesofseaweeds.Ito&Hori (1989) 22
6 Aminoacidcomposition(mean%SE)ofthealgae
ChlorophytaandRhodophyta.Wahbeh (1997)... 23
7 Fattyacidcomposition(mean%SE)ofthealgae,U.
lactucaandP.pavonicafromAqaba.Wahbeh (1997) 24
8 FreeAminoAcidCompsition(mg/gm protein)ofseveral
speciesofseaweeds.. 24
9 Examplesofashandmineral contentsinsomeSeaweeds... 28
10 MineralcompositionofSeaweeds.(mg/gdrymatter).. 30
seasonalchangestheconstituentsof Ulvalactuca...
11
37
12 Aminoacidcompositionof Ulvaamoricanasamples
collectedinOctober1997,December1997andFebruary
1998(g 100g1 protein).... 39
13 Compositionofbaseldiet..... 57
14 Chemicalanalysisofgroupdietswerestudied.. 58
15 Contentof Ulvafrommoisture.... 62
16 Contentof Ulvafromcuredprotein. 64
17 Contentof Ulvafrometherextract... 67
5
Contentof Ulvafromcrudefiber.
Contentof Ulvafromash%.
Contentof UlvafromN.F.E.%.
Contentof Gelidiumfrommoisture.
Contentof Gelidiumfromcuredprotein.
Contentof Gelidiumfrometherextract....
Contentof Gelidiumfromcrudefiber..
Contentof Gelidiumfromash%..
Contentof GelidiumfromN.F.E.%..
Effectofaceticacidtreatmentonseaweeds
Effectofsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds.
Effectofcalciumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweed..
Effect of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatment on
seaweeds...
31 Effectofenzymesonseaweeds.
32 Effectofallprevioustreatmentsonseaweeds..
33 Effect of treatments on digestibility of crude protein (CP),
ether extract (EE) and Nfree extract (NFE) and (DE)
digestibleenergyofseaweeds.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
69
72
74
76
78
79
81
82
84
87
91
93
97
99
103
105
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure
page
1 somegenusof Clorophyta(green algae)
7
2 somespeciesof Ulvasp.
8
3 somegenusof Rhodophyta(redalgae)..
9
4
somespeciesof Gelidium.
10
5 Contentof Ulvafrommoisture.... 63
6 Contentof Ulvafromcuredprotein. 65
7 Contentof Ulvafrometherextract... 68
8 Contentof Ulvafromcrudefiber. 70
9 Contentof Ulvafromash%. 73
10 Contentof UlvafromN.F.E.%. 75
11 Contentof Gelidiumfrommoisture. 77
12 Contentof Gelidiumfromcuredprotein. 79
13 Contentof Gelidiumfrometherextract.... 80
14 Contentof Gelidiumfromcrudefiber.. 81
15 Contentof Gelidiumfromash%.. 83
16 Contentof GelidiumfromN.F.E.%.. 84
17 Effectofaceticacidtreatmentonseaweeds 88
18 Effectofsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds. 92
19 Effectofcalciumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweed.. 94
20 Effect of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide treatment on
seaweeds... 98
21 Effectofenzymesonseaweeds. 100
22 Effectofallprevioustreatmentsonseaweeds.. 104
23 Digestion trails. 106
24 Digestibleenergy. 108
1.INTRODUCTION
Seaweedscanbeclassifiedintothreebroadgroupsbasedonpigmentation:brown,redandgreen.BotanistsrefertothesebroadgroupsasPhaeophyceae,
RhodophyceaeandChlorophyceae,respectively.Brownseaweedsareusuallylarge,andrangefromthegiantkelpthatisoften20 mlong,tothick,leatherlikeseaweeds
from24 mlong,tosmallerspecies3060 cmlong. Redseaweedsareusuallysmaller,generallyrangingfromafewcentimetrestoaboutametreinlength.Green
seaweedsarealsosmall,withasimilarsizerangetotheredseaweeds.
Seaweedisaveryversatileproductwidelyusedforindustryal.Redandbrownseaweedsarealsousedto
producehydrocolloidsalginate,agarandcarrageenan,whichareusedasthickeningandgellingagents.Today,
approximately 1milliontonnesofwetseaweedareharvestedandextractedtoproduceabout55000tonnesof
hydrocolloids,valuedatalmostUS$600million.(Mc.Hugh,2003).
Seaweedusedforfoodindirecthumanconsumptionandanimal.Itisalsoaningredientfortheglobalfoodandcosmeticsindustriesandisusedasfertilizerandasan
animalfeedadditive.Total annualvalueofproductionisestimatedatalmostUS$6billionofwhichfoodproductsforhumanconsumptionrepresentUS$5billion. Total
annualusebytheglobalseaweedindustryisabout8 milliontonnesofwetseaweed.
UseofseaweedasfoodhasstrongrootsinAsiancountriessuchasChina,JapanandtheRepublicofKorea,butdemandforseaweedasfoodhasnowalsospreadto
NorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandEurope.
However,onlyafewstudieshavebeenundertakenonthequalityofseaweedproteinsbecausetheextractionofproteinfromseaweedisdifficultbecauseofthe
occurrenceofphenoliccompoundsandlargeamountspolyanioniccellwallmucilages(Fleurence etal. 1995).
Thefirstpartofpresentstudywasobserveundertakento ascertainwhetherseasonalvariationoccursinthechemicalcompositionofseaweeds(Gelidium sp., Ulvasp.)
onnorthcoastalinEgypt.
Thesecondpartwas investigatedthedegradationofcellwallpolysaccharidesofsaewwedsbyseveralchemicalandenzymaticmethodstoimprovingtheextractionof
proteins.
Inthelastdeterminateddigestibilityoftheproteinextractionbychicken.
2.REVIEWOFLITERATURE
2.1.AlgaeandSeaweeds
Algaeareverysimplechlorophyllcontainingorganisms:somesaythattheyareplantsothersaysthatarenot,
callingthemProtists.Weusetheterm"algae"verylooselybecausedefiningthemisverydifficult.Ingeneral,
wecansaythattheyaresimpleorganismscomposedofonecell,orgroupedtogetherincolonies,oras
organismswithmanycells,sometimescollaboratingtogetherassimpletissues.
2.1.1.Classificationofalgae
AccordingtoLee(1999)classificationofalgae.Groupsarebasedonthenumberofchloroplastmembranes.
Group1.ProkaryoticAlgae,Ph.Cyanobacterianochloroplasts(1membrane). Group2.EukaryoticAlgae,
chloroplastswith 2membranesPh.Glaucophyta,Ph.Rhodophyta(redalgae)andPh.Chlorophyta(green
algae).Group3.Eukaryoticalgaechloroplastswith 3membranes,Ph.Euglenophyta(euglenoids)andPh.
Dinophyta(dinoflagellates).Group4.Eukaryoticalgaechloroplastswith 4membranes,Ph.Cryptophyta
(cryptophytes),Ph.Heterokontophyta(heterokonts),(Chrysophyceae,Synurophyceae,Dictyochophyceae,
Pelagophyceae,Bacillariophyceae(diatoms),Raphidophyceae,Xanthophyceae,Eustigmatophyceae,
Phaeophyceae),andPh.Pymnesiophyta.
2.1.1.1.Chlorophyta(greenalgae)
Thegreenalgae(chlorophyta)areprobablythemoststrucurallydiversegrupofalgaewithmanytypesof
unicells,colonies,filaments,siphons,andthalloidforms.Recentultrastructuralstudieshaveestablishedfour
linesofevolutionfromtheprimitiveunicellularcondition (MattoxandStewart1984).Thechlorophyceaeare
primarilyfreshwaterformsthisclasscontainsmostofthespeciesofgreenalgaeincluding Chlamydomonas
andthevolvocineline,Chlorellaandmostotherchlorococcaleanforms,anumberofbranchedandunbranched
filaments,andthefamiliarOedogoniales.MostofthemarinegreenalgaebelongtotheUlvophyceae,agenerally
tropicalandsubtropicalgroupcontaininganumberofrelativelylargeforms(e.g.,Ulva,Codium,Valonia,
Halimeda),eventhoughPlasmodesmata(aprerequisitefortissuediferentiationandspecialization)never
evolvedinthisclass(Graham1984).
Figure(1)showsomeofgreenalgae.
*SeaLettuce(Ulva):itknownbythecommonnamesealettuce,Ulvacanbeeateninsaladsorusedinsoups.
UlvaisaparticularlypopularfoodinScotland.Nutritionally,itisveryhealthy. U.lactucaismadeof 15%
protein,50%sugarandstarch,lessthan 1%fat,and11%waterwhendried. Itisusefulasroughageinthe
humandigestivesystem. Ulvaareveryhighiniron,aswellashighinprotein,iodine,aluminum,manganese
andnickel. TheyalsocontainvitaminA,vitaminB1,vitaminC,sodium,potassium,magnesium,calcium,
solublenitrogen,phosphorous,chloride,silicon,rubidium,strontium,barium,radium,cobalt,boronandtrace
elements.Ulvaspecieshavethalliwithexpandedbladestwocellsthick(distromatic). Ulvaare
parenchymatous:celldivisionmayoccuranywhereonthethallusbutalwaysinaplaneperpendiculartothe
thallussurface.Comparedtomoreadvancedalgaeandvascularplants,theirconstructionisrelativelysimple.
Theydonotdifferentiateintotissuelayersorshowmuchspecializationamongcells.Thecellsthemselvesare
irregularlyarrangedandarequadratetoslightlyelongateanticlinally(perpendiculartothesurface),depending
onthespecies. Thecellwallsarefibrillarandmadeupofcellulose.Theystoreenergyasstarch.Arrangedin
sheetsonlytwocellsthick,Ulvaslargesurfacetovolumeratioallowsittohaveahighnutrientuptake.Ulva
generallylivesinthemiddletolowintertidalzone(oreulittoraltohighsublittoralzone).Thefrondsarenot
situatedatthesamelevelthroughouttheyear,however.Inthecoldermonths,thealgaegrowmainlyinwide
bandsintheintertidal.Inthewarmermonths,theygrowinanarrowerband,lowerintheintertidal.
Minimizingtheamountoftimetheyspendoutofthewater,underthehotsummersun,protectsthemfrom
desiccation. Ulvaaregreatlyimpairedbyextremedesiccation (definedaslossofmorethan 25%originalwater
content).Figure(2)showsomeofUlvasp.
2.1.1.2. PhylumRhodophyta(redalgae):
Theredalgae(Rhodophyta)arethethirdgroup(alongwiththebrownandgreenalgae)thatcontributesto
theseaweedflora.Someredalgaearemicroscopicandevenunicellular.Afewgrowinswiftcurrentsin
freshwaterstreams(SheatandHymes1980)butareoftenoverlookedduetotheirsmallsize.Most,however,
areconspicuous,multicellularseaweeds.Carrageenanandagararecommerciallyvaluablepolysaccharides
obtainedfromcertainredalgae.Theearliertheorythatthepigmentationinredalgaewasaspecialadaptationto
thelowirradiancesindeepwaterhasnowbeendisputed(Ramus1983).Figure(3)showsomeofredalgae,
figure(4)showsomespeciesof Gelidium.
Codium
Ulva
Caulerpa
Valonia
Figure(1).somegenusof Clorophyta(greenalgae)
UlvaLactuca
UlvaPertusa
UlvaLobata
UlvaRigida
Figure(2).somespeciesof Ulvasp.
Porphyra
Gracilaria
Gelidium
Figure(3).somegenusof Rhodophyta(redalgae).
GelidiumCoulteri
GelidiumPusillum
Gelidium Pacificum
Figure(4).somespeciesof Gelidium.
*Gelidiumsp.
ThegenusGelidiumbelongstothefamilyGelidiaceae,whichalsoincludeseightothergenera.The
familyGelidiaceaehasbeenconsideredamemberbothof theorderGelidialesandoftheNemalionales
(=Nemaliales).TheclassificationofthefamilydependsuponacceptanceoftheGelidialesasadistinctorder,a
taxonomicstatuswhichhasbeenunderdisputeoverthelasttwentyyears(Dixon,1961PueschelandCole,
1982).
Speciesof Gelidiumareamongthemostimportantagarophytesintheworld(Santelices,1974Santelices
andStewart,1985).About35speciesareharvestedinvariousareascontributingto4050%oftheworld's
annualexploitationof agarophytes,estimatedat39,000tonsofdrymatter(WhyteandEnglar,1981).
2.1.2.Worldproductionandusesofseaweed.
2.1.2.1.Worldproductionofseaweed:
Between 1981and1994worldproductionofseaweedincreasedfrom 3.2milliontonnes(freshweight)to
nearly 7milliontones.Theseaweedsthataremostexploitedarethebrownalgaewithabout5.2milliontones
(75%)followedbytheredalgae(1.73milliont25%)andasmallamountofgreenalgae(about0.5%).
Worldproductionofseaweedgrewby 99.37%duringtheperiod19931997.AsreportedbyFoodand
AgricultureOrganization (FAO)duringthesameperiod,thePhilippinesranked5thamongthemajorproducing
countriesofseaweed.ThePhilippinecontributed6.56%tothetotalworldproductionof 559,888,073MT
(Table1).China,ontheotherhandisthemajorproducingofseaweedwith 292,441,630MTwhichcontributed
9
52.23%ormorethanhalfoftheworldproduction.SecondproducingcountryisKoreaDPRpwith 57,221,136
MTfollowedbyKoreaRepwith 50,027,596MT.Theirtotalcontributionwas10.22%and8.94%respectively.
2.1.2.2.UsesofSeaweeds:
2.1.2.2.1. Humanfood,animalfodderandmanure:
SeaweedasastapleitemofdiethasbeenusedinJapanandChinasinceprehistorictimes. In600BC, SzeTeuwroteinChina,"Somealgaeareadelicacyfitforthemost
honoredguests,evenfortheKinghimself."Some 21 speciesareusedineverydaycookeryinJapan, sixofthemsincethe 8thcentury.Seaweedaccountsforsome 10% of
theJapanesedietandseaweedconsumptionreachedanaverageof 3.5kgperhouseholdin1973, a 20% increasein10 years (Indergaard andMinsaas 1991).
10
Table(1):Seaweedworldproduction(Tons)
AllFishing
Areas
TotalWorld
Production
China
KoreaDPRp
KoreaRep
Japan
Philippines
Chile
Norway
Indonesia
USA
India
Others
1993
1994
1996
1997
36,566,591
71,624,400 141,389,256 280,902,907 559,888,073
18,511,176
3,594,446
3,352,172
3,411,847
2,704,308
1,241,142
904,545
673,951
405,972
437,800
1,329,232
36,821,085
7,166,892
6,464,342
6,453,944
5,031,093
2,403,421
1,809,090
1,229,507
811,944
831,500
2,601,582
Source:FAOStatistics.
13
1995
73,346,026 146,377,635 292,441,630

