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Tnghatrongttclnhvchinangcxhiquantmcbitbinhn nngsutlaongcnngcao,chtlngsnphmnnhvtthn,nhiu tngmicchitrthnhhinthc.Tnghacngtcthitkcngtrnhgiao thngcngkhngnmngoiquylutchung,hinnay,huhtcccngtytrong lnhvctvnthitkcngtrnhgiaothngurtchtrngthchintngha cngtcthitktrongcngtycamnh.iunycthhinrnttrongvicu tcacccngty(muasmmytnh,phnmmvotonhnlc)cngnhtrin khaitnghathitkrtnhiucngtrnhtrongthct. Visadngcamnh,ccbitontrongcngtcthitklunihislinhhot cacngtctngha.Chnhvvy,phnnopngcyucucpbch tthctsnxut,nidungcungiotrnhnycpnttcccvncbn nhtcavicthchintnghathitkcngtrnhgiaothngcngnhphng phpnngcaomctnghachophhpvitngyucuchuynbitxut hintrongqutrnhthitk. NidungcagiotrnhnylscktkinhnghimgingdymnTngha thitkcungchosinhvinngnhxydngcngtrnhgiaothngvqutrnh thamgiathchintnghacngtcthitkngoisnxutcacctcgicng nhcpnhtminhtnhngcngnghchchtphcvchovictngha.Hn na,nidungchnhtptrungvonhngthnhphnctliphcvchomccht ng ha thit k cu ng, cng vi nhng ni dung mang tnh gi m v nh hngchotngchuynngnh,khinchocungiotrnhnyhontonphhpvi nhhngototheotnchcaNhtrng. Chngtixinchnthnhcmnsnggpkincaccngnghiptrongqu trnhhonthincungiotrnhny. Vitcphttrinrtnhanhcacngnghnhhinnaythchcchnrngtrong thigianti,nhiuvnlinquannvicthchintnghathitksphi thayi,vchngtihyvngrng,cngvicckinnggpcabncvs cpnhtkinthccabnthn,thlnxutbnsaucacunschnyshonthin hnna,spngtthnnayucucabnc. HNi,ngy01thng06nm2007 Cctcgi.
PHN I: M U .................................................................................. 1
1.Tngquanvthitkvtnghathitkcngtrnhgiaothng.............................. 1 2.intvccphnmmdngchothitkcngtrnhgiaothng.................................. 3 3.Lachnphnmmdngchothitkcngtrnhgiaothng.......................................... 4 4.Chuynbithaphnmm .................................................................................................... 6 5.Ktchng .............................................................................................................................. 11
8.3.1. Vng lp theo bin m .............................................................................................47 8.3.2. Lp trong mt tp hp................................................................................................49 8.4. Vng lp khng xc nh ...................................................................................................50 9.Chngtrnhcon ................................................................................................................... 51 9.1. Hm (Function) ..................................................................................................................52 9.2. Th tc (Sub) .....................................................................................................................52 9.3. Truyn tham s cho chng trnh con................................................................................52 9.3.1. Truyn tham s theo tham chiu ................................................................................53 9.3.2. Truyn tham s theo tham tr .....................................................................................54 9.3.3. Tham s tu chn.......................................................................................................54 9.3.4. Danh sch tham s vi s lng tham s tu ..........................................................55 9.3.5. Hm c gi tr tr v l kiu mng. ............................................................................55 9.4. Bin trong chng trnh con ..............................................................................................56 9.5. Cch thc gi chng trnh con. ........................................................................................58 9.6. Thot khi chng trnh con..............................................................................................59 10.Tchcccchngtrnhcontheohthngccmunchun .................................. 59 11.LmvicviUserFormvccthnhphniukhin .................................................. 60 11.1. Cc vn chung .............................................................................................................60 11.1.1. To UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trong VBA IDE ................................63 11.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. ..................................64 11.1.3. Cc phng thc ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. ..............................66 11.1.4. Cc s kin trn giao din........................................................................................66 11.1.5. V d.........................................................................................................................67 11.2. Lm vic vi UserForm ...................................................................................................68 11.3. Cc iu khin thng dng...............................................................................................69 12.Cchpthoithngdng................................................................................................... 76 12.1. Hp thng ip (Message Box MsgBox)......................................................................76 12.2. Hp nhp d liu (Input Box InputBox) .......................................................................77 12.3. Hp thoi da trn iu khin Common Dialog. .............................................................78 13.Lptrnhxltptin.......................................................................................................... 80 13.1. Cc hnh thc truy cp tp tin ..........................................................................................81 13.2. X l d liu trong tp tin vi cc hm I/O: ....................................................................82 13.2.1. M tp tin:................................................................................................................82 13.2.2. c d liu t tp tin: ..............................................................................................82 13.2.3. Ghi d liu vo tp tin: ............................................................................................84 13.2.4. ng tp tin..............................................................................................................86 13.3. X l d liu trong tp tin theo m hnh FSO (File System Object) ...............................86 13.3.1. To tp tin mi.........................................................................................................88 13.3.2. M tp tin c thao tc .....................................................................................89 14.GrivbylitrongVBAIDE ........................................................................................ 90 14.1. Phn loi li trong lp trnh..............................................................................................90 14.2. G ri trong lp trnh .......................................................................................................91 14.2.1. Pht hin li lc thc thi ..........................................................................................91 14.2.2. Cc phng php thc thi m lnh ..........................................................................92 14.2.3. Ca s tr gip g ri ..............................................................................................93 14.3. By li trong VBAIDE.....................................................................................................95 14.3.1. Cu lnh On Error....................................................................................................95 14.3.2. i tng Err ...........................................................................................................96 14.3.3. Hm Error ................................................................................................................97
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2.1. Macro l g?..................................................................................................................... 101 2.2. To Macro ....................................................................................................................... 101 2.2.1. To Macro theo kch bn......................................................................................... 101 2.2.2. To Macro s dng VBA ........................................................................................ 104 2.3. Qun l Macro................................................................................................................. 104 2.4. S dng Macro ................................................................................................................ 105 2.4.1. Thc thi Macro bng phm tt ................................................................................. 106 2.4.2. Thc thi Macro thng qua trnh qun l Macro ...................................................... 106 2.4.3. Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE ..................................................................... 106 2.5. Hiu chnh Macro............................................................................................................ 107 2.6. Vn an ton khi s dng Macro.................................................................................. 107 3.XydnghmmitrongExcel .......................................................................................... 107 3.1. Khi nim v hm trong Excel ........................................................................................ 107 3.2. To hm mi bng VBA ................................................................................................. 108 3.2.1. Ti sao phi dng hm?........................................................................................... 108 3.2.2. Cu trc hm ........................................................................................................... 109 3.2.3. To hm mi ........................................................................................................... 109 3.3. Hm tr v li .................................................................................................................. 111 4.AddinvPhnphiccngdngmrng................................................................... 113 4.1. Khi nim v Add-In ....................................................................................................... 114 4.2. Trnh qun l Add-In....................................................................................................... 114 4.3. To Add-In ...................................................................................................................... 115 4.4. Phn phi v Ci t Add-In ........................................................................................... 117 5.HthngccitngtrongExcel................................................................................... 117 5.1. M hnh i tng trong Excel ....................................................................................... 117 5.2. Mt s i tng c bn trong Excel .............................................................................. 119 5.2.1. i tng Application............................................................................................. 119 5.2.2. i tng Workbook .............................................................................................. 123 5.2.3. i tng Window.................................................................................................. 126 5.2.4. i tng Worksheet .............................................................................................. 128 5.2.5. i tng Range ..................................................................................................... 131 5.2.6. Tp i tng Cells ................................................................................................. 135 6.SkincaccitngtrongExcel............................................................................... 137 6.1. To b x l s kin cho mt s kin ............................................................................. 138 6.2. S kin trong Workbook ................................................................................................. 139 6.3. S kin trong Worksheet ................................................................................................. 141 6.4. S kin trong UserForm .................................................................................................. 143 6.5. S kin khng gn vi i tng .................................................................................... 144 7.CcthaotccbntrongExcel .......................................................................................... 145 7.1. iu khin Excel ............................................................................................................. 146 7.1.1. Thot khi Excel ..................................................................................................... 146 7.1.2. Kho tng tc ngi dng..................................................................................... 147 7.1.3. Thao tc vi ca s ................................................................................................. 147 7.1.4. Khi ng Excel t chng trnh khc ................................................................... 148 7.2. Lm vic vi Workbook.................................................................................................. 150 7.2.1. To mi, m, lu v ng workbook ...................................................................... 150 7.3. Lm vic vi Worksheet ................................................................................................. 151 7.3.1. To mi, xo v i tn worksheet ......................................................................... 151 7.4. Lm vic vi Range v Cells........................................................................................... 152 7.4.1. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu....................................................................... 152 7.4.2. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu theo hng v ct ........................................... 152 7.4.3. Vng c cha d liu Thuc tnh UsedRange...................................................... 153 7.5. Lm vic vi biu ....................................................................................................... 153 7.5.1. To mi biu ...................................................................................................... 154 7.5.2. Thm mt chui s liu vo biu c.............................................................. 155 7.6. S dng cc hm c sn trong Excel............................................................................... 157
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8.Giaodinngidng.......................................................................................................... 157 8.1. iu khin nhng trong Worksheet .................................................................................157 8.1.1. iu khin Spin Button............................................................................................158 8.1.2. iu khin ComboBox ............................................................................................159 8.1.3. iu khin Command Button ..................................................................................160 8.2. Cc hp thoi thng dng ................................................................................................161 8.2.1. Hp thoi InputBox ca Excel Hm InputBox .....................................................161 8.2.2. Hp thoi Open Hm GetOpenFilename ..............................................................163 8.2.3. Hp thoi Save As Hm GetSaveAsFilename ......................................................165 8.2.4. Hp thoi chn th mc i tng FileDialog ....................................................166 8.2.5. Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs ................................166 8.2.6. Thc thi mc trnh n Excel t VBA.....................................................................168 8.3. Hp thoi tu bin UserForm........................................................................................169 8.3.1. To mi UserForm...................................................................................................169 8.3.2. Hin th UserForm ...................................................................................................170 8.3.3. Cc iu khin trn UserForm .................................................................................171 8.4. Thao tc trn thanh trnh n ...........................................................................................172 8.4.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n .....................................................................173 8.4.2. To trnh n tu bin..............................................................................................174 8.4.3. Xo trnh n tu bin .............................................................................................177 8.4.4. Gn phm tt cho Menu Item ...................................................................................178
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5.1.6. Thit lp bin h thng............................................................................................ 214 5.2. To mi i tng hnh hc ............................................................................................ 217 5.2.1. Xc nh ni cha i tng ................................................................................... 217 5.2.2. Khai bo v to i tng hnh hc ........................................................................ 218 5.2.3. To i tng Point................................................................................................. 219 5.2.4. To i tng dng ng thng ............................................................................ 220 5.2.5. To i tng dng ng cong ............................................................................. 223 5.2.6. To i tng vn bn............................................................................................. 225 5.3. Lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet .............................................................................. 227 5.3.1. Khai bo v khi to i tng SelectionSet .......................................................... 228 5.3.2. Thm i tng hnh hc vo mt SelectionSet ..................................................... 228 5.3.3. Thao tc vi cc i tng trong SelectionSet........................................................ 234 5.3.4. nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet ........................................................ 234 5.3.5. Loi b i tng hnh hc ra khi SelectionSet .................................................... 236 5.4. Hiu chnh i tng hnh hc ........................................................................................ 237 5.4.1. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc phng thc ..................................................... 238 5.4.2. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc thuc tnh.......................................................... 245 5.4.3. Hiu chnh ng a tuyn ..................................................................................... 249 5.4.4. Hiu chnh vn bn n........................................................................................... 251 5.5. Lm vic vi lp (Layer)................................................................................................. 253 5.5.1. To lp mi ............................................................................................................. 254 5.5.2. Truy xut v thay i tn mt lp c.................................................................. 255 5.5.3. Thit lp lp hin hnh............................................................................................ 255 5.5.4. Thit lp cc ch hin th ca lp....................................................................... 255 5.5.5. Xo lp .................................................................................................................... 257 5.6. Thao tc vi kiu ng Linetype................................................................................ 257 5.6.1. Ti kiu ng vo AutoCAD ................................................................................ 257 5.6.2. Truy xut v i tn kiu ng ............................................................................. 258 5.6.3. Thit lp kiu ng hin hnh............................................................................... 259 5.6.4. Xo kiu ng c.............................................................................................. 259 5.7. Thao tc vi ng kch thc Dimension .................................................................. 259 5.7.1. Kiu ng kch thc DimensionStyle .............................................................. 260 5.7.2. To ng kch thc ............................................................................................. 262 5.7.3. nh dng ng kch thc................................................................................... 267 5.8. Thao tc vi d liu m rng XData............................................................................ 268 5.8.1. Gn d liu m rng ............................................................................................... 268 5.8.2. c d liu m rng ............................................................................................... 269 6.Giaodinngidng .......................................................................................................... 270 6.1. Thao tc vi thanh trnh n ........................................................................................... 270 6.1.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n .................................................................... 270 6.1.2. To trnh n ........................................................................................................... 272 6.1.3. Xo thanh trnh n................................................................................................. 274
MU
PHN I: M U
1. Tng quan v thit k v t ng ha thit k cng trnh giao thng
Cng tc thit k lun c mt v tr quan trng t khi lp d n cho n khi thi cng, hon thnh v a cng trnh vo s dng. T trc n nay, cng tc kho st thit k c bit n nh mt qu trnh gm nhiu cng on khc nhau, m mc ch cui cng l xc lp cu to ca cng trnh, cch thc thi cng ch o to ra cng trnh trn thc a v phng php khai thc cng trnh mt cch hiu qu nht. Kt qu ca cng tc thit k c th hin di dng h s thit k, ngha l qu trnh thit k nhm n vic to ra mt b h s thit k, m trong n m t mt cch y ton b mc ch ca qu trnh thit k. Thng thng h s thit k bao gm nhng thnh phn c bn nh sau: Bn thuyt minh: ni th hin nhng c s cho cng tc thit k, lp lun ca ngi thit k v gii thch nhng vn c bn ca phng n thit k. Cc loi bng tnh, bng thng k: ni trnh by cc kt qu tnh ton trong qu trnh thit k, l c s cho vic lp bn v v xc nh chi ph u t cho cng trnh. Bn v: ni th hin chi tit nht cu to ca cng trnh cng nh phng php ch o thi cng cng trnh. D ton: ni th hin cch thc xc nh tng mc u t cho cng trnh. Mc chi tit ca nhng thnh phn trong h s thit k ph thuc vo yu cu trong tng giai on ca qu trnh u t cho cng trnh. V d giai on lp bn v thi cng i hi mc chi tit cao nht. Nu xem xt k hn bn trong ca h s thit k cng trnh giao thng th ai cng nhn thy rng chng c mi lin h cht ch vi nhau theo mt quan h logic kh r rng, v d cc kch thc hnh hc trong bn v s phi ph hp vi kt qu tnh ton c trnh by trong cc bng tnh. iu ny ni ln rng, khi m t mi lin h trn thnh mt chui cc lnh th ta c trong tay thnh phn c bn nht ca t ng ha thit k cng trnh giao thng. Vn cn li l tm kim gii php thch hp thc hin t ng ha. T ng ha mt cng vic c hiu l cng vic c thc hin t ng hon ton hay mt phn nh c s tr gip ca cc thit b. V d nh qu trnh ch to xe hi c t ng ha nh h thng robot trong cc dy truyn sn xut. Trong lnh vc thit k cng trnh giao thng, do sn phm ca cng tc ny l h s thit k, cho nn thit b tr gip ph hp l cc h thng c kh nng to vn bn, tnh ton kt cu, v cc i tng hnh hc, dng m hnh.... H thng thng tin, bao gm phn cng (my tnh, my in, my qut...) v phn mm (cc chng trnh ng dng), v ang c trin khai rng ri trong khp cc cng ty t vn thit k cng trnh giao thng bi chng c nhng c im rt ph hp cho vic lp h s thit k cng trnh: My tnh cng vi cc phn mm chy trn chng cho php thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau nh: phn tch kt cu, v i tng hnh hc, to vn bn, dng m hnh... Tc tnh ton nhanh, iu ny cho php a ra nhiu hn mt phng n thit k vi thi gian c th chp nhn c. Kh nng lu tr v tn dng li d liu t hiu qu rt cao, iu ny cho php ngi thit k c th tn dng li ti a d liu c t trc. V d, vi h thng cc bn v in trn giy, vic tn dng li t hiu qu rt thp, hu nh ch mc tham kho thng tin,
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
trong khi , nu nh cng cc bn v ny c lu tr trong my tnh, ngoi vic cho php tham kho tng t nh bn v in trn giy, n cn cho php tn dng li chnh cc thnh phn trong bn v chnh sa, k tha, v kt qu ta s c c mt bn v mi t nhng d liu c. C th ni rng mc t ng ha thit k cng trnh hin nay ang nhiu cp khc nhau, ty theo tng cng vic c th, iu ny c th hin r trong cch thc to ra tng thnh phn trong h s thit k. V d, trong thit k cu, phn phn tch kt cu c mc t ng ha rt cao, nhng vic to bn v li c mc t ng ha thp hn nhiu. Tuy vy, xu hng nng cao mc t ng ha ang ngy cng r nt bi s pht trin rt mnh ca cc phn mm chuyn dng, chng ang l cng c h tr khng th thiu cho cc k s thit k, ng thi l thnh phn ch cht cho qu trnh t ng ha. Nh chng m vic phn tch kt cu cng trnh tr nn nhanh chng v chnh xc, nh chng m vic a ra cc phng n thit k ca tuyn ng cng nh vic to m hnh ba chiu ng tr thnh hin thc.
MU
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Nhm cc phn mm chuyn dng: l cc phn mm ch dng c cho mt mc ch c th no . Bi ch nhm n ca chng l r rng cho nn mc t ng ha l rt cao. V d trong phn tch kt cu, sau khi nhp xong s liu, phn mm phn tch kt cu s t ng hon ton trong vic tnh v xut kt qu. Bi s a dng ca cc bi ton thit k, cho nn cc phn mm loi ny cng rt a dng v chng loi v ngun gc, chng c th c to ra t nhng cng ty sn xut phn mm chuyn nghip nh Hi Ha, AutoDesk, MIDAS IT, ... hay t chnh nhng cng ty t vn thit k, v thm ch t chnh nhng k s thit k. Cng bi tnh a dng ny m vic la chn tm c mt phn mm ph hp i khi l mt bi ton kh i vi ngi s dng. Da trn mc ph bin trong s dng, c th k ra mt s phn mm chuyn dng sau: Trong lnh vc phn tch kt cu: MIDAS/Civil, RM, SAP, ANSYS, LUSAS, ABAQUS. Trong lnh vc a k thut: Geo-Slope, Plaxis, MIDAS GTS. Trong lnh vc a hnh, bn : Land Desktop, Topo, MapInfo, CAD Overlay. Trong lnh vc thit k hnh hc ng t: Nova-TDN, Civil 3D. Do cng trnh giao thng lun ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t xung quanh n, cho nn qu trnh thit k lun gp phi nhng bi ton ring, c bit v khng th khi qut c. Nhng bi ton ny hu nh khng c li gii tng qut, v cng bi iu ny khin cho khng c mt phn mm chuyn dng no c th gii quyt c mi vn , nht l trong thit k ng t. Bn cnh , do c s khc nhau trong cch trnh by v th hin bn v, nn thng thng cc phn mm chuyn dng ch c th p ng vic to bn v mc c bn, cn vic b sung thm chi tit hon thin bn v thng c lm th cng. Nhng nhc im ny ca cc phn mm chuyn dng li l iu kin cho s ra i cc phn mm dng Add-in1, chng thng c pht trin bi cc k s cu ng trong cng ty t vn thit k cng trnh giao thng v chy cng vi cc phn mm chnh, chng tc ng trc tip ln kt qu do phn mm chnh to ra vi mc ch l hon thin chng theo yu cu ring ca chnh cng ty .
Add-in: y l cc chng trnh dng ph tr hoc tin ch c thit k cng hot ng vi chng trnh chnh. Mc ch dng m rng cc kh nng cho chng trnh chnh. Cc chng trnh dng Add-in ny c th do chnh ngi dng to ra bng nhiu loi cng c khc nhau. Khng phi chng chnh chnh no cng chp nhn Add-in, AutoCAD, MS.Office l hai phn mm cho php s dng Add-in in hnh.