14,316,784 28,618,568 57,221,136
12,650,014 25,098,883 50,027,596
12,418,978 24,426,747 48,476,658
9,606,416 18,666,506 36,720,567
4,702,937
9,243,340 18,325,732
3,618,180
7,236,360 14,472,720
2,348,576
4,585,577
9,009,611
1,623,888
3,247,572
6,494,882
1,617,900
3,190,700
6,334,700
5,139,557 10,211,019 20,362,841
%Share
GrowthRate
(19931997)
100.00
52.23
10.22
8.94
8.66
6.56
3.27
2.58
1.61
1.16
1.13
3.64
99.37
99.75
96.57
94.18
92.00
96.03
100.00
91.29
99.99
95.06
97.84
ThemostimportantfoodspeciesinJapanareNori(Porphyraspecies),Kombu(Laminariaspecies),andWakame
(Undariapinnatifida).Inthewest,seaweedislargelyregardedasahealthfoodand,althoughtherehasbeenanupsurge
ofinterestinseaweedasfoodinthelast20years,itisunlikelythatseaweedconsumptiontherewilleverbemorethana
fractionoftheJapanese.
Human consumption of Gelidium is restricted mainly to G. divaricatum in China and to G. amansii in Japan,
Indonesia, China, Borneo and The Celebes Zaneveld, 1955, 1959 Johnston, 1966 Levring et al. 1969). Nowhere are
the species used as animal fodder or manure. In Chile, all the harvested crops are exported as raw materials for agar
production.
2.1.2.2.2. Industrialproductsandprocesses
Industrialgumsextractedfromseaweedsfallintothreecategories:alginates(derivativesofalginicacid),agarsand
carrageenans.Thefirstisextractedsolelyfrombrownseaweedswhilstthelasttwoareextractedonlyfromredseaweeds.
There are a number of artificial products reputed to be suitable replacements for seaweed gumsbutnonehavetheexact
gelling and viscosity properties of seaweed gums and it is very unlikely that seaweeds will be replaced as the source of
thesepolysaccharidesinthenearfuture.
Productionandvalueofinternationalseaweedgumsmarket,1995showedinTable(2).
Table(2):productionandvalueofinternationalseaweedgumsmarket,1995.
Seaweedgum Total (t) Price($perkg) Totalvalue($million)
Agar
10,161
20
203
Carrageenans 25,403
203
150
Total
>61,000
Sources:QuestInternational,CorkandIMRInternational,SanDiego).
560
Alginates
>25,000
Species of Gelidium are among the most important agarophytes in the world (Santelices, 1974 Santelices and
Stewart, 1985). About 35 species are harvested in various areas contributing to 4050 % of the world's annual
exploitation of agarophytes, estimated at 39,000 tons of dry matter (Whyte and Englar, 1981). However, agar
concentrations found in several Gelidium species Gelidium chilense produces thehighestagaryieldwhileG.lingulatum
yieldstheleastgel(20%).Gelidiumrexyieldsanintermediateamountofgelbutitproducesthestrongestgel(Santelices,
Oliger&Montalva1981).
Alginates are cellwall constituents of brown algae (Phaeophycota). They are chainforming heteropolysaccharides
madeupofblocksofmannuronicacidandguluronicacid.Compositionoftheblocksdependsonthespeciesbeingused
forextractionandthepartofthethallusfromwhichextractionismade.
Carrageenan is a general name for polysaccharides extracted from certain kinds of algae which are built up, in
contrast to agar, from Dgalactopyranose units only. The use of this seaweed to extract a gel is known in Ireland since
1810. Chondrus crispus used to be the sole source of carrageenan, but species ofGymnogongrus, Eucheuma,Ahnfeltia
andGigartinaarenowcommonlyused.
2.2.1. ThemajorcomponentsofSeaweeds(ash,protein, fiber, fat, andcarbohydrates).
Castro etal.(1991) foundthatthenutritionalcompositionofwashedandunwashedsundriedseaweed(Macrocystispyrifera) mealwasevaluatedbychemicalanalysis
andinvitroandinsitudigestibility.Intheunwashedandwashedmeal, nitrogenfreeextractcomprised 46.27 and 46.67%, respectivelyandash36.67 and 34.22%.
Washingsignificantlyincreasedthecontentofsomemineralsintheseaweed.Althoughproteinpercentagewaslow (8.8%), ithadagoodaminoacidbalance. Tanninwas
onlydetectedatalowlevel(34.20 mg/g).InvitroandinsituDMdigestibilitywerehigh(90.34 and83.24%, respectively).Itisconcludedthat Macrocystispyriferacanbe
.includedinanimalfeeds,andthatpriorwashingisnotnecessary
Lahaye (1991)studiedthesolubleandinsolubledietaryfibercontentsofmarinealgae ('seavegetables'),wakame (Undariapinnatifida), hijiki(Hijikifusiformis), sea
spaghetti(Himanthaliaelongata), arame (Eiseniabicyclis),sealettuce (Ulvalactuca), AOnori (Enteromorphaspp.), andnori (Porphyratenera)wereestimatedbythe
gravimetricmethodof Proskyetalwithadaptations. Theseseaweedshadtotaldietaryfibercontentsbetween32.7 and 74.6%(onadryweightbasis)ofwhich51.6 to
85.0% werewatersoluble.
14
(1993)studied Ulvalactucacontained 15.8 and8.0% solublefibresaccordingtothestandardandphysiologicalmethods, respectively,and LahayeandJegou
24.2 and32.6% insolublefibresaccordingtothe 2 methods, respectively.ForEnteromorphacompressa thesevalueswere 14.9 and15.9%, and21.6 and28.7%,
respectively.Forbothalgae,solublefibresappearedtobexylorhamnoglycuronansulphatesandinsolublefibreswereessentiallycomposedofglucans. Fibresinbothalgae
werehydrophilicbutthewaterholdingcapacitieswerehigherafterextractionofsolublefibres.Watersolublefibres,particularlythosefromE. compressa, demonstrated
.lowintrinsicviscositiesat 37CinbuffersandwereaffectedbypH
Venturaetal. (1994)studied nutritivevalueofseaweed(Ulvarigida) inpoultrydietsandfoundthatproximatecompositionofseaweedwasnitrogen33, crudefibre 17,
neutraldetergentfibre 312, aciddetergentfibre 153, pentosans 13 andash228 g/kgDM.
ash, protein,fibre, fat, carbohydratesinsamplesof Gracilariacornea, Eucheumaisiforme, Caulerparacemosa, Codium RobledoandFreile(1997) determined
isthmocladum,Padinagymnospora and Sargassumfilipendula andtheyfoundtheashcontentsrangedfrom29.06 to 55.93%. E. isiforme hadthehighestproteincontent
(12.10%), whilelowestvaluewasinC. isthmocladum (3.50%). FatcontentwashighestinCodiumisthmocladum and Gracilariacornea (0.48 and 0.26%, respectively).).
Crudefibrevariedfrom 1.01 to 9.07%. E. isiforme andG. cornea hadthehighestcarbohydratecontents (25.89 and 36.29%, respectively).
thenutritivevalueofseaweedinadultmaleCanariangoats. Thenutrientcontentof U.lactuca,perkgDM, was825 gorganic VenturaandCastAnon(1998) studied
matter(OM), 211 gCP, 17 getherextract, 189 gstructuralcarbohydrates,27 gligninand 381 nonstructuralcarbohydrates.EffectiverumendegradationwasOM335 and
CP96 g/kgDM, andinvitrodigestionwasOM 512 andCP 147g/kgDM. Theenergycontentofseaweedwasestimatedtobe 10.2MJDE/kgDM.
WongandCheung(2000) investigatedtheproximatecomposition, aminoacidprofileandsomephysicochemicalpropertiesoftwosubtropicalredseaweeds(Hypnea
charoides and Hypnea japonica) andonegreenseaweed(Ulvalactuca)wereinvestigated. Thetotaldietaryfibre [rangedfrom50.3 to 55.4% dryweight (DW)] andash
(rangedfrom21.3 to 22.8% DW)werethetwomostabundantcomponentsintheseseaweedsbuttheircrudelipidcontentswereverylow (rangedfrom1.42 to 1.64%
DW).
Tables(3, 4) showthedifferentchemical compositionofsomeseaweed (green& redseaweeds).
15
Table (3). ThenutritionalcompositionofGreenSeaweeds.(Chlorophyta).
Authors Seaweeds
Abdelfattah & Edrees
Ulva.lactuca
(1972)
Ito &Hori (1989) Ulva.lactuca
Mohammed(1997) Ulva.lactuca
Greg &Alan (1998) Ulva.rigida
Wong&Peter (2000)
David(2001)
20
Ulva.spp.
Ulva.spp.
Ash
%dry
24.03
35.89
18.7
33.3+
6.4
47
52
21.3
14
Protein
%dry
8.70
33.75
15.2
17.6
3.1
6.4
5.9
7.06
24
Crbohaydrate
%dry
Fiber
%dry
39.1
4.3
Fatyacid
%dry
2.91
3.94
0.6
5.2 1.2
18.1
17.3
14.60
47
0.3
0.6
1.64
_
55.4
1.00
Table (4).ChemicalcompositionofRedSeaweeds(Rhodophyta).
Ash
Protein Crbohaydrate Fiber
Authors
Seaweeds
%dry
%dry
%dry
%dry
Gracilaria.spp
10.3
9
55.8
8.3
Ito &Hori (1989)
.
6.9
38.8
39.5
1.8
Ito &Hori (1989) Porphyra.spp.
Gelidium
_
12.8
_
_
Ito &Hori (1989)
amansii
Greg &Alan
(1998)
21
Gracilaria
plstoldes
Fatyacid
%dry
0.1
1.9
_
14
16
10.8
11.8
41.4
43.1
0.9
1.2
Greg &Alan
(1998)
Corallina.spp
77
80
6.4
6.1
4.2
4.7
0.7
1.1
David(2001)
Gracilaria.spp
.
17
11
54
03
2. 2.2.Aminoacidandfattyacidcompositionofseaweeds.
Ito &Hori (1989)studiedcontentofseveralspeciesofseaweeds(U. lactuca, E. compressa, P.pavonicandL.obtuse) fromfreeaminoacidsandtheresultsareshownin
Table (5).
Table (5):FreeAminoAcidComposition(mg/ gmprotein) ofseveralspeciesofseaweeds.Ito & Hori(1989)
AminoAcid
Aminoacid
Alanine
Arginine
Asparticacid
Chondrine
Citrulline
Glutamicaci
U.lactuca
E.compressa
2.20.4
1.80.3
5.60.8
5.01.1
2.80.2
19.02.4
12.90.3
5.41.2
5.60.8
2.60.2
9.20.6
3.20.4
16.70.8
3.0+0.3
4.60.7
3.30.5
3.00.6
5.31.2
4.60.7
3.30.8
13.80.4
1l.02.7
2.00.2
2.30.4
2.70.6
5.31.1
5.70.8
5.41.2
6.21.3
4.41.1
3.00.3
8.51.2
P.pavonica L.obtuse
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Ulva Enteromorpha
Porphyra Gracilaria
pertusa
linza
spp. compressa
17.7
23.8
1750
4.9
2.5
1.9
11
26.3
4.4
13.7
310
6.1
28.7
43.0
66.2
31.8
55.0
1378
13.3
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Cystine
Tyrosine
Asparticacid
Glutamicacid
Lysine
Arginine
Histidine
1.10.2
5.8
5.9
4.8
7.8
7.6
9.0
_
8.40.8
9.6
4.10.
4.7
5.20.3
3.70.6
7.0
4.8
10.4
1.10.1
1.10.2
3.71.9
6.81.4
4.91.2
5.30.5
9.11.5
9.41.5
9.72.5
4.90.6
4.12.8
12.43.5
13.32.7
5.81.1
8.41.7
Wahbeh(1997) studiedcontentofseaweedschlorophyta(Ulvapertus and Enteromorphaliza) andRhodophyta(Propheyraspp. and Gracilariacompressa) fromaminoacids

andtheresultsareshowninTable (6).
Table (6).Aminoacidcomposition(mean% SE)ofthealgae,chlorophytaandRhodophyta, Wahbeh (1997).
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Taurine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Valine
22
9.1
_
3.7
6.6
0.9
4.1
40.0
11.9
154.0
5.7
2.1
3.5
5.2
5.8
6.8
0.8
3.8
51.1
33.7
75.4
3.8
2.1
3.9
20
16
16
35
12
5
17
41
1569
38
4
37
Trace
Trace
Trace
58.7
Trace
Wahbeh(1997) studiedcontentofseaweeds(U. lactuca andP. pavonic)

fromfattyacidsandthe resultsareshowninTable (7).
Table (7).Fattyacidcomposition(mean% SE)ofthealgae,U. lactuca and
P. pavonica fromAqaba. Wahbeh (1997).
Percentageoftotalfattyacid
Fattyacid
U.lactuca
P.pavonica
Saturated
12:0
14:0
15:0
16:0
18:0
2o:0
Monounsaturated
14:1(9)
16:1(9)
16:1(7)
18:1 (9)
18:1(5)
20:1(9)
Polynsaturated
16:2( 6)
16:2(9)
16:3(6)
16:3(3)
16:4(3)
18:2(9)
18:2(6)
18:3(6)
I8:3( 3)
18:4( 3)
20:2( 6)
1.30.2
1.50.2
1.1 0.3
3.20.3
1.40.1
6.5 0.4
4.8 0.4
3.6O.2
6.9 0.6
1.30.3
2.l0.4
20.31.6
0.50.1
6.10.4
9.4 0.8
9.7 0.6
5.60.5
7.1 0.7
4.6 0.3
3.00.2
2.9 0.2
1.40.2
4.1 0.3
6.3 0.4
8.70.6
1.50.3
18.5 0.8
1.80.4
4.00.5
15.71.1
3.00.2
3.10.3
6.80.5
6.7 0.6
5.8 0.4
3.8 0.4
5.3 0.6
Fleurence (1999)studiedcontentoftwospeciesofseaweeds(Ulvaamoricana and propheyratenra) fromaminoacids, also WongandPeter (2000)studiedcontentof

anthertwospeciesofseaweeds(U. lactuca and Hypeneacharoides) from thesameaminoacidsandtheresultsareshowninTable (8).
Table (8).FreeAminoAcidComposition(mg/ gmprotein) ofseveralspeciesofseaweeds.
Aminoacid
Alanine
Arginine
Asparticacid
Cystin
Glutamicacid
Glycine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Valine
Ulvalactuca**
96.7
48.6
139
110
65.3
13.1
40.0
72.6
46.4
6.12
57.1
45.7
62.8
62.0
36.3
52.6
Ulva
amoricana*
5.50.7
4.38.7
6.011.8
11.723.4
6.37.5
1.22.1
2.33.6
4.66.7
3.54.4
1.42.6
5.07.1
5.010.5
5.66.1
4.56.8
4.44.7
4.05.2
Hypnea
charoides**
60.6
98.1
163
125
55.2
7.67
39.2
69.8
39.2
16.2
42.2
35.3
46.8
48.3
29.1
52.1
Porphyra
tenra*
7.4
16.4
7.0
7.2
7.2
1.4
4.0
8.7
4.5
1.1
3.9
6.4
2.9
4.0
2.4
6.4
*Fleurence.J.(1999)
**Wong& Peter (2000)
WongandCheung(2000) investigatedtheproximatecomposition, aminoacidprofileandsomephysicochemicalpropertiesoftwosubtropicalredseaweeds(Hypnea

charoides and Hypnea japonica) andonegreenseaweed(Ulvalactuca). Althoughthecrudeproteincontentoftheredseaweedswassignificantly (p< 0.05,ANOVA, Tukey
HSD)higherthanthatofthegreen, thethreeseaweeds'proteinscontainedallessentialaminoacids, thelevelsofwhichwerecomparabletothoseoftheFAO/WHO
requirement. Moreover,theswellingcapacity (SWC),waterholdingcapacity (WHC)andoilholdingcapacity (OHC)oftheseaweedshadahighpositivecorrelation(r=0.99
1.00) withtheirtotalamountoffibreandprotein.
determinedCompositionof G. changgi [C. changii]. Itcontainedahighercompositionofunsaturatedfattyacids(74%), mainlyomegafattyacidsand Mohdetal. (2000)
26%ofsaturatedfattyacids(mainlypalmiticacid) andalsorelativelyhighlevelsofcalciumandiron.Majoraminoacidcomponentswereglycine,arginine, alanineand
glutamicacid. Amongtheessentialaminoacids, lysinewithachemicalscoreof 53%wasthemostlimitingwhencomparedwiththeessentialaminoacidpatternofegg
protein. Thisstudy wasconductedtocreatenutritionaldataforG. changgi inordertopopularizeitsconsumptionandutilizationinMalaysia.Comparisonswithnutritive
.valueofseveralcommonlyconsumedlocalvegetablesaremade
WongandCheung(2001) evaluatedthenutritionalvaluesofseaweedproteinconcentrates(PCs) isolatedfromtworedseaweeds(HypneacharoidesandHypnea
japonica) andonegreenseaweed(Ulvalactuca)bydeterminingtheirinvitroproteindigestibilityandaminoacidprofiles.Bothproteinextractabilityandinvitroprotein
digestibilityoftheredseaweedPCs(88.788.9%) weresignificantly (P<0.05,ANOVA, TukeyHSD)higherthanthoseofgreenseaweedPCs(85.7%). Thetotalamountof
essentialaminoacids (EAAs) inthethreeseaweedPCswashigh(36.240.2% oftotalaminoacidcontent). AllthreeseaweedPCswererichinleucine, valineandthreonine
butlackedcystine.However,exceptforsulfurcontainingaminoacidsandlysine, thelevelsofallEAAswerehigherthanthoseoftheFAOWHOrequirementpattern.
23
2.2.3. Mineralandheavymetals contaminationintheseaweeds.
Lacarde etal. (1985)studiedtheashcontentsofseaweeds.Theyfound theashwasvarywidelyfrom8% to 40%,dryweight. Allmineralsrequiredbyhumans:calcium,
sodium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, iodine, ironandzinc arepresentinsufficientquantities.SomeexamplesofashandmineralcontentsareshowninTable (9).
24
Table (9). ExamplesofashandmineralcontentsinsomeSeaweeds.
Seaweed
Clorophyta
Monostromanitidum
Ulvapertusa
U.conglobata
Enteromorphacompressa
Chaetomorphacrassa
Phaeophyta
Padinaarborescens
Ishigefoliacea
Scytosiphonlomentaria
Eiseniabicyclis
Hizikiafusiforme
Sargassumringgoldianum
S.tortile
S.thunbergii
Rhodophyta
Gelidiumamansii
Acanthopeltisjaponicus
Carpopeltislabellate
Gloiopeltistenax
Gymnogongrus
flabelliformis
28
Totalash
(%DM)
Mineral(mg/gdrymatter)
K
Ca
Mg
22.5 17.9
18.8 3.6
15.9 1.0
22.6
11.3 6.5
7.6
5.1
1.7
13.2
13.6
8.0
8.3
11.9
10.3
13.6
25.8
36.5
19.8
11.3
5.2
21.8
14.2 16.1
14.7
23.5 9.9
14.9 14.8
20.6 16.9
14.4 2.2
13.5 2.7
20.7 8.8
35.7
8.7
22.1
34.3
17.4
5.4
20.9
19.2
12.4
31.9
15.0
17.2
20.8
28.8
26.2
8.0
9.1
10.7
9.0
9.9
10.7
8.7
9.7
7.7
12.1
13.8
11.5
12.5
0.3
1.8
6.5
7.0
1.1
3.8
5.1
2.8
5.3
4.8
7.8
3.3
4.2
0.2
1.8
10.7
Si P
Sr
Fe
Al Zn
0.90
1.45
0.80
0.80
0.18
0.22
0.33
0.23
0.90
0.76
0.61
1.13
0.36
1.15
0.56
1.01
0.69
0.56
0.21
0.14
0.06
0.25
0.15
0.050
0.065
0.116
0.140
13.9
2.5
6.8
0.98
1.80
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.70
1.10
1.31
1.17
1.10
1.14
1.48
1.98
1.65
0.84
0.41
1.49
0.10
0.16
0.11
0.11
0.71
0.77
0.14
1.40
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.08
1.03
0.14
0.17
0.19
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.17
0.32
0.130
0.073
0.053
0.097
0.109
0.097
0.066
0.122
3.3
0.90
1.05
1.20
0.09
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.36
0.23
0.30
0.16
0.28
0.14
0.32
0.24
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.08
0.12
0.177
0.055
0.034
0.217
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ItoandHori(1989).Studiedmineralscontent ofseaweeds(ulvapertusa). Table (10) indicatetheresultsheobtained.
studiedthreesalinityvalues(25%,30% and 36%)correspondtothreesitesintheThermaikosGulf, Thessaloniki,eachundertheinfluence Seferlisand Haritonidis(1995)
ofdifferentpollutionloadings (industrial, domestic, agriculturalrunoff).During 1992 thecontentofPb,CuandCdinthethalliofthegreenalgaweremonitoredatfourteen
stationsalongthecoastlineofthegulf.Pbrangedfrom 29ppbto 119ppb,Cdfrom 129ppb to 448ppbandCufrom3ppbto 180ppb.Theexperimentwasdesignedsothat
specimenscouldbeclassifiedbytwocharacteristics(salinity timeandmetalenrichment).Specialattentionwasgiventowhichcombinationofsalinityandadditionalmetal
.loading,producesaverysmalloraverylargeaccumulation. Theeffectofeachvariablewastestedseparately
(1997) determinedNa, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Cr, ZnandPbinsamplesof Gracilariacornea, Eucheumaisiforme,Caulerparacemosa, Codium RobledoandFreile
isthmocladum,Padinagymnospora and Sargassumfilipendula. S. filipendula andP. gymnospora werecharacterizedbyahighmineralcontent CaandMgwereparticularly
high. Tracemetals (Fe,Pb, Cu,CrandZn) occurredathighlevelsinallspecies.
David(2001).Studied mineralscontentofRhodophyta(Gracilaria). Table (10) indicatetheresultsheobtained.
Table (10).MineralcompositionofSeaweeds.(mg/gdrymatter).
Minral
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Si
P
Fe
Al
Zn
B
I
Clorophyta
Ulvapertusa*
3.6
5.1
8.0
25.8
5.2
1.45
0.76
0.56
0.14
0.065
Rhodophyta
Gelidiumamansii*
7.7
0.2
7.0
5.3
3.3
0.9
0.36
0.14
0.16
0.177
Gracilaria**
53.4
41.00
60.00
0.21
0.041
0.31
Cu
0.008
Cr
0.006
*Ito& Hori (1989)

**David(2001)
evaluated theconcentrationsofheavymetals (Fe,Zn, Cu, Cd,Ni, Pb,Cr, As) insevenseaweedsofenvironmentalandcommercialrelevance (Ulva Caliceti etal. (2002)
rigida C.Ag., Gracilariagracilis (Stackhouse)Steentoft,L.Irvine andFarnham, PorphyraleucostictaThuret, Grateloupiadoryphora (Montagne)Howe., Undaria
pinnatifida (Harv.) Suringar, FucusvirsoidesJ. Agardh, Cystoseira barbata (Good.etWood.Ag)collectedinfoursamplingsitesinthelagoonofVenice,inspringand
autumn1999.Metalswereextractedusing hotconcentratedacidsinaMicrowaveDigestionRotorandanalysedbyabsorptionspectrophotometryusingaflamemodeforFe
andZnandagraphitefurnaceforPb,Cr, Cd, Cu, NiandAs. Highcontaminationlevels,especiallyforPb,weredetectedinUlva andtoalesserextentinGracilaria.Brown
seaweeds,especially CystoseirawashighlycontaminatedbyAs.TheleastcontaminatedgenerawithallmetalsexceptAswere Porphyra and Undaria. Aconcentration
decreaseforZnandCdwasobservedfromtheinnerpartsofthecentrallagoon, closetotheindustrialdistrict, towardsthelagoonopeningstothesea.
2.2.4.Vitaminsinseaweeds.
Jensen(1963) surveyed25differentspeciesofNorwegianseaweedsfortocopherolsandreportedthattocopherolispersent(7220ppm) inallclassesofseaweeds
examined.Ingenral,green, red, andsublittoralbrownseaweedsseemtoberatherpoorinvitaminE.
Kanazawa(1963) revieweddistributionofvitaminsinseaweeds.Seaweeds,aswellasgreenvegetables,containallkindsofvitaminsandareanaturalsourceof
vitaminsforhumans. Enteromorphassp. and Porphyra ssp. ContainlargeramountsofBcarotene (provitaminA) thanyellogreenvegetables.Amountsrangfrom22 to 25
mgper100 gofairdriedmaterils.
HedeterminedthecompositionofvitaminBin 35differentspecisofJapaneseseaweeeds.Theresultsshowed
thePorphyraspp.flaveinadeninedinucleotideoccupiesover90%ofthetotalriboflavins,whileflavin
mononucleotidecontributesaround10%orlessandfreeriboflavinafewpercentorless.Thispatternisquite
unlikethatoflandplants,butratherlikethatinanimals(Shimizu1971).Itisnoteworthythatrelativelyhigh
amountsofvitaminB12arefoundinseaweeds(Kanazawa1963,Hashimoto&Maeda1953),sincetheB12had
oncebeenthoughttobedistributedonlyintheanimalkingdom.
Ito &Hori (1989) investigatedthevitaminCcontentinseaweeds,andtheyreportedthatgreenseaweedshave 170 mg %brownseaweeds,4100 andredseaweeds,1
90mg %.ItisremarkablethatPorphyrasp.containsarelativelyhighamontofvitaminC.
David(2001) studiedthevitamins (A, B1,B2, B3, B12, FolicacidandC ) inGracilaria and Ulva . InUlvaspvitaminAin100gdrymatterwas 960 retinalUandB
complex (B1, B2,B3, B12andFolicacid) was(0.06, 0.03, 8.0, 6.3 and 11.8 mg, respectively),andvitaminC (10.0 mg).InGracilariavitaminBcomplex(B1,B2 ,B12
andFolicacid) was(0.4, 0.4, 14.4 and 2.8 mg, respectively )vitaminC(1.1 mg).
2.3.Effectofseasonsonseaweeds.
2.3.1.Theseasonaleffectsonyieldandgelpropertiesofseaweeds.
Freile etal.(1995) investigatedseasonaleffectsonyieldandgelpropertiesof Gelidiumcanariensis agarfor2 intertidalpopulationsonthenortherncoastofGranCanaria.
Physicalandrheologicalpropertiesweremeasuredin1.5% w/vsolutionsaftertreatmentwithalkali. Nosignificantdifferenceswerefoundonagarcharacteristicsbetweenthe
2sitesstudied.
TheywerefoundthehighestyieldswereobtainedduringsummerwithamaximuminJune (27.8%DW) andminimumduringlateautumnandwinter(1818.6%).
Overallqualitywashighestinwinter(Nov.Jan.),whengelstrengthpeakedabove 850g/cm.
IlyasandSukan (1995) studiedSamplesof G.verrucosa [G.gracilis] whichcollectedmonthlyfromtheAegeancoastofIzmirBayandanalysed.Theyfoundagaryield
rangedfrom 10.78%(October)to 30.07%(May).Gelstrength,whichwassimilartothatoftechnicalgradeagar, increasedwith3,6anhydrogalactoseconcentrationand
decreasedwithreducingsugarconcentration. Gellingandgelmeltingtemperaturesvariedwithinanarrowrangeandwereindependentofseason.
ZinounandCosson(1996)studiedofseasonalvariationinthequalityandcontentofiotacarrageenaninC. jubata fromtheNormandycoastofFrancewascarriedoutwitha
viewtopotentialcommercialproduction.Growthincreasedduringwinter, whentherewaslittlesynthesisofcarrageenanandflorideanstarchwasaccumulated.When
inorganic Ncontentdecreased, growthalsodecreasedandstopped(MayAug.)underhighlightintensity,metabolismwasorientedtowardssynthesisofparietalcarrageenans
tothedetrimentofreserveproductssuchasflorideanstarch.
Givernud et al.(1999) theystudiedthebiologyandagarcompositionandpropertiesof G.multiparita, acommonspeciesalongthecoastsofMorocco.TheyfoundGrowth
washighinspringandautumn, andtheseaweedpartiallydecayedafterfertilitypeaksinJuneandOctober.Theagarcontentandcompositionshowedseasonalvariation. Agar
contentwashighestinwinter(30% dryweight), anddecreasedduringgrowthperiodstotroughsinJuneandOctober(25%dryweight). Agarcompositionwascharacterized
byhigh6Omethylgalactose (3859 mol %) and 3.6 anhydrogalactose (2439%) contentstogetherwithgalactose (12.625.7 mol %) andsulfate (245% dryweight). Gel
strengthvariedbetween246 and511g/cm2 andincreasedafteralkalitreatmenttoreachamaximumof 880g/cm2.
Mouradiet al.(1999) theystudiedthebiologyandagarcompositionof Gelidium sesquipedaleforagarproductioninMorocco.Theagarcontentvariedaround 40% ofalgal
dryweightandreachedapeakof 44.5% inNovember.AgargelstrengthwashighestinMayandJuly (1000 g/cm2), andmelting(90oC) andgelling (35oC) temperatures
variedslightly.
Pacheco etal.(1999) measuredseasonalvariationofthebiomassof G. lemaneiformisfor18 monthsinBahiadelasAnimas, Mexico.ShowedHighestbiomassperunitarea
(11.1 kg wetweight/m) occurredinthespringof 1995andmostofthebiomasswaslostbysummer. Agargelstrengthandyieldwere 891 g/cm2 and 14%, respectivelyfor
springsamples.Biomassperunitareawasalsoevaluatedduringspringfromallthebedsof G.lemaneiformisonthewestcoastoftheGulfofCalifornia(850 km). Thetotal
biomassestimatedin1995was5751404dryt. Thetotalbiomassforspringof 1996wasabout30% less(4060246 dryt). Commercialexploitationof G.lemaneiformis
startedinthewestcoastoftheGulfofCaliforniain1995.
61

Benevides et al. (1999) observed remarkable variation in the haemagglutinating activity and chemical
composition of the marine red algae Gracilaria domigensis [G. domingiensis] and Gelidium pusillum during a year
long study (February 1994 to January1995)atabeachinPacheco,Ceara,Brazil.HaemagglutinatingactivityinG.
domigensiswasdetectedonlyinJunewhileinG.pusillumitwasdetectedfromFebruarytoJune.ProteinlevelsinG.
domigensis showed small variation during the year while those in G. pusillum exhibited a pattern with maxima in
February and October. The levels of ash, carbohydrate, lipid and soluble protein showed specific variation
throughouttheyearforbothspecies.
MarinhoandBourret(2003) foundthattheagaryieldfromG. graciliswasmaximumduringspring (30%) andminimumduringautumn(19%). InG. bursapastoris, the
agaryieldwasgreatestinsummer(36%) andlowestinwinter(23%). AgaryieldfromG. bursapastoris waspositivelycorrelatedwithtemperature (r =0.94P < 0.01) and
salinity (r= 0.97 P < 0.01) andnegativelywithnitrogencontent(r = 0.93 P <0.01). Agargelstrengthsfluctuatedfrom 229 to 828 gcm_2 and 23 to 168 gcm_2 forG.
gracilis and G. bursapastoris, respectively.The gellingtemperatureshowedsignificantseasonalvariationforbothspecies.
2.3.2.Seasonaleffectsonchemicalcompositionoftheseaweeds.
Elshazly(1956)foundthatseaweedscompositionwerechangeablefromtimetotimein thesameplacein
Alexandriacoast,alsohereportedthatitscompositionwerechangeablefromplacetoplaceinthesametime.
AbdelFattahand Edrees (1973). Weredeterminedseasonalchangestheconstituentsof Ulvaluctuca. TheirresultswasshowedinTable (11).
Table (11).seasonalchangestheconstituentsof Ulvalactuca.
Dateofcollection
Totalash
Totallipids
Unsaponifiedlipidfraction
Totalsterols
Mannitol
Periodate
Extraction
Glucuronicacid
Glucose
Arabinose
Xylose
Rhamnose
Rh/G.A.
Protein
Totalaminonitrogen
April
1971
24.03
3.07
0.70
004
1.92
0.96
11.68
1.67
2.07
1.73
28
240
8.70
2.25
August November Februar

1971
1971
y1972
20.58
35.89
24.42
040
3.94
2.91
028
1.57
1.90
015
0.70
1.12
1.65
1.89
5.73
2.02
0.67
0.81
6.08
1.04
33.75
8.13
1.72
0.61
2.38
2.45
0.25
0.39
1.47
O91
21.16
4.22
2.01
0.98
2.51
15.74
1.18
1.58
1.96
0.12
30.13
6.81
Rh/G.A.Rhamnose/glucuronicacid.
Brownetal.(1998) theystudiedCopperandzincconcentrationsofthecosmopolitangreenseaweedsEnteromorphaintestinalis and Ulvalactucawereobtainedforthefirst

timefromvarioussiteswithinOtagoHarbour, southernNewZealand. Spatialvariationintheconcentrationsofbothmetalswasfound, withincreasinglevelsatstationsinthe
upperharbourbasin. Whiletemporalfluctuationswereapparent, asignificantseasonaltrendwasevidentonlyforzincin U. lactucaconcentrationsvariedfrom
approximately 10mgg1 dryweightinwinterto 2mgg1 insummer.Overfourconsecutiveyearsofsamplingtherewas littlechangeinmetalconcentrationsofeitherspecies.
ConcentrationsofbothmetalswereinvariablyhigherinE. intestinalis thanU.lactuca, atallsamplingstationsandatallsamplingtimes.
Fleurenceetal.(1999)A studiedtheaminoacidcompositionoftheproteinfractionanditschangesduringasamplingperiodfromOctobertoFebruarywerealsostudied.
SomedifferencesintheproteinpatternshownbySDSPAGEwerefoundindifferentmonths, suchasthepresenceofa54kDaproteininFebruary.Theproteinfractionwas
composedmainlyofasparticandglutamicacids (2435% ofproteinfraction, accordingtoseason) andtheessentialaminoacidsconstituted 2736% ofthetotalfraction. The
proteinsfromtheOctobersampleweremoresensitivetochymotrypsinthanthosefromtheFebruarysample. Forinstance, twoproteinswithapparentmolecularweightsof
100 and 67 kDawereweaklydigestedbychymotrypsinintheFebruaryextract,butfullydigestedintheOctobersample. Thedatasuggestachangeinproteinstructure
makingitlesssensitivetohumanintestinaljuice. Theglycosylationofproteinextract,whichwasespeciallymarkedinFebruary,couldexplainthedifferencesinbehaviourof
U.armoricana proteinsinresponsetothedigestiveactionofenzymes.TheseresultsshowedinTable (12).
Table (12).Amino acidcompositionof Ulvaamoricana samplescollectedinOctober1997,December1997 andFebruary 1998(g100 g1 protein)
Essentialaminoacids
October1997
December1997
February 1998
Histidine*
2.10
1.22
1.91
Soleucine
2.99
2.31
3.63
Leucine
5.92
4.64
6.71
Methionine
2.58
1.72
1.41
Phenylalanine
7.10
5.07
6.33
Threoaine
6.88
4.49
6.56
Valine
5.01
4.05
5.13
Lysine
4.01
3.51
4.38
Nonessentialaminoacids
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic
Glycine
Glutamicacid
Proline
Hydroxyproline
Serine
Tyrosine
7.05
6.28
6.09
6.34
18.24
6.92
1.89
5.92
4.76
6.03
4.33
11.84
6.36
23.35
10.54
0.47
5.60
4.46
5.51
8.67
7.54
7.53
11.70
5.12
1.19
6.12
4.56
Flodinetal. (1999)studiedseasonalvariationinbromophenolcontentandbromoperoxidaseactivityinthegreenmarinealga, U. lactuca. Theresultsobtainedshowthatboth

bromophenolcontentandbromoperoxidaseactivityexhibitextremeseasonalvariation,withhighvaluesinsummerandlowonesinwinter.
62

Villaresetal .(2001)studiedseasonalvariationinthecontentsofdifferentmetals (Al, Cr, Cu,Fe, Mn,NiandZn) intwogeneraofmacroalgae, UlvaandEnteromorpha,
studiedat 22 sitesonthenorthwestcoastofSpain. Theseasonalvariationinthediferentmetalsfollowedasimilarpatterninbothseaweedsandappearedtobecausedby
dilutionduringtheperiodofmaximumgrowthandconcentrationduringperiodsofslowgrowth.FluvialinputsofAl,FeandMninautumnandwinterappeared toaccentuate
thelattereffecttheconcentrationsofthesethreemetalsinbothmacroalgaeandofCrinEnteromorpha werehighestatthosesitesmostinfluencedbyinputsfromrivers. The
backgroundlevelsofCr, Cu,NiandZninthealgaeinsummerand winterwereestablished.
NaldiandViaroli(2002) studiedtheseasonalcycleofbiomassandtissuecompositionofUlvarigidaC.Agardh,
inrelationtonitrogenavailabilityinthewatercolumn,in19911992intheSaccadiGoro,ahighlyeutrophiclagoon
in the Po River Delta (Italy). Nitrate uptake rates and storage capacity were also determined in laboratory
experiments. The seasonal growth of U. rigida was related to the seasonal trend of nitrogen concentration in the
water column. U. rigida biomass increased exponentially during spring and attained peaks of about 300400 g dry
mass(DM)m2 inJune.Asbiomassincreased,U.rigidadepletednitrateinthewatercolumn.Thallusnitratereserves
alsodeclinedfrom100molN(gDM)1 toalmostundetectablelevels,andtotalthallusnitrogendeclinedfrom4%to
2.5% DM and 1.25% DM in 1991 and 1992, respectively. During summer, U. rigida decomposition increased, and
organicnitrogenconcentrationsinthewatercolumnincreased.
2.4.Cellwalldegradationby chemicalandenzymatictreatmentforimprovementofproteinextractionfromseaweeds.
SomeseaweedsbelongingtotheRhodophytaandChlorophytacontainhighproteinlevels(between 20and40%
ofdryweight,respectively: Fujiwaraarasakietal.1984)withpotentialusesinhumanandanimalnutrition,such
asfishfarmingfeeding (Fleurence,1999).However,proteinextractionfrommostseaweedsisdifficultduetothe
presenceoflargeamountsofaninoiccellwallpolysccharides,suchasthealginatesofthephaeophytaorthe
carrageenansofsomeRhodophyta.Thehighcontentofneutralpolysccharides(egxylanesandcellulose)insome
redorgreenseaweedscanalsolimittheproteinaccessibility.Toimprovethealgalproteinsolubilization,theuse
inextractionbufferofadditivereagentslikegetergents(Rice&Crowden,1987)ortheapplicationofalkali
treatment(Serotetal.,1994)isrecommendedintheclassicalextractionprocedures.Atthebeginningofthis
decade.AmanoandNoda(1990)suggestedtheuseofalgalcellwalldegradationenzymestofacilitatethe
extractionandthestudyofproteinsfromredseaweed.
Ryo etal.(1995) Highlymethylatedagarswearisolatedfromtheredseaweed,Gracilariaeucheumoides, harvestedinJapan. Seaweedswereextractedexhaustivelywith
waterat 121ousinganautoclavetoaffordapolysaccharidefromcellwallof Gracilariaeucheumoides .
Chirapart etal.(1995) investigated thechemicalcompositionofagarsfromG. lemaneiformis, seaweednewlyreportedfromJapan. Theywereisolatedagarsbyasequential
extractionofplantsinwaterat 22 or100C, orinboiling 20, 40or60% ethanol. The highestyieldofagar(totalcarbohydrate)wasobtainedfromthe 40% ethanolextract
(55%).Thehighestsulfatecontent wasobtainedinnonalkalitreatedagarsextractedwithhotwater(4.81%,degreeofsubstitution(DS) 0.2). The 3, 6anhydrogalactose
contentwashighestinthe 40%ethanolextract(36.1% innonalkalitreatment,40.3% inalkalitreatment). Thehighestmethoxylcontent (6.51%,DS 0.66)wasobtainedinthe
60%ethanolextract. The G. lemaneiformis agarwascomposedofthebiologicalprecursortoagarobioserepeatingunitsandagarobiosecontaining 6Omethylagarobioseand
asmallamountof 2OmethylalphaLgalactopyranoseresidues.
Fleurenceetal. (1995a) studiedtheproteinhavebeenextractedfromtheedibleseaweedsUlvarigida agardhandUlvartundatablidingusingNaOHunderreductive
conditionsoratwophasesystem(PEG/K2CO3) producedthebestproteinyields.Thecleavageorthelimitationofthelinkagesbetweenproteinandpolysccharidescauseby
theseexperimentalconditionsprrobablyexplainstheefficiencyoftheseprotocoles.
Fleurenceetal.(1995b) studiedtheeffectofpolysaccharidases(kappacarrageenase, betaagarase, xylanase,cellulase)onproteinextractionfrom 3 Rhodophyta(Chondrus
crispus,GracilariaverrucosaandPalmariapalmata. Kineticparametersandoptimumactivityconditionsforeachenzymeweredeterminedusingpuresubstrates.. Exceptfor
P.palmata, thehighestproteinyieldswereobtainedusingcellulasecoupledwithcarrageenaseoragaraseforanincubationperiodlimitedto 2 h. TheC. crispus/cellulase +
carrageenaseandG. verrucosa/cellulase + agarasesystemsgave 10and3foldimprovements, respectively,inproteinextractionyieldovertheblankprocedure. Thebest
overallproteinyieldforP. palmata waswithxylanaseonlywitha 14hincubation. Thisstudyshowsthepossibilitiesofusingapolysaccharidasesmixtureforimproving
.proteinextractabilityfromcertainRhodophyta
Rebello etal. (1996) investigated sixeconomicallyimportantGracilariaspecies,fromanumberofcommercialsourcesaroundtheworld, and Gracilariopsislemaneiformis,