MU
trin khai cc h thng phn mm. Do , trang b c phn mm ph hp vi cng vic ca mnh cn phi thc hin mt s cng vic chnh sau: Chun b v nhn lc: khai thc hiu qu phn mm, nht l cc phn mm chuyn dng, cn c nhn lc p ng c c hai yu cu: C kin thc tin hc c bn: s dng tt h iu hnh Windows (hoc tng ng), in n, tm kim ti liu trn Internet. C kin thc chuyn mn ph hp. Phn tch cng vic cn t ng ha xc nh r cc yu cu cn c tha mn khi trin khai ng dng phn mm. V d, t ng ha cng tc thit k kt cu, nhng yu cu sau cn c tha mn: Tnh c ni lc v chuyn v ca kt cu di tc dng ca cc loi ti trng (cn nu c th, v d nh cc trng hp t hp ti trng). a ra c m t v phn b ng sut ti mt s v tr (cn nu c th, v d ti cc ni c cu to hnh hc thay i t ngt). C th tnh duyt c mt ct. C th to bn v (cn nu c th mc chi tit ca bn v) v h tr in ra my in. C th kt ni d liu vi cc phn mm khc (cn ch r nh dng kt ni, v d yu cu nhp/xut cu to hnh hc ca kt cu t/sang nh dng *.DXF). C th thm cc tnh nng mi cho phn mm bng cc cng c dng Add-in (yu cu ny c th khng bt buc phi c). Tm hiu, cng nhiu cng tt, cc phn mm chuyn dng m c th p ng c nhng yu cu trn. C nhiu cch thu thp thng tin: Kinh nghim ca cc n v, c nhn s dng. Gii thiu t nh sn xut phn mm v tnh nng, gi c v ch h tr trong qu trnh dng sn phm ca h. nh gi phn mm ca cc tp ch chuyn ngnh. Tm thng tin lin quan trn Internet.
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
m phn vi nh cung cp phn mm tm ra mt gii php hp l nht trc khi quyt nh mua sn phm.
Cho php nhng cc phn mm dng Add-in vo bn trong, v d nh cc chng trnh trong b MS.Office (Excel, Word, Power Point ...). Cc chng trnh dng Addin c th c xy dng t mt s cng c lp trnh (v d ta c th dng VSTO Visual Studio Tools for Office - xy dng cc chng trnh dng Add-in nhng vo trong b Office)
MU
S liu u vo v kt qu c lu tr trn tp vi nh dng c th hiu c. Nhng chng trnh dng ny ch cho php ngi dng to ra nhng tnh nng mi phc v cho vic nhp d liu (cc chng trnh dng Wizard1) hoc trnh by kt qu.
Wizard: thng c hiu l mt chng trnh c chc nng tr gip ngi dng nhp d liu (nhanh v trnh sai st), n c bit hu ch khi dng nhng phn mm a nng, bi nhng phn mm ny thng hay yu cu ngi dng a vo rt nhiu loi d liu m nhiu khi chng khng thc s cn thit cho mt bi ton c th. Chng trnh dng Wizard s t ng lc nhng thng tin cn thit cho bi ton c th ( ngi dng ch cn nhp nhng d liu cn thit cho bi ton ca mnh) cn nhng s liu khc m phn mm yu cu s c chng trnh Wizard t ng b sung. Bn cnh chng trnh Wizard cn c chc nng dn dt ngi dng thc hin bi ton theo mt trnh t nht nh trnh nhm ln.
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Cng c lp trnh to ra cc tnh nng mi cho phn mm hin c rt nhiu v kh d dng. Hu ht chng tp trung h tr cho AutoCAD v Office, bi hai phn mm ny c dng rt ph bin trong cng tc thit k. Vi AutoCAD ta c th s dng nhng cng c sau: Cc cng c lp trnh nhng sn bn trong AutoCAD: AutoLISP: l mt ngn ng lp trnh dng thng dch, cho php ngi dng tn dng ti a nhng lnh sn c ca AutoCAD t hp li nhm to ra nhng tnh nng mi c mc t ng ha cao.
MU
Hnh I-8: Visual LISP: cng c h tr cho lp trnh vi AutoLISP trong AutoCAD
VBA: l mt cng c lp trnh da trn Visual Basic, n cho php ngi dng kt hp tnh d dng v hiu qu ca mi trng lp trnh Visual Basic vi cc tnh nng v h thng i tng sn c trong AutoCAD. Hin nay y l cng c c dng rt ph bin xy dng thm nhng tnh nng mi, vi quy m khng ln v khng qu phc tp trn AutoCAD. Trong lnh vc thit k cng trnh giao thng, cng vic chim khi lng ln nht v mt nhiu cng nht l to bn v k thut. Mc d hu ht ngi thit k u dng AutoCAD to bn v k thut nhng mc t ng ha vn rt thp, ch yu s dng cc lnh n ca AutoCAD (thng qua dng lnh hay nt bm trong AutoCAD) cng vi cc thng s hnh hc tnh ton c (c th bng cc phn mm khc, v d phn mm tnh kt cu) xy dng bn v. Vn ny hon ton c th t ng ha c khi ngi dng bit kt hp quy tc v i tng thit k vi s liu hnh hc tnh c trong mt chng trnh VBA do chnh h to ra.
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Cng c lp trnh bn ngoi: bao gm bt c ngn ng lp trnh no m c h tr cng ngh COM (Component Object Model) ca Microsoft nh: VB, VC++, Delphi.... Cng c lp trnh ObjectARX (AutoCAD Runtime Extension): l mt cch m rng AutoCAD hiu qu nht v phc tp nht. Cc phn m rng AutoCAD c xy dng trn VC++ vi vic s dng cc th vin lp trnh m rng ca AutoCAD (chnh l ObjectARX). Bi vic cho php iu khin trc tip nhn v cu trc d liu ca chng trnh AutoCAD, cho nn nhng chng trnh c vit vi ObjectARX s c tnh linh hot rt cao, tc chy nhanh v nh gn hn so vi chng trnh cng loi vit bng cng c lp trnh khc, nhng mc phc tp ca vic lp trnh s tng ln. Hu ht cc ng dng ln chy trn nn AutoCAD u c xy dng da trn ObjectARX: Land Desktop, Civil 3D, Nova-TDN...
10
MU
5. Kt chng
Nh vy, trong chng ny, ton cnh v vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin t ng ha cng tc thit k cng trnh giao thng c cp n. Vn ct li t ng ha thit k bao gm: Qu trnh thit k cng trnh giao thng v sn phm ca tng cng on. Kh nng ca phn cng my tnh v cc h thng phn mm, bao gm c cc phn mm chuyn dng. S a dng ca cc bi ton thit k cng nh nhng hn ch trong cc phn mm chuyn dng. Nhng c im ca phn mm v cc cng c pht trin, t c c nh hng trong vic gii quyt cc vn pht sinh, vn thng gp sut qu trnh thit k. Trong khun kh gio trnh ca mt mn hc, nhiu mng kin thc s c k tha t nhng mn hc khc l iu ng nhin, v do , ch c nhng ni dung mi, cha c cp n trong nhng mn hc khc, mi c trnh by chi tit y. Vi cc chng tip theo trong gio trnh ny, nhng kin thc chi tit thc hin t ng ha thit k cu ng s c a ra theo nhng chnh ca chng u tin ny.
11
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
12
CHNGI:KHINIM
c th kt ni vi nhau, cc phn mm chuyn dng thng cung cp kt qu tnh ton di dng d liu c cu trc v c lu tr trong cc tp c nh dng TEXT, v d nh CSV hay DXF. Vi cc d liu c cu trc ny, ngi dng s t thc hin vic kt ni cc phn mm li vi nhau. Vic kt ni ny cng ch c th gii quyt thm mt s bi ton pht sinh, cho nn mt s phn mm cho php ngi dng c th can thip su hn na vo bn trong n bng cc cng c lp trnh, h c th t gii quyt cc bi ton pht sinh m ngi thit k phn mm khng th d kin trc c. Khi ngi dng xy dng nhng chng trnh ca h da trn nhng ng dng c thit k theo cu trc m ny, h s tn dng nhng kh nng
13
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
sn c ca chng lm nn, gip cho vic lp trnh c nhanh v hiu qu hn rt nhiu so vi cch lp trnh thng thng, v do , c th gi chng l cc ng dng nn, in hnh v c s dng nhiu nht lm ng dng nn trong lnh vc thit k l AutoCAD v Excel, ngoi vic ph hp vi nh dng ti liu trong h s thit k (bn v v bng tnh) chng cn cho php ngi dng xy dng cc chng trnh chy cng vi mc ch b sung thm cc chc nng chuyn bit. Nh vy, mt phn mm c gi l ng dng nn khi n tha mn ng thi cc tiu ch sau: Cho php mt chng trnh chy bn trong v cng vi n (tng t nh mt lnh). Cho php s dng cc tnh nng ca n thng qua cng c lp trnh thch hp.
Mt lnh mi hay mt chc nng mi c xy dng trn ng dng nn thc cht l mt chng trnh hon chnh, v vy, xy dng n cn c cng c lp trnh tng ng. Thng thng cng c lp trnh c hiu nh l mt tp hp bao gm: Ngn ng lp trnh. Mi trng lp trnh. Th vin h tr lp trnh. Mt v d v cng c lp trnh trn AutoCAD, l AutoLISP. Vi cng c lp trnh ny, khng nht thit phi c mi trng lp trnh v th vin h tr lp trnh, ta ch cn to ra mt tp dng TEXT cha cc m lnh vit bng ngn ng AutoLISP. Tuy nhin t phin bn AutoCAD R14, thun tin cho ngi lp trnh, mt mi trng lp trnh dnh cho AutoLISP c b sung, l Visual LISP. Vi mi trng lp trnh ny, vic lp v kim sot chng trnh tr nn thun li hn rt nhiu, bi Visual LISP c tch hp nhiu tnh nng h tr lp trnh chuyn nghip, trong khi , nu ta khng s dng mi trng lp trnh, th tuy ta c th vit c mt chng trnh AutoLISP hon chnh, song trong sut qu trnh xy dng chng trnh ny ta lun phi vt v t kim sot chng trnh.
14
CHNGI:KHINIM
Hnh I-4: Xy dng chng trnh bng ngn ng AutoLISP khi khng s dng mi trng lp trnh, ta s lun phi t kim sot c php v cc lnh m khng c bt c h tr no v th kh nng nhm ln l rt ln.
Hnh I-5: Lp trnh bng ngn ng AutoLISP trn mi trng lp trnh Visual LISP, ta lun nhn c s h tr t ng bng mu sc hay cc tnh nng khc trong mi trng lp trnh.
Th vin h tr lp trnh c th rt a dng v thng l nhng phn b sung gip cho vic xy dng chng trnh c nhanh hn thng qua s k tha nhng th c lm t trc. Khi lp trnh bng AutoLISP th th vin h tr lp trnh l tp hp cc chng trnh hon chnh cng vit bng AutoLISP. s dng th vin h tr lp trnh th mi cng c lp trnh c mt quy nh v cch thc s dng ring, v d vi AutoLISP, s dng mt chng trnh con trong th vin, ta ch cn ti chng trnh AutoLISP cha chng trnh con thng qua mt cu lnh t chng trnh chnh.
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GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Tng ng vi tng ng dng nn th s c cc cng c lp trnh ph hp. Mt ng dng nn c th h tr mt hay nhiu cng c lp trnh khc nhau, ty mc ch s dng. AutoCAD h tr cc cng c lp trnh trn ng dng nn sau: AutoLISP ObjectARX VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) Cn Excel h tr cc cng c lp trnh: VBA VSTO (Visual Studio Tools for Office) Mi cng c lp trnh lun c nhng c im ring v kh c th phn xt ci no hay hn hoc km hn mt cch tng qut. Do , la chn c cng c lp trnh thch hp khi lp trnh trn ng dng nn, cn da vo mc ch c th. V d khi lp trnh trn AutoCAD, to cc cng c tr gip v th AutoLISP l la chn hp l. Nhng xy dng nhng ng dng ln, phc tp, i hi phi can thip su vo bn trong AutoCAD th ch c th dng ObjectARX mi lm c. Trong lnh vc t ng ha thit k cng trnh giao thng, hu ht cc bi ton ln v c bn c gii quyt, nhng cn rt nhiu cc bi ton khc, tuy khng ln v khng qu phc tp, nhng li rt a dng v kh khi qut, vn cha c phn mm thc hin, v do , phm vi ng dng ca lp trnh trn ng dng nn l rt ln v c tnh hiu qu cao. Hn na, vi quy m ca cc bi ton ny, th vic la chn VBA lm cng c lp trnh l rt ph hp bi: Ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic (VB) l mt loi ngn ng d s dng, c s lng ngi dng ng o v ti liu tham kho rt phong ph. iu ny cho php ngi dng trao i k nng, tm kim ti liu, m ngun mt cch d dng. Mi trng lp trnh thn thin, d dng v y nn vic xy dng ng dng s nhanh v khng cn thm cng c lp trnh no khc. Trn tt c cc ng dng nn h tr VBA, giao din lp trnh l ng nht, do ngi dng c th lp trnh m rng trn nhiu ng dng nn mt cch thun li. Th vin lp trnh c rt nhiu v a dng cho nn ngi dng c th xy dng ng dng ca mnh nhanh v chuyn nghip. Tc thc thi ca chng trnh nhanh. Khai thc c hu ht cc tnh nng sn c ca ng dng nn. Chng trnh VBA c th c nhng trong tp ca ng dng nn (chng hn nh tp bng tnh ca Excel hay tp bn v ca AutoCAD) hoc c th c lu di dng mt d n c lp. iu ny gip cho vic phn phi, chia s m lnh c thun tin. Ktchng T ng ha cng tc lp h s thit k cng trnh giao thng l hon ton kh thi v c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. D n VBA nn xy dng theo hng gp c phn tnh ton v xut kt qu vo mt m-un thng nht. S dng AutoCAD v Excel lm ng dng nn xy dng cc ng dng bng VBA nhm mc ch h tr thit k l la chn mang tnh kh thi cao v c nhiu u im. lp trnh vi VBA, cch tt nht, l lm ch tng phn. u tin cn nm vng ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic v cch s dng VBA IDE vit m lnh cng nh thit k giao din.
16
CHNGI:KHINIM
Sau nghin cu m hnh i tng ca ng dng nn (l nhng thnh phn ca ng dng nn m ngi dng c th s dng) cng nh cch s dng chng bng VBA.
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GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
18
CHNGII:TNGQUANVVBA
COM (Component Object Model): l mt kin trc lp trnh c thit k bi Microsoft. Mc ch ca cng ngh ny l to ra mt chun cng ngh trong lp trnh, m cho php xy dng chng trnh theo m hnh lp ghp hay s dng li cc sn phm c hon thin t trc theo chun COM.
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GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
5. Vit m lnh (lp trnh): l vic s dng cng c lp trnh to ra chng trnh ph hp vi h thng c thit k bc 4. 6. Kim th chng trnh: l cng on hon thin v chun b a chng trnh vo s dng. Nhng cng vic chnh ca bc ny bao gm: Kim tra xem cc chc nng ca chng trnh tha mn cc yu cu ra t trc cha bng cch chy th tt c cc tnh nng ca chng trnh da trn mt kch bn c th. Kim tra hiu nng ca chng trnh: xem thi gian thc hin v quy trnh s dng chng trnh c hp l khng. Kim tra kh nng chu li ca chng trnh, v d nh khi nhp s liu sai. Mt chng trnh m bo kh nng chu li l n s khng b dng li t ngt do li thao tc ca ngi dng hay d liu sai. 7. ng gi, a chng trnh vo s dng: bao gm vic xy dng ti liu hng dn ci t v s dng chng trnh nhm mc ch gip ngi dng c th trin khai chng trnh vo thc t. 8. Tip nhn cc gp , phn hi ca ngi dng b sung hay hon thin nhng khim khuyt ca chng trnh m trong qu trnh thit k h thng hay kim th b qua hoc cha pht hin c. 9. Nng cp chng trnh: sau mt thi gian s dng, da trn nhng phn hi ca ngi dng, nu thy rng chng trnh cn b sung thm nhng tnh nng mi th ngi pht trin phn mm s thc hin s b sung ny da trn nhng thnh phn c t trc.
3. Cu trc ca mt d n VBA
Khi ni n cc thnh phn to nn mt d n VBA th cu trc ca n, v tng qut, nh sau: M-un chun (Module): l ni cha cc m lnh khai bo, cc chng trnh con (hm v th tc). Vic to ra cc m-un chun thng cn c theo cc khi chc nng m ngi thit k h thng t ra. M-un lp (Class Module): l ni cha nh ngha cho cc lp ca d n. Userform: l giao din dng hp thoi gip cho vic giao tip gia ngi s dng v chng trnh c thun tin. Thng thng ngi ta s dng Userform nhp s liu, xut kt qu ca chng trnh. Trong mt s d n, nu vic nhp s liu v biu din kt qu c thc hin trc tip trn ng dng nn, th c th khng cn s dng Userform. Nhng thnh phn ny l b khung ngi dng xy dng chng trnh ca mnh ln trn , v d nh vit m lnh hay thit k giao din cho chng trnh. M-un lp v UserForm l hai thnh phn c th xut hin hoc khng thy thuc vo tng d n v tt c nhng thnh phn s dng trong d n u c hin th trn giao din ca VBA IDE.
20
CHNGII:TNGQUANVVBA
Tuy nhin, khi xy dng chng trnh (vit m lnh) c th th khi nim cu trc ca mt chng trnh l s b tr, sp xp cc cu lnh trong chng trnh . Nh vy khi nim cu trc ny ph thuc vo tng loi ngn ng lp trnh. i vi ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic (VB), cu trc ca n ch tp trung vo chng trnh con (hm v th tc) ch khng c mt quy nh v cu trc no i vi chng trnh chnh. Chi tit ca cu trc ca chng trnh con s c cp n trong cc phn sau.
21
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
1. Thanh trnh n (Menu bar): cha tt c cc la chn cn thit thao tc vi VBA IDE 2. Ca s d n (Project Explorer Window): lit k di dng cy phn cp cc d n hin ang c m trong VBA IDE v cc thnh phn c trong tng d n nh cc ti liu thnh phn, cc m-un cha chng trnh con, cc m-un lp, cc ca s do ngi dng to.
GI Vic thm cc thnh phn mi vo trong mt d n c thc hin trong menu Insert ca VBA IDE. V d mun thm mt m-un chun vo trong d n, chn Insert Module
3. Ca s m lnh (Code Window): mi thnh phn c lit k trong ca s d n u c mt ca s m lnh ring, cha m lnh cho thnh phn . Ngi dng c th hiu chnh m lnh, to ra m lnh mi trong ca s m lnh.
22
CHNGII:TNGQUANVVBA
4. Ca s tra cu i tng (Object Browser Window): hin th cc lp, phng thc, thuc tnh, s kin v hng s c trong th vin i tng v trong d n m ngi dng va to. Ta c th s dng ca s ny tm kim, tra cu tt c cc i tng m ta va to ra cng nh cc i tng trong cc chng trnh khc. 5. Ca s i tng trc quan (Visual Object Window): khi ngi dng to cc i tng trc quan th ca s ny s cho php ngi dng thao tc trn cc iu khin mt cch d dng v thun tin. 6. Hp cng c cha iu khin (Tool Box): cha cc thanh cng c gip ngi dng c th chn cc iu khin vo ca s ngi dng (UserForm). 7. Ca s thuc tnh (Properties Window): ca s ny lit k tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng, qua ngi dng c th tham kho v thay i cc thuc tnh khi cn nh mu ch, tn i tng
5. V d u tin vi VBA
V d ny c trnh by vi mc ch gip ngi dng lm quen vi VBA IDE trong Excel. Kt qu ca v d l hin th ni dung A1 trong Sheet1 ca bng tnh ln tiu ca mt hp thoi ngi dng (UserForm). Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. M ng dng Excel, nhn t hp phm ALT+F11 vo VBA IDE. 2. Trong VBA IDE, chn menu Insert trong d n. 3. Chn tip menu Insert UserForm thm mt hp thoi ngi dng vo
23
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Public Sub FirstPro() UserForm1.Show UserForm1.Caption = Sheets("Sheet1").Range("A1").Value End Sub
Sau quay tr li Excel, v chy chng trnh theo trnh t: 1. G vo A1 ca Sheet1 ni dung Hello, World. 2. Chn menu Tools Macro Macros (hoc nhn t hp phm ALT+ F8). 3. Trong hp thoi Macro, chn macro c tn FirstPro ri nhn nt Run. Kt qu chng trnh s hin th nh hnh di y:
Hp thoi Macro
Kt qu trn Excel
24
CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC
ngha ca hai ty chn ny nh sau: T ng kim tra li c php (Auto Systax Check): Ty chn ny cho php VBA IDE t ng pht hin li c php ngay sau khi ngi dng kt thc dng lnh (xung dng mi), mt hp thoi (nh hnh di y) s thng bo v tr gy li cng nh nguyn nhn gy li. Nu ngi dng b qua khng sa ngay th dng lnh c li s c nh du.