collectedfrom2 Japaneselocalities. AgaragarwasextractedbypretreatmentwithvariousconcentrationsofNaOH (0,3, 5, 7or10%) incubatedat 80Cfor2 h. Ingeneral,
allspeciesproducedanagarwithhighgelstrengthaftertreatmentwith5% NaOH,exceptforG. chilensis andGracilariopsislemaneiformis, whichproducedagarwithhigh
gelstrengthaftertreatmentwith3, 7or10%NaOH.
Castro andCastro (1996) studiedtheoptimumNaOHpretreatmentstrengthanddurationandmonthlyvariationsingelstrength, agaryieldandsulfatecontentofagarfrom
G.heteroclada farmedinbrackishwatercanalsinLeganes, Iloilo,Philippines, duringthedryseason(OctobertoMarch), wereinvestigated. TheyfoundThehighestgel
strength(641 g/cm2) andlowestsulfatecontent (7.66 g/mgSO4)wereobtainedfollowingpretreatmentofthedriedseaweedwith5%NaOHfor30 min.
Rebello etal.(1997) investigated thechemicalcompositionofagarsextractedfromeconomicallyimportantspeciesofGracilaria(G. gracilis,G. edulis, G. chilensis
andG. tenuistipitata) fromdifferentgeographicalsources(Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia,ChinaandTurkey)and Gracilariopsislemaneiformiscollectedfromtwodifferent
Japaneselocalitieswasinvestigated.Agarwasextractedbypretreatment withvariousconcentrationsofNaOH (3%, 5%,7%and10%) for2 hat 80C. Thesulfate, 3, 6
anhydrogalactoseandmethoxylcontentsofeachagarextractwereanalysed.Highsulfateand 3,6anhydrogalactosecontentswerefoundinnonalkalitreatedagarfrom
TurkishGracilariagracilis (3.4%) andfromChileanG. chilensis(54.3%) afteralkalitreatmentconcentrationof 5%NaOH,respectively.
Lian andZhang (2000) investigatetheeffectsofsalinityofseawaterandextractionmethodonagarpropertiesofdifferentspeciesof Gracilaria.Fivespeciesof Gracilaria
(G. lemaneiformis, G.asiatica, and G. tenuistipitata fromwildharvest, andG. tenuistipitatavar. liui andG.sp. fromculture) werecollectedfromfiveregionsinChinain
differentseasons. Salinityandtemperatureofseawaterwererecorded.Sampleswerepretreatedwitheither5% NaOHor 25%NaOHpriortoagarextraction. Extractedagar
solutionwasfiltered, gelatinized,frozen, anddehydrated. Yield,gelstrength(GS), meltingtemperature, moisture, andsulfatecontentofagarweredetermined. Theyfound
theyieldandpropertiesofagarvariedwithextractionmethods,salinity,andspecies.G. asiatica andG. lemaneiformis treatedwith25% NaOHhadhigheryield(57.0% and
59.3%, respectively)thanwith5%NaOH (46.4% and 44.1%, respectively).GSofagarfromG. tenuistipitatavar. liui increasedwithanincreaseinsalinityintherangeof
0.10 3.23%. Theleastsulfatecontent (0.77%) inagarwasobtainedfrom G. tenuistipitatawiththehighestGS(1001g/cm2). Therewasnosignificantdifferenceonmelting
temperatureswhiletreatedbyeither25% NaOHor5%NaOH.Sampletreatedby 25%NaOHhadlowersulfatecontentascomparedto 5% NaOHtreatmentinallcases.
2.5.Seaweedsinpoultryfeeding.
Abdelsalam etal.(1971),foundthat ,eggproductionandutilizationoffeedofchicksfedonbaseldietwith3%seaweedsmeal(localorimported) lowerthanthatofchicks
fedonbaseldietwith3% Lucerne. Buttheyfoundalso, noeffectofadditionof 3%seaweedsmeal(localorimported) inthedietoflayingpulletsonbothfertilizationand
hatchabilityratio.
Blum etal.(1975) useddifferentlevelsof Spiruline algaeindiethen'sbroiler: 0 (control) 7.5or15%. Eachdietwasusedforthefeedingof 48 hybridpulletsofmediumsize
duringa 24weektestperiod(32 to 56weeks).theyfoundtheeggproductionwasslightlybetter(47.1 g/hen/day)with7.5 %of Spirulines, comparedtothecontrol (45.3
g/hen/day.Thecolouroftheeggyolkwasverylightinthecontrols,butwasadeeporange (abovethemaximumintheRochscale)with7.5 or15 % of Spirulines inthe
layinghendiet.
63

Incorporationofseaweedsinpoultryfeedwasreportedby ChapmanandChapman(1980)andElDeeketal.(1985). SoldevilaandAlmodovar(1982) reportedthat
seaweedscanbeusedas5% ofbalanceddietsinchickens. Stephnson(1980)foundeggprouductiontoincreaseby 20to 30% throughtheadditionof 8%Ascophyllumor
Laminaria meal. Useofseaweedsmealupto 7% indietsofchicksand 15% forlayinghenscausednoprobleminperformance (Hand1980andChapman1980).However,
higherlevelsreducedperformance (HoieandSanny 1980). Jenson(1963) reportedthatadditionof 10 to 15% brownseaweedmealtocarotenoiddeficientdietincreased
yolkcolorwhengiventolayingdiets.
BenAmotzetal.(1986)Dunaliellabardawil, abetacaroteneaccumulatinghalotolerantalgae, hasbeentestedasasourceofretinolinachickdiet.Chickswerefeddiets
deficientinretinolorsupplementedwithretinol, syntheticbetacaroteneordryalgae. Afteraninitiallag,chicksgrewequallywellondietssupplementedwithalgae, retinol
orbetacarotene. Serumandliveranalysesrevealedanormalcontentofretinolinallchicksexceptthosegrownontheretinoldeficientdiet. Chicksfedthealgae
supplementeddietcontainedluteinbutnobetacaroteneintheirserum, eventhoughtheratioofbetacarotenetoluteininthealgaewasover15:1.Layinghensfedwithan
algaesupplemented dietshowedenhancedeggyolkcolourattributabletoahigherluteincontent. Nobetacarotenewaspresentintheeggyolk. Thesestudiesdemonstratethe
possibilityofusingdriedDunaliellabardawilasadietarysupplementwhichcanfullysatisfytheretinolrequirementandalsoserveasayolkcolourenhancingagent.
RossandDominy(1990) studiedthenutritionalvalueofthebluegreenalgae, Spirulina ondayold,WhiteLeghorncockerelchicks(120) werefedisonitrogenousdiets
containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% ofdriedSpirulina. At 3 wkofage, thegrowthofthechicksfed10 and 20%of Spirulina wasdepressed,althoughfeedefficiencywasnot
affected.ThesameotherfedHubbardmalebroilerchicksonexperimentaldietscontaining 0, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, or12.0% of Spirulinafor41days.Hefoundthatthegrowthofthe
chicksfedthe Spirulina dietswasnotdifferentfromthatofthechicksreceivingthecontroldiet, thebirdsreceivingthe 12%Spirulina dietgrewsignificantslowerthanthe
chicksfedalloftheotherSpirulina diets.
Carrillo (1990) usedbroilerchicksfrom1 dayoldfor8weeksfeedingonsorgam soybeandietscontain0,5, 10, 15%seaweed(Macrocystispyrifera). Therewasno
significantdifferenceamongthegroupsinfeedintake, butbodygainsignificantlygraduallydecreasedbyincreasinginseaweedslevelinthediet.
Coskun(1993) usedhens44 weeksold, in3groupsfeedfor12weeksonabasaldietwithoutor0.1 or1.0%seaweedpowder. Hefoundthefeedintakeperkgeggproduced
waslowestwith0.1% seaweedpowder. Seaweedpowderaffectedeggyolkcolourbuthadnoeffectonfeedintake.
Venkataraman etal(1994)studiedtheeffectofsundriedSpirulinaplatensisinpoultrydietsina12week
feedingtrialbyreplacingeitherfishmeal(FM)orgroundnutcake(GC)inacommercialdietwithalgaeat
isonitrogenousconcentrationsof 140g/kgand170g/kgrespectively.Additionalvitamins/mineralswereomitted
fromthealgaldietsbecauseSpirulinaisrichinthem.Efficiencyoffoodutilisation,proteinefficiencyratioand
dressingpercentageindicatedthatsubstitutionofFMorGCbyalgadidnotaffecttheperformanceofbroilers.
Meatqualityremainedunchangedexceptforamoreintensecolourinthecaseofbirdsfedonthealgacontaining
diets.
Venturaetal(1994) studiedthechickenperformanceofseaweed(Ulvarigida) inpoultrydiets. TheTMEnvalueof U.rigida,estimatedaftertubefeeding, was5.7 and 4.3
MJ/kgDMfor3weekoldchickensandadultcocks(P<0.05), respectivelytheAMEnvalue, estimatedbyregressionusingtitaniumdioxideasindigestiblemarkerina
chickengrowthtrialusingdietscontainingseaweed0,100, 200and 300 g/kg, was2.9 MJ/kgDM. Asdietaryseaweedincreased, feedintakeandgrowthratedecreased(P <
0.05).Resultsshowedthatcrude U. rigida isnotasuitableingredientforpoultrydiets, atleastatinclusionratesof 100g/kgorhigher however,seaweeddidnothavean
antinutritiveeffect,becauseadditionofseaweeddidnotmodifyTMEoftherestofthediet (standarddietorglucose).
Rysetal(1995) addediodinetolayerdietsseaweedorpotassiumiodide. Theyfoundincreasingoftheiodinecontentofeggs12.5 and 10fold, respectively,andreducedthe
concentrationofcholesterolby 15.4 and 14.1%,comparedwiththebasaldiet. Inantherstudytheyfoundthatratsfedoniodineenrichedeggpowderhadabout18% increases
inlivercholesterolconcentrationandslightlyincreasedplasmatotalcholesterol, highdensitylipoproteinand lowdensitylipoproteincholesterolvalues.Iodinesupplemented
.eggdietshadnosignificanteffectsonplasmatriiodothyronineconcentration,
butslightlyincreasedthatofthyroxine
RajuandSreemannarayana(1995) used28 rabbits,2840 daysold,were fedfor56daysondietscontaining 300 goffreshlucerneandrabbitconcentrate (RC)ortheRC

replacedwith5, 10or15% dryseaweed(Ulvafasciata). Theyfoundthattherewerenosignificantdifferencesinfeedconversionefficiencyorcarcasscharacteristicsbetween
.the
4 groups
Inaletal.(1995 ) fedJapanesequailsonabasaldietsupplementedwithMaxicrop, anextractfromtheseaweedAscophyllumnodosm at 0, 0.01, 0.1or1%. Theyfoundthat

weightgainwerenotaffectedbyMaxicrop. Birdwhenfeedingon1% ofdiet,Maxicropincreasedfeedintakeanddecreasedfeedconverionefficiency.Maxicrophadno
effectonlymphoidtissuehistologyorcarcasscharacteristics, andevenwhenaddedatupto 4% itcausednocausednopathologicallesion.
Inaletal. (1995b) usedtheseaweedAscophyllumnodosm inJapanesequailsfeeding. In4 groupsweregivenadietcontaining 0, 0.01,0.1,1.0% Maxicropextractedfromthe
seaweed.Mixicrophadnoefficiencyonbodyweight, butitpositivelyinfluencedeggyolkcalour.
Keskin (1995) usedJapanesequailsold1daywerefedfor5 weeksonanadlibitumbasaldietcontainingMaxicropanextractfromtheseaweedAscophyllumnodosm.After1
weekoffeeding, quailsgiven1% Maxicrophadslightlyhighererythrocytecount, haemoglobinhaematocrit, plasmaglucoseandplasmatotalproteinthentheothers. Atthe
endoffeeding, thosevaluesbecamesignificantdifferencesbetweengroupsinleucocyteandthrmobocytecounts.
HerberMcNeillandVanElswyk(1998)suggestthedietarymarinealgaeisusefulforenhancingyolkn3 FAandcolorwhilemaintainingconsumeracceptabilityof
theresultingeggproduct. Whentheyusedadrumdrieddocosahexaenoicacid(DHAC22:6n3)enrichedmarinemicroalgalproduct(MA) asan3 fattyacid(n3FA) source
inlayinghendiets. TheyfoundthatfeedingMAsignificantlyincreasedyolkvaluesinadoseresponsemannerasearlyas1wkpostMAfeeding.Consumerpanelistsfound
n3 FAenrichedeggsasacceptableastypicaleggs.
Strandetal (1998)conductedfeedingexperimentswithWhiteleghornlayinghensfedacarotenoiddepletedcontroldiet (containingsomezeaxanthinandlutein) orthisdiet
supplementedwith15% seaweedmealofestablishedcarotenoidcomposition. TheyfoundthateggyolkcolorwasestimatedbyuseofaRocheYolkColourFanandby
detailedquantitativeandqualitativecarotenoidanalysisofindividualeggsofthreelayinghensduring 4 weeks.IdentificationofthecarotenoidsincludedHPLC.VIS,MS,1H
NMRdataandpartialsynthesis. Theyfounedconfirmedthatfucoxanthin, themajorcarotenoidinseaweedmeal, isnottransferredtotheyolk.However, fucoxanthingave
risetothemetabolitesfucoxanthinol, fucoxanthinol 3'sulphateandparacentrone, whichareascribedtoenzymaticmodificationsoccurringinthehens. Thedifuranoid
auroxanthinencounteredintheeggyolkwasascribedtoviolaxanthinand/oritsfuranoidderivativespresentintheseaweedmeal. Colourofindividualyolksvaried
considerably.Thepigmentationlevelisdiscussed.
Padhietal(2003) thelevelofinclusionofseaweedswasstudiedinNicobarilayerrationat0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5%. Theexperimentwasconductedfor100 daysusing 96
Nicobarilayers, 35weeksold.Nosignificantdifferenceswereobservedinbodyweightofthebirdsinthe 4 diets. Nosignificantdifferenceswereobservedforfeed
consumption, eggproductionandqualityandfeedefficiencybetweengroups. Theresultsindicatedthatseaweedscanbeincorporatedinlayerdietat7.5% withoutany
.adverseeffectonproduction
3.MATERIALSANDMETHODS
This study was carried out in the laboratory of Environmental and Bioagriculture Dep., and poultry
experimentalstation,AnimalproductionDep.,FacultyofAgriculture,AlAzharUniversity,NasrCity,Cairo,A.R.E.
in order to study of utilization of some seaweeds in poultry diets during 2003 and 2004 years. The present
investigationcouldbeinvolvedthreepartsnamely:
1 Studyofchemicalcompositionofsomeseaweedsasaffectedbyareaandseason.
2 Studyofsomechemicalandenzymatictreatmenteffectofchemicalcompositionofsomeseaweedsspecially
onproteincontentandfiberdegradation.
3 DigestiontrailsforstudytheeffectofexperimentaltreatmentsondigestioneffectsofJapaneseQuail.
3.1: Experimentalmaterialsandseaweedscollection.
64

Twoalgaes(UlvaandGelidium)arecollectedfromsevenbeachestoMediterraneansea(PortSaid,Balteem,
Rasheed, Abou Qeer, ElMontaza, Sidy Bishr and KaytBey) for Ulva and three beaches for Gelidium (Port Said,
BalteemandAbouQeer)andthreeseasons(autumn,springandsummer).
Theseaweedswerewashedindistillationwatertoremovingremainingsalts,sand,andepiphytes.Thenitwas
driedat60Cfor24handitwasmillingbyblendertoproducinganalysisfollowing:
32: Extractionprocedures.
Onekgofeachseaweedfromeachbeachesweremixedtogether,7kgofUlvaand3kgofGelidiuimwere
crushingwithgrindingwill,thenalgalpowderwasusedforextractiontrails.Eachextractiveprocedurewas
performedwith 3replicatesusing (20g)algalpowderobtainedbycrushingthedrymaterialwithagrindingmill.
3.2.1:Extractionwithaceticacid.(EX1)
Asubsample(20g)ofthedriedalgaewasaddedto200mlofaceticacidsolutionwithconcentration(1,2,3,4
and5%grailaceticacidindistillatedwaterv/v)inanEvlenmeyerflaskandheatedfor5hat120Cinan
autoclavethenitwastransferredtocentrifuge(6000/min)for10minanditwasdriedfor24hat60C.
3.2.2:ExtractionwithNaOH.(EX2)
Asubsample(20g)ofthedriedalgaewasimmersedin 200mlof(1,2,3, 4and5%NaOHindistillatedwater
w/v)inanEvlenmeyerflaskandheatedfor2hat80C.Thenitwastransferredtocentrifuge(6000/min)for10
minanditwasdriedfor24hat60C.
3.2.3:ExtractionwithCa(OH)2 .(EX3)
Eachsamplewasgroundandmixedwellbeforeuse.Asubsample(20g)ofthedriedalgaewas
immersedin 200mlof(1,2,3, 4and5%)Ca(OH)2 solutioninanEvlenmeyerflaskandheatedfor2hat120C,
thenitwastransferredtocentrifuge(6000/min)for10minanditwasdriedfor24hat60C.
3.2.4:ExtractionwithaceticacidandNaOH.(EX4)
Each samplefrom (EX1)washeatedwith 2%NaOHsolutioninanEvlenmeyerflaskfor2hat80Cthendriedfor
24hat60C andcrushing.
3.2.5:Extractionwithpolysaccharidases (EX5).
MixedofFourtypesofpolysaccharidasesnamely,cellulases,hemicelluloses,bictianaseand Bglucanase
weretested.
*Enzymaticsolutionpreparation.
Thecellulase,hemicelluloses,bictianaseand Bglucanasepowder(10g)wasaddedto200mlphosphate
buffer(0.1Mph 6)andleftunderagitationinromeforatleast3h.thesolutionwascentrifugedat10000xgfor
20min.thesupernatantwasrecoveredandusedastheenzymaticsolution.Beforeincubation,saltswereadad(0.5
MNaCL,40mMMgCl2,5 MmKCl )totheenzymaticsolutionasrecommendedbyLeGalletal.(1990)and
Potinetal.(1991).
*Enzymaticextractionprocedure.
Enzymaticmedium (10,20,30or40ml)wasaddedtoasubsample(20g)ofthedriedalgaewasimmersedin
100ml(Potinetal.1991).Thesuspensionatph 6wasincubatedat30Cfor24h.Afterthistime,thealgaewere
filteredthroughanylonmesh anddriedtheresiduefor24hat60C.
3.3:ThedigestibilityTrails:
A digestibility trialwasconductedatPoultrystationofAnimalProductionDepartment,FacultyofAgriculture
AzharUniversity,NasrCity.Thisexperimentwasdesignedtodeterminethedigestibilityofnutrientsseaweeds.
3.3.1:Birdsanddiets:
Atotalof 42JapaneseQuailmales(9weeksofage)weredistributedatrandominto7groupsinthreereplicatesof
2birdseach.Birdswerehousedinbatterybrooders.Theallgroupswerefastedfor24hrtoemptytheirdigestive
canal,theneachgroupsfedoneofexperimentaldiet.
Aplastictraywasplacedundereachcagetocollectexcretaofbothgroupstwicedaily.Theexcretawerecollected
quantitativelyandthefeedintakewasmeasuredafterthe4th dayofexperimentandcontainsduringthreedays.
Thetotalamountofexcretavoidedbyeachgroupofbirdswasovendriedat60Cfor24hrandthenweighed.
Samplesoffeedandexcretawereassayedforanalysis.Waterandfeedweregivenadlibitum.
Table(13).Compositionofbaseldiet.
Ingredients
Kg
Yellow
corn,
59.00
ground
Corn
Gluten,
8.00
65

60%
Soybean meal,
44%
Broiler
concentrates,
52%
Bonemeal
Vitamins*
Minerals**
NaCl
Vegetableoil
Limestone
Total
18.50
11.00
1.50
0.20
0.20
0.10
1.00
0.50
100
*Etchkgcontained:VA 6000000IU,VD3 1250000IU,VE 15000mg,VB1 1000mg,VB6 1000mg,VB12 6mg,Nicotinicacid

15000mg,Pantothenicacid5000mg,Biotin 50mg,Folicacid500mgandcholinechloride50%400mg.
**Etchkgcontained:Mn 35mg,Fe40mg,Cu3.5mg,Zn 25mg,Iodine0.25mg,Selenium 0.075mg,Cobalt0.10mg,CaCO3 1000
mg.
Diets:
7experimentaldietswereformulatingasfollowed,
1st dietispracticaldiet(baseldiet)Table(13).
2nd dietcontents50%diet1+50%untreatedUlva.
3rd dietcontents50%diet1+50%ofUlvatreatedwithaceticacidandNaOHtreatment.
4th dietcontents50%diet1+50%ofUlvatreatedwithenzymatictreatment.
5th dietcontents50%diet1+50%ofuntreatedGelidium.
6th dietcontents50%diet1+50%ofGelidiumtreatedwithaceticacidandNaOHtreatment.
7th dietcontents50%diet1+50%ofGelidiumtreatedwithenzymatictreatment.
ChemicalcompositionofexperimentaldietwereshowninTable(14).
Table(14).Chemical analysisofgroupdietswerestudied.
D
i
e
t
B
a
s
l
e
d
i
e
t
U
l
v
a
u
n
tr
e
a
t
e
d
U
.
c
h
e
m
55.60
3434.7
2344.0
2798.0
66

i
c
a
l
tr
e
a
t
e
d
U
.
e
n
z
y
m
a
ti
c
tr
e
a
t
e
d
G
e
li
d
i
u
m
3103.3
u
n
tr
e
a
t
e
d
2422.3
G
.
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
tr
e
a
t
e
d
2967.9
G
.
e
n
z
y
m
a
ti
c
tr
e
a
t
e
d
3216.9
CP=crudeprotein,EE=etherextract,CF=crudefiber,NFE=nitrogenfreeextract.
67
3.3.2:Digestioncoefficientdetermination:
Theapparentdigestioncoefficientofprotein,etherextract,crudefiberandNFEweredeterminedbytheanalysis
eachnutrientinfeedintakeandfaecesandthenthedigestibilitywascomputedbythisequationaccordingto El
Khimsawy2003.
Ni Nfx 100
Ni
WhereNi =nutrientinfeedintake.
Nf=nutrientinfaeces.
Digestioncoefficitionfortestedalgaewasdeterminationwithindirectmethodsasfollowing
[(NitNft)(NipxNcp)]x 100
Nie
Where,Nit=nutrientintakeintotaldiets.
Nft =nutrientintotalfaeces.
Nip =nutrientintakeofpractical diets.
Ncp =digestioncoefficientfornutrientofpracticaldiets.
Nie =nutrientintakeoftotalalgae.
Thenitrogencontentinfaceswasdeterminedfollowingtheprocedureoutlinedby Jakobsenetal,1960ascited
by ElNaggar(1978).
DeterminationofDigestibleEnergy:
DE=GEintakeGEinexcreta.
Determinationofgrossenergy:
ThegrossenergyGEofdietsandfaceswascalculatedaccordingtoWestetal,1968andHarperetal,1977as
followed
GE(k.cal/100g)=NFE%x 4+EE%x 9+ CP%x 4
3.4:Chemicalanalysis:
Determinationofmajorcomponents:
Chemicalanalysisformoisture,crudeprotein,crudefiber,etherextractandashweredeterminedfollowing
proceduresoutlinedbyAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemists(A.O.A.C,1980).
3.5:Statisticalanalysis:
Datawereanalyzedusinggenerallinerelmodelprocedure(GLM)ofSAS,1993.Towfollowingmodelswere
applied:
Model (1)foranalysisofdigestibilitytrail.
Y ijk = +Ti +R j+TRij+ eijk
WhereY ijk isthedigestibilityvalue.
Ti treatmentsaffectedandi=1,2,3.
Rj seaweedstypeaffectedandj=1,2.
TRij interaction.
eijk Residualassociatedwith ijkobservation.
Model(2)forotherdatainpresentstudy.
Yijk =+Ti+Rj+Sk +TRij+RSjk+TSik+TRSijk+eijk
WhereYijk
Ti treatmentsaffectedandi=1,2, 3, 4,5.
Rj leveleffectedandj=1,2,3, 4, 5.
Sk seaweedstypeandk=1,2.
TRij,RSjk ,TSik, TRSijkinteraction.
eijk Residualassociatedwith ijkobservation.
4. RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
68

Theresultsinthepresentdissertationweredividedintothreemainparts(I)aimedtostudytheeffectofarea
and season on chemical composition foe algae (Ulva and Gelidium). (II) aimed to study Degradation of algal cell
walls to improving protein accessibility.(III) aimed to study the effect of chemical and enzymatic treatments on
digestibilityofnutrientsanddigestibleenergyon Japanesequail.
4.1.Effectofareaandseasononchemicalcompositionforseaweeds.
4.1.1.Ulvasp.(Sealettuce)
Moisture%
DatapresentedinTable(15)&Fig.(5)showthatregardlessofseasonthereweresignificantdifferencesamong
areas in moisture content in Ulva. Port Said area had significant the highest value 9.80 %, while Balteem, El
Montazah,RasheedandAbouQeerareas(8.21,8.50,8.52and8.64%respectively)hadsignificantlowestvalues,with
insignificantdifferencesamongthem.SidiBishrandKaytBeyhadmediumvalues.
Irrespectiveofarea,moistureinareodriedmatterofUlvaisnotsignificantlyaffectedbyseasons.
Seasondid notsignificantlyaffected moisture of UlvainPort Said,AbouQeer, ElMontazah andSidiBishr,
butinBalteemandKaytBeymoistureofUlvaweresignificantincreasedinsummercomparedtoeachautumnand
spring, and in Rasheed moisture was significantly increased in summer and autumn compared to spring. The
significant lowest values of moisture during autumn were found in Balteem and during spring in Rasheed but in
summerdifferencesamongareaswereclosed.
Data showed in Table (15) indicated that the range of differences among experimental areas in moisture
contentofUlvawaswide(3.24%)inautumn,medium(2.27)inspringandclose(1.72)insummer.
Table(15).EffectofareaandseasononmoisturecontentUlva.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
Area Autumn
Spring
summer
Mean
abc
a
abcdef
9.80a
9.84
10.49
9.06
PortSaid
0.32
0.46
0.21
0.27
g
cdef
abcdef
8.21c
6.87
8.58
9.18
Balteem
0.27
0.32
0.48
0.39
bcdef
g
bcdef
8.52c
8.85
7.77
8.93
Rasheed
0.54
0.27
0.34
0.27
abcde
def
efg
8.64c
9.46
8.35
8.12
AbouQeer
0.29
0.25
0.37
0.26
def
def
bcdef
El 8.29
8.50c
8.31
8.92
Montaza 0.53
0.62
0.79
0.34
ab
abcd
bcdef
9.48b
10.11
9.65
8.68
Sidy Bishr
0.18
0.32
0.18
0.24
efg
bcdef
abc
8.94b
7.99
9.00
9.84
KaytBey
0.86
0.37
0.32
0.39
A
A
A
8.77
8.88
8.96
Mean
0.28
0.23
0.17
a,b,cmeanswithincolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat (p< 0.05) level.
A,B,C .meanswithinrawsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat (p< 0.05) level.
a.b.cmeanswithinraworcolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat (p<0.05) level.
CrudeProtein%
Results detected in Table (16) & Fig.(6) indicate that there were significant differences among all areas and
seasons
69
Figur(5). Effectofareaandseasononmoisturecontent
Ulva.
12
8
6
4
autumn
spring
summer
63
ey
tB
K
ay
Bi
sh
dy
Si
on
El
m
area
ta
za
ee
r
Q
A
bo
u
Ra
sh
ee
d
em
Ba
lte
rt
Sa
id
Po
moisture%
10

in crude protein of Ulva. ElMontana area had significant the highest value 21.14 % followed in significantly
desending order by Rasheed (20.01%), Port Said (19.32%), AbouQeer and Sidi Bishr (17.35% and 17.14% with
significant difference between them), Balteem (14.7%), while KaytBey had significant lowest value 11.58 %.
Summerseason hadsignificant the highestvalue(20.67%) comparedtoeachautumn andspringseason(17.56 %
and 13.73 %, respectively with significant difference). The same trend of season was observed in ElMontazah,
Rasheed,PortSaid,SidiBishrandBalteem.
Table(16).Effectofareaandseasononcrudeproteincontent
Ulva.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
Area Autumn
Spring
summer
Mean
d
h
b
19.32c
19.57
15.72
22.67
PortSaid
0.32
0.32
0.24
1.02
h
j
ef
14.70e
15.67
10.57
17.87
Balteem
0.41
0.41
0.32
1.10
c
gh
b
20.01b
20.87
16.12
23.03
Rasheed
0.18
0.33
0.19
1.03
gh
fg
ef
17.35d
16.76
17.2
18.11
AbouQeer
0.22
0.23
0.28
0.23
c
h
a
El 20.91
21.14a
15.85
26.64
Montaza 0.24
0.28
0.31
1.56
e
j
b
17.14d
18.52
10.11
22.8
SidyBishr
0.34
0.44
0.23
1.87
j
j
i
11.58f
10.66
10.54
13.55
KaytBey
0.63
0.64
0.49
0.57
B
C
A
17.57
13.73
20.67
Mean
0.56
0.66
0.91
a,b,cmeanswithincolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p<0.05) level.
A,B,C .meanswithinrawsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p<0.05)level.
a.b.cmeanswithinraworcolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p<0.05)level.
64
Figure(6). Effectofareaandseasonon
crudeproteincontentUlva.
30
20
15
10
autumn
spring
summer
a
Si
dy
B
ish
r
K
ay
tB
ey
on
ta
z
ee
r
El
m
bo
u
Q
sh
ee
d
Ra
em
lte
Ba
tS
ai
d
Po
r
protein%
25
area
65

Ontheotherhand,SeasondidnotsignificantlyaffectedcrudproteinofUlvainAbouQeerandKaytBeywith
theexceptionofthedifferencebetweenautumnandsummerinAbouQeerandbetweensummerandbothautumn
andspringinKaytBeywassignificant.
ResultsshowedinTable(16)indicatethattherearesimilarlyeffectsforsummerandautumnoncrudprotein
contentinUlvaweedsinallinvestigatedareas.Thistrendwasnotobservedinspring.Moreover,KaytBeyrecorded
significantlythelowestcrudproteincontentduringallseasons.
It is clearing that the range of differences among experimental areas in crude protein content of Ulva was wide
(13.09%)insummer,and(8.91,7.09)inautumnandspringrespectively.
Etherextract%
Data presented in Table (17) & Fig.(7) showed that irrespective of seasons there was significant differences
among areas in ether extract of Ulva. Rasheed area had significant the highest value 7.53 %, while Port Said, El
Montazah,Balteem,AbouQeerand SidiBishrareas(5.47,5.60,5.63,5.64and 6.14%respectively) hadsignificant
lowestvalues,withinsignificantdifferencesamongthem.
Irrespectiveofarea,etherextractinareodriedmatterofUlvaarenotsignificantlyaffectedbyseasons.
SeasondidnotsignificantlyaffectedetherextractofUlvainPortSaid,ElMontazah,Balteem,AbouQeer,Sidi
Bishr, and KaytBey but in Rasheed ether extract of Ulva was significant increased in autumn compared to each
springandsummer.Thesignificantlowestvalue ofetherextractduringautumn wasfoundinElMontazah but in
springandsummerdifferencesamongareaswereclosed.
Data showed in Table (17) illustrated that the range of differences among experimental areas in ether extract
contentofUlvawaswide(4.94%)inautumn,mediuminspring(2.08)andclose(1.66)insummer.
Table(17).EffectofareaandseasononetherextractscontentUlva.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
Area Autumn Spring summer Mean
5.53efgh 4.92gh 5.95cdefg 5.47c
PortSaid
0.24
0.29
0.29 0.20
defgh
defgh
5.66
5.6
5.63 5.63c
defgh
Balteem
0.39
0.26
0.17
0.36
a
b
9.52
7.19 5.89defg 7.53a
Rasheed
0.29
0.41
0.33 0.56
defgh
5.62
6.31 4.98gh 5.64c
bcdef
AbouQeer
0.40
0.41 0.26
0.15
h
4.58 6.52bcde
5.68 5.60c
El
defgh
0.40
0.36
0.37
Montaza
0.66
bcd
fgh
6.80
5.11
6.51bcde 6.14c
SidyBishr
0.24
0.38
0.41 0.31
defg
bc
5.86
7.14
6.55bcde 6.52b
KaytBey
0.26
0.55
0.40 0.28
A
A
6.22
6.11
5.88A
Mean
0.35
0.22
0.17
a,b,cmeanswithincolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p<0.05) level.
A,B,C .meanswithinrawsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p<0.05)level.
a.b.cmeanswithinraworcolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p<0.05) level.
Crudefiber%
AsshowninTable(18)&Fig.(8)thereweresignificanteffectforeachareasandseasonsincrudefiberofUlva.
Port Said, ElMontazah and KaytBey areas had significant the highest values (27.61, 26.96 and 27.41%
respectively). While Rasheed, AbouQeer and Sidi Bishr areas had significant lowest values (24.78, 24.59 and
24.66%,
respectively),
66
10
8
6
4
2
0
autumn
spring
Ra
sh
ee
d
A
bo
u
Qe
er
El
m
on
ta
za
Si
dy
B
is h
r
K
ay
tB
ey
em
Ba
lte
aid
summer
Po
rt
S
etherextract%
Figure(7). Effectofareaandseasononether
extractcontentUlva.
area
68

withinsignificantdifferencesamongthem.Balteemhadmediumvalue.Springandsummerseasonshadsignificant
highestvalues(27.35and26.91,respectively)followedbyautumn (23.62).
Table(18).EffectofareaandseasononcrudefibercontentUlva.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
Area Autumn
Spring summer Mean
gh
23.58
25.49f
33.76b 27.61a
PortSaid
0.42
0.64
0.64
1.59
ghi
b
l
25.72b
23.50
32.78
20.87
Balteem
0.40
0.30
0.35
1.81
jkl
d
24.78c
21.73
22.97
29.65
ghijk
Rasheed 0.43
0.65
1.25
0.23
hijk
22.54
22.00ijkl 29.22d 24.59c
AbouQeer
0.09
0.33
0.56
1.18
kl
a
fg
26.96a
21.46
35.18
24.24
ElMontaza
0.59
0.59
0.71
2.12
kl
d
21.46
29.52
23.02 24.66c
ghij
SidyBishr 0.53
0.44
1.26
0.46
c
ghi
31.08
23.53
27.63e 27.41a
KaytBey
0.55
0.19
0.36
1.12
B
A
A
23.62
27.35
26.91
Mean
0.72
1.08
0.94
Season did not significantly affected crude fiber of Ulva in Rasheed and AbouQeer between autumn and
springbutinBalteem,ElMontazahandSidiBishrcrudefiberofUlvaweresignificantincreasedinspringcompared
toeachsummerandautumn,andinPortSaidcrudefiberwassignificantlyincreasedinsummercomparedtospring
inautumncomparedtospringandsummer.
69
Figure(8). Effectofareaandseasononcrude
fibercontentUlva.
40
30
25
20
15
10
autumn
spring
summer
70
ay
tB
e
r
K
B
ish
area
Si
dy
ta
z
El
m
on
Qe
er
bo
u
sh
ee
d
Ra
lt e
em
Ba
rt
S
aid
Po
crudefiber%
35

ThesignificanthighestvalueofcrudfiberduringautumnwasfoundinKaytBeyandduringspringinElMontazah
butthesignificantlowestvaluefoundinPortSaid,insummerwasfoundinthesignificanthighestvalueinPortSaid
andthesignificantlowestvalueinBalteem.
Resultsin Table(18)indicatedthattherangeofdifferencesamongexperimentalareasincrudfibercontentof
Ulvawaswide(12.89%)insummer,mediuminspringandclose(9.69%)in autumn.
Ash%
ResultsinTable(19)&Fig.(9)showedthatregardlessofthereweresignificantdifferencesamongareasinash
contentof Ulva.SidiBishrandAbouQeerareashadsignificantthehighestvalue(13.49and13.22%respectively).
While Rasheed and ElMontazah, areas had significant lowest values (10.47 and 10.73%, respectively), with
insignificantdifferencesamongthem.RegardlessofareaduringautumnUlvahadsignificantthehighestvalueofash
content(14.57%)followedbyspringandsummer(12.05and9.43,respectively).
OntheotherhandseasondidnotsignificantlyaffectedashofUlvainAbouQeerbetweenautumnandspring,
inSidiBishrbetweenspringandsummer,butinKaytBeyitwasnotsignificantbetweenautumnandsummer.
In PortSaid,Balteem,RasheedandElMontazahashofUlvawassignificantincreasedinautumncomparedto
eachspringandsummer.ThehighestvalueofashduringautumnwasfoundinSidiBishrandthelowestvaluewas
foundinKaytBey,butduringspringthesignificantlowestwasfoundinRasheed,andthelowestvalueinsummer
wasfoundinElMontazah.
DatashowedinTable(19)clearthattherange ofdifferencesamonginvestigatedareasforashcontent of Ulva
waswideduringspringandautumn (6.08%),whileduringsummeritclosed(3.14%).
Table(19).EffectofareaandseasononashcontentUlva.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
Area Autumn
Spring summer Mean
ab
11.66b
15.79
12.46d
6.74i
PortSaid
0.41
0.35
0.22
1.33
bc
d
gh
12.31b
15.03
12.21
9.70
Balteem
0.15
0.32
0.31
0.78
a
h
i
10.47c
16.80
8.74
5.87
Rasheed
0.23
0.19
0.32
1.64
c
c
def
13.22a
14.02
13.91
11.73
AbouQeer
0.12
0.20
0.45
0.40
d
fg
h
El 12.70
10.73c
10.58
8.90
Montaza 0.40
0.44
0.44
0.59
a
def
de
13.49a
16.82
11.61
12.04
SidyBishr
0.24
0.36
0.70
0.87
f
bc
ef
12.23b
10.85
14.82
11.01
KaytBey
0.76
0.30
0.26
0.69
A
B
C
14.57
12.05
9.43
Mean
0.47
0.43
0.52
N.F.E.%
ResultsdetectedinTable(20)&Fig.(10)shownthatthereweresignificantdifferencesamongareasandseasons
inN.F.EcontentofUlva.BalteemandKaytBeyareashadsignificantthehighestvalue(33.43,33.32%,respectively),
while Port Said and ElMontazah had significant lowest values (26.14, 27.08 %, respectively). During Spring Ulva
hadsignificantthehighestvalueofNFE(31.88%)comparedtoautumnandsummerseason(29.24%and28.14%,
respectively).
NFE content in Ulva was insignificantly affected by season in Balteem and AbouQeer between autumn and
spring.
71
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
73
y
tB
e
ay
K
ish
area
Si
dy
ta
z
El
m
on
Qe
er
bo
u
ed
A
sh
e
Ra
lt e
Ba
aid
em
autumn
spring
summer
Po
rt
S
ash%
Figure(9). Effectofareaandseasononash
contentUlva.