25
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Hnh III-2: VBA IDE t ng kim tra li c php v thng bo cho ngi dng
Kim tra cc bin (Require Variable Declaration): Trong VB, ngi dng c th s dng mt bin m khng cn khai bo. Trong trng hp ny bin s c khi to v nhn mt gi tr mc nh. Tuy nhin, nu lm dng iu ny, rt c th s lm cho chng trnh kh qun l v d nhm ln, v th VBA IDE cung cp ty chn ny cho php ngi dng thit lp tnh nng kim sot qu trnh khai bo bin. Khi ty chn ny c kch hot, tt c cc bin u phi khai bo trc khi s dng v VBA IDE s t ng thm vo u ca mi m-un dng lnh Option Explicit.
Hnh III-3: VBA IDE t ng thng bo li khi bin c s dng m cha khai bo
26
CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC
ngha ca cc ty chn ny nh sau: T ng hin th danh sch cc thnh phn ca i tng (Auto List Member): Vi ty chn ny, khi mt i tng ca ng dng nn hay ca chng trnh c gi ra s dng th mt danh sch cc thnh phn ca n (bao gm cc phng thc v thuc tnh) s c t ng hin th ngi dng chn, sau khi bm phm Tab, tn ca thnh phn ny s c t ng in vo v tr thch hp trong dng lnh.
T ng hin th c php cho chng trnh con (Auto Quick Info): Vi ty chn ny, VBA IDE s hin th nhng thng tin v tham s ca mt hm hay th tc ( c xy dng t trc) khi ngi dng s dng n. Cc thng tin ny bao gm tn ca tham s cng vi kiu ca n.
Hnh III-6: T ng hin th thng tin ca cc tham s trong chng trnh con.
T ng hin th gi tr ca bin (Auto Data Tips): Vi ty chn ny, trong ch g ri (Break mode), gi tr ca bin (c gn trong qu trnh chy ca chng trnh) s c hin th khi ngi dng t chut ti v tr bin. Ngoi ra, nu nhng tnh nng tr gip trn cha c kch hot, trong qu trnh vit m lnh, ngi dng c th kch hot tm thi chng bng cch nhn t hp phm Ctrl + Space. Cn ch rng, khi danh sch tr gip hin ra, ngi dng c th s dng chut hoc phm mi tn la chn mc cn s dng trong danh sch ri bm phm Tab xc nhn.
4. T kho trong VB
T kho l tp hp cc t cu thnh mt ngn ng lp trnh. Mi ngn ng lp trnh u c mt b t kho ring, di y l danh sch cc t kho trong ngn ng lp trnh VB:
27
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
As Binary ByRef ByVal Date Else Empty Error False For Friend Get Input Is Len Let Lock Me Mid New Next Nothing Null On Option Optional ParamArray Print Private Property Public Resume Seek Set Static Step String Then Time To True WithEvents
Cc t kha l nhng t c dng ring cho nhng chc nng khc nhau trong ngn ng lp trnh, v d t kha Private hn ch phm vi s dng ca bin hay chng trnh con. Do vic t tn (bin, chng trnh con) bt buc phi khc so vi cc t kha, nu khng s pht sinh li c php.
5. Cc kiu d liu c bn
Khi mt chng trnh vn hnh, n s tc ng v lm thay i gi tr ca mt vi thng s trong chng trnh, v d trong chng trnh gii phng trnh bc 2, cc thnh phn trong phng trnh: y=ax2+bx+c s cn thay i gi tr khi chng trnh hot ng. Nh vy gi tr ca cc thng s ny c nhu cu thay i trong nhng ln hot ng khc nhau ca chng trnh cng nh trong mt ln hot ng no , v d gi tr ca y s thay i khi ta thay i gi tr ca a trong phng trnh trn. Chnh bi nhu cu thay i gi tr ny m ngi ta a khi nim bin m t s ng ca nhng thng s ny. Vi mi bin, gi tr ca n lun c quy nh l phi thuc mt kiu d liu no , v d gi tr ca y trong phng trnh trn phi l kiu s thc. Do ngn ng lp trnh c thit k thc hin nhiu nhim v khc nhau cho nn trong ngn ng lp trnh no cng lun c nhiu kiu d liu thch ng vi nhu cu a dng ca vic lp trnh. Kiu d liu l loi gi tr m mt bin c th nhn, ni cch khc, khi mt bin c khai bo th ta buc phi gn cho n mt kiu d liu nht nh. V tng th c th chia cc kiu d liu trong VB ra lm hai loi:
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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC
Cc kiu d liu c nh ngha sn trong VB: l nhng kiu d liu c bn v thng gp nh kiu s thc (Double), s nguyn (Integer), Chui (String)... Cc kiu d liu do ngi dng t nh ngha: l kiu d liu c t xy dng da trn nhng thnh phn d liu c bn trong VB. Cch xy dng kiu d liu ny c cp trong phn di.
s Kch thc
1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes
Phm vi
0 n 255 -32,768 n 32,767 -2,147,483,648 n 2,147,483,647
s K.thc Phm vi
4 byte 8 bytes 8 bytes T -3.402823E38 n v t 1.401298E-45 n 3.402823E38 -1.401298E-45
Mng Matrix_1 trn c 11 phn t lin tc c nh s t 0 n 10 (ma trn c 1 hng v 11 ct). Khi s dng ta ch vic gi phn t cn dng theo ch s tng ng.
29
GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG
Gn gi tr 100 cho phn t th 2 Matrix_1(1)=100 Gn gi tr 100 cho phn t cui cng Matrix_1(10)=100
Trong VB, mng c th c mt chiu hoc nhiu chiu, kch thc ca mng c xc nh da trn s chiu v bin trn, bin di ca mi chiu. Cc thnh phn trong mng l lin tc gia hai bin. Trong cc v d trn, cc mng c kch thc (hay s lng phn t) l khng thay i trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca chng trnh. Ngi ta gi loi mng ny l mng tnh v thng c dng cho nhng bi ton bit trc s phn t ca mng hay kch thc mng khng ln. Ngoi loi mng tnh ny, trong VB cn cho php nh ngha mt loi mng khc m kch thc (hay s lng phn t) ca n c th thit lp li ngay trong lc chng trnh ang hot ng, ngi ta gi loi mng ny l mng ng. Vi mng ng, ngi lp trnh khng cn bit s phn t ca mng trong lc lp trnh, s phn t ny s c thit lp trong qu trnh chng trnh hot ng da theo nhu cu ca tng bi ton c th. Khi mt mng ng, m cc phn t ca n c gn gi tr, cn thay i kch thc, s c hai tnh hung cn xt n: Ton b gi tr ban u (trc lc thay i kch thc mng) s b hy b, cc phn t mng mi (sau khi thay i kch thc) s nhn gi tr mc nh.
Khai bo mng A l mng ng Dim A() As Long Xc nh kch thc cho mng ng A: mng 1 chiu c 5 phn t Redim A(1 to 5) As Long Gn gi tr cho phn t ca mng A A(1) = 100: A(2) = 200 nh li kch thc cho mng A: mng hai chiu vi 3x3=9 phn t Redim A(1 to 3, 2 to 4) as Long
Sau dng cui cng ny, ton b gi tr ca mng A c (c A[1]=100 v A[2]=200) s b xa b v tt c cc phn t mi ca mng A (9 phn t) s nhn gi tr mc nh (thng c gn bng 0). Gi tr c ca cc phn t mng s c gi li khi c hai iu kin sau tha mn:
30
CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC
S dng lnh ReDim vi t kha Preserve. S thay i kch thc mng ch c thc hin bin trn ca chiu cui cng ca mng, ngha l cc phn t cn gi li gi tr c ch s khng i ngay c khi mng c nh li kch thc.
Khai bo mng ng A Dim A() As Long Gn kch thc cho mng A ReDim A(1 To 3, 1 To 3) As Long Gn gi tr cho phn t ca mng A A(1,1) = 100: A(1,2) = 200 A(2,1) = 150: A(2,2) = 250 nh li kch thc cho mng A, gi li gi tr ban u ca cc phn t, lu n phm vi ca mng mi ReDim Preserve A(1 To 3, 1 To 5) As Long
Trong v d trn, cc phn t ca mng A c gi li gi tr sau khi kch thc ca mng c thay i li. Lu , ta ch c th gi li gi tr ca mng ban u khi s m rng c thc hin ra bin cui cng ca n nh hnh trn.
to iu kin thun li cho ngi dng, bn trong VB c sn mt s hm lin quan n x l chui, v d nh ct chui, tch chui, ghp chui, tm kim, Cc hm c bn ny c trnh by phn sau trong gio trnh ny hoc c th tra cu ton b cc hm lin quan trong MSDN (Microsoft Developer Network) hoc Object Browser (th vin Strings) bng cch nhn phm F2 trong giao din lp trnh VBA IDE
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Hnh III-9: Thng tin v cc hm trong th vin lp trnh ca VBA c hin th trong Object Browser
V d trn s hin th thng tin v thi gian (ngy thng nm) trong ca s Immediate ca VBA IDE.
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S dng hm VarType(vVariant) s cho ta m ca kiu d liu hin ang lu tr trong bin Variant. Gi tr VarType 0-vbEmpty 1-vbNull 2-vbInteger 4-vbSingle 7-vbDate 8-vbString 9-vbObject 11-vbBoolean Ch thch
Khng c g trong variant Khng c d liu hp l trong variant Variant cha Integer Variant cha Single Variant cha Date/Time Variant cha String Variant cha mt Object Variant cha Boolean
Kiu gi tr
Integer Integer Double Double Double Double Double String
Vi mt chng trnh x l s liu o ton c, cch tt nht l qun l theo im o, v do mi im o l mt bin c kiu d liu ph hp vi bng trn. chnh l kiu d liu t nh ngha.
nh ngha kiu d liu cho im o ton c Type DiemDo TrM As Integer STT As Integer DT As Double DG As Double DD As Double H As Double V As Double MT As String End Type
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Sau khi nh ngha kiu d liu DiemDo xong, ta c th s dng n nh nhng kiu d liu thng thng khc.
Khai bo bin s dng kiu d liu t nh ngha Dim P1 As DiemDo Dim P_Array(1 to 1000) As DiemDo With P1 .TrM = 1 .STT = 1 .DT = 2130 .DG = 2120 .DD = 2110 .H = 130.5 .V = 78.25 .MT = Goc nha C4 End With P_Array(1) = P1
T kha: With End With dng trnh phi nhp li nhiu ln tn bin kiu d liu t nh ngha. Du chm ( . ) c s dng thao tc vi cc thnh phn bn trong ca bin c kiu d liu t nh ngha. V d sau l tng ng vi v d trn, nhng khng s dng cp t kha With End With, ch l du chm ( . ) lun c:
Khai bo bin s dng kiu d liu t nh ngha Dim P1 As DiemDo Dim P_Array(1 to 1000) As DiemDo P1.TrM = 1 P1.STT = 1 P1.DT = 2130 P1.DG = 2120 P1.DD = 2110 P1.H = 130.5 P1.V = 78.25 P1.MT = Goc nha C4 P_Array(1) = P1
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Cc phng thc (Method): m t hnh vi, chc nng ca i tng. V bn cht, phng thc l cc chng trnh con c xy dng bn trong lp v chng c nhim v x l cc d liu ca chnh lp . Cc s kin (Event): S kin gip cho lp c kh nng giao tip vi cc lp khc hoc vi mi trng ngoi. Trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny, cc vn lin quan n xy dng lp s khng c cp chi tit. Tuy nhin nu ai quan tm c th tm hiu thm trong gio trnh Lp trnh hng i tng trong xy dng ca b mn T ng ha thit k Cu ng.
Hnh III-10: Phm vi s dng ca bin c khai bo trong chng trnh con
Nu bin c khai bo cp m-un v bin c khai bo trong chng trnh con c tn trng nhau th bn trong chng trnh con, bin c s dng l bin c khai bo bn trong n. Ta xt v d sau:
Option Explicit Dim a As Double, b As Double Public Sub Test1() a = 100 : b = 200 End Sub Public Sub Test2() Dim a As Double, c As Double Test1 c = a + b Debug.Print "a = "; a; Debug.Print "b = "; b;
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Debug.Print "c = "; c; End Sub
Bin a v b c khai bo cp m-un, ngha l mi chng trnh con trong m-un ny u c th s dng v tc ng ln chng. Gi tr ca a v b c gn trong chng trnh con Test1. Trong chng trnh con Test2 mt bin a khc c khai bo (trng tn vi bin a ca mun), v gi tr khi to ca n bng 0. Kt qu chy chng trnh con Test2 nh sau:
S dng t kha Public xc nh phm vi s dng bin l trong ton b d n, ngha l t bt c ni u trong d n (m-un chun, m-un lp, v Userform) u c th s dng bin ny. Bin c khai bo vi t kha Public thng c gi l bin ton cc. Trong m-un no , nu mt bin c khai bo vi t kha Dim, th mc nh, bin l bin cc b, ngha l tng ng vi vic s dng t kha Private.
CH Khng s dng cc t kho Public,Private hay Friend cho khai bo d liu nm bn trong chng trnh con.
mc rng hn, c th coi bin nh mt khi d liu ca chng trnh v mc ton cc c chia lm hai loi nh sau: Ton cc mc ng dng: Trong trng hp ng dng gm nhiu d n (multiprojects), nu trong mt m-un khng c khai bo la chn Option Private Module th tt c cc thnh phn d liu hay chng trnh c khai bo Public trong m-un c phm vi hot ng ton b ng dng ngha l chng cn c th c tham chiu t nhng d n khc trong ng dng.
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Ton cc mc d n: Trong trng hp ng dng gm nhiu d n (multi-projects), nu trong mt m-un c khai bo la chn Option Private Module th tt c cc thnh phn d liu hay chng trnh c khai bo Public trong m-un ch c phm vi hot ng trong ni b d n cha m-un m khng th c tham chiu t nhng d n khc trong ng dng.
S dng t kha Private xc nh phm vi hot ng ca bin l trong ni b ca m-un , tt c cc chng trnh con hay bt c thnh phn no ca m-un ny u c th s dng bin loi ny nhng chng khng th truy cp c t nhng m-un hay Userform khc trong d n.
Hnh III-14: Phm vi s dng ca bin tng ng vi t kha Public v Private. CH Khi khai bo kiu d liu ngi dng t nh ngha hoc cc chng trnh con trong mt m-un, nu khng ch r phm vi hot ng th pham vi hot ng mc nh l Public. trnh cc nhm ln do khng nh phm vi hot ng mc nh, ngi dng nn ch r phm vi hot ng ca chng trnh hay d liu ngay khi khai bo.
Ngoi ra, trong cc m-un lp (Class Module) hoc m-un lnh ca UserForm cn c th s dng t kha Friend xc nh phm vi hot ng ca mt chng trnh con (phng thc). Khi s dng t kha ny, chng trnh con c th c truy xut t mi ni trong ni b d n (Project) cha n nhng khng th c truy xut trong nhng d n khc ca ng dng (khc vi khi dng t kha Public chng trnh con c th c truy xut t mi ni ca ng dng).
CH Cc khai bo d liu vi cc t kho trn c thc hin trong phn General ca mt m-un. Cc d liu cn c gi l d liu cp m-un (module level). Trong mi m-un, phn u tin (ca phn vit m lnh) c gi l phn General ca m-un . Theo quy c, cc thit lp cho m-un c t y v VBA IDE s t ng phn cch phn ny. Khng c gii hn v kch thc cho phn ny.
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Cc t kho Public hay Private xc nh phm vi hiu lc ca hng s, vi t kho Public, hng s ny c th s dng bt c u trong ng dng, cn vi t kho Private th hng s ny ch c th s dng bn trong m-un ni khai bo hng s . ngha ca hai t kha ny cng khng thay i cho tt c cc phn khc m c s dng chng.
Khi dng t kha Public hay Private nhm xc nh phm vi hiu lc ca bin thay cho t kha Dim trong khai bo bin th c php nh sau:
Public <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu>
Hay:
Private <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu>
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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC Type <Tn_ kiu> <tn_trng_1> as <Kiu_d_liu> <tn_trng_2> as <Kiu_d_liu> <tn_trng_n> as <Kiu_d_liu> End Type
Sau khi khai bo kiu t nh ngha, ngi dng c th s dng cc bin c kiu t nh ngha bng cch khai bo nh cc bin thng thng, vi <Kiu_d_liu> c thay bng <Tn_kiu>. truy cp ti mt trng ca bin kiu bn ghi, dng ton t (.) hoc dng cp t kha With End With.
CH Cc t kho Public hay Private nhm xc nh phm vi hot ng ca kiu d liu c khai bo. ng thi khai bo kiu ch c thc hin cp m-un (khng thc hin c trong cc chng trnh con). Khi khng ch r th phm vi hot ng th mc nh ca mt kiu d liu t nh ngha l Public.
Trong khai bo trn khng cha cc thng s v chiu v thun ty ch l mt khai bo. Cc phn t ca mng cha c to ra (hay ni cch khc mng vn cha thc s c cp pht b nh) v vn cha sn sng s dng. Trc khi s dng mng ng hoc khi mun thay i kch thc ca mng, s dng lnh Redim. C php nh sau:
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Ch rng <tn_kiu> phi ng nh khai bo ban u, cc thng s v chiu c th khc trc c v s chiu v kch thc ca tng chiu. Khi , cc d liu c trong mng khng cn na, thay vo l nhng phn t mi c khi to.
Ch rng nu thc hin khai bo mt bin i tng nh thng thng (khng c t kha New) th bin thc s cha c to ra. Trong trng hp , ngi s dng phi to v gn i tng vi cc t kho tng ng l New v Set.
Dim <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu> Set <tn_bin> = New <Kiu_d_liu>
CH Cu lnh Set khng phi l cu lnh khai bo, v vy n phi c vit trong mt chng trnh con no ch khng th nm trong phn General ca mt m-un.
Lm vic vi mt bin i tng tc l qu trnh thao tc vi i tng thng qua cc thuc tnh, phng thc v cc s kin ca i tng . truy cp ti cc thuc tnh v phng thc ca i tng ta s dng theo c php sau, ch n du chm ( . ) gia tn bin v tn thuc tnh hay tn phng thc:
<Tn_bin>.<Tn_thuc_tnh> <Tn_bin>.<Tn_phng_thc> <(tham_s_ca_phng_thc)>
M t
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* / \ Mod ^ Ton t logic Not And Or Xor Eqv = <> > >= < <= Tr v gi tr ph nh vi gi tr biu thc. Not(TRUE)=FALSE Ni logic hai biu thc. (TRUE And TRUE)=TRUE; cc trng hp khc cho kt qu bng FALSE (FALSE or FALSE)=FALSE; cc trng hp khc cho kt qu l TRUE Cho kt qu TRUE nu hai i s c cng gi tr; ngc li cho kt qu l FALSE So snh hai gi tr logic; cch thc x l tng t nh ton t Xor So snh bng Khc nhau Ln hn Ln hn hoc bng Nh hn Nh hn hoc bng Tr Nhn Chia Chia ly phn nguyn Chia ly phn d Lu tha
Ton t so snh
7.2. Cc hm ton hc
Cc hm ton hc c cha trong th vin Math (c th tra cu th vin ny bng Object Browser) v c nhim v thc hin cc php ton thng thng hay gp. Sau y l mt s hm thng dng: Hm
Abs(x) Exp(x) Log(x) Sqr(x) Cos(x), Sin(x), Tan(x) Atn(x) Fix(x) Int(x) Round(x,num) Val(str)
M t
Ly gi tr tuyt i Ly m c s t nhin Logarit c s t nhin Ly bnh phng Hm lng gic Hm lng gic ngc Ly phn nguyn (trc du phy). Fix(3.7)=3 Ly phn nguyn c lm trn. Int(3.7)=4 Lm trn s thc <x> n <num> ch s sau du phy Chuyn i chui <str> thnh gi tr kiu s
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hin. Nhng khi gp cc yu cu c bit th buc ngi dng phi s dng nhng hm chuyn i ph hp.
CH Vic chuyn i kiu d liu lun c th to ra li do khng th chuyn i c hoc pht sinh kt qu sai. Cho nn khi s dng cn ch n cc kh nng gy li ca vic chuyn i kiu d liu.
Cc hm ny c cha trong th vin Conversion (c th tra cu th vin ny bng Object Browser). Sau y l mt s hm thng dng: Hm
CBool(Expression) CByte(Expression) CInt(Expression) CLng(Expression) CDbl(Expression) CSng(Expression) CStr(Expression) Str(Number) Val(String As String)
M t
Chuyn i d liu sang kiu logic (Boolean) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu Byte Chuyn i d liu sang kiu nguyn (Integer) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu nguyn (Long) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu thc (Double) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu thc (Single) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu xu (String) Chuyn i d liu s sang kiu xu (String) Chuyn i d liu t String sang Double
V d:
Public Sub Test () Dim StrA as String Dim A as Double StrA=1234 A=Val(StrA) Kt qu A=1234 Debug.print A A=4567 StrA=Str(A) Kt qu StrA=4567 Debug.Print StrA End Sub
GI c th chy th cc on m lnh trn, trong VBA IDE, trc ht cn to ra mt m-un trong d n (nu cha c) sau to ra mt chng trnh con dng Sub v nhp on m lnh cn th vo chng trnh con ny. t con tr son tho m lnh bt c dng no trong chng trnh con v bm phm F5 chy chng trnh.