In ElMontazah N.F.E. of Ulva were insignificant between spring and summer but in Sidi Bishr it was not
insignificantbetweenautumnandsummer.ButinKaytBeywassignificantlybetweenspringandsummer.
InPortSaidandRasheedN.F.E.of Ulvaweresignificantincreasedduringspringcomparedtoeachautumn
and summer. The significant lowest value of N.F.E. during autumn was founding in Rasheed, during summer was
foundinElMontazahandduringspringwasfoundinginPortSaid.
Table(20).EffectofareaandseasononcrudeN.F.E. contentUlva.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
25.69gh 30.92de 21.81i 26.14d
PortSaid
0.93
1.71
0.89
1.46
cde
ef
ab
33.43a
33.27
30.26
36.75
Balteem
0.68
0.51
1.30
1.04
i
a
g
28.69c
22.23
37.22
26.62
Rasheed
0.98
0.82
0.93
2.27
de
cde
fg
30.56b
31.60
32.24
27.83
AbouQeer
0.29
0.32
1.12
0.77
cde
hi
gh
El 32.05
27.08d
23.56
25.62
Montaza 0.56
0.57
2.12
1.44
gh
bcd
g
29.08c
26.30
33.99
26.94
SidyBishr
0.38
0.80
0.49
1.27
cd
abc
de
33.32a
33.56
34.97
31.43
KaytBey
0.20
0.60
1.09
0.63
B
A
C
29.24
31.88
28.14
Mean
0.94
0.95
1.06
FindingsshowedinTable(20)clearthattherangeofdifferencesamongexperimentalareasinNFEcontentofUlvawaswidein
spring(14.94%)andsummer (13.66%),butinautumnclosed(11.33%).
74
Figure(10). EffectofareaandseasononNFE
contentUlva.
40
35
25
20
15
autumn
spring
summer
10
5
Qe
e
r
El
m
on
ta
za
Si
dy
B
is h
r
K
ay
tB
ey
ed
A
bo
sh
e
Ra
em
lte
Ba
rt
S
aid
Po
NFE%
30
area
75

4.1.2. Gelidiumsp
Moisture%
DatapresentedinTable(21)&Fig.(11)showedthatmoistureinGelidium weeds(baseonareadriedmatter)
wasnotaffectedbynetherinvestigatedareasorseason.Statisticalanalysisindicatedthatinteractionbetweeneffect
ofareaandseasononmoisturecontentin Gelidiumwasnotsignificant.
Table(21).EffectofareaandseasononmoisturecontentGelidium.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
8.67a
8.02b
9.02ab 8.95ab
PortSaid
0.87
0.33
0.36
0.33
ab
ab
ab
9.12a
9.11
8.91
9.35
Balteem
0.19
0.30
0.57
0.20
a
ab
ab
9.17a
9.35
9.73
8.43
AbouQeer
0.57
0.17
0.19
0.26
A
A
A
8.83
9.22
8.91
Mean
0.37
0.19
0.24
a,b,cmeanswithincolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat( p< 0.05)level.
A,B,C. meanswithinrawsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p< 0.05)level.
a.b.cmeanswithinraworcolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p< 0.05)level.
Crudeprotein%
Results presented in Table (22) & Fig.(12) show that there were significant differences between areas and
seasonsincuredproteincontentOfGelidium.AbouQeerandPortSaidareashadsignificantthehighestvalue(18.58
and18.16,respectively).
Figure (11). Effectofareaandseasononmoisture
contentGelidium.
12
moisture%
10
8
autumn
spring
summer
6
4
2
0
PortSaid
Balteem
AbouQeer
area
whileBalteemhadthelowestvalue11.48.ItwasalsoobservedthatduringspringGelidiumhadsignificantthe
highestcontentofcrudeproteinfollowedbysummerandautumnasvaluesof(18.32,15.92and13.99,respectively).
InPortSaidandAbouQeer,seasonsignificantlyaffectedcrudeproteinofGelidium.Duringthespringithad
the highest value in both areas followed by significant deference by autumn and summer respectively. But in
Balteem,seasondidnotsignificantlyaffectedcuredproteinofGelidium.
In autumnPortSaidhadsignificantthehighestvalueofcrudeprotein,whileBalteemhadthelowestvalue,but
in spring Port Said had significant the highest value also. It was observed that during summer AbouQeer had
significantthehighestvalueofcrudeprotein,whileBalteemhadthelowestvalue.
Table(22).EffectofareaandseasononcrudeproteincontentGelidium.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
20.17c 22.20b 12.13d 18.16a
PortSaid
0.31
0.18
0.50
1.55
e
de
de
11.48b
10.70
11.98
11.76
Balteem
0.30
0.36
0.86
0.35
de
c
a
18.58a
11.09
20.76
23.87
AbouQeer
0.38
0.24
0.31
1.93
C
A
B
13.99
18.32
15.92
Mean
1.56
1.60 2.01
76
crudeproteincontentGelidium
crudeprotein%
30
25
20
autumn
spring
summer
15
10
5
0
PortSaid
Balteem
AbouQeer
area
Etherextract%
DatainTable(23)&Fig.(13)showedthattherewasnosignificantdifferencesamongareasinetherextractof
Gelidium, but there were significant differences among seasons. Autumn had significantly the highest value 6.30,
whilesummerandspringhadthelowestvalues(6.08and5.65,respectively).
InPortSaidandBalteem,seasonsignificantlyaffectedetherextractofGelidium.Duringsummerandautumn,
Gelidium
hadsignificantthe highestvalue ofetherextractcomparedspring in bothareas.ButinAbouQeerseasondid not
significantlyaffectedetherextractofGelidium.
Inautumn,GelidiuminBalteemhadsignificantthehighestvalueofetherextract,whileinAbouQeerithad
thelowestvalue.Duringspring,GelidiuminBalteemhadthehighestvalueofetherextract,whileinPortSaidithad
thelowestvalue.Ontheotherhandduringsummer,PortSaidrecordedsignificantthehighestvalueofetherextract,
whileBalteemhadthelowestvalue.
Table(23).EffectofareaandseasononetherextractcontentGelidium.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
6.19a
6.54abc 5.20d
6.83a
PortSaid
0.39
0.10
0.25
0.29
ab
bcd
d
6.09a
6.71
5.92
5.65
Balteem
0.26
0.29
0.29
0.21
d
cd
cd
5.75a
5.65
5.84
5.76
AbouQeer
0.29
0.15
0.14
0.12
A
B
B
6.30
5.65
6.08
Mean
0.23
0.15
0.22
etherextractcontentGelidium.
etherextract%
8
6
autumn
spring
summer
4
2
0
PortSaid
Balteem
AbouQeer
area
Crudefiber%
ResultsinTable(24)&Fig.(14)clearlyindicatethatthereweresignificantdifferencesamongbothareasand
seasonsincrudefiberofGelidium.PortSaidthehighestvaluefollowedrecordedbyBalteemandAbouQeer(29.24,
77

27.46and21.02,respectively).Also,itwasobservedthatduringautumnhadthehighestvaluefollowedbysummer
andspring(28.25,25.18and24.28,respectively).Thelowestvaluewasrecordedduringspringinbothareas.Butin
AbouQeerseasondidnotsignificantlyaffectedashofGelidium.
SeasonsignificantlyaffectedcrudefiberofGelidium.InPortSaidduringsummeritthehighestvalue,whilein
Balteemsignificantthehighestvaluewasrecordedduringautumn,whereasinAbouQeerduringspringithadthe
highestvalue.
Table(24).EffectofareaandseasononcrudfibercontentGelidium.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
31.98b 21.46d 34.28a 29.24a
PortSaid
0.33
0.60
0.35
1.99
b
c
de
27.46b
31.45
29.59 21.34
Balteem
0.32
0.74
0.59
1.58
de
d
e
21.02c
21.34
21.80
19.93
AbouQeer
0.59
0.21
0.22
0.34
A
C
B
28.25
24.28
25.18
Mean
1.74
1.36
2.29
Figure(14). Effectofareaandcseasonon
crudefibercontentGelidium.
40
crudefiber%
35
30
25
autumn
spring
summer
20
15
10
5
0
PortSaid
Balteem
AbouQeer
area
Ash%
DatapresentedinTable(25)&Fig.(15)showthatthereweresignificantdifferencesamongareasandseason
ofashcontentin Gelidium.AbouQeerrecordedthehighestvaluefollowedbyPortSaidandBalteem(12.99,9.49and
9.02, respectively). During summer it is recorded significantly the highest value followed by autumn and spring
(11.56,10.93and9.01,respectively).
InPortSaidandBalteemseasonsignificantlyaffectedashofGelidium.Thehighestvaluewasrecordedduring
autumnandsummerinPortSaidandBalteem,respectively.
ItwasalsoobservedthatAbouQeerhadsignificantthehighestvalueinallseasons.
InBalteemithadthelowestvalueduringbothspringandautumn,whileduringsummerandspringPortSaid
recordedthelowestvalue.
Table(25).EffectofareaandseasononashcontentGelidium.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
9.49b
11.65b
8.15c
8.69c
PortSaid
0.32
0.23
0.49
0.57
c
d
a
9.02b
8.33
5.91
12.81
Balteem
0.08
0.33
0.23
1.02
a
a
a
12.99a
12.81
12.97
13.19
AbouQeer
0.23
0.04
0.39
0.14
B
C
A
10.93
9.01
11.56
Mean
0.68
1.02
0.75
A,B,C.meanswithinrawsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p< 0.05)level.
78
ash%
Figure(15). Effectofareaandseasononash
contentGelidium.
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
autumn
spring
summer
PortSaid
Balteem
AbouQeer
area
N.F.E.%
Results presented in Table (26) & Fig. (16) show that there were significant differences among areas and
seasoninNFEcontentofGelidium.BalteemsignificantthehighestrecordedvaluefollowedbyAbouQeerandPort
Said(36.83,32.49and28.25,respectively).
DuringSpringGelidiuim hadsignificantthehighestvaluefollowedbysummerandautumn(33.52,32.34and
31.70,respectively).
Duringspring,PortSaidrecordedsignificantlythehighestvalue,whileduringautumnitrecordedthelowest
value. During summer, Balteem recorded the highest value while autumn it recorded the lowest value. During
autumn,AbouQeerrecordedthehighestvalue,whilethelowestvaluewasrecordedduringsummer.
Table(26).EffectofareaandseasononNFEcontentGelidium.(Aspercentagetoareodriedmatter).
21.64d 33.97b 29.12c 28.25c
PortSaid
0.96
1.04
0.55
1.85
b
a
a
36.83a
33.70
37.69
39.09
Balteem
0.62
0.81
0.99
0.91
a
c
c
32.49b
39.76
28.90
28.82
AbouQeer
1.15
0.18
0.48
1.85
B
A
B
31.70
33.52
32.34
Mean
2.70
1.33
1.75
A,B,C.meanswithinrawsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat(p< 0.05)level.
NFE%
figure(16). EffectofareaandseasononNFE
contentGelidium.
45
40
35
30
25
autumn
spring
summer
20
15
10
5
0
PortSaid
Balteem
AbouQeer
area
SeasonsignificantlyaffectedNFEcontentofGelidium.Induringautumn,AbouQeerhadthehighestvalueof
NFE (39.76), while Port Said recorded the lowest value (21.64). It was also observed that Balteem recorded the
highest value during both spring and summer and AbouQeer recorded the lowest value during both spring and
summeralso.
79
4.2.Degradationofalgalcellwallstoimprovingproteinaccessibility
Effectofaceticacidtreatmentonseaweeds
Dataofrelativechange(RC)ofmajorcomponentsofseaweedsasaffectedbydifferentlevelsofaceticacidwere
presented in Table (27) & Fig. (17) show that there were significant differences among each major component of
seaweeds(UlvaorGelidiuim)withinalllevelsaffectedbyacidtreatment.Ingeneral,crudeprotein (CP),etherextract
(EE),crudefiber(CF)andtotalorganicmatter(TOM)weredecreasedwithalllevelsofaceticacid,whilenitrogen
freeextract(NFE)andnonfibrousorganicmatter (NFOM)wereincreased.
Levels of acetic acid did not significantly affected relative change in crude protein (RCCP) in investigated
seaweeds were. In Ulva the relative change in ether extract (RCEE) was observed in levels of 1, 2, 3% acetic acid
(95.38,95.15and94.53,respectively),withinsignificantdifferencesamongthem.Gelidiuimhadsignificantthelowest
values(75.65)with5%aceticacid.Thesignificantlowestvaluesofrelativechangeincrudefiber(RCCF)wasfound
inGelidiuim(32.91)with2%,andthehighestvalueswerefoundinUlva(59.20and59.33)with(4,5%,respectively).
Relativechangein total organicmatter (RCTOM),nitrogenfreeextract (RCNFE)and nonfibrous organicmatter
(RCNFOM) content in Gelidiuim had significant the highest value (101.73, 188.57 and 124.43 with 1, 2 and 2%,
respectively),andthesignificantlowest valueswerefoundinUlva(93.75,127.05and105.23,respectively) with5%
aceticacid.
DatashowedinTable ( 27) indicatedthatregardless oflevels there weresignificant differencesbetweentow
seaweeds. (RCCP), (RCEE) and (RCCF) in Ulva had significant the highest value (98.12, 93.69 and 57.89,
respectively)comparedtoGelidiuim.However,theGelidiuimwasexhibitedquitegoodresultin(RCTOM),(RCNFE)
and(RCDOM)morethan Ulva.
80
Table(27).Effectofaceticacidtreatmentonseaweeds
Ulva
SP
.
CP
%
25.12
25.00
24.96
24.89
24.84
Level
Gelidium
Mean
24.96
19.54
19.50
19.48
19.65
19.42
Mean
19.52
CP
RC
98.74
ab
98.27
abc
98.11
abcd
97.83
abcd
97.64
bcde
98.12
EE
%
5.71
97.46
bcde
97.24
cdef
97.16
cdef
98.02
abcd
96.87
defg
97.35
4.26
5.70
5.66
5.53
5.45
5.61
4.17
4.14
4.05
3.61
4.05
EE
RC
95.38
a
95.15
a
94.53
a
92.40
bc
90.99
cd
93.69
NFE
%
37.14
NFE
RC
139.62
t
36.14 135.86
u
35.12 132.03
v
33.93 127.54
x
33.80 127.05
w
35.22 132.42
CF
%
14.69
89.31
de
87.47
ef
86.77
fg
84.89
g
75.65
hi
84.82
52.92
10.67
182.56
c
54.67 188.57
a
52.27 180.31
de
52.05 179.56
de
52.03 179.49
de
52.79 182.10
87
14.47
14.77
15.21
15.25
14.88
9.34
10.20
9.93
10.72
10.17
CF
RC
57.17
f
56.29
g
57.48
f
59.20
e
59.33
de
57.89
DOM
%
67.97
DOM
RC
111.24
k
66.84 109.76
l
65.74 108.22
mn
64.35 105.92
o
64.09 105.23
op
65.80 108.07
TOM
%
82.66
37.57
rs
32.91
x
35.93
u
34.97
v
37.77
rs
35.83
76.72
87.39
123.11
b
78.34 124.43
a
75.89 121.41
c
75.76 120.82
cd
75.07 117.34
g
76.36 121.42
81.31
80.51
79.56
79.33
80.68
TOM
RC
97.73
e
96.39
f
95.53
g
94.24
hi
93.75
hij
95.53
101.73
a
87.68 101.55
a
86.09 100.04
b
85.69
99.36
cd
85.79
97.45
e
86.53 100.02
Figure(17).Effectofaceticacidonseaweeds.
200
relativechange%
180
160
CP
140
EE
NFE
120
100
CF
80
NFOM
TOM
60
40
20
0
U.
G.
1
U.
G.
2
U.
G.
3
levels
88
U.
G.
4
U.
G.
5

Effectofsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds
TheeffectofsodiumhydroxidewithdifferentlevelsonrelativechangeofmajorcomponentsofbothUlvaand
GelidiuimwereshowninTable(28)&Fig.(18).(CP),(EE),(CF)and(TOM)weredecreasedwithalllevelsofalkali
treatment,but(NFE)and(NFOM)wereincreased.
Levelsof(NaOH)hadsignificantlyaffectedrelativechangeincrudeprotein(RCCP)and(RCEE)inbothseaweeds.
Thesignificanthighestvalueswerefoundin Gelidiuimwith1and2%(NaOH).InUlvathesignificantlowestvaluesof
(RCCP) and (RCEE) were observed in 5% (NaOH) (78.63 and 58.72, respectively). Gelidiuim had significant the
highest values of (RCNFE), (RCDOM) and (RCTOM) (184.90 with 3%, 115.05 with 3% and 95.27 with 1%,
respectively),butithadthesignificantlowestvaluesofrelativechangeincrudefiber(RCCF)(32.70with3%).The
Ulva had the highest values only in relative change in crude fiber (RCCF) (63.04 with 1% NaOH), and it had the
significant lowest values in other contents (RCCP), (RCEE), (RCNFE), (RCDOM) and (RCTOM) (78.63, 58.72,
145.62,96.00and86.35,respectively)with 5% (NaOH),except(RCNFE)waslowestvaluewith 2%(NaOH).
DatashowedinTable(28)indicatedthatregardlessoflevels,Gelidiuimhadsignificanthighvaluesofallcomponents
(RCCP),(RCEE),(RCNFE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)(90.29,69.75,179.17,113.07and94.56,respectively),except
relativechangeincrudefiber(RCCF)Ulvahadsignificanthighvalue(60.18).
89
Table(28).Effectofsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds.
Gelidium
Ulva
SP
.
CP
%
22.24
21.69
21.11
20.38
20.00
Mean
21.08
18.51
18.35
18.17
17.73
17.62
Mean
18.08
Level
CP
RC
87.42
q
85.26
r
82.96
s
80.10
t
78.63
u
82.87
EE
%
4.08
92.34
kl
91.54
ml
90.64
mn
88.45
pq
87.88
pq
90.17
3.40
3.94
3.89
3.71
3.52
3.83
3.41
3.32
3.21
3.28
3.32
EE
RC
68.09
nop
65.70
pqr
64.97
qrs
61.99
tuv
58.72
wxy
63.89
NFE
%
39.44
NFE
RC
148.28
qr
38.73 145.62
rs
39.21 147.40
s
39.91 150.05
pq
40.08 150.66
p
39.48 148.40
CF
%
16.20
71.35
kl
71.42
kl
69.60
lmn
67.37
nopq
68.76
mn
69.70
49.60
13.15
171.10
g
51.72 178.43
e
53.60 184.90
b
52.57 181.34
cd
52.30 180.40
de
51.96 179.23
91
16.00
15.38
14.82
14.75
15.43
11.61
9.28
10.67
10.52
11.05
CF
RC
63.04
ab
62.27
bc
59.85
de
57.68
f
57.38
f
60.04
DOM
%
65.76
DOM
RC
101.26
r
64.36
98.86
t
64.21
98.44
t
64.00
97.38
u
63.60
96.00
vw
64.39
98.39
TOM
%
81.96
46.31
l
40.91
o
32.70
x
37.60
rs
37.07
st
38.92
71.52
84.67
111.60
jk
73.49 113.80
i
75.10 115.05
h
73.52 112.38
j
73.20 112.35
j
73.36 113.03
80.36
79.59
78.83
78.34
79.82
85.1
84.38
84.19
83.72
84.41
TOM
RC
91.71
k
89.71
n
88.80
op
87.46
q
86.35
r
88.80
95.27
g
95.57
g
94.46
h
93.69
ij
93.53
j
94.50
Figure(18).EffectofNaOHonseaweeds.
200
180
relativechange%
160
140
CP
EE
120
NFE
CF
100
80
NFOM
TOM
60
40
20
0
U.
G.
1
U.
G.
2
U.
G.
3
levels
92
U.
G.
4
U.
G.
5

Effectofcalcium hydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds
TherelativechangeincompositionofUlvaandGelidiuimaftertreatedwithCa(OH)2arerepresentedinTable
(29)&Fig.(19)showedthatthereweresignificantdifferencesamongalllevels.InUlvathechangeincrudeprotein
(CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nonfibrous organic matter (NFOM) and total organic matter (TOM)
weregraduallydecreasedwithincreasinginCa(OH)2level,whilethechangeinnitrogenfreeextract(NFE)increased
asaffectedbylevelofCa(OH)2 above1%.ButinGelidiuimtheamountofallcomponentsweregraduallydecreased
withincreasingalkalitreatmentupto (1%)Ca(OH)2concentration,
Levels of Ca (OH)2 concentration had significant affected of relative change in crude protein (RCCP) in
investigated seaweeds. The highest value was found in Ulva (94.12 with 1%) and the lowest value was found in
Gelidiuim(73.00with5%).thelowestvalueof(RCEE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)werefoundinUlvawith5%ofCa
(OH)2 concentration(56.64,91.75and83.73,respectively),andthehighestvalueswerefoundinGelidiuim with1%
Ca(OH)2 (70.65,109.77and91.41,respectively).In Ulvathelowestvalueof(RCNFE)wereobservedwith1,2,3%Ca
(OH)2(125.37,126.64and126.74,respectively),withinsignificantdifferencesamongthem.Gelidiuimhadsignificant
thehighestvalue(75.65)with1%Ca(OH)2 concentration.WhentreatedtheGelidiuimwith1%ofCa(OH)2 ithad
thesignificantlowest value of (RCCF)(36.35).Thesignificant highestvalues of (RCCF) werefound inUlva (63.50
and62.84),withinsignificantdifferencesamongthem.
DatashowedinTable(29)indicatedthatregardlessoflevels,weresignificantdifferencebetweentowseaweeds
forallcomponentswereobserved.(RCCP)and(RCCF)inUlvaweresignificanthigh.Thesignificanthighestvalue
of(RCEE),(RCNFE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)weredetectedin theGelidiuim.
90
Table(29).Effectofcalciumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds.
Gelidium
Ulva
SP.
Leve
l
1
CP
%
23.94
23.70
23.30
22.82
22.60
Mea
n
1
15.85
15.60
15.25
14.85
14.64
Mea
n
23.27
15.24
CP
RC
94.12
ij
93.18
jk
91.59
lm
89.69
no
88.83
op
91.48
EE
%
3.62
79.07
tu
77.81
u
76.08
v
74.08
w
73.00
w
76.01
3.37
3.60
3.54
3.49
3.39
3.53
3.27
3.16
3.04
2.83
3.13
EE
RC
60.36
vwx
60.14
vwx
59.18
wx
58.27
xy
56.64
y
58.92
NFE
%
33.35
NFE
RC
125.37
y
33.69 126.64
xy
33.71 126.74
xy
34.17 128.46
wx
34.52 129.79
w
33.89 127.40
CF
%
16.32
70.65
klm
68.48
mno
66.18
opqr
63.80
rst
59.26
wx
65.67
52.06
10.32
179.58
de
51.17 176.51
f
49.67 171.35
g
49.31 170.10
gh
49.01 169.05
h
50.24 173.32
93
16.15
15.82
15.46
15.33
15.82
11.03
12.43
12.80
13.18
11.95
CF
RC
63.50
a
62.84
ab
61.55
c
60.17
d
59.67
de
61.54
DOM
%
60.91
DOM
RC
93.28
x
93.32
x
92.50
xy
92.14
y
91.75
y
92.60
TOM
%
77.23
36.35
tu
38.85
pq
43.78
n
45.10
m
46.41
l
42.10
71.28
109.77
l
70.04 107.60
n
68.08 104.53
p
67.21 102.66
q
66.47 100.44
s
68.62 105.00
81.60
60.99
60.56
60.48
60.52
60.69
77.14
76.37
75.94
75.85
76.51
81.07
80.51
80.01
79.65
80.57
TOM
RC
85.84
rs
85.70
s
84.76
uv
84.15
w
83.73
w
84.84
91.41
k
90.41
lm
89.35
no
88.27
p
86.93
q
89.27
CP
Figure(19).EffectofCa(oH)2onseaweeds.
EE
NFE
200
CF
180
NFOM
TOM
relativechange%
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
U.
G.
1
U.
G.
2
U.
G.
3
levels
94
U.
G.
4
U.
G.
5

Effectofaceticacidandsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds
DatapresentedinTable(30)&Fig.(20)showthatthereweresignificantdifferencesamongalllevelsofacetic
acid with NaOH on seaweeds (Ulva or Gelidiuim) for major components. In seaweeds (Ulva and Gelidiuim) all
components were gradually decreased with increasing acetic acid level with NaOH, except, (RCNFE) and (RCCF)
weregraduallyincreasedwithincreasingaceticacidlevelwithNaOH.
Therelativechangeincrudeprotein(RCCP),(RCEE)and(RCDOM)inGelidiuimwerehadthesignificantthe
highestvalueswith2%(99.17,63.10,109.63andrespectively).However,therelativechangeinnitrogenfreeextract
(RCNFE) in Gelidiuim was the significant high value with 1, 2% (acetic acid and NaOH) (166.63 and 165.86,
respectively) with insignificant differences among them. Likewise the relative change in total organic matter
(RCTOM) in Gelidiuim was the significant highest value with 1, 2% (acetic acid and NaOH) (91.72 and 91.73,
respectively). The relative change in crude fiber in Gelidiuim was a good result than Ulva because the significant
lowestofrelativechangedincrudefiberwasexpressedwithlevel(2%)in Gelidiuim(38.01).
Thesestudiedclearthatregardlessoflevelstherearesignificant differencesamong towseaweeds.(RCNFE) and
(RCCF) inUlva were significant the highest values. The significant highest values of (RCCP), (RCEE), (RCDOM)
and(RCTOM)weredetectedintheGelidiuim.
95
Table(30).Effectofaceticacidandsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds.
Gelidium
Ulva
SP.
Leve
l
1
CP
%
20.08
19.91
19.87
20.00
19.93
Mea
n
1
19.54
19.88
19.32
19.18
18.98
Mea
n
19.96
19.38
CP
RC
78.95
tu
78.28
u
78.09
u
78.62
u
78.33
u
78.45
EE
%
3.21
NFE
%
42.45
3.00
EE
RC
53.64
z
50.17
2.90
48.38
43.29
2.96
49.42
43.62
2.83
47.20
42.81
97.47
bcde
99.17
a
96.36
efg
95.68
gh
94.68
hi
96.67
2.98
2.98
3.01
2.92
2.98
2.96
2.97
49.76
62.47
tuv
63.10
stu
61.22
uvw
62.54
tuv
62.05
tuv
62.28
43.07
43.05
48.08
48.31
46.51
45.23
44.02
46.43
NFE
RC
159.58
n
161.93
klm
162.74
jkl
163.97
j
160.92
lmn
161.83
CF
%
11.56
165.86
i
166.63
i
160.42
mn
156.03
o
151.86
p
160.16
11.66
97
12.83
12.95
12.90
12.74
12.59
10.79
12.86
13.87
14.48
12.73
CF
RC
45.00
m
49.91
i
50.39
hi
50.18
hi
49.56
ij
49.01
DOM
%
65.75
DOM
RC
97.39
u
96.79
uv
96.40
v
97.34
u
95.48
w
96.68
TOM
%
77.31
41.07
o
38.01
qr
45.30
m
48.86
jk
51.00
h
44.85
70.61
108.60
m
71.20 109.63
l
68.75 106.00
o
67.40 104.75
p
65.97 102.86
q
68.78 106.37
82.27
65.99
66.05
66.58
65.56
65.99
78.82
79.00
79.47
78.30
78.58
81.99
81.61
81.27
80.45
81.52
M
RC
84.29
st
85.07
tu
84.90
u
85.55
vw
84.00
w
84.76
91.72
k
91.73
k
90.82
l
90.78
l
89.90
mn
90.99
CP
EE
NFE
CF
NFOM
TOM
Figure(20).EffectofaceticacidandNaOHonseaweeds.
180
relativechange%
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
U.
G.
1
U.
G.
2
U.
G.
3
levels
98
U.
G.
4
U.
G.
5

Effectofenzymesonseaweeds
The enzymatic treatment effects on studied seaweeds were shown in Table (31) & Fig. (21). There were
significant differences among the levels of enzymatic for major components (NFE), (CF) and (DOM) in seaweeds
(Ulva and Gelidiuim). Adversely, There were not significantly differences among in (EE) and (TOM) in (Ulva and
Gelidiuim).Enzymatic treatment hadsignificant highestvalues ofrelativechangeincrudeprotein(RCCP)inUlva
with1,2levelsandthesignificantlowestwasfoundalsoinUlvabutinlevel4.Gelidiuimhadthesignificanthighest
valuesof(RCNFE)and(RCDOM)withlevel3(179.10and121.36,respectively).Furthermore,ithadthesignificant
lowestvalueof(RCCF)withlevel3(34.00).TheUlvaweedhadthesignificanthighestvaluesof(RCCF)withlevel1
of treatment. However, the significant lowest values were found in Ulva with level 1, 2 (154.43 and 156.35) with
insignificant differences among them. The relative changed in digested organic matter (RCDOM) had the lowest
valuein Ulvawithlevel1also.
Data showed in Table (31) illustrated that irrespective of levels were significant differences among that tow
seaweeds.(RCCP)and(RCCF)inUlvahadsignificantthehighestvalues.Thesignificanthighestvaluesof(RCEE),
(RCNFE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)weredetectedintheGelidium.
96
Table(31).Effectofenzymesonseaweeds.
Ulva
SP.
CP
%
25.06
24.74
24.41
22.88
Level
Gelidium
Mean
24.27
18.61
18.78
18.70
18.35
Mean
18.61
CP
RC
98.52
abc
97.26
cdef
95.94
fg
89.93
no
95.41
EE
%
4.37
92.83
jk
93.67
ij
93.27
jk
91.52
lm
92.82
4.31
4.53
4.44
4.60
4.48
4.41
4.34
4.37
4.36
EE
RC
72.89
jk
75.57
hi
74.16
ij
76.86
h
74.87
NFE
%
41.08
NFE
RC
154.43
o
41.59 156.35
o
42.86 161.14
lmn
43.49 163.51
jk
42.26 158.86
CF
%
12.94
90.43
cd
92.52
bc
90.92
cd
91.61
cd
91.37
50.88
10.75
175.51
f
50.70 174.90
f
51.92 179.10
e
50.74 175.04
f
51.06 176.14
99
12.53
12.02
12.45
12.48
10.87
9.65
11.12
10.60
CF
RC
50.34
hi
48.75
jk
46.77
l
48.44
k
48.57
DOM
%
70.51
DOM
RC
108.61
m
70.86 109.73
l
71.71 110.41
l
70.98 110.10
l
71.01 109.71
TOM
%
83.45
37.85
rs
38.30
qr
34.00
w
39.18
p
37.33
73.81
84.55
119.59
ef
73.90 120.36
de
74.96 121.09
cd
73.46 119.39
f
74.03 120.11
83.39
83.73
83.43
83.50
84.77
84.61
84.59
84.63
TOM
RC
94.04
hij
94.48
h
94.50
h
94.68
h
94.43
99.16
d
99.85
bc
99.32
cd
99.34
cd
99.42
Figure(21).Effectofenzymeonseaweeds.
200
180
relativechange%
160
140
CP
120
EE
100
NFE
CF
80
NFOM
60
TOM
40
20
0
U.
G.
1
U.
G.
U.
G.
3
levels
100
U.
G.
4

Effectofallprevioustreatmentsonseaweeds
DatapresentedinTable(32)&Fig.(22)show thatthere weresignificant differencesamongall treatment(1st
aceticacid,2nd NaOH,3rd Ca(OH)2,4th aceticacidandNaOHand5th enzymatictreatment)formajorcomponentsin
seaweeds(UlvaandGelidiuim).1st treatmentdetectedthesignificanthighestvaluesof(RCCP)and(RCEE)inUlva
(98.12 and 93.69). Also, it were recorded the significant highest values of (RCNFE), (RCDOM) and (RCTOM) in
Gelidiuim (182.10, 121.42 and 100.02, respectively). But in (RCCF) in Gelidiuim was the significant lowest value
(35.83).3rd treatmentonUlvagavethesignificanthighestvalueof(RCCF)(61.54)anditrecordedthelowestvalue
(127.40) of (RCNFE). However, in Gelidiuim it was found the significant lowest value (76.01) for (RCCP). 4th
treatment was detected the lowest values of (RCEE), (RCDOM) and (RCTOM) in Ulva (49.76, 96.68 and 84.76,
respectively).
Ourresultsinpresentstudysuggestedthatchemicaltreatmentsledtochangingincellwallpolysaccharidesof
seaweeds, whereas the crude fiber contents were decreased and the NFE were increased. These results may be
attributedtocellwalldegradationtoextractionofsomeitscomponents(polysaccharides)bychemicaltreatments.
However,proteinextractionfrommostseaweedsisdifficultduetothepresenceoflargeamountsofanionic
cellwallpolysaccharides,suchasthealginatesofthePhaeophytaorthecarrageenansofsomeRhodophyta.Thehigh
contentofneutralpolysaccharides(eg.xylanesandcellulose)insomeredorgreenseaweedscanalsolimittheprotein
accessibility. To improve the algal protein slobilization, the use in the extraction buffer of additive reagents like
detergents (Rice & Crowden, 1987) or the application of alkali treatment (Serot et al. 1994) is recommended in the
classicalextractionprocedures.
101
Table(32).Effectofallprevioustreatmentsonseaweeds.
Gelidium
Ulva
SP.
CP
CP
EE
EE
NFE
NFE
CF
CF
DOM
DOM
TOM
TOM
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
24.96
5.61
21.08
23.27
19.96
24.27
mean
22.71
19.52
18.08
15.24
19.38
18.61
mean
18.17
93.69
a
63.89
g
58.92
i
49.76
j
74.87
d
68.23
B
84.82
c
69.70
e
65.67
f
62.28
h
91.37
b
74.77
A
35.22
98.12
a
82.87
h
91.48
f
78.45
i
95.41
d
89.27
B
97.35
b
90.17
g
76.01
j
96.67
c
92.82
e
90.60
A
T.
3.83
3.53
2.98
4.48
4.09
4.05
3.32
3.13
2.97
4.36
3.57
39.48
33.89
43.05
42.26
38.78
52.79
51.96
50.24
46.43
51.06
50.50
132.42
i
148.40
h
127.40
j
161.83
e
158.86
g
145.78
B
182.10
a
179.23
b
173.32
d
160.16
f
176.14
c
174.19
A
103
14.88
65.80 108.07e
80.68
95.53c
64.39 98.39 h
79.82
88.80g
60.69
92.60 j
76.51
84.84h
65.99
96.68 i
78.58
84.76h
71.01
94.43d
79.82
11.05
38.92h
73.36
84.41
89.67
B
100.02
a
94.50d
11.95 42.10 g
68.62
80.57
89.27f
12.73
44.85 f
68.78
81.52
90.99e
10.60
37.33 i
74.03
84.63
99.42b
11.30
39.81
B
72.23
109.71
d
101.09
B
121.42
a
113.03
c
105.00
g
106.37
f
120.11
b
113.19
A
83.50
10.17
57.89
c
60.04
b
61.54
a
49.01
d
48.57
e
55.41
A
35.83j
83.53
94.84
A
15.43
15.82
12.59
12.48
14.24
65.57
76.36
86.53
CP
Figure(22).Effectofalltreatmentsonseaweeds.
EE
NFE
200
CF
NFOM
180
TOM
relativechange%
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
U.
G.
1
U.
G.
2
U.
G.
3
treatments
104
U.
G.
4
U.
G.
5