Kt qu nh sau:
GI Ca s Immediate l mt b phn trong VBA IDE, bt / tt ca s ny c thc hin trong menu View ca VBA IDE. Khi s dng lnh Debug.Print <tn_bin> th gi tr ca bin s c th hin trong ca s Immediate khi chng trnh hot ng v c lu li ngay c khi chng trnh kt thc. Ca s ny thng c dng vi mc ch g ri khi lp trnh. Khi ni dung trong ca s ny nhiu qu th ta c th xa bt bng cch chn vng cn xa v bm phm Delete.
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7.4. Cc hm x l chui
Cc hm loi ny c cha trong th vin Strings (c th tra cu th vin ny bng Object Browser). Sau y l mt s hm thng dng: Hm
Asc(x) Chr(x) Left(String, Length as Long) Mid(String, Start As Long, [Length]) Right(String, Length As Long) Split(String) Joint(StringArray) Len(String) Ucase(String) InStr([start, ]string1, string2[, compare])
M t
Tr v m ASCII ca k t u trong mt chui Chuyn i t m ASCII sang mt k t Trch d liu bn tri ca mt chui Trch d liu phn gia ca mt chui Trch d liu phn bn phi ca mt chui Tch mt chui di thnh mt mng gm nhiu chui nh hn Gp mt mng cc chui thnh mt chui duy nht Tr v di ca chui (s lng k t trong chui bao gm c k t trng) Hm thc hin i tt c cc k t trong chui thnh ch HOA. Tr v v tr bt u ca chui String2 trong chui String1.
V d:
Public Sub Test() Dim StrArDes() As String ' Mng cc chui c khai bo dng mng ng Dim StrScr As String 'Chui ban u StrScr = "Point1_23.5_4.5_44.8" StrArDes = Split(StrScr, "_") ' Tch chui StrScr thnh mt mng cc chui v a vo StrArDes, ' k t ngn cch l "_" ' Khi StrArDes(0)="Point1, StrArDes(1)="23.5" ' StrArDes(2)="4.5", StrArDes(3)="44.8" Debug.Print StrArDes(0), StrArDes(1), StrArDes(2), StrArDes(3) End Sub
Kt qu s nh sau:
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8. Cc cu trc iu khin
8.1. Cu trc iu kin
Cc t kha: If, Then, Else, ElseIf, End If C php:
If <biu_thc_iu_kin> then Khi_lnh End If
Din gii tin trnh ca cu trc iu kin nh sau: nu <biu_thc_iu_kin> l ng th chng trnh s thc hin <khi_lnh>, nu sai th chng trnh s thot khi cu trc lnh ny. S khi ca cu trc lnh kiu ny c th c biu din nh sau:
Dim A As Double Dim B As Double A = 20: B = 10 If A > B Then Debug.Print ("Hieu cua hai so A va B >0")
Kt qu nh sau:
GI Nu nh [khi_lnh] c th vit trn mt dng nh v d trn th khng dng t kha End If. phn tch nhiu lnh trn cng mt dng, s dng du hai chm (:) ngn cch gia cc lnh.
Ngoi cu trc c bn v trng hp ring trn, trong nhiu trng hp, ta buc phi x l khi <Biu_thc_iu_kin> tr v gi tr False (sai). gii quyt tnh hung ny ta s dng cu trc iu kin m rng nh sau:
If <biu_thc_iu_kin> Khi_lnh_1 Else Khi_lnh_2 End If
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Din gii tin trnh ca cu trc lnh ny nh sau: nu <biu_thc_iu_kin> l ng th chng trnh s thc hin <khi_lnh_1>, cn nu khng ng th chng trnh s thc hin <khi_lnh_2>. S khi ca cu trc lnh kiu ny c th c biu din nh sau:
Cc cu trc lnh iu kin c th c lng nhau th hin nhng thao tc phc tp hn bng cch s dng thm t kho ElseIf. Nh vy, cu trc iu kin c c php tng qut nh sau:
If <iu_kin_1> Then [Khi_lnh_1] [ElseIf <iu_kin_n> Then [khi_lnh_n] ... [Else [Khi_lnh_2]] End If
Trong khi cu trc ny, khi lnh [ElseIf <iu_kin_n> Then c th lp li nhiu ln tng ng vi nhiu iu kin khc nhau. Din gii cu trc ny nh sau: nu <iu_kin_1> l ng th thc hin [Khi_lnh_1] v thot khi khi cu trc ny, cn nu sai th s kim tra ln lt tng iu kin ca ElseIf xem c gi tr no ng khng, nu khng c gi tr no ng th thc hin [Khi_lnh_2] (sau t kha Else) v thot khi cu trc ny, cn nu gp mt gi tr ng u tin ca <iu_kin_n> no th khi lnh tng ng vi ElseIf ny s c thc hin v thot khi cu trc ny.
If (TheColorYouLike = vbRed) Then MsgBox "You 're a lucky person" ElseIf (TheColorYouLike = vbGreen) Then MsgBox "You 're a hopeful person" ElseIf (TheColorYouLike = vbBlue) Then MsgBox "You 're a brave person" ElseIf (TheColorYouLike = vbMagenta) Then MsgBox "You 're a sad person" Else MsgBox "You 're an average person" End If
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Ta xt v d trn: Nu TheColorYouLike = vbRed th s ch c thng bo: You 're a lucky person. Nu TheColorYouLike = vbBlue th s ch c thng bo: You 're a brave person. Nu TheColorYouLike khng thuc bt c gi tr no trong bng mu: vbRed, vbGreen, vbBlue, vbMagenta th s ch c thng bo: You 're an average person.
Din gii tin trnh ca cu trc la chn nh sau: Gi tr ca <biu_thc_kim_tra> s c so snh vi cc <iu_kin_i> nu gi tr ca <biu_thc_kim_tra> tho mn <iu_kin_i> th <khi_lnh_i> tng ng s c thc hin, sau chng trnh s thot khi cu trc la chn. Trong trng hp gi tr ca <biu_thc_kim_tra> khng tho mn tt c cc iu kin th <khi_lnh_else> s c thc hin nu c t kho Case Else, cn nu khng c t kho Case Else th chng trnh s thot khi khi lnh la chn ny m khng thc hin g c. V d s dng ElseIf trn c vit li vi cu trc la chn nh sau:
Select Case TheColorYouLike Case vbRed MsgBox "You 're a lucky person" Case vbGreen MsgBox "You 're a hopeful person" Case vbBlue MsgBox "You 're a brave person" Case vbMagenta MsgBox "You 're a sad person" Else MsgBox "You 're an average person" End Select
C th thy rng vi cch vit s dng cu trc la chn, on chng trnh trn d c hn nhiu so vi dng cu trc iu kin v ElseIf. S khi ca cu trc la chn c th c biu din nh sau:
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8.3. Vng lp xc nh
8.3.1. Vng lp theo bin m Thc hin lp mt khi lnh theo mt bin m vi s ln lp xc nh, v d nh khi ta cn tnh tng ca cc s nm gia hai s no . Cc t kha: For, to, Step, Next C php:
For <bin_m>=<Bt_u> To <Kt_Thc> [Step <bc_nhy>] [Khi_lnh] Next [<bin_m>]
Cu trc lp ny thc hin theo trnh t sau: Gn <Bin_m> bng gi tr <Bt_u> So snh <Bin_m> vi gi tr <Kt_thc>: Nu nh hn hoc bng: thc hin cc lnh bn trong [Khi_lnh] v t ng cng vo <Bin_m> mt gi tr bng <bc_nhy> nu c t kha Step, cn khng th cng thm 1 v quay li bc so snh <Bin_m> vi gi tr <Kt_thc>. Nu ln hn: kt thc khi lnh lp. V d sau tnh tng ca cc s t 1 n 10:
Dim i As Integer Dim Tong As Integer Tong = 0 For i = 1 To 10 Step 1 Tong = Tong + i Next Debug.Print ("Tong = " & Tong)
Kt qu nh sau:
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Kt qu nh sau:
CH Khi gi tr ca <bc_nhy> l m (<0) th cu trc lp s thc hin trnh t m ngc, ngha l vai tr ca gi tr <bt_u> v <kt_thc> i ch cho nhau.
Kt qu nh sau:
GI Nu nh mun thot khi vng lp xc nh FOR khi m s ln lp cha th ta s dng t kha Exit For.
V d sau s tnh tng ca cc s chn t 0 n 10, nhng s dng vng lp FOR ngay khi tng ln hn 20:
Dim i As Integer Dim Tong As Integer Tong = 0 For i = 10 To 0 Step -2
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Tong = Tong + i If Tong > 20 Then Exit For Next Debug.Print ("Tong = " & Tong)
8.3.2. Lp trong mt tp hp Trong trng hp mun thc hin cc khi lnh lp theo mt bin m chy trong mt tp hp m tp hp khng th xc nh c s lng hoc bc nhy th ngi dng c th dng vng lp trong tp hp (For Each Next). Tp hp y c th l mt tp i tng dng Collection hoc mt mng. Cc t kho s dng For, Each, In, Next C php:
For Each <bin_chy> In <tp_hp> [Khi_lnh] Next
Gii thch: <bin_chy> s nhn cc gi tr t phn t u tin n phn t cui cng trong <tp_hp>. ng vi mi gi tr ca <bin_chy>, khi lnh c thc hin mt ln.
CH Kiu ca <bin_chy> trong vng lp (For Each Next) s ph thuc vo kiu ca <tp_hp> m n duyt qua l kiu mng hay kiu tp i tng. i vi <tp_hp> l tp i tng th kiu d liu ca <bin_chy> c th l Variant, hoc i tng cng kiu vi tp i tng . i vi <tp_hp> l mng th kiu d liu ca <bin_chy> ch c th l Variant.
V d sau s thc hin tnh tch cc s trong mt mng 2 chiu vi vic dng vng lp trong tp hp. Kt qu s c hin th trong ca s Immediate.
Public Sub TestForEach() Dim a(0 To 2, 0 To 1) As Double Dim v As Variant Dim Tich As Double a(0, 0) = 1: a(1, 0) = 2: a(2, 0) = 3 a(0, 1) = 4: a(1, 1) = 5: a(2, 1) = 6 Tich = 1 Debug.Print "Cac phan tu trong mang" For Each v In a Debug.Print v Tich = Tich * v Next Debug.Print "Tich=" & Str(Tich) End Sub
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Kt qu nh sau:
Vi c php ny, [Khi_lnh] ch c thc hin khi <iu_kin> l ng. V d sau s m s ch s chn trong khong hai s A, B:
Dim i, A, B, SoChan As Integer A = 1: B = 10 i = A SoChan = 0 Do While i <= B If (i Mod 2) = 0 Then SoChan = SoChan + 1 i = i + 1 Loop Debug.Print ("So chu so chan = " & SoChan)
Kt qu nh sau:
Nu mun vng lp lun c t nht mt ln thi hnh khi lnh, s dng c php:
Do [Khi_lnh] Loop While <iu kin>
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Vi c php ny, [Khi_lnh] c thc hin t nht mt ln cho d <iu_kin> ng hay sai bi <iu_kin> c kim tra cui ca cu trc. Kiu2:LpchonkhiiukinlFALSE
Do Until <iu_kin> [Khi_lnh] Loop
Nu mun vng lp lun c t nht mt ln thi hnh khi lnh s dng c php:
Do [Khi_lnh] Loop Until <iu_kin>
CH Khi [Khi_lnh] c thc thi, nu nh trong [Khi_lnh] khng c cu lnh no tc ng ln <iu_kin> n nhn gi tr ngc li th vng lp ny s khng bao gi kt thc v lm cho ng dng b treo. thot khi tnh hung treo ny c nhiu cch v cch n gin nht l bm t hp phm Ctrl+Break quay tr li VBAIDE. C cch khc thot khi vng lp, ngoi vic thit lp <iu_kin> c gi tr ngc li, l s dng t kha Exit Do t trong [Khi_lnh].
Trong phn thn chng trnh con c bc gia phn khai bo v phn kt thc (c t kha End). Cc t kha [Private|Public|Friend] xc nh phm vi hot ng ca chng trnh con. Khi nim phm vi ny cng tng t nh phm vi ca bin c trnh by phn trc. T kha [Static] xc nh cch thc cp pht b nh cho cc bin khai bo bn trong chng trnh con (s trnh by c th phn sau).
CH T kha Friend ch c s dng trong m-un lp hoc m-un lnh ca UserForm.
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9.1. Hm (Function)
L chng trnh con c tr v gi tr khi n c gi. C php khai bo nh sau:
[Private/Public/Friend][Static] Function <Tn_hm> ([Cc_tham_s]) as <kiu_d_liu> [Khi_lnh] End Function
V d: to hm tnh din tch ca hnh ch nht, vi hai tham s cn nhp vo l chiu rng v chiu di ca hnh ch nht.
Function Dien_Tich(Rong As Double, Dai As Double) as Double Dien_Tich=Rong*Dai End Function
9.2. Th tc (Sub)
L chng trnh con khng tr v gi tr khi c gi. C php khai bo nh sau:
[Private/Public/Friend][Static] Sub <Tn_hm> ([Cc_tham_s]) [Khi_lnh] End Sub
V d: to mt chng trnh con dng th tc c tnh nng nh phn trn c th vit m lnh nh sau:
Sub Dien_Tich(Rong as Double, Dai as Double, Dt as Double) Dt=Rong*Dai End Sub
CH Trong v d ny, v chng trnh con khng c gi tr tr v nn nhn v gi tr din tch phi b sung thm tham s Dt vo trong danh sch tham s ca chng trnh con.
Ch n khai bo bin a, b v c ca chng trnh con ny: Trc bin a l t kha ByRef. Trc bin b khng c t kha, ngha l s dng kiu mc nh ca VB. Trc bin c l t kha ByVal. Chng trnh con th hai c xy dng trn cng mt m-un vi chng trnh con trn nh sau:
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Public Sub CallTest() Dim va As Long, vb As Long, vc As Long va = 500: vb = 500: vc = 500 ' In gi tr ca bin trc khi gi chng trnh con th nht Debug.Print " Cac gia tri bien truoc khi goi chuong trinh con:" Debug.Print "va=" & Str(va) Debug.Print "vb=" & Str(vb) Debug.Print "vc=" & Str(vc) ' Gi chng trnh con th nht Test va, vb, vc ' In gi tr ca bin sau khi gi chng trnh con th nht Debug.Print " Cac gia tri bien sau khi goi chuong trinh con:" Debug.Print "va=" & Str(va) Debug.Print "vb=" & Str(vb) Debug.Print "vc=" & Str(vc) End Sub
Trong chng trnh con th 2 c li gi n chng trnh con th nht thc hin thay i gi tr ca cc bin. Kt qu khi thc thi chng trnh con th 2 nh sau:
Qua kt qu trn c th thy rng: Gi tr ca bin c th b thay i hoc khng b thay i khi chng c truyn vo chng trnh con l ph thuc vo cch nh ngha tham s trong chng trnh con . Bin a trong Sub Test c khai bo vi t kha ByRef v khi truyn bin v tr ny (bin va trong CallTest) th gi tr ca bin ban u b thay i tng ng vi cc tc ng trong chng trnh con. Bin b trong Sub Test c khai bo mc nh (khng c t kha no pha trc n) v khi truyn bin v tr ny (bin vb trong CallTest) th gi tr ca bin ban u b thay i tng ng vi cc tc ng trong chng trnh con. Bin c trong Sub Test c khai bo vi t kha ByVal v khi truyn bin v tr ny (bin vc trong CallTest) th gi tr ca bin ban u khng b thay i cho d trong chng trnh con bin ny b tc ng. Qua v d trn c th thy rng vic truyn tham s cho chng trnh con c th c phn lm hai trng hp v c t tn l truyn tham s theo tham chiu v truyn tham s theo tham tr. 9.3.1. Truyn tham s theo tham chiu Khi truyn mt bin vo tham s theo kiu tham chiu, a ch ca bin s c truyn cho chng trnh con. Do , bt k cu lnh no ca chng trnh con tc ng ln tham s s nh hng trc tip ln bin c truyn tng ng, ngha l khi chng trnh con kt thc, gi tr ca bin c truyn theo kiu ny s b thay i do chng trnh con. Truyn tham s theo
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kiu tham chiu l mc nh trong VB, ngi dng cng c th ch r vic truyn theo tham chiu bng cch thm t kho ByRef vo trc khai bo tham s. 9.3.2. Truyn tham s theo tham tr Khi truyn mt bin vo tham s theo kiu tham tr, bn sao gi tr ca bin s c truyn cho cho chng trnh con. Do , nu trong chng trnh con c cc cu lnh tc ng ln tham s th ch bn sao b nh hng v bin truyn vo s khng b thay i, ngha l sau khi chng trnh con kt thc, gi tr ca bin vn c gi nguyn nh ban u. xc nh cch thc truyn d liu cho mt tham s theo kiu tham tr, thm t kho ByVal vo trc khai bo tham s. Trong Sub Test trn, a v b l hai tham s c truyn theo kiu tham chiu cn c c truyn theo kiu tham tr. 9.3.3. Tham s tu chn. Tham s tu chn l tham s c th c hoc c b qua khi gi chng trnh con. Cc tham s tu chn c khai bo vi t kho Optional v trong mt chng trnh con, cc khai bo ca cc tham s tu chn lun phi nm cui danh sch tham s c khai bo. V d: vit chng trnh con tnh ton din tch ca mt ct ch nht c khot l (nh hnh di) vi yu cu sau: Tnh din tch mt ct vi cc thng s v chiu rng w, chiu cao h v bn knh r ca l khot. Trong trng hp thiu thng s v bn knh r, ch tnh din tch mt ct ch nht v b qua l khot.
Sau khi to m lnh trn, nu mun tnh din tch cho mt ct vi w =100, h =200, r =20 c th gi hm nh sau: DT(100,200,20) tnh din tch c xt n khot l vi bn knh l 20, hoc DT(100,200) tnh din ca hnh ch nht (khng c l).
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CH bit c mt tham s tu chn c b b qua khi gi chng trnh con hay khng, dng hm IsMissing(tham_s_tu_chn) v ng thi tham s tu chn bt buc phi c kiu d liu l Variant (v hm IsMissing ch c hiu lc i vi cc bin kiu Variant). Hm ny tr v TRUE nu tham s b b qua, FALSE nu tham s c mt.
9.3.4. Danh sch tham s vi s lng tham s tu . Visual Basic 6.0 cho php to mt chng trnh con vi danh sch tham s tu (ngha l s lng cc tham s c th thay i khi gi chng trnh con) thng qua vic t t kho ParamArray trc danh sch tham s. Khi danh sch tham s l tu chn v c dng mt mng kiu Variant. V d: vit mt hm tnh tng ca tt c cc s truyn vo vi s lng s c truyn l tu . M lnh tham kho nh sau:
Public Function TinhTong(ParamArray ds()) Dim So As Variant Dim Tong As Variant Tong = 0 For Each So In ds Tong = Tong + So Next TinhTong = Tong End Function
Khi :
TinhTong(100,200,-200) cho kt qu l 100 TinhTong(2,300) cho kt qu l 302
V d: vit chng trnh con sp xp cc phn t trong mng mt chiu v tr v mt mng c th t tng dn. M lnh tham kho nh sau:
Public Function Mang_tangdan(Mang_bandau() As Double) As Double() Dim Lb As Long, Ub As Long ' bien dau va cuoi cua mang Dim i As Long, j As Long Lb = LBound(Mang_bandau): Ub = UBound(Mang_bandau) Dim Mang_tamthoi() As Double Khai bao mot mang tam thoi Mang_tamthoi = Mang_bandau Dim Tg As Double For i = Lb To Ub - 1 For j = i + 1 To Ub If Mang_tamthoi(i) > Mang_tamthoi(j) Then Tg = Mang_tamthoi(i) Mang_tamthoi(i) = Mang_tamthoi(j)
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Mang_tamthoi(j) = Tg End If Next Next Mang_tangdan = Mang_tamthoi Erase Mang_tamthoi ' Huy mang tam thoi End Function
Kt qu nh sau:
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vy, gi tr ca bin sau mi phin lm vic ca chng trnh con s c lu tr. Cc bin kiu ny c gi l bin tnh (Static) V d: trong chng trnh con StVariable di y c hai bin a phng, stA l bin tnh v B l bin thng thng.
Public Sub StVariable() Static stA As Long Dim B As Long B = B + 1 stA = stA + 1 Debug.Print "Lan chay " & Str(stA), "stA=" & Str(stA), "B=" & Str(B) End Sub
Giithch Ngay khi c khai bo, tt c cc bin u c t ng khi to gi tr ban u, nu kiu d liu ca bin l dng s th gi tr khi to bng 0, cn nu kiu d liu ca bin l chui th gi tr khi to mc nh l chui rng. Trong chng trnh trn, ngay trc khi kt thc ln chy u tin, gi tr ca cc bin nh sau: Bin B = 1. Bin stA = 1. Khi kt thc ln chy th nht, bin B (bin thng thng) s c gii phng, cn bin stA (bin tnh) vn c lu gi tr (=1) ca n li trong b nh. Do n ln chy th hai, bin B c to mi s nhn gi tr l B=B+1=0+1=1, cn bin stA do vn tn ti t ln trc nn gi tr ca n l stA=stA+1=1+1=2. Trng hp: trong khai bo ca chng trnh con c s dng t kha Static Khi tt c cc bin khai bo trong chng trnh con s l cc bin tnh. V d: trong chng trnh con StPro di y s dng khai bo Static u chng trnh.
Public Static Sub StPro() Dim a As Long Dim b As Long a = a + 1 b = b + 1 a = a + b Debug.Print "Lan chay " & Str(b) Debug.Print " ", "a=" & Str(a), "b=" & Str(b) End Sub
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CH Cc bin tnh thng c s dng khi mun lu tr kt qu nhng ln chy ca chng trnh con. Ch rng d bin trong chng trnh con l bin thng thng hay bin tnh th vn lun mang tnh cht cc b.
vi ph, pb l nhng bin c truyn vo trong hm. Gichngtrnhcondngthtc(Sub) Khi gi chng trnh con dng th tc (Sub), danh sch tham s t tip sau tn th tc v k t trng, cc tham s khng cn t trong cp k t ( ).
<Tn_m-un>.<Tn_th tc> <danh_sch_tham_s>
vi pS l nhng bin c truyn vo trong th tc. Gichngtrnhconviccthamsgntheotn Trong cch gi chng trnh con theo kiu thng thng nh trn, danh sch tham s truyn vo phi ng th t nh trong phn khai bo ca chng trnh con . Ngoi ra, VB cn cho
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php gi chng trnh con vi trt t tham s tu m vn m bo s truyn tham s chnh xc thng qua tn ca tham s. V d, vi hm DT(w,h,r) phn trn th hai cch gi sau l tng ng:
DT (100,200,30) DT (r:=30, w:=100, h:=200)
Trong dng th nht, lun c s ngm hiu trnh t cc tham s l: w,h,r, y chnh l trnh t khi nh ngha hm DT. Cn dng th 2, trnh t theo nh ngha ca hm DT khng c ngha na bi c s ch r: Tn bin := Gi tr cn gn. Ch n k hiu ( := ) v trnh t bt k ca cc tham s. Vic s dng tham s gn theo tn khi gi chng trnh con c bit tin li khi chng trnh con c nhiu tham s tu chn v ngi dng khng c nh s dng ht cc tham s .
Hinh_Hoc
(Module)
TinhDTHH_MCatBT TinhDTHH_MCatCT TinhDTHH_TinhDoi
Tinh_Duyet
(Module)
LapTH_TaiTrong TTGH_CuongDo TTGH_SuDung
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S dng UserForm. Kt hp c hai phng n trn. Cc UserForm thc cht l mu cc hp thoi (ca s) c to ra theo yu cu ca ngi dng. Trn mt UserForm lun cha nhng thnh phn phc v cho nhu cu tng tc gia ngi dng v chng trnh: nhp cc d liu cn thit, ra lnh x l, la chn d liu theo tnh hung, hin th kt qu x l mt cch trc quan, Nhng thnh phn c gi l cc iu khin (Control).
iu khin la chn d liu iu khin cho php nhp d liu dng vn bn
iu khin cho php ngi dng ra lnh thng qua vic kch chut.
toraUserForm,lmtheotrnhtsau: 1. Xc nh s cn thit phi to giao din nhp-xut d liu ring: Giao din do ng dng nn cung cp khng hoc khng thch hp cho vic nhp d liu hoc xut kt qu ca chng trnh. 2. Xc nh cch thc v trnh t tng tc ca ngi s dng trn giao din: c th b tr cc iu khin sao cho thun tin i vi ngi dng, v d nh theo thi quen iu khin ca a s ngi s dng l t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. 3. Xc nh s lng UserForm cn phi to cho qu trnh nhp d liu cng nh vic hin th kt qu: ch nn s dng va v phn theo ch ca cng vic, v d nn phn tch giao din nhp d liu vi giao din trnh by kt qu v cc iu khin (nt bm) khc. 4. Xc nh cc loi d liu cn nhp vo, cc d liu theo tnh hung v cc minh ho bng hnh nh km theo gii thch r cho ngi s dng ngha ca cc thng s cn c nhp vo. Cn c vo cc loi d liu cn nhp trn xc nh cc thnh phn iu khin ph hp v a vo UserForm tng ng. Cn ch rng, cc iu khin, ngoi vic p ng yu cu v mt chc nng, chng cng cn c trnh by v gii thch mt cch d hiu v c tnh thm m.
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Hnh III-17: ngha cc loi d liu cn nhp vo c minh ha bng hnh nh.
5. La chn cc iu khin phc v cho vic xc nhn d liu sau khi nhp xong hoc ra lnh cho qu trnh x l cc d liu ny bt u thc hin. Thng thng cc iu khin ny l h thng cc nt bm (Button) xc nhn cc d liu nhp xong, yu cu bt u x l hoc hy b cc d liu nhp.
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6. La chn hnh thc hin th kt qu t la chn cc thnh phn iu khin ph hp, v d nh kt qu tnh ton l s hoc hnh v th cn chn iu khin thch hp trnh by.
7. Vit m lnh cho cc thnh phn iu khin. M lnh ny s c lu tr trong phn code ca UserForm. 11.1.1. To UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trong VBA IDE Trong VBA IDE, UserForm c to ra bng cch chn trnh n Insert UserForm Sau khi to UserForm, ta c th thm cc thnh phn iu khin vo UserForm bng cch la chn iu khin cn dng t hp cng c iu khin (Control Toolbox) v thc hin thao tc ko/th vo v tr thch hp UserForm. Kch thc ca iu khin c th thay i mt cch d dng nh thao tc ko chut vng bin ca chng.
Thng thng trong hp cng c mc nh ca VBA IDE ch c cc thnh phn iu khin chun ca VB, cc iu khin ny p ng c hu ht cc nhu cu c bn v thit k giao din. Tuy nhin ngi dng c th b sung nhng thnh phn iu khin khc vo hp cng c trn bng cch s dng Additional Controls c sn trn hp cng c (hin th bng cch nhn chut phi vo hp cng c). Vi mi my tnh khc nhau th ni dung cc iu khin c th b sung l khc nhau bi chng phc thuc vo cc th vin lp trnh c ci t trn my tnh .
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Hnh III-20: B sung thm iu khin cho hp cng c (Toolbox) ca VBA IDE.
11.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. Cc thuc tnh (Properties) l cc thng s quy nh c im, tnh cht cng nh trng thi ca UserForm hay cc iu khin, v d mu nn ca mt iu khin c quy nh bi thuc tnh BackColor. Nhng thuc tnh ny c th c thay i trong lc thit k UserForm hoc lc chng trnh ang chy. Tuy nhin mt s thuc tnh khng cho php thay i m ch cho php ngi dng bit c gi tr ca n (thuc tnh ch c Read Only). Trong qu trnh thit k UserForm, khi ta dng chut chn bt c thnh phn no trn UserForm (k c chnh UserForm) th cc thuc tnh ca n s c hin th tng ng trong ca s Properties ca VBA IDE.
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Thuc tnh
Name
Gii thch
Th hin tn ca UserForm hay iu khin. y l thuc tnh rt quan trng, l yu t xc nh iu khin khi lp trnh. Thuc tnh ny ch c thay i lc thit k giao din (trong ca s Properties ca VBA IDE). Gi tr kiu Long th hin mu nn ca UserForm hay iu khin. Gi tr kiu String th hin tiu ca UserForm hay iu khin. Gi tr kiu logic (Boolean) xc nh trng thi lm vic ca iu khin, gi tr bng True ng vi trng thi hot ng, gi tr bng False ng vi trng thi khng hot ng (iu khin coi nh b v hiu ho v thng c hin th m i trn UserForm). Gi tr kiu logic (Boolean) xc nh trng thi hin th ca iu khin, gi tr bng True ng vi s hin th iu khin, gi tr bng False ng vi s n iu khin. Th hin kiu v c ch hin th trn UserForm hoc iu khin. Th hin hnh nh trn nn UserForm hoc iu khin. Gi tr kiu String th hin ch thch v iu khin khi chut di chuyn qua (Tooltip) trong lc chng trnh hot ng. Th hin biu tng con tr chut hin th trn iu khin. Th hin loi con tr chut hin th trn nt lnh.
CI Ngoi ra, ng vi mi loi iu khin c th cn c thm nhiu thuc tnh khc hoc khng c mt s cc thuc tnh c lit k trn. Ngi dng c th tm hiu cc thuc tnh ny trong Object Browser hoc trong Help (chn iu khin v bm F1) ca VBA IDE.
Vic thay i thuc tnh ca cc iu khin c th c thc hin bng hai cch: 1. Cch 1: Thay i trc tip trong qu trnh thit k: chn iu khin v thay i gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong ca s Properties ca VBA IDE. Cch ny trc quan v d thc hin i vi a s cc thuc tnh ca hu ht cc iu khin. V d: thay i tiu cho mt UserForm di y, kch chut chn UserForm sau nhp tn ca tiu vo phn Caption ca ca s Properties.
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2. Cch 2: Thay i trong lc chng trnh ang chy: v thc cht, cc thuc tnh chnh l d liu ca cc thnh phn iu khin (thng gi chung cc iu khin ny l i tng) hay chnh l cc bin c nh ngha ring cho iu khin cho nn ta c th s dng php gn thng thng thay i gi tr cho mt s thuc tnh. C php thc hin nh sau:
<Tn_iu_khin>.<Tn_thuc_tnh> = gi tr thuc tnh <Tn_UserForm>.<Tn_thuc_tnh> = gi tr thuc tnh
GI Tn_iu_khin hay Tn_UserForm y chnh l gi tr thuc tnh Name ca iu khin c t khi thit k. Khi vit m lnh trong mt UserForm th c th thay vic dng tn ca UserForm bng t kho Me.
11.1.3. Cc phng thc ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. Cc phng thc c th xem chng l nhng chng trnh con c bit, chng ch lm vic vi cc d liu ca iu khin v tng tc ln chnh iu khin . phng thc hot ng, cn phi gi n (tng t nh gi chng trnh con) bng m lnh khi lp trnh. C php gi phng thc ca mt iu khin hay UserForm cng tng t nh vi bin i tng:
<Tn_iu_khin>.<Tn_phng_thc> <(tham_s_ca_phng_thc)> <Tn_UserForm>.<Tn_phng_thc> <(tham_s_ca_phng_thc)>
Trong phm vi ca gio trnh, khng th lit k tt c cc phng thc ca cc iu khin. Trong phn sau s trnh by mt s cc phng thc c bn ca mt s loi iu khin thng dng. bit chi tit v nhng phng thc khc, c th tra cu trong Object Browser hoc trong Help ca VBA IDE 11.1.4. Cc s kin trn giao din. Cc s kin trn UserForm hoc cc iu khin c pht sinh khi c mt hot ng no xy ra thng c pht sinh t pha ngi dng (s kin cng c th c pht sinh mt cch gin tip t qu trnh thc hin mt phng thc no ).V d, khi ngi dng r chut trn b mt UserForm s pht sinh s kin MouseMove, khi ngi dng kch chut trn UserForm s pht sinh s kin Click. i cng vi s kin cn c th tc s kin: l chng trnh c thi hnh khi s kin xy ra. Th tc s kin cho php ngi lp trnh x l cc tng tc ca ngi dng trn giao din bng cch vit cc m lnh trong th tc s kin. vit m lnh cho mt th tc s kin trn mt UserForm, vo ca s m lnh ca UserForm (nhy p chut vo UserForm), chn iu khin v loi s kin tng ng. Sau vit m lnh vo trong th tc s kin c to ra.
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Chn i tng
Chn s kin
Gii thch
xy ra khi ngi dng kch chut trn UserForm hoc trn iu khin xy ra khi ngi dng kch p chut trn UserForm hoc trn iu khin xy ra khi ngi dng nhn mt phm xy ra khi ngi dng nh mt phm (sau khi nhn xung) xy ra khi ngi dng nhn mt phm (nhng cha nh ra) xy ra khi ngi dng r chut ngang qua mt iu khin hoc trn UserForm xy ra khi ngi dng nh phm chut (sau khi nhn chut) xy ra khi ngi dng nhn phm chut (nhng cha nh ra)
11.1.5. V d To mt UserForm v vit m lnh khi kch chut vo UserForm s hin th s ln kch chut trn tiu ca n ng thi i mu nn ca UserForm theo tnh hung: nu s ln kch chut l chn th mu en, l l th mu trng. Cc thao tc nh sau: 1. Thm UserForm vo trong d n bng cch chn Insert UserForm. 2. t tn UserForm l usfCuaso1 trong thuc tnh Name ca ca s Properties; t tiu xut pht ca UserForm l Cua so chinh trong thuc tnh Caption ca ca s Properties.
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3. Vit m lnh cho s kin Click ca UserForm (hin th ca s lnh ca UserForm bng cch nhy p chut vo UserForm, chn UserForm v s kin Click). M lnh cho th tc s kin Click nh sau:
Private Sub UserForm_Click() Static numClick As Long numClick = numClick + 1 If numClick Mod 2 = 0 Then Me.BackColor = vbBlack Else Me.BackColor = vbWhite End If usfCuaso1.Caption = "Number of Click: " & Str(numClick) End Sub
GI Trong on m trn, vbBlack l hng s tng ng vi mu en, vbWhite l hng s tng ng vi mu trng. Hai hng s ny c nh ngha sn trong VB.
Nu dng vbModal (hoc 1): hp thoi (UserForm) s hin th dng Modal tc l lun tip nhn tng tc ngi dng vi hp thoi, ngi dng ch c th chuyn hng tng tc sang ni khc khi ng hp thoi. y l kiu hin th mc nh ca hp thoi. Nu dng vbModeless (hoc 0): hp thoi vn c hin th nhng ngi dng c th chuyn hng tng tc sang ni khc m khng cn ng hp thoi. n UserForm: gi phng thc Hide
Tn_UserForm.Hide
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Quay li trng thi trc lnh cui cng c thc hin trn UserForm: thc hin phng thc UndoAction
Tn_UserForm.UndoAction
Tr li trng thi trc khi thc hin Undo: thc hin phng thc RedoAction
Tn_UserForm.RedoAction
CH Vi chng trnh s dng nhiu UserForm, trnh nhm ln trong khi s dng chng trnh, ch nn hin th UserForm cn dng cn nhng UserForm khc th n i. Trc khi gi phng thc Show ca UserForm cn hin th, phi n UserForm khng dng n bng phng thc Hide ca n.
Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. Thm mt UserForm vo d n. 2. Chn vo UserForm va to, chn biu tng trong hp cng c iu khin (Control Toolbox). Sau , r th chut trn UserForm to mt hp vn bn (TextBox). trong hp cng c iu khin, r th 3. Tip tc chn UserForm trn, chn biu tng chut to mt nt lnh (Command Button), t tn (thuc tnh Name) ca nt lnh l cmdUndo, t tiu (thuc tnh Caption) ca nt lnh l Undo. 4. Tng t nh trn to nt lnh cmdRedo vi tiu Redo. 5. Vit cc th tc s kin Click cho cc nt lnh trn nh sau:
Private Sub cmdRedo_Click() Me.RedoAction End Sub Private Sub cmdUndo_Click() Me.UndoAction End Sub
Sau , chn UserForm v nhn phm F5 chy chng trnh. Nhp mt dng vn bn vo trong hp vn bn. Kch chut vo nt Undo, sau l nt Redo v theo di kt qu.
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Trong nhng phn trc nhc nhiu n vic s dng cc iu khin trn Toolbox nhng cha c tnh h thng v vy phn ny s trnh by nhng ni dung c bn c th s dng mt cch hiu qu cc iu khin ny. 2 6 5 1
Ntlnh(CommandButton)
Command Button thng c dng thc hin mt quyt nh no t pha ngi dng (thng qua vic kch chut vo Command Button hoc nhn Enter). Command Button nn c thuc tnh Caption (tiu ) v Picture (hnh nh) phn nh ng tnh nng m n m nhn. S kin hay c gi khi s dng Command Button l s kin Click hoc DblClick (kch p chut). thay i v tr ca Command Button trong khi chy chng trnh, s dng phng thc Move
Tn_Command Button.Move [Left ], [Top], [Width], [Height]
Trong cc tham s th hin v tr gc tri trn (left, top) v kch thc (Width, Height) mi ca Command Button sau khi di chuyn. thit lp trng thi nhn lnh (nhn tiu im focus), s dng phng thc
SetFocus Tn_Command Button.SetFocus
Cc phng thc Move v SetFocus nh trn khng ch p dng i vi Command Button, m cn c p dng vi a s cc iu khin khc. Hpvnbn(TextBox)
TextBox c dng nhp d liu dng vn bn (text) v n c iu khin bng cch thit lp nhng thuc tnh hay s kin hoc s dng cc phng thc ph hp. Di y l mt s thnh phn chnh dng iu khin TextBox: Cc thuc tnh dng thit lp cch thc hin th cho TextBox Thuc tnh
Text TextAlign MaxLength
M t
Ni dung vn bn cha trong iu khin. Cch thc hin th vn bn trong iu khin Qui nh di ti a ca vn bn trong iu khin (Nu t MaxLength=0, di ca vn bn l tu )
Ghi ch
Kiu String Tham kho Object Browser Kiu Long
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MultiLine ScrollBars Hin th nhiu dng hay mt dng Hin th thanh cun ngang hay dc nu ni dung vn bn ln hn kch thc ca iu khin Kiu Boolean Tham kho Object Browser
M t
Chp ni dung c nh du trong iu khin vo b nh m Di chuyn ni dung c nh du trong iu khin vo b nh m Chp ni dung t b nh m vo iu khin
Ghi ch
Tham kho trong Object Browser hoc Help
Cc s kin: thng dng x l khi c tc ng ln TextBox, thng s dng hai s kin l: KeyPress v Change. S kin, v bn cht l mt chng trnh con dng Sub v c t ng gi ra tng ng vi tc ng no ln TextBox, v d nh bm phm hay thay i ni dung. S kin Change c gi khi ni dung vn bn trong TextBox b thay i. Cn s kin KeyPress c gi khi c mt phm c nhn khi con tr ang nm trong iu khin. S kin KeyPress c mt tham s l KeyAscii. Tham s ny c kiu Integer v cha m ASCII ca phm c nhn ( bit m ASCII ca cc phm, tham kho KeyCodeConstants trong Object Browser). Nhn(Label)
Label thng c s dng hin th mt vn bn ngn gn trn UserForm hoc dng km vi mt iu khin no trn UserForm vi mc ch l gii thch nh s dng cho iu khin . Ni dung vn bn trong Label c thit lp hoc thay i thng qua thuc tnh Caption ca n. Tng tc vi thuc tnh Caption ca Label cng tng t nh i vi thuc tnh Caption ca tt c cc iu khin khc v c trnh by cc phn trc.
iu khin Label gii thch cho d liu trong hp vn bn di
Hpnhdu(CheckBox)
CheckBox thng c s dng la chn thng tin ph hp trong mt danh sch cc thng tin lin quan c lit k hoc dng b sung ni dung cho mt d liu no . thit lp hay c trng thi ca CheckBox (c chn hay khng c chn), s dng thuc tnh Value. Thuc tnh ny c kiu Boolean, nu gi tr ca n l True th c ngha l CheckBox c chn, gi tr l False ngha l CheckBox khng c chn. V d: to giao din nhp d liu v tnh tng cc s t 1 n n vi ty chn bng CheckBox nh sau:
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Nu khng chn CheckBox (khng nh du) th tnh tng ca cc s t 1 n n. Nu chn CheckBox (nh du) th ch tnh tng cc s chn trong khong t 1 n n. Thit k UserForm vi cc thnh phn nh hnh di y:
Label Name: lblSo TextBox Name: txtSo
Nttuchn(OptionButton)
OptionButton thng c dng yu cu ngi dng chn mt trong cc thng tin c lit k sn. to nhm cc OptionButton, ta c th t chng trong mt iu khin khung (Frame) hoc t chng trn UserForm.
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Hai OptionButton phc v cho vic la chn loi hnh d n. Ngi dng ch c th chn mt trong hai iu khin ny.
thit lp trng thi chn hay khng chn cho OptionButton, s dng thuc tnh Value, thuc tnh ny c kiu Boolean. Nu gi tr ca n l True th c ngha l OptionButton c chn, cn nu gi tr l False th OptionButton khng c chn. V d m lnh sau tng ng vi vic ngi dng chn OptionButton tn l optDAmoi
optDAmoi.Value=True
Hpdanhsch(ListBox)
ListBox cho php lit k mt danh sch cc gi tr ngi dng c th quan st v la chn mt hoc mt vi gi tr trong danh sch ny. Mi gi tr trong ListBox lun c ch s (Index) v ni dung (Text). Thuc tnh: Thuc tnh
List ListCount ListIndex Text Selected(i)
M t
Tr v danh sch cc gi tr trong iu khin Tr v s lng cc gi tr trong danh sch Tr v ch s ca gi tr c chn trong danh sch Tr v ni dung ca gi tr c chn Kim tra xem phn gi tr i c c chn hay khng.
Ghi ch
Tham kho Object Browser Kiu Long Kiu Variant Kiu String Kiu Boolean
M t
Thm mt gi tr vo trong danh sch Xo mt gi tr khi danh sch Xo ton b danh sch
Ghi ch
Tham kho trong hoc Help Object Browser
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UserForm: usfMc
ListBox: lstDsMc
Yu cu: khi chng trnh hot ng, trong ListBox s c mt danh sch cc mt ct c thng k ra.
M lnh cho s kin Initialize (s kin ny c t ng gi khi chng trnh np UserForm vo b nh ca my tnh) ca UserForm nh sau:
Private Sub UserForm_Initialize() lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat dau", 0 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat L/4", 1 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat L/2", 2 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat 3L/4", 3 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat cuoi", 4 End Sub
GI Phng thc AddItem c hai tham s u l tham s tu chn: tham s th nht l ni dung ca phn t, tham s th hai l v tr chn phn t trong danh sch.
bit ngi dng la chn phn t no trong ListBox, vit m lnh cho s kin Click ca ListBox nh sau:
Private Sub lstDsMc_Click() Hin th gi tr c chn ln tiu ca UserForm Me.Caption = lstDsMc.Text End Sub
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Hpdanhschthp(ComboBox)
Tng t nh ListBox, nhng danh sch cc gi tr c th hin theo kiu hin ra y khi ngi dng kch chut vo. Ngoi ra iu khin ny cn cho php ngi dng nhp gi tr cn tm vo, iu ny gip cho vic la chn c nhanh hn khi ngi dng bit tn gi tr cn chn trong danh sch v chiu di ca danh sch li qu ln.
Frame cho php nhm cc iu khin trn UserForm li theo ch , gip cho vic trnh by trn UserForm c r rng v gip cho ngi dng d s dng chng trnh. Frame cn c dng tp hp cc OptionButton thnh mt nhm. Khi to nhm iu khin trong Frame, nn to Frame trc ri mi to cc iu khin thnh phn trong n (khi cc iu khin to sau s c gn v trong Frame).
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Frame nhm cc iu khin phc v vic nhp d liu cho cc nhm vt liu khc nhau.
Hnhnh(Image)
Image cho php hin th hnh nh trn mt vng ca UserForm. S dng iu khin ny gip cho vic minh ha d liu cn nhp tr nn r rng v d hnh dung. chn hnh nh vo trong iu khin, s dng thuc tnh Picture ca n.
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Dng hm
MsgBox(Prompt, [Buttons], [Title])
M t
Kiu String. Ni dung dng nhc trong MsgBox. Kiu VbMsgBoxStyle (tham kho trong Object Browser). Kiu hin th biu tng v nt lnh trong MsgBox. Kiu String. Ni dung dng tiu ca MsgBox.
Tham s
Prompt Title Default XPos, YPos
M t
Kiu String. Ni dung dng nhc. Kiu String. Ni dung tiu . Kiu Variant. Gi tr mc nh hin th trong InputBox. Kiu Double. To gc tri trn ca InputBox khi hin th ra mn hnh.
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M t
Tiu ca hp thoi Tr v ng dn v tn ca file c chn - Hp thoi Open, Save. Tr v tn ca file c chn (khng cha ng dn) - Hp thoi Open, Save. M t cc kiu file s c hin th trong hp thoi - Hp thoi Open, Save.
Ghi ch
Kiu String Kiu String Kiu String Kiu String
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FilterIndex DefaultExt Kiu file mc nh s c hin th trong hp thoi - Hp thoi Open, Save. Phn m rng mc nh c gn trong hp thoi (khi ngi dng khng chn m nhp text vo trong phn tn file) - hp thoi Open, Save. ng dn khi to trong hp thoi - Hp thoi Open, Save Qui nh c pht sinh li hay khng khi ngi dng chn nt Cancel trong hp thoi. Tr v mu c chn trong hp thoi Hp thoi Color Kiu Integer Kiu String
M t
Hin th hp thoi m file (Open) Hin th hp thoi ghi file (Save) Hin th hp thoi chn mu (Color) Hin th hp thoi chn font ch (Font) Hin th hp thoi in n (Printer)
Ghi ch
Tham kho trong Object Browser hoc Help
Common Dialog Name: cmDlg Command Button Command Button Name: cmdOpen Yu cu: Ngi dng bm nt Open Path ly v ng dn ca mt file sau hin th n trn iu khin lbPath. Ngi dng chn nt Select Color i mu ca UserForm. M lnh tham kho nh sau: M lnh vi th tc s kin Click ca cmdOpen
Private Sub cmdOpen_Click() Dim strPath As String ' Xau luu tru duong dan cua file duoc chon Dim strFilter As String ' Xau bieu dien cac kieu file hien thi strFilter = "App(*.exe)|*.exe|Text(*.txt)|*.txt|All files (*.*)|*.*" With cmDlg .DialogTitle = "Chon file" .InitDir = "C:\Program Files" ' duong dan mac dinh
Name: cmdColor
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.Filter = strFilter .ShowOpen strPath = .Filename ' lay ve ten day du cua file duoc chon End With lbPath.Caption = strPath End Sub
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To mi tp tin: to ra tp tin trn a ghi d liu ln n. Xa tp tin khi khng cn dng n n na. Di chuyn v tr (Move) ca tp tin t ni ny n ni khc. To bn sao (Copy) cho tp tin: to mt tp tin th hai ging ht tp tin gc v ni dung nhng tn hoc v tr lu tr ca tp tin bn sao phi khc so vi tp tin gc.
Truy cp kiu ngu nhin (Random): Qu trnh c v ghi d liu vi tp tin c thc hin da trn cc mu tin c kch thc xc nh (n v o lng mu tin l Byte). Vic truy xut n mt mu tin l tu , khng cn tun theo trnh t m theo th t ca mu tin trong tp tin. Qu trnh truy cp ngu nhin thng c p dng cho cc tp tin trong d liu c t chc theo cc khi c cu trc (cc mu tin). Truy cp kiu nh phn (Binary): Qu trnh c v ghi d liu vi tp tin c thc hin theo cc khi khng ging nhau v kch thc. Qu trnh truy cp nh phn thng p dng cho cc tp tin c cu trc khng c nh v d liu c th c xc nh thng qua cc byte d liu c c vo. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny, tp tin vn bn v cc thao tc ln n, c trnh by chi tit bi tnh ph bin v hu dng ca loi tp tin ny khi lm vic vi cc phn mm ng dng trong ngnh xy dng cng trnh giao thng. vic thao tc vi cc tp tin c thun li, VB cung cp sn hai phng php c bn:
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S dng cc hm c sn thao tc trc tip ln tp tin (dng cc hm I/O). S dng mt s iu khin thao tc gin tip ln tp tin (dng i tng FSO).
Trong :
<ng dn>: l mt gi tr kiu String dng xc nh ng dn ca tp tin (v tr
ca n trn a).
<Kiu thao tc>: cch thc thao tc vi tp tin, tham s ny c th nhn mt trong
cc gi tr sau:
Input: c d liu t tp tin, khng gy li th tp tin ny phi c sn trn a. Output: ghi d liu vo tp tin vi hai im cn lu :
Nu tp tin l c sn th ton b d liu bn trong n s b xa sch trc khi d liu mi c ghi vo (ghi ln nhng d liu c). Vic ny s lm my i nhng d liu ban u. Nu tp tin cha tn ti, mt tp tin mi s c to ra vi tn v v tr ca tp tin c xc nh trong <ng dn>.
Append: ghi d liu vo cui tp tin c (ghi thm, ni vo nhng d liu c). <filenumber>: l mt gi tr kiu Integer i din cho tp tin . Sau ny, khi thao
tc vi tp tin ny, th gi tr ny s l i din. iu ny rt hu ch khi lm vic ng thi vi nhiu tp tin ang m, lc , ghi hay c d liu vi tp tin no, ta ch vic a vo gi tr ca <filenumber> tng ng trong cc lnh c/ghi d liu.
[Len = Buffersize]: ch ra s k t trong vng m khi sao chp d liu gia tp
tin v chng trnh. y l mt gi tr ty chn. V d: Khi trn a C khng c tp tin File1.txt th cu lnh sau s to mi v m sn tp tin ny ghi d liu:
Open C:\file1.txt For Output as 1
13.2.2. c d liu t tp tin: Sau khi tp tin c m bng lnh Open vi kiu l Input, n sn sng cho vic c d liu bn trong n. D liu c th c theo nhng cch thc sau:
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cdliutheotngdng Khi nim dng d liu trong tp tin khc so vi khi nim dng ch trn trang giy. Dng d liu c th cha rt nhiu k t (c di hu nh khng hn ch) v mt dng c coi l kt thc ti ni c cha k hiu xung dng (vbCrLf bao gm hai k t c s hiu 13 v 10). C php c mt dng t tp tin nh sau:
Line Input #<filenumber>, <strVar>
Cu lnh ny c d liu t dng hin ti ca tp tin c m (c ch s l <filenumber>) v gn d liu c c cho bin strVar (bin ny c kiu String). Cu lnh Line Input # s t ng nhn dng dng d liu thng qua k hiu xung dng (tuy nhin n khng a k hiu xung dng vo bin strVar). Sau lnh Line Input #, v tr con tr c d liu s c t ng chuyn xung dng tip theo.
CH Ngay khi m tp tin c, con tr c d liu s c t ng t dng u tin trong tp tin.
CH Khi kt thc thao tc vi tp tin th cn phi ng chng li, nu khng thng tin trong c th mt hoc ngi khc khng truy cp vo tp tin c.
cmtdanhschccchuitheoktphncch c mt danh sch cc chui theo k t phn cch l du phy (,) hoc k hiu xung dng (vbCrLf) vi c php sau:
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Cu lnh ny c khi d liu t v tr hin ti ca con tr c d liu trong tp tin c ch s <filenumber>. D liu c c s c gn vo cho <danh sch cc bin> (mi bin trong danh sch ny u c kiu d liu l String). S khi d liu c c s ph thuc vo s bin c trong <danh sch cc bin>. Khi d liu c nhn dng da vo du phy ( , ) hoc k hiu xung dng (vbCrLf). Sau lnh Input #n, v tr con tr c d liu s c t ng chuyn sang khi d liu tip theo.
CH c d liu bng lnh Input #n thng c dng vi tp tin m d liu ca n c to ra bi lnh Write #n.
Nu lnh c d liu c gi khi v tr con tr c d liu cui tp tin th s xy ra li. trnh li ny cn phi kim tra v tr ca con tr c d liu, xem n c cui tp tin hay khng. Hm EOF (Filenumber) (c kiu Boolean) c dng cho mc ch ny, n s tr v gi tr True nu v tr con tr c d liu ang cui tp tin, v ngc li s tr v gi tr False. V d sau s c ton b d liu trong tp tin C:\File1.txt:
Dim strRe As String Open "C:\file1.txt" For Input As #1 Do While Not EOF(1) Input #1, strRe Debug.Print strRe Loop Close #1
13.2.3. Ghi d liu vo tp tin: Thao tc ghi d liu vo tp tin c thc hin sau khi tp tin m ghi vi hai kiu ghi d liu l ghi ln d liu ban u (vi thng s Output) hay ghi ni vo sau cc d liu ban u (vi thng s Append). Vi Output: ton b ni dung ban u ca tp tin s b xa v con tr ghi d liu s c t v tr u tin. Nu tp tin cha c th n s c t ng to ra theo tn v v tr ca ng dn trong lnh Open. Vi Append: vic ghi c thc hin ni tip vo tp tin hin ti, v tr bt u ghi mc nh l cui tp tin. GhidliuvilnhPrint #n C php nh sau:
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Trong :
filenumber: ch s ca tp tin. outputlist: danh sch cc gi tr cn ghi, cc gi tr trong danh sch ny c phn tch nhau bi du ( ; ). Nu outputlist kt thc bng du (;) con tr ghi d liu s
chuyn sang v tr k tip. Ngc li, nu cui danh sch trng th con tr ghi d liu s chuyn sang dng k tip. Cc thnh phn d liu trong outputlist s c ghi lin tc vo tp tin, ngi dng c th thm cc khong trng bng lnh Spc(n) hoc cc du tab bng lnh Tab(n)(vi n l s k t cn thm vo). V d: chng trnh sau s ghi d liu vo tp tin C:\file1.txt bng lnh Print #
Sub FilePrint() Open "C:\file1.txt" For Output As 1 Dim Ax As Double, Ay As Double Dim Bx As Double, By As Double Ax = 100: Ay = 100 Bx = 200: By = 200 Print #1, "Diem A: "; Ax; Print #1, Ay Print #1, "Diem B: "; Bx; Print #1, By Close 1 End Sub
Kt qu nh sau:
Trong :
filenumber: ch s ca tp tin. outputlist: danh sch cc gi tr cn ghi, cc gi tr trong danh sch c phn tch nhau bi du ( , ). Nu outputlist kt thc bng du ( ; ) con tr ghi d liu s
chuyn sang v tr k tip. Ngc li, nu cui danh sch trng th con tr ghi d liu s chuyn sang dng k tip. Cc thnh phn d liu trong outputlist s c ghi lin tc vo tp tin v du phy ( , ) s c t ng thm vo gia hai gi tr trong tp tin. V d: chng trnh con sau s ghi d liu vo tp tin C:\file2.txt:
Sub FileWrite() Open "C:\file2.txt" For Output As 1 Dim Ax As Double, Ay As Double
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Dim Bx As Double, By As Double Ax = 100: Ay = 100 Bx = 200: By = 200 Write #1, "Diem A: ", Ax; Write Write Write Close End Sub #1, Ay #1, "Diem B: ", Bx; #1, By 1
Kt qu nh sau:
13.2.4. ng tp tin Sau khi thao tc c/ghi d liu ln tp tin ta cn phi ng chng li bng lnh Close theo c php sau:
Close <filenumber>
CH Trong tt c cc v d c v ghi d liu trn u c lnh ng tp tin sau khi kt thc cc thao tc c/ghi.
13.3. X l d liu trong tp tin theo m hnh FSO (File System Object)
Cc thao tc vi tp tin phn trn ch bao gm hai loi c bn nht l c d liu t tp tin v ghi thng tin ln tp tin, cn nhng thao tc khc, thng xuyn c s dng, nh: la chn tp tin, sao chp, di chuyn, xa, tuy c th thc hin c t nhng lnh c/ghi c bn trn nhng kh rc ri. V vy, to thun li cho ngi dng, VB cung cp nhng chc nng ny thng qua m hnh FSO. y l mt tp hp cc lp i tng, m nhim v ca chng l cung cp cho ngi dng hu ht cc cng c thao tc vi tp tin. Cc lp i tng theo m hnh FSO l mt dng b sung cho VBA v c cung cp di dng th vin lp trnh vi tn gi Microsoft Scripting Runtime. s dng th vin ny trong VBA IDE cn thc hin thao tc sau: trong VBAIDE chn trnh n Tools References nh du chn Microsoft Scripting Runtime Chn OK
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Hnh III-25: S dng th vin lp trnh Microsoft Scripting Runtime. CH Khi thao tc vi tp tin, m hnh FSO ch h tr cch thc truy cp tun t.
M t
i tng qun l trong m hnh FSO i tng a i tng th mc i tng tp tin i tng lung d liu (dng text) phc v vic thao tc vi d liu trong tp tin
Ghi ch
Tham kho Object Browser Help. trong hoc
Cc phng thc chnh ca lp FileSystemObject phc v cho thao tc tp tin Tn phng thc
CopyFile DeleteFile MoveFile FileExists CreateTextFile GetFile OpenTextFile
M t
Sao chp tp tin Xo tp tin Di chuyn tp tin Kim tra s lm vic ca tp tin To tp tin mi (dng text) Nhn v mt tp tin c M mt tp tin dng text lm vic
Ghi ch
Tham kho Object Browser Tham kho Object Browser Tr v gi tr Boolean Tr v i tng kiu TextStream Tr v i tng kiu File Tr v i tng kiu TextStream
Ghi ch
Tr v d liu kiu String
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ReadLine ReadAll Skip SkipLine Write WriteLine WriteBlankLines Close c mt dng d liu trong tp tin c ton b d liu trong tp tin B qua mt xu d liu trong tp tin B qua mt dng d liu trong tp tin Ghi mt xu d liu vo trong tp tin Ghi mt xu d liu thnh mt dng trong tp tin Chn mt dng trng vo trong tp tin ng lung d liu. Tr v d liu kiu String Tr v d liu kiu String Tr v i tng kiu TextStream
TrnhtlmvicvidliucatptintheomhnhFSO 1. To i tng <FSO> thuc lp FileSystemObject nhm qun l tp tin, th mc hoc a theo c php sau:
Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject
Hoc:
Set FSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")
Trong : <FSO> l tn ca i tng (chnh l tn bin), m da vo n ta s thao tc vi tp tin. 2. To i tng <TxtStr> thuc lp TextStream nhm phc v cho vic thao tc vi d liu trong tp tin theo c php sau:
Dim TxtStr As New TextStream
3. Thao tc vi d liu vi i tng TxtStr. 4. ng lung d liu kt thc thao tc theo c php sau
TxtStr.Close
CH Hai cch khai bo bin i tng sau l tng ng nhau: Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject V: Dim FSO As FileSystemObject Set FSO = New FileSystemObject
13.3.1. To tp tin mi S dng phng thc CreateTextFile to tp tin mi v m sn n cho cc thao tc c/ghi. C php nh sau:
Set TxtStr=FSO.CreateTextFile(FileName,[Overwrite],[Unicode])
Trong :
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FileName: tn ca tp tin cn to, kiu String, phi bao gm y ng dn xc
V d sau s to ra tp tin Test.txt trong a C, nu tp tin ny c, n s b ghi ln, ngha l cc thng tin c s b xa ht:
Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject Dim TxtStr As TextStream Set TxtStr=FSO.CreateTextFile(C:\Test.txt,True,True)
13.3.2. M tp tin c thao tc Khi mun lm vic vi mt tp tin c (c/ghi), s dng c php sau:
Set TxtStrObj=FSO.OpenTextFile(FileName,[IOMode],[Create],[Format])
Trong :
FileName: Tn v v tr ca tp tin (kiu String). [IOMode]: Kiu thao tc vi tp tin. Tham s ny l tu chn, c th nhn mt trong 3 gi tr sau: ForAppending (hoc 8): thm d liu vo cui tp tin c. ForReading (hoc 1): c d liu t tp tin. y l gi tr mc nh ca tham s. ForWriting (hoc 2): ghi d liu vo tp tin. [Create]: Ty chn c to tp tin hay khng trong trng hp tp tin cha tn ti. N c kiu l Boolean, gi tr mc nh l False. [Format]: tham s tu chn, ch cch m tp tin theo nh dng. Tham s ny c th
tr mc nh ca tham s. Trong qu trnh c d liu t tp tin, phi lun chc chn rng v tr con tr c d liu khng cui tp tin bi iu ny s lm pht sinh li. kim tra xem v tr con tr c d liu cui tp tin cha, dng thuc tnh AtEndOfStream ca lp TextStream. Thuc tnh ny tr v gi tr True nu cui, tr v false nu cha. V d: on chng trnh sau s c ni dung ca tp tin C:\file1.txt v in ra ca s Immediate.
Sub FSOReadFile() Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject
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Dim TxtStr As TextStream Dim StrTemp As String If FSO.FileExists("C:\file1.txt") Then Set TxtStr = FSO.OpenTextFile("C:\file1.txt", ForReading) Do While Not (TxtStr.AtEndOfStream) StrTemp = TxtStr.ReadLine Debug.Print StrTemp Loop TxtStr.Close Else MsgBox "Tap tin khng co hoac Duong dan sai",vbCritical,"Thong bao" End If End Sub
Tp tin
Kt qu
Nhng thao tc khc nh Copy, Move, Delete hay lm vic vi th mc khng c cp trong gio trnh ny, tuy nhin ngi c c th tm hiu trong cc ti liu tham kho nu cui gio trnh ny hoc trong Help Online ca VBA IDE.
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Li do gii thut: l cc li xy ra do thut ton hoc do vic ci t v s dng cc thut ton cha ng. Cc li gii thut thng dn ti kt qu x l ca chng trnh b sai, trong nhiu trng hp cc li gii thut cng c th l nguyn nhn lm pht sinh cc li thc thi. VBA IDE khng th pht hin c cc li loi ny m phi do ngi lp trnh hoc ngi s dng chng trnh mi tm ra c. V vy, y l loi li kh pht hin v khc phc nht.
on m lnh trn s hin th hp thoi InputBox ngi dng nhp mt s nguyn, sau hin th kt qu va c nhp vo thng qua hm MsgBox. Thc thi chng trnh con ny, sau trong hp thoi va hin th, nhp vo mt chui k t l s nguyn, v d l 123, sau nhn OK mt hp thoi khc s hin th kt qu va nhp. Tip tc thc thi chng trnh mt ln na, ln ny nhp mt chui k t khng phi l s nguyn, v d l ABC, sau chn OK. VBA IDE s hin th thng bo li nh sau:
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Trong ca s thng bo li c hin th M li v M t li ngi dng c th tra cu, khc phc li. Trong v d ny, l li s 13, li Type missmatch Khng ph hp kiu d liu. Nu ngi dng chn nt lnh End chng trnh s kt thc thc thi. Nu ngi dng chn nt lnh Debug, chng trnh s dng li ngay ti dng lnh lm pht sinh li trn. VBA IDE s hin th ca s m lnh v nh du dng lnh ni pht sinh ra li thc thi.
Hnh III-27: VBA IDE nh du dng lnh lm pht sinh li thc thi.
Nh c iu ny m ngi lp trnh c th r c nguyn nhn pht sinh li v ni lm pht sinh li thc thi, t c c hng khc phc hp l. 14.2.2. Cc phng php thc thi m lnh Trong cc trnh bin dch hin i ni chung v VBAIDE ni ring, ngi dng c h tr rt nhiu thng qua cc tnh nng g ri nh bin dch theo tng bc, theo cc im dng, hin th cc kt qu trung gian. Tu thuc vo mc ch m ngi lp trnh c th s dng mt phng php ph hp hoc c th s dng phi hp gia cc phng php. Cc phng php thc thi m lnh c th c truy cp thng qua trnh n Debug ca VBAIDE: Chytngbc(StepInto) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: F8.
Chng trnh c dch theo tng dng lnh. Mi khi ngi lp trnh nhn F8 th chng trnh s thc thi mt dng lnh, c nh th cho n khi kt thc chng trnh. Nu ti mt dng lnh c li gi n chng trnh con khc th khi tip tc thc hin vi Step Into, con tr bin dch s c nhy n dng u tin ca chng trnh con c gi. Chytngbcvikhilnh(StepOver) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: SHIFT+F8.
Phng php ny tng t nh chy tng bc (Step Into) nhng vic thc thi mt chng trnh con c coi nh thc thi mt dng lnh. V vy nu trong chng trnh hin ti c mt li gi chng trnh con th chng trnh con s c thc thi nh mt lnh v do con tr bin dch sau s nhy ti dng lnh tip theo ca chng trnh con hin ti. Chyrangoichngtrnhcon(StepOut) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: CTRL+SHIFT+F8.
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Nu con tr bin dch ang trong mt chng trnh con, th lnh bin dch Step Out s dch ton b cc lnh cn li trong chng trnh con v a con tr lnh ti v tr tip sau v tr c li gi chng trnh con. Chytivtrcontrchut(RuntoCursor) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: CTRL+F8.
Chy t v tr con tr bin dch hin ti ti v tr c con tr son tho. Phng php ny thng c dng khi ngi lp trnh mun thc thi qua ton b nhng khi lnh lp n dng lnh m mnh cn quan tm. Toimdng(Breakpoint)khichychngtrnh Nt lnh: . Phm tt: F9.
Vi phng php ny, khi ngi lp trnh thc thi chng trnh, trnh bin dch s dng li ti cc v tr dng lnh tng ng c nh du trc. to im dng cho mt dng lnh, a con tr son tho chn dng lnh tng ng v nhn phm F9.
Nu mun xo im dng cho mt dng lnh, a con tr son tho n dng lnh c im dng v nhn phm F9. Nu mun xo ht tt c cc im dng to, nhn phm tt CTRL+SHIFT+F9. 14.2.3. Ca s tr gip g ri Ngoi vic g ri s dng cc phng php thc thi chng trnh, VBAIDE cn h tr ngi lp trnh cc cng c dng th nghim cc dng lnh v kim sot cc bin trong chng trnh. y l cng c rt hu ch gip ngi lp trnh c th theo di v t pht hin ra li trong chng trnh, nht l cc li pht sinh do gii thut. Castrunggian(ImmediateWindow). hin th ca s trung gian, trong VBAIDE chn trnh n View hoc s dng phm tt CTRL+G: Immediate window,
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Vi ca s trung gian, ngi dng c th: G mt dng lnh vo v nhn ENTER thc thi dng lnh trc tip t ca s trung gian. Hin th gi tr ca biu thc ln ca s trong qu rnh g ri. hin th gi tr ca biu thc, trong ca s trung gian g ?Biu_Thc ri nhn phm ENTER. Ngi lp trnh c th in gi tr ca biu thc ra ca s trung gian t m lnh chng trnh s dng c php:
Debug. Print <danh_sch_cc_biu_thc>
Thay i gi tr ca mt bin trong khi chy chng trnh t ca s trung gian. Chng hn nh trong chng trnh ang thc thi c bin a, ngi lp trnh c th thay i gi tr ca bin a thnh 5 bng cch g a=5 trong ca s trung gian v nhn phm ENTER. Castheodi(WatchWindow). hin th ca s theo di, trong VBA IDE chn trnh n View Watch Window.
Ca s ny thng c s dng theo di s bin i ca cc bin hoc cc biu thc trong qu trnh m lnh c thc thi. Ngoi ra, trong ca s theo di, ngi lp trnh c th thay i gi tr cho bin trong lc ang thc thi chng trnh. Cn lu l gi tr ca bin/biu thc cn theo di ch c hin th khi trnh bin dch ang thc thi mt dng lnh nm trong phm vi hiu lc ca bin/biu thc . V d nh bin a trong chng trnh con VD1 ch hin th gi tr trong ca s theo di khi trnh bin dch ang thc thi mt dng lnh nm trong chng trnh con VD1 . thm mt biu thc vo trong danh sch cc biu thc ang c theo di ca ca s Watch, thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Trong VBA IDE, chn trnh n Debug Add Watch hin th hp thoi Add Watch. 2. Nhp biu thc cn theo di trong mc Expression. 3. Chn tn m-un v tn ca chng trnh con, ni c cha bin/biu thc cn theo di trong mc Module v Procedure. 4. Nhn ENTER hoc chn OK thm vo ca s theo di.
GI khng phi thc hin cc bc v , trc khi hin th ca s theo di, cn nh du chn bin/biu thc s c theo di. Khi , cc mc Expression, Module v Procedure s c t ng in cc gi tr tng ng.
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M t
Bt ch by li. Khi c li xy ra, chng trnh s c t ng nhy n dng lnh c nhn <Label> tip tc thc thi m lnh. y chnh l ni cha b x l li ca chng trnh. Cn lu l phn m lnh c nhn <Label> phi nm trong cng mt chng trnh vi cu lnh On Error. Khi dng by li kiu ny, trc nhn <Label> thng c lnh Exit Sub hoc Exit Function (tu thuc chng trnh con c by li) nhm trnh thc thi b x l li trong trng hp li khng xy ra.
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On Error Resume Next Bt ch by li. Khi c li xy ra, chng trnh s t ng nhy n dng lnh ngay sau dng lnh gy li tip tc thc thi m lnh. Cu lnh ny thng c s dng khi c cu lnh truy xut n mt i tng no . nm r li pht sinh, cu lnh ny thng c s dng kt hp vi i tng Error (xem thm mc i tng Err trang 96) Tt ch by li. Khi thc hin dng lnh ny, cc li pht sinh trc s c xo v ng thi k t sau dng lnh ny, cc li s khng c chn li v x l na, v nh vy chng trnh c th ngng hot ng nu c li thc thi xy ra.
On Error GoTo 0
Khi s dng cu lnh On Error GoTo <Label>, ngay trc nhn <Label> thng c lnh Exit Sub hoc Exit Function (tu thuc chng trnh con c by li) nhm trnh thc thi b x l li trong trng hp li khng xy ra. V vy, khun mu ca cc chng trnh c b x l li c th c tham kho thao on m lnh sau:
Sub InitializeMatrix(Var1, Var2, Var3, Var4) On Error GoTo B_x_l_li . . . Exit Sub B_x_l_li: . . . Resume Next End Sub
on chng trnh sau y s thc hin truy xut n mt tp, sau ng tp li. Nu trong qu trnh thao tc c li xy ra, chng trnh s c t ng nhy n dng lnh pha sau nhn lbErr hin th thng bo v li xy ra cho ngi s dng.
Sub SolveErrorExample() On Error GoTo lbErr Open "C:\fileABC.txt" For Input As 1 Close 1 Exit Sub lbErr: MsgBox "Loi xay ra: " & Err.Description, vbCritical, "Thong bao loi" End Sub
Khi thc thi chng trnh, trong trng hp tp C:\fileABC.txt khng tn ti, ngi dng s nhn c thng bo li nh sau:
14.3.2. i tng Err i tng Err cha tt c cc thng tin v li thc thi ca chng trnh. i tng ny thng c s dng cng vi cu lnh On Error Resume Next. Nh c i tng Err m ngi lp trnh c th bit r c cc thng tin v li xy ra c hng x l thch hp.
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i tng Err c nhiu phng thc v thuc tnh khc nhau phc v cho vic x l li. Trong , nhng thuc tnh v phng thc c s dng nhiu nht bao gm: Description, Number v Clear. ThuctnhNumber Thuc tnh Number tr v s hiu ca li thc thi. y cng l thuc tnh mc nh ca i tng Err, ngha l hai biu thc Err.Number v Err l tng ng nhau, u tr v s hiu ca li thc thi. Trong trng hp khng c li xy ra, thuc tnh ny tr v gi tr 0. ThuctnhDescription Thuc tnh Description tr v chui k t m t thng tin ngn gn v li thc thi xy ra. Thng thng, khi li xy ra, nn t nht l hin th thng bo li cho ngi dng bng cch s dng hm MsgBox kt hp vi thuc tnh Description. Trong trng hp khng c li xy ra, thuc tnh ny tr v chui k t rng . PhngthcClear Phng thc Clear s xo tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng Err, c ngha l sau khi thc thi phng thc Clear, i tng Err s c tr v trng thi nh khi khng c li xy ra. Phng thc ny thng c gi sau khi tin hnh x l xong cc li thc thi. V d sau s minh ho cch thc s dng i tng Err. Trong v d ny c thc hin php chia cho 0, v vy chng trnh s lm pht sinh li thc thi. Nh c cu lnh On Error GoTo out nn khi c li, chng trnh s t ng nhy n cu lnh sau nhn out. V vy cc cu lnh sau cu lnh lm pht sinh li nh MsgBox x v Exit Sub s khng bao gi c thc hin. on m lnh sau nhn out thc hin nhim v thng bo cho ngi dng s hiu li v m t v li
Sub test() On Error GoTo out Dim x, y x = 1 / y ' Dng lnh ny lm pht sinh li chia cho 0 MsgBox x Exit Sub out: ' Hin th thng bo li cho ngi dng MsgBox Ma loi: & Err.Number MsgBox Err.Description End Sub
14.3.3. Hm Error Hm Error tr v chui k t cha m t v li tng ng ca mt s hiu li. C php ca hm nh sau:
Error[(errornumber)]
Tham s errornumber l tham s tu chn, l s nguyn cha s hiu ca mt li no . Nu errornumber l mt li hp l nhng cha c nh ngha, hm Error s tr v chui Application-defined or object-defined error.. Nu errornumber l mt s khng hp l th s lm pht sinh li. Nu tham s errornumber b b qua, hm Error s tr v m t ca li thc thi gn nht.
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1. Thanh trnh n l ni cha cc lnh dng gi n cc chc nng ca chng trnh. H thng thanh trnh n c truy cp bng chut, v trong mt s lnh ph bin cn c th s dng t hp phm (v d lu bng tnh c th bm phm Ctrl+S). 2. Thanh cng c c rt nhiu thanh cng c khc nhau, mi thanh cng c cha cc nt lnh trc quan hoc cc la chn dng thc hin mt nhm chc nng no trong chng trnh. Hay ni cch khc, mt lnh c th c gi t thanh cng c hoc t thanh trnh n. 3. Thanh cng thc bao gm cha a ch ca hin hnh v cha ni dung ca hin hnh. Ti y ta c th xem c cng thc trong mt no trong khi vn cha kt qu ca cng thc . 4. Workbook l mt tp ti liu ca Excel. Mi Workbook c th cha nhiu bng tnh (Worksheet) v cc d liu m rng khc. Ti mi thi im ch c mt worksheet hin hnh v ta ch c th lm vic vi worksheet ny. 5. Worksheet l loi ti liu chnh trong tp ti liu ca Excel, mi worksheet cha cc tnh (cell) c t chc thnh cc hng v ct.
2. Macro
Cch tt nht lm quen vi vic lp trnh trn Excel chnh l s dng Macro v tm hiu cch thc hot ng ca n.
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2.1. Macro l g?
Khi lm vic trong Excel, i lc gp phi nhng tnh hung m ngi s dng phi lp i lp li rt nhiu thao tc thc hin cc nhim v tng t nhau, v d nh thng xuyn phi nh dng d liu thnh mt kiu bng ging nhau. iu ny rt d dn n s nhm chn trong cng vic. Do , khi thit k Excel, Microsoft a ra khi nim Macro c th gi gn tt c cc thao tc y vo mt thao tc duy nht. Macro l tp hp cc lnh v hm c lu tr trong mt m-un m lnh ca VBA nhm thc hin mt nhim v no . Macro c th c to bng cch: Excel s t ghi li thao tc ca ngi dng khi lm vic trn n (Macro dng kch bn) v khi gi Macro ny, Excel s t ng lp li ton b cc thao tc trn; Ngi dng t vit cc on m lnh thc hin cc thao tc tng ng. Sau khi c to ra, mi khi thc thi Macro, tt c cc thao tc c lu trong Macro s c thc hin t ng. V thc cht, Macro l mt chng trnh con dng th tc (Sub) vi t kho Public. Tuy nhin, khc vi cc th tc khc, Macro l th tc khng c tham s. Chnh v vy, tt c cc th tc vi t kho Public v khng c tham s u c xem l Macro v s c hin th trong trnh qun l Macro ca Excel (cch gi: chn trnh n Tools Macro Macros hoc bm Alt+F8). Trong cc khai bo chng trnh con trong v d sau, ta s thy c cch nh ngha mt Macro:
Sub Macro() Macro Public Sub Macro () Macro Private Sub Macro() Th tc vi t kho Private, khng phi Macro Sub Macro(Input as Double) Th tc c tham s, khng phi Macro Public Function Macro() as Double Hm, khng phi Macro
2.2. To Macro
2.2.1. To Macro theo kch bn y l cch to Macro d dng nht, theo cch ny, ngi s dng s chun b trc tt c cc thao tc s thc hin (xy dng mt kich bn), sau yu cu Excel bt u ghi Macro, ngi dng s ln lt thc hin cc thao tc theo kch bn, Excel s ghi nhn cc thao tc v t ng chuyn tng thao tc thnh cc on m lnh VBA tng ng, on m lnh ny s c lu li trong tp XLS v mc nh l trong Module1.
CH Nu trong qu trnh thu Macro, ngi s dng thc hin khng ng theo kch bn d nh (b li) v c thm nhng thao tc sa li cc li , th ton b nhng thao tc pht sinh ny cng s c ghi nhn nh l mt phn ca Macro.
V d sau s tin hnh thu Macro c nhim v nh dng mt bng d liu vi nh dng nh sau: Tiu Ni dung Ni dung Tiu Ni dung Ni dung Tiu Ni dung Ni dung Tiu Ni dung Ni dung
ToMacrotheokchbndngnhdngbngdliu:
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1. Chn vng d liu cn nh dng, v d vng A1:D5. 2. Trong trnh n Tools, chn Macro Record New Macro hin th hp thoi Record Macro.
3. Trong mc Macro name, nhp tn ca Macro, v d l Macro1. 4. Nu mun thc thi Macro bng cch nhn phm tt, nhp mt ch ci thng thng vo Shortcut Key. Sau , thc thi Macro, ta ch cn nhn t hp phm CTRL+Ch ci (vi ch vit thng) hoc CTRL+SHIFT+Ch ci (vi ch vit hoa). Ch ci t lm phm tt khng c php l s hay cc k t c bit nh @ hoc #. Nu phm tt ny trng vi cc phm tt c th nhng phm tt c s b v hiu ho. 5. Trong mc Store Macro In, chn ni s lu tr Macro. Nu munMacro c th s dng c ngay cho mi bng tnh mi khi s dng Excel, th chn mc Personal Macro Workbook. Trong v d ny, chn This Workbook.
CH Nu ngi dng to mt Macro kh hu dng v mun dng li nhiu ln th nn chn lu Macro trong Personal Macro Workbook. Tp bng tnh ny l mt tp bng tnh n c tn l Personal.xls, c lu trong th mc Xlstart. Mi khi khi ng Excel, tp bng tnh ny s c t ng ti ln nhng ch n. Mc nh, tp Personal.xls khng tn ti cho n khi ngi dng to Macro v Macro c lu vo Personal Macro Workbook (chn trong Store Macro In ca hp thoi Record Macro).
. K t thi im y, a ch s c lu tng i so vi tng Relative Reference hin hnh cho n khi thot khi Excel hoc chn mt ln na vo biu tng Relative Reference .
8. Thc hin cc thao tc m sau ny s c lp li khi Macro kch bn thc thi. a. nh dng cc ng k cho bng d liu: Chn trnh n Format Cells th Border nh dng cc ng k cho bng d liu. Chn
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b. nh dng dng tiu ca bng d liu: Chn dng u tin ca bng d liu Chn trnh n Format Cells Chn th Font chn Font Style l Bold Chn th Partern Chn mu xm. 9. Trn thanh cng c Stop Recording, nhn chut vo biu tng Stop Recording hon thnh vic to Macro theo kch bn.
Sau khi kt thc qu trnh to Macro theo kch bn, Excel s t ng pht sinh mt on m lnh nh sau:
Sub Macro1() ' Tn Macro ' ' Macro1 Macro ' Macro recorded 6/10/2007 by TTH ' ' Keyboard Shortcut: Ctrl+Shift+L Phm tt ca Macro ' Selection.Borders(xlDiagonalDown).LineStyle = xlNone Selection.Borders(xlDiagonalUp).LineStyle = xlNone With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeLeft) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeTop) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeBottom) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeRight) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlInsideVertical) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlThin .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlInsideHorizontal) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlThin .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With ActiveWindow.SmallScroll Down:=-6 Range("A1:D1").Select ' La chn hng tiu With Selection.Font ' Phng ch cho hng tiu .Name = "Arial" .FontStyle = "Bold" .Size = 10 .Strikethrough = False .Superscript = False .Subscript = False .OutlineFont = False .Shadow = False
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.Underline = xlUnderlineStyleNone .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Interior .ColorIndex = 48 .Pattern = xlSolid .PatternColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With End Sub
on m trn c thm vo mt vi dng ghi ch lm r hn tng phn ca Macro, mi ghi ch bt u bng du ' . 2.2.2. To Macro s dng VBA Trong thc t, Macro kch bn khng th p ng c mi nhu cu, thng thng n ch p ng tt nhng yu cu v thao tc c bn khi tng tc vi Excel. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi dng c th vit cc on m lnh ring vi VBA to ra cc Macro c kh nng p ng c nhu cu ca mnh. Nh vy, ngoi cch to Macro theo kch bn, cn c th to Macro bng cch lp trnh trong VBAIDE. V d sau minh ho cch thc to mt Macro s dng VBA. Mc ich ca Macro l nh dng li phng ch cho vng ang c la chn trong bng tnh: thay i tn phng ch thnh Time News Roman, kiu ch thnh Italic, kch c ch 11. ToMacrosdngVBAIDE 1. Trong mn hnh chnh ca Excel, chn trnh n Tools Macro Visual Basic Editor. 2. Trong mn hnh ca VBAIDE va c hin th, chn trnh n Insert Module. 3. Nhp on m lnh sau:
Sub Dinh_dang() With Selection.Font .Name = "Times New Roman" .FontStyle = "Italic" .Size = 11 End With End Sub
4. Sau khi nhp xong on m lnh, chn trnh n File Close and Return to Microsoft Excel tr v mn hnh chnh ca Excel.
CH Mi Macro u c mt tn ring v tn ny l duy nht trong mt ti liu Excel (Workbook).
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Trong ca s Macro, cc Macro c to theo kch bn hoc bng VBAIDE c trong phin lm vic hin ti ca Excel s c hin th trong mt danh sch. Tt c cc thao tc qun l Macro s c thc hin d dng thng qua trnh qun l ny. bt u mt thao tc no , trc ht cn phi chn Macro tng ng c trong danh sch: thc thi Macro (chy Macro): kch chut vo nt Run. hiu chnh Macro: kch chut vo nt Edit, ca s lnh trong VBAIDE cha cc m lnh ca Macro c chn s c hin th ngi s dng c thay i m lnh trong Macro . xo Macro: kch chut vo nt Delete, Macro c chn s c xo c trong danh sch Macro v m lnh ca Macro . Kch chut vo nt Options s hin th hp thoi la chn, cho php ngi s dng thit lp li phm tt hoc thay i m t cho Macro c chn.
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Thc thi Macro theo cch thng qua trnh qun l Macro; Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE; Thc thi bng cch nhn chut vo mt nt lnh hay mt iu khin ho m c gn tr ti Macro cn thc hin; Thc thi bng cch nhn chut vo mt i tng ho m c gn tr ti Macro; Thc thi thng qua nt lnh trn thanh cng c; Thc thi thng qua mc trn thanh trnh n. Chi tit v cc cch thc thi Macro xin tm hiu thm trong ti liu Microsoft Office Excel Help c ci t sn cng Excel. y ch trnh by cch thc thi Macro theo mt s cch thng thng. 2.4.1. Thc thi Macro bng phm tt Trong qu trnh to Macro theo kch bn, ngi s dng c th gn mt phm tt cho Macro . V thc thi Macro, ngi dng ch cn nhn t hp phm tt gn cho Macro. Trong v d phn To Macro theo kch bn trang 101, Macro c gn mt t hp phm tt l CTRL+SHIFT+L, do vy, thc thi Macro ny, ngi s dng ch cn chn vng d liu nh dng bng, sau nhn t hp phm CTRL+SHIFT+L. i vi Macro c to bng cch s dng VBAIDE, ngi dng ch c th to phm tt cho Macro thng qua trnh qun l Macro. Chi tit tham kho phn Qun l Macro trang 104. 2.4.2. Thc thi Macro thng qua trnh qun l Macro Chi tit tham kho phn Qun l Macro trang 104. 2.4.3. Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE Cch thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE rt thch hp khi ngi s dng mun th nghim ngay Macro trong qu trnh xy dng n. thc thi Macro no trong VBAIDE, cn thc hin nh sau: 1. Trong ca s m lnh ca VBAIDE, t con tr vo gia khi Sub End Sub. 2. Nhn phm F5 hoc chn biu tng trn thanh cng c.
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Trong trng hp ngi s dng khng t con tr gia, mt danh sch cc Macro s c hin ra ngi dng la chn Macro cn thc thi.
Thng thng, khi s dng Excel vi cc tp bng tnh c cha Macro, nn t mc an ninh Medium. mc ny, Excel s yu cu ngi dng xc thc xem cc on m lnh trong tp bng tnh c phi t ngun tin cy hay khng.
Nu ngi dng chn Enable Macros, cc Macro cha trong workbook s c php thc thi. Nu ngi dng chn Disable Macros, cc Macro cha trong workbook vn tn ti trong workbook nhng khng th thc thi c.
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1. Cu trc. Mt hm bt u bng du bng =, tip sau l tn hm, du ngoc n (, danh sch cc tham s cch nhau bng du phy , v cui cng l du ngoc n ). 2. Tn hm. n phm SHIFT+F3 hin th danh sch tt c cc hm trong Excel. 3. Cc tham s. Tham s c th l s, ch, gi tr logic nh TRUE hoc FALSE, mng, gi tr li nh #NA, hoc tham chiu n mt khc. Tham s truyn vo phi c kiu thch hp vi kiu ca tng tham s tng ng ca hm. Tham s truyn vo c th l mt hng s, cng thc, hoc l mt hm bt k. 4. Ch thch hm. Ch thch hm dng th hin cu trc v danh sch cc tham s ca hm, hin ln khi ta nhp vo tn hm. Ch thch hm ch xut hin i vi nhng hm c xy dng sn trong Excel.
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Tr v mt gi tr no , tng t nh hm c sn trong Excel; Hm mi c th s dng nh mt chng trnh con trong VBA, ngha l n va c th s dng trong bng tnh (trong cc ), ng thi c th s dng trong cc chng trnh vit bng VBA. 3.2.2. Cu trc hm Thc cht, hm l mt chng trnh con dng Function. Khc vi Macro, hm l chng trnh con c gi tr tr v v c th c tham s. Khi to hm mi, ngi s dng cn phi tun th theo dng thc khai bo nh sau:
[Public/Private] Function Tn_hm([DSch_tham_s])[as kiu_d_liu] [Cu_lnh] [Tn_hm = biu_thc] [Exit Function] [Cu_lnh] [Tn_hm = biu_thc] End Function
Trong :
Public: (tu chn) l t kho biu th phm vi ca hm, hm c th c s dng bt k u trong tt c cc d n VBA hin c. Khi c t kho Public, tn hm s c hin th trong danh sch hm ca Excel. Private: (tu chn) l t kho biu th phm vi ca hm, hm ch c th c s dng
bn trong m-un c cha hm . Khi c t kho Private, tn hm s khng c hin th trong danh sch hm ca Excel, nhng ngi s dng vn c th dng hm ny trong bng tnh mt cch bnh thng.
CH Nu khng khai bo phm vi cho hm (t kho Public/Private), th mc nh, hm s c phm vi l Public.
Function: (bt buc) l t kho bo hiu bt u mt hm. Tn_hm: (bt buc) l tn ca hm, cch t tn hm tng t nh cch t tn ca bin. Tn_hm s c s dng nh l bin trong ton b hm, khi hm kt thc gi tr tr v ca hm chnh l gi tr gn cho bin Tn_hm cui cng. Danh_sch_tham_s: (tu chn) l danh sch cc tham s u vo ca hm. Cc tham
3.2.3. To hm mi minh ho r hn cch thc to hm mi, ly v d to mt hm rt n gin: hm tnh din tch hnh ch nht. Hm ny c tn l Dien_tich, vi hai tham s u vo l chiu rng v chiu cao. Kiu d liu ca cc tham s l kiu s thc v gi tr tr v ca hm cng l kiu s thc. to mt hm mi, thc hin theo cc bc sau:
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1. Khi ng VBAIDE. Trong trnh n Tools, chn mc Macro Visual Basic Editor; 2. Trong trnh n Insert, chn mc Module to mt m-un mi, ni s cha hm do ngi dng nh ngha. 3. Trong trnh n Insert, chn mc Procedure hin th hp thoi Add Procedure. Sau in tn hm vo mc Name, chn kiu chng trnh con l Function v phm vi l Public. Cui cng chn OK;
6. Trong trnh n File, chn mc Close and Return to Microsoft Excel quay tr v mn hnh chnh ca Excel; 7. Lc ny, hm m ta va xy dng, c tn l Dien_Tich, c th c s dng bnh thng nh cc hm khc ca Excel.
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Hnh IV-8: S dng hm mi trong Excel. CH Cc bc to hm mi cng tng t nh cc bc to Macro phn trc. Tuy nhin, do hm cn phi c gi tr tr v nn khi khai bo kiu chng trnh con cho hm, ngi dng cn phi chn l Function (khc vi khi to Macro, phi chn l Sub).
Thng thng, vi yu cu tnh ton trn khng nht thit phi to hm mi, y ch l mt on v d rt n gin nhm minh ho cch thc to hm v cu trc ca hm. hiu r hn v hm, ta cng xem li on m trn:
Public Function Dien_Tich(Rong As Double, Cao As Double) As Double Hm tnh din tch hnh ch nht Dien_Tich = Rong * Cao End Function
dng u tin, c bt u bng t kho Public, do vy tn hm s c hin th trong danh sch hm trong Excel (c hin th khi nhp du bng vo v bm phm Shift+F3). Tip sau l t kho Function (ch khng phi l Sub nh Macro) v tn hm, Dien_Tich. Hm c hai tham s, nm gia hai du ngoc n, l Rong v Cao, v u c kiu s thc. T kho As Double cui xc nh kiu tr v ca hm Dien_Tich l kiu s thc. dng th 2, n gin ch l mt dng ch thch v c bt u bng du phy trn (). dng th 3, gi tr ca hm c tnh da trn hai tham s u vo l Rong v Cao. Hm c kt thc bng cu lnh End Function.
CH Khi xy dng hm mi, cn phi ch s khc bit gia hm gi t cc chng trnh con trong VBA v hm s dng trong bng tnh. Cc hm s dng trong bng tnh mang tnh b ng, tc l khng th thao tc trn cc vng d liu hoc thay i ni dung no trong bng tnh. Nu ngi dng c to mt hm m trong c thay i nh dng ca mt , nh mu nn chng hn, th nhng hm nh vy s khng thc hin c, v hm s lun tr v gi tr li. Nh vy, khi to hm mi cn ghi nh: Hm ch n gin l tr v mt gi tr no ; Hm khng th thc hin thao tc lm thay i i tng.
3.3. Hm tr v li
Trong mt s trng hp, hm c th s phi tr v mt gi tr li no . lm r hn iu ny, ly v d hm phn loi sinh vin.
Function PhanLoai(DiemTB) As String If (DiemTB >= 5) Then PhanLoai = "Do"
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Exit Function End If If (DiemTB < 5) Then PhanLoai = "Truot" Exit Function End If End Function
Hm ny ly tham s u vo phn loi l im trung bnh ca sinh vin thng qua bin DiemTB vi thang im 10. Hm s tr v gi tr kiu chui: nu im trung bnh ln hn hoc bng 5, v ngc li l Trt. Tuy nhin, vi nhng trng hp im trung bnh, v mt l do no , c nhp vo gi tr nh hn 0 hoc ln hn 10 th hm vn tr v thng bo Trt hoc . Nh vy l khng hp l. Trong nhng trng hp , cn phi tr v thng bo cho ngi s dng bit l khng th p dng hm vi im trung bnh nh vy. Nh vy, hm s c thay i li nh sau:
Function PhanLoai(DiemTB) As String If (DiemTB < 0) Or (DiemTB > 10) Then PhanLoai = #N/A Exit Function End If If (DiemTB >= 5) Then PhanLoai = "Do" Exit Function End If If (DiemTB < 5) Then PhanLoai = "Truot" Exit Function End If End Function
V nh vy, k t lc ny, mi khi v tnh nhp cc gi tr im khng thch hp, hm s tr v mt thng bo li l #N/A. Mc d trng rt ging li trong Excel, nhng thc cht y vn ch l mt chui thng thng. tr v gi tr li thc s, VBA cung cp thm mt hm tn l CVErr, hm ny s chuyn i mt s thnh mt gi tr li tng ng. Vi gi tr li thc s nh th, tt c nhng hm c tham chiu cha gi tr li cng s tr v gi tr li tng t. V nh vy, ngi dng ch cn thay i cu lnh PhanLoai = #N/A bng cu lnh PhanLoai = CVErr(xlErrNA). Cn lu l kiu tr v ca hm CVErr l kiu Variant, do vy cng cn phi thay i kiu gi tr tr v ca hm l Variant. Hm s c hiu chnh li nh sau:
Function PhanLoai(DiemTB) As Variant If (DiemTB < 0) Or (DiemTB > 10) Then PhanLoai = CVErr(xlErrNA) Exit Function End If If (DiemTB >= 5) Then PhanLoai = "Do" Exit Function End If
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If (DiemTB < 5) Then PhanLoai = "Truot" Exit Function End If End Function
CH s dng hm tr v thng bo li, ngha l c s dng hm CVErr, ngi dng phi khai bo kiu d liu tr v ca hm l kiu Variant.
V nh vy, mi khi gi tr u vo khng ng, hm s tr v gi tr li, gip ngi s dng c th nhn ra v sa li kp thi.
Hnh IV-9: Hm tr v li
Trong on m lnh trn, tr v thng bo li #N/A th tham s ca hm CVErr phi l hng s xlErrNA. C rt nhiu gi tr li khc nhau, mi gi tr li c mt hng s tng ng. Bng di y s lit k mt s gi tr li cng nh cc hng s tng ng trong VBA. Gi tr li
#DIV/0! #N/A #NAME?
Hng s
xlErrDiv0 xlErrNA xlErrName
Gii thch
Cng thc c chia mt s cho 0. Li ny cng pht sinh khi chia cho mt trng. Li ny biu th d liu khng c. Hm c tn m Excel khng th nhn dng c. Thng xy ra khi nhp tn hm sai, hoc thay i tn hm nhng cha cp nht trong bng tnh. Gi tr rng, chng hn nh tm giao ca hai vng khng giao nhau. C vn vi gi tr no . V d nh ngi dng nhp vo s m, trong khi ch chp nhn s dng. Tham chiu n khng tn ti. iu ny thng xy ra khi b xo khi bng tnh. Hm c cha tham s hoc cng thc khng ph hp v kiu d liu
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ti/d b Add-In trong Excel: kch chut vo hp kim bn tri tn ca Add-In. m mt Add-In: chn nt lnh Browse Chn Add-In cn m.
4.3. To Add-In
Nhn chung, vic to Add-In c thc hin rt d dng bng cch chuyn t workbook thng thng sang dng Add-In. ng nhin, khng phi workbook no cng thch hp chuyn thnh Add-In. Nhn chung, workbook thch hp nht chuyn thnh Add-In l workbook c cha m lnh. Mt workbook nu ch cha worksheet th c th s khng th s dng c khi chuyn thnh Add-In, bi l tt c cc sheet trong workbook s b n i khi c chuyn thnh Add-In. Vic to Add-In t mt workbook thng thng c thc hin rt d dng theo cc bc sau: 1. Vit m lnh cho workbook nh bnh thng, m bo tt c cc m lnh u c th thc hin bnh thng m khng c li xy ra. Nn nh l to giao din sao cho ngi dng c th truy cp v s dng c cc tnh nng trong Add-In. Mt cch thc hin vic ny l to mt trnh n mi cho Add-In, trong y c cha cc mc trnh n tng ng vi cc tnh nng ca ng dng. Chi tit v cch to trnh n, xem mc To trnh n tu bin trang 174. 2. Kim tra ng dng bng cch thc thi khi ang kch hot mt workbook khc. iu ny m phng c tnh hung nh khi workbook c chuyn thnh Add-In, bi l bn thn Add-In khng hin th cc sheet m lc ny tt c cc thao tc u thc hin trn cc sheet ca workbook khc. 3. Nu khng mun ngi khc xem c m lnh ca ng dng th thc hin bc ny: t mt khu bo v. Kch hot VBAIDE chn workbook tng ng trong ca s Project. Chn trnh n Tools xxx Properties (xxx l tn D n VBA), sau chn th
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Protection. Tch vo Lock project for viewing, v nhp vo mt khu (2 ln) OK.
chn
4. Kch hot li Excel, chn trnh n File Properties, sau chn th Summary. Nhp vo cc thng tin cho Add-In hin th trong trnh qun l Add-In. Mc Title s l tn ca Add-In, nu khng nhp vo mc ny, tn ca Add-In s l tn tp Add-In. Mc Comments s l phn m t v Add-In. 5. Chn trnh n File Save As 6. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn Microsoft Excel add-in (*.xla) trong mc Save as type.
7. Chn Save. Mt bn sao ca workbook c lu (vi phn m rng l *.xla), v tp XLS cha workbook vn cn gi nguyn trong Excel.
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CH Mt workbook khi c chuyn thnh Add-In phi c t nht mt worksheet. Chng hn nh khi mt workbook ch cha Chart Sheet hoc Dialog Sheet, th la chn Microsoft Excel add-in (*.xla) s khng xut hin trong mc Save as type trong hp thoi Save As. La chn ny ch xut hin khi c mt worksheet c chn lc chn trnh n File Save As.
Sau khi to Add-In, nn lu gi li workbook ngun (dng XLS) c th hiu chnh hay cp nht m lnh v cc d liu khc sau ny. Cn phi lm iu ny v tp Add-In khng th chuyn i ngc li thnh workbook.
3. Chn OK ln na chp nhn ci t Add-In. Gi y, ngi dng c th s dng tt c cc tnh nng c trong Add-In va c ci t.
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Application
Workbooks
Workbook
Cells
Mi i tng (Object), cng ging nh mt vt th, u c nhng tnh cht v nhng hnh vi c trng cho chng v c thng nht gi l thnh phn ca i tng. Trong lp trnh, tnh cht ca i tng c biu din thng qua khi nim thuc tnh (properties), cn hnh vi c biu din thng qua khi nim phng thc (methods). Chng hn nh i tng Application, l i tng th hin cho Excel, c thuc tnh Caption cha tiu ca Excel v phng thc Quit dng thot khi Excel. truy cp n cc thnh phn (phng thc, thuc tnh, ) ca i tng, ta s dng du chm ( . ), v d sau thc hin phng thc Quit thot khi Excel nh cp trn:
i tng Th nh ph n
Application.Quit
Du chm
Cutrcphncpitng i tng Application (chnh l ng dng Excel) cha nhiu i tng khc, chng hn nh: Workbooks (tp i tng cha tt c cc i tng Workbook ti liu Excel) Windows (tp i tng cha tt c cc i tng Window - cc ca s trong Excel) AddIns (tp i tng cha tt c cc i tng Add-in) Tp i tng Workbooks cha tt c cc i tng Workbook ang m, v mi i tng Workbook li cha cc i tng khc nh: Worksheets (tp i tng cha cc i tng Worksheet) Charts (tp i tng cha cc i tng Chart) n lt mnh, cc i tng trn cng c th cha nhiu i tng khc na. Mt i tng Worksheet trong tp i tng Worksheets c th cha cc i tng khc, chng hn nh:
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ChartObjects (tp i tng cha tt c i tng ChartObject biu trong Excel) Range PageSetup C nh vy, ngi lp trnh c th truy cp n tng thnh phn ca Excel thng qua h thng phn cp cc i tng trong Excel. TpitngCollection Mt khi nim rt quan trng trong lp trnh VBA l khi nim tp i tng (hay Collection). Tp i tng l mt nhm cc i tng cng lp vi nhau (v ng nhin, bn thn tp i tng cng l mt i tng). Chng hn nh tp i tng Workbooks cha tt c cc i tng Workbook ang c m hay tp i tng Worksheets cha tt c cc Worksheet trong mt Workbook no . Ngi lp trnh c th thao tc trn ton b cc i tng c trong tp i tng hoc c th trn mt i tng ring l trong tp i tng . tham chiu n mt i tng ring l trong tp i tng, c th s dng tn ca i tng theo cch sau:
Worksheets(Sheet1)
Nu Sheet1 l sheet u tin trong tp i tng Worksheet, th ta cn c th tham chiu da trn s th t ca Sheet1 theo cch sau:
Worksheets(1)
Tng t, tham chiu n Sheet th 2 trong tp i tng Worksheets, ta c th s dng lnh: Worksheets(2). Mi tp i tng c cc phng thc dng thao tc trn chnh tp i tng . Cc phng thc ny rt khc nhau trn cc tp i tng khc nhau. V vy, ngi lp trnh c th s dng Object Browser tm hiu v cc phng thc trong tp i tng.
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Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh thng c s dng trong i tng Application. ActiveCell Thuc tnh ActiveCell th hin cho hin thnh trong bng tnh Excel. Kiu d liu ca ActiveCell l kiu Range. Ngi dng c th truy cp n a ch ca hin hnh bng cch truy cp thm vo mt cp na trong cy phn cp i tng, l thuc tnh Address:
MsgBox Application.ActiveCell.Address
on m trn hin th a ch ca hin hnh theo dng a ch tuyt i, chng hn nh $A$6. Cn lu l thuc tnh Address ch tr v a ch ca , ch khng phi a ch y bao gm c tn sheet v workbook. ActivePrinter Thuc tnh ActivePrinter cha tn ca my in hin hnh. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ActivePrinter l kiu String. on m sau hin th tn ca my in hin hnh:
MsgBox Application.ActivePrinter
Thuc tnh ny rt c ch khi thng bo cho ngi dng bit v my in hin hnh trc khi in mt bng tnh no . ActiveSheet Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng sheet ang hin hnh trong Excel. Cng cn ch rng trong Excel c nhiu loi sheet khc nhau nh Worksheet (loi hay dng nht), Chartsheet, chi tit xem thm mc i tng Workbook trang 123. on m sau s dng hm TypeName, hm tr v kiu d liu ca bin, t bit c kiu ca sheet hin hnh:
MsgBox TypeName(Application.ActiveSheet)
ActiveWindow Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng cha ca s hin hnh, nu khng ca s no c m th s tr v gi tr Nothing. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Window. on m sau s thu nh ca s hin hnh thng qua thuc tnh WindowState:
Application.ActiveWindow.WindowState = xlMinimized
ActiveWorkbook
Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng cha workbook nm trong ca s hin hnh (tp XLS ang lm vic), nu khng c ca s no c m hoc ca s l ca s khng cha workbook (nh ca s Info, Clipboard,...) th s tr v gi tr Nothing. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Workbook. on m lnh sau s hin th nn ca