Fleurenceetal.1995concludedthatthehighestyieldofseaweedsproteincouldbeobtainedbytheuseof
NaOH and 2mercaptoethanol after an initial aqueous extraction. Similar results obtained by Elkhimsawy,
1978.
Pengzhan et al. (2003) found that polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa were isolated and prepared by
extractioninhotwater.
As expected, cell wall polysaccharides from Ulva pertusa are hetropolysaccharide made of rhamnose,
xylose,glucose,uricacidandsulfate.Theidentificationofiduronicacidiscomplicatedasthereisnostandard
available. However, the chemical enzymatic methods can be employed as suitable methods foe analysis of
uronicacids(Quemeneretal.1997).
In present study it was used the enzyme degrading the cell wall polysaccharides as an alternative
methodtoimprovetheextractionandthesolubilizationofalgalproteins.
AmanoandNoda1990suggestedtheuseofalgalcellwalldegradationenzymestofacilitatetheextraction
andthestudyofproteinsfromPorphyrayezoensis.Theauthorsusedanenzymaticmixture,includingdigestive
enzymesobtainedfromthegutofabaloneHaliotisdiscusandacommercialpreparationcalledMaceroenzyme
R,toimprovetheproteinaccessibility.
The effect of polysaccharidases on the protein extraction from Ulva and Gelidium has been studied in
present study. However, the presence of cell wall polysaccharides limits the efficiency of classical protein
extraction procedure. Similar results were obtained by (Jordan & Vilter, 1991). The degradation of cell wall
polysaccharidesbyenzymesisaproducerfrequentlyusedforprotoplastproduction(LeGall etal.1990Cachot
et al. 1994). A study performed on the red alga Porphyra yezoensis showed that the protoplasts production
usinghydrolyticenzymesimprovesaccessibilitytotheprotein fraction (Amano&Noda,1990).
4.3: EffectofchemicalandenzymatictreatmentsondigestibilityofnutrientsonJapaneseQuail.
Digestioncoefficientofnutrients:
Data presented in Table (33) & Fig. (23) show that there were significant differences among diets in
digestion coefficient of all nutrient in seaweeds as affected by experimental treatments. Untreated Ulva or
GelidiuimrecordedsignificantlylowdigestibilityofCP,EEandNFEcomparedtocontrol.Ontheotherhand,
untreatedGelidiuimrecordedsignificantlyhighdigestibilityofthesamenutrientthanuntreatedUlva.
Table (33). Effect of treatments on digestibility of crude protein (CP),ether extract(EE)and Nfree extract
(NFE)and(DE)digestibleenergyofseaweeds.
source
Treatment
control Practicaldiet
Gelidiuim
Ulva
Nontreated
Chemical
treated
Enzymatic
treated
Nontreated
Chemical
treated
Enzymatic
treated
CP
%
72.59
a
6.01
e
57.12
b
52.63
c
46.36
d
56.35
b
58.58
b
EE
%
64.85
cd
25.54
f
60.73
d
73.14
a
46.70
e
70.99
ab
66.63
bc
NFE
DE
% k.cal/kg
84.11 2796.3
a
a
16.28
336.3
d
e
83.18 2045.2
a
c
81.16 2197.9
a
b
56.02 1434.9
c
d
81.99 2207.8
a
b
75.33 2262.9
b
b
105
Figure(23).Digestiontrails
digestioncofecient
100
80
60
DCP
DEE
40
DNFE
20
0
P.daiet
control
Nontreated C.treated
E.treated
Ulva
Nontreated C.treated
E.treated
Gelidium
seaweeds
Both chemical and enzymatic treatments significantly improved digestibility of nutrients for Ulva or
Gelidiuim.
The improvement of CP digestibility by chemical treatment was not affected by algae type, while the
improvementofCPdigestibilitybyenzymatictreatmentforGelidiuimwassignificantlymorethanresultedin
Ulva.AlltreatmentsinallalgaetyperecordedsignificantlylowerdigestibilityofCPthancontrol.
EEdigestibility ofUlvasignificantlyimproved byenzymatictreatment more thanchemicaltreatment.
On the other hand, treated Ulva (by either chemical or enzymatic treatments) recorded significantly high
digestibility of EE than control diet. There are insignificant improvement in EE digestibility of Gelidiuim
effecting by chemical treatment versus enzymatic treatment. Chemical treatment on Gelidiuim was
significantly improved EE digestibility more than its effect on Ulva, while enzymatic treatment recorded
insignificantlyimprovedcomparedwithcontroltreatment.
Both Gelidiuim treated by chemical method and Ulva treated by enzymatic method recorded EE
digestibilityvaluemorethanpracticalchicksdiets(control).
NFE digestibility of Ulva and Gelidiuim significantly improved by chemical treatment and enzymatic
treatmentmorethanuntreated.TherearesignificantimprovementinNFEdigestibilityofUlvaandGelidiuim
effectingbychemicaltreatmentwithinsignificantdifferencebetweenthem.EnzymatictreatmentonUlvawas
significantly improved NFE digestibility more than its effect on Gelidiuim. Both Ulva treated by chemical
method and enzymatic method and Gelidiuim treated by chemical method recorded NFE digestibility value
nearlysimilartothatofpracticaldiets(control).
Digestibleenergy:
Data presented in Table (33) & Fig. (24) show that there were significant differences among diets in
digestibleenergy ofseaweedsasaffectedbyexperimental treatments.UntreatedUlva orGelidiuimrecorded
significantlylowdigestibleenergycompared tocontrol.Digestibleenergy ofUlvasignificantlyimproved by
enzymatic treatment more than chemical treatment. There are insignificant improvement in energy
digestibilityofGelidiuimeffectingbyenzymatictreatmentversuschemicaltreatment.
Chemicaltreatment on Gelidiuim was significantlyimproved digestibleenergymorethanitseffecton
Ulva,whileenzymatictreatmentrecordedinsignificantdifferencebetweenUlvaandGelidiuim.
AlltreatmentofUlvaorGelidiuimrecordedsignificantlylowerdigestibleenergythancontrol.
106
Figure(24).
3000
2800
2600
2400
Digestionenergy
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
P.daiet
control
Non
treated
C.treated
E.treated
Ulva
Non
treated
C.treated
E.treated
Gelidium
seaweeds
Resultsobtainedinpresentstudyindicatethatuntreatedalgaehadverybaddigestibilityforall
nutrients.Theseresultsareinagreementtotheseobtainedby Hintz etal.1966,whofoundthatAlfalfa
algaegrowonsewageisnotahighenergyfeedorganicmatter.SimilartrendwasreportedbyLonbard
1962,whofoundthatdigestibilityofcrudeproteinandcrudefiberingrowingpigsfedondietcontained
8%seaweedsweresignificantlylowerthanthesefortheotherdietswhichcontained8%Lucerneor4%
eachseaweedsandLucerne.
Gacek1976,foundthatdigestibilityofNFE,organicmatterandcrudeproteinofalgaewerelow.Similar
resultsobtainedbySubbulakshmietal.1976,Becker1978,andSandbankandHepher1978.
Results found in our study showed that seaweeds low digestible energy. These result in agree to that
reportedbyArieti etal.(1993)whosuggestedthatUlvacouldbeusedasalowenergyfeed.
Lowdigestibilityofcrudeseaweedsmaybeduetothefactthatremovingofproteinintooutsideofcells
of seaweeds is difficult because of the occurrence of phenolic compounds (Ragan and Glombitza 1986) and
Largeamountspolyanioniccellwallmucilages(Fleurenceetal.1995andflenrence1999).
Similar results were obtained by Ventura et al. 1994 who found that addition seaweed (Ulva rigida) on
chickensdietsdecreasedapparentmetabolizableenergy.
Ontheotherhand,digestibilityofallnutrientsandenergywassignificantlyimprovedbyeachchemical
and enzymatic treatments. These results are in agreement to those reported by Pabst 1974 and 1978, Gacek
1976,Subbulakshmietal.1976andBacker1978whoreportedthatthedigestibilityofalgaeineasilyaffectedby
processingmethodsbeforefeeding.El Khimsawy,1978found that usingNaOHfor treatedseaweedslead to
increasingintrueproteincontent,digestibilityandutilization.
Values of digestion coefficients for nutrients obtained in present study were in range reported in
literature.ElKhimsawy 1983foundthatNFEdigestibilityinalgaewas85%,EEwas79%,CPwas82%,these
values obtained by Lubitz 1963 were 72 %, 93% and 86 %, respectively, while it were 68%, 46% and 46%,
respectively,byHenningetal.1969.
Pasts,1978summarizedtheexperimentsdoneonratsusingalgaeafterdifferentprocessingprocedure
andfoundthatdigestibilityrangesbetween 22%and78%.
5.SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
Utilizationsomeofseaweedsinpoultrydiets.
The present dissertation aimed to study utilization of seaweeds in poultry nutrition using two algaes
(Ulva and Gelidium) which are collected from seven beaches to Mediterranean sea (Port Said, Balteem,
Rasheed, AbouQeer, Almontaza, Sidy Bishr and KeytBey) for Ulva and three beaches for Gelidium (Port
Said,BalteemandAbouQeer)andthreeseasons(autumn,springandsummer)during2003and2004.
Moisture,protein,lipids,fibers,ashandcarbohydrate were determinedinsamples ofalgae,afterthat
thesamplesforalgaeweremixedandtreatedwithaceticacid,sodiumhydroxide,calciumhydroxide,(acetic
acid & sodium hydroxide together) and enzymes to degradation of algal cell walls to improving protein
accessibility.
Theresultsofthisstudycouldbesummarizedasafollows:
*Effectofareaandseasononchemicalcompositionforseaweeds.Ulvasp.
Regardlessofseason,thereweresignificantdifferencesamongareasinmoisturecontent.PortSaidarea
hadsignificantthehighestvalue,whileBalteem,ElMontazah,RasheedandAbouQeerareashadsignificant
lowestvalues,withinsignificantdifferencesamongthem.
107

SeasondidnotsignificantlyaffectedmoistureinPortSaid,AbouQeer,ElMontazahandSidiBishr,but
inBalteemandkaytBeymoistureofUlvaweresignificantincreasedinsummercomparedtoeachautumnand
spring,andinRasheedmoisturewassignificantlyincreasedinsummerandautumncomparedtospring.
There were significant differences among all areas and seasons in crude protein. Almontaza area had
significantthehighestvalue,while,KayetBeyhadsignificantlowestvalue.Summerseasonhadsignificantthe
highestvaluecomparedtoeachautumnandspringseason.
SimilarlyeffectsofsummerandautumnoncrudproteincontentinUlvaweedsinallinvestigatedareas.
This trend was not observed in spring. Moreover, KeytBey recorded significantly the lowest crud protein
contentduringallseasons.
Irrespectiveofseasons,therewassignificantdifferencesamongareasinetherextractcontent.Rasheed
areahadsignificantthehighestvalue,while,PortSaidhadsignificantlowestvalue.Irrespectiveofarea,ether
extractinareodriedmatterofulvaarenotsignificantlyaffectedbyseasons.
Therewassignificanteffectforeachareasandseasonsincrudefiber.PortSaid,areahadsignificantthe
highest values, while, Abou Qeer area had significant lowest values. Spring and summer seasons had
significanthighestvaluesfollowedbyautumn.
Regardless of there were significant differences among areas in ash content. Sidi Bishr area had
significant the highest value, while Rsheed area had significant lowest values. Regardless of area during
autumn Ulvahadsignificantthehighestvalueofashcontent(14.57%)followedbyspringandsummer.
There were significant differences among areas and seasons in N.F.E content. Balteem area had
significantthehighestvalue,whilePortSaidhadsignificantlowestvalues.DuringSpringUlvahadsignificant
thehighestvalueofNFEcomparedtoautumnandsummerseason.
*Effectofareaandseasononchemicalcompositionforseaweeds.Gelidiuimsp.
Moisturein Gelidiuimweeds(baseonareadriedmatter)wasnotaffectedbynetherinvestigatedareasor
season.
In autumn Port Said had significant the highest value of crude protein, while Balteem had the lowest
value, but in spring Port Said had significant the highest value also. It was observed that during summer
AbouQeerhadsignificantthehighestvalueofcrudeprotein,whileBalteemhadthelowestvalue.
Thereweresignificantdifferencesbetweenareasandseasonsincuredproteincontent.AbouQeerarea
hadsignificantthehighestvalue,whileBalteemhadthelowestvalue.
There was no significant differences among areas in ether extract of Gelidiuim, but there were
significantdifferencesamongseasons.Autumnhadsignificantlythehighestvalue,whilespringhadthelowest
values.
There were significant differences among both areas and seasons in crude fiber. Port Said the highest
valuefollowedbyBalteemandAbouQeer.SeasonsignificantlyaffectedcrudefiberofGelidium.
There were significant differences among areas and season of ash content. Abou Qeer recorded the
highestvaluefollowedbyPortSaidandBalteem.Duringsummeritisrecordedsignificantlythehighestvalue
followedbyautumnandspring.
There were significant differences among areas and season in NFE content. Balteem significant the
highestrecordedvaluefollowedbyAbouQeerandPortSaid.
DuringSpringGelidiuimhadsignificantthehighestvaluefollowedbysummerandautumn.
SeasonsignificantlyaffectedNFEcontentofGelidium.
Effectsof chemicalandenzymatictreatmentsonseaweeds.
Effectofaceticacidtreatment:
Major components of seaweeds was affected by different levels of acetic acid. There were significant
differences among each major component of seaweeds within all levels affected by acid treatment. Crude
protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) and total organic matter (TOM) were decreased with all
levels of acetic acid, while nitrogen free extract (NFE) and nonfibrous organic matter (NFOM) were
increased.
Regardless of levels there were significant differences between tow seaweeds. (RCCP), (RCEE) and
(RCCF)ofUlvaweresignificantthehighestvaluecomparedto Gelidiuim.
Effectofsodiumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds
(CP),(EE),(CF)and (TOM) weredecreasedwith alllevels of sodium hydroxidetreatment,but(NFE)
and (NFOM) were increased. Levels of (NaOH) had significantly affected relative change in crude protein
(RCCP)and(RCEE)inbothseaweeds.
Regardless of levels, Gelidiuim had significant high values of all components (RCCP), (RCEE),
(RCNFE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)exceptrelativechangeincrudefiber(RCCF)Ulvahadsignificanthigh
value.
Effectofcalciumhydroxidetreatmentonseaweeds
There were significant differences among all levels. In Ulva the change in crude protein (CP), ether
extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), nonfiberous organic matter (NFOM) and total organic matter (TOM) were
108

gradually decreased with increasing in Ca(OH)2 level, while the change in nitrogen free extract (NFE) was
increased as affected by level of Ca(OH)2 above 1%. But in Gelidiuim the amount of all components were
graduallydecreasedwithincreasingCa(OH)2 treatmentupto (1%).
Regardless of levels, a significant difference between tow seaweeds for all components were observed.
(RCCP) and (RCCF) in Ulva were significant high. The significant highest value of (RCEE), (RCNFE),
(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)weredetectedin Gelidiuim.
Effectofaceticacidandsodiumhydroxide:
There were significant differences among all levels of acetic acid with NaOH on seaweeds (Ulva or
Gelidiuim)formajorcomponents.Inseaweeds(UlvaandGelidiuim)allcomponentsweregraduallydecreased
with increasing acetic acid level with NaOH, except, (RCNFE) and (RCCF) were gradually increased with
increasingaceticacidlevelwithNaOH.
Regardless of levels there are significant differences among tow seaweeds. (RCNFE) and (RCCF) in
Ulva were significant the highest values. The significant highest values of (RCCP), (RCEE), (RCDOM) and
(RCTOM)weredetectedintheGelidiuim.
Effectofenzymestreatment:
Thereweresignificantdifferencesamongthelevelsofenzymesfor(NFE),(CF)and(DOM)inseaweeds.
Adversely,There were notsignificantly differencesamongenzymaticlevelsin(EE)and (TOM)in(Ulva and
Gelidiuim).
Irrespectiveoflevelsweresignificantdifferencesamongthattowseaweeds.(RCCP)and(RCCF)inUlva
was significant the highest values. The significant highest values of (RCEE), (RCNFE), (RCDOM) and
(RCTOM)weredetectedintheGelidiuim.
Effectofallprevioustreatmentsonseaweeds
There were significant differences among all treatment for major components in seaweeds (Ulva and
Gelidiuim).1st treatmentdetectedthesignificanthighestvaluesof(RCCP)and(RCEE)inUlva.Also,itwere
recordedthesignificanthighestvaluesof(RCNFE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)inGelidiuim.Butin(RCCF)in
Gelidiuimwasthesignificantlowestvalue.3rd treatmentonUlvagavethesignificanthighestvalueof(RCCF)
anditrecordedthelowestvalueof(RCNFE).However,inGelidiuimitwasfoundthesignificantlowestvalue
for(RCCP).4th treatmentwasdetectedthelowestvaluesof(RCEE),(RCDOM)and(RCTOM)in Ulva.
Digestioncoefficientofnutrients:
There were significant differences among diets in digestion coefficient of all nutrient in seaweeds as
affected by experimental treatments. Untreated Ulva or Gelidiuim recorded significantly low digestibility of
CP, EE and NFE compared to control. On the other hand, untreated Gelidiuim recorded significantly high
digestibilityofthesamenutrientthanuntreatedUlva.
Digestibleenergy:
There were significant differences among diets in digestible energy of seaweeds as affected by
experimentaltreatments.UntreatedUlvaorGelidiuimrecordedsignificantlylowdigestibleenergycompared
to control. Digestible energy of Ulva significantly improved by enzymatic treatment more than chemical
treatment. There are insignificant improvement in energy digestibility of Gelidiuim effecting by chemical
treatmentversusenzymatictreatment.
Itcouldbeconcludedfromthestudytheimportanceofusingalgae(Ulva&Gelidium)inpoultrydietsafter
some chemical or enzymatic treatments. This necessitates further studies concerning the effect of percentage of
mixingalgaeinpoultry dietsanditseffecton productivityandQuality characteristicsforcarcass.
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Utilization Some of Seaweeds in Poultry Diets BY: Khaled Mohamed El Syed Al Zaablawy

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Utilization Some of Seaweeds in Poultry Diets BY: Khaled Mohamed El Syed Al Zaablawy

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Review of literature

2.2.1. The major components of Seaweeds (ash,

71,624,400 141,389,256 280,902,907 559,888,073

73,346,026 146,377,635 292,441,630

Table (3). ThenutritionalcompositionofGreenSeaweeds.(Chlorophyta).

Wahbeh(1997) studiedcontentofseaweedschlorophyta(Ulvapertus and Enteromorphaliza) andRhodophyta(Propheyraspp. and Gracilariacompressa) fromaminoacids

Wahbeh(1997) studiedcontentofseaweeds(U. lactuca andP. pavonic)

Fleurence (1999)studiedcontentoftwospeciesofseaweeds(Ulvaamoricana and propheyratenra) fromaminoacids, also WongandPeter (2000)studiedcontentof

WongandCheung(2000) investigatedtheproximatecomposition, aminoacidprofileandsomephysicochemicalpropertiesoftwosubtropicalredseaweeds(Hypnea

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

*Ito& Hori (1989)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

August November Februar

Brownetal.(1998) theystudiedCopperandzincconcentrationsofthecosmopolitangreenseaweedsEnteromorphaintestinalis and Ulvalactucawereobtainedforthefirst

Flodinetal. (1999)studiedseasonalvariationinbromophenolcontentandbromoperoxidaseactivityinthegreenmarinealga, U. lactuca. Theresultsobtainedshowthatboth

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Rebello etal. (1996) investigated sixeconomicallyimportantGracilariaspecies,fromanumberofcommercialsourcesaroundtheworld, and Gracilariopsislemaneiformis,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RajuandSreemannarayana(1995) used28 rabbits,2840 daysold,were fedfor56daysondietscontaining 300 goffreshlucerneandrabbitconcentrate (RC)ortheRC

Inaletal.(1995 ) fedJapanesequailsonabasaldietsupplementedwithMaxicrop, anextractfromtheseaweedAscophyllumnodosm at 0, 0.01, 0.1or1%. Theyfoundthat

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

*Etchkgcontained:VA 6000000IU,VD3 1250000IU,VE 15000mg,VB1 1000mg,VB6 1000mg,VB12 6mg,Nicotinicacid

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

a,b,cmeanswithincolumnsymbolizedwiththesameletterarenotsignificantlydeferredat( p< 0.05)level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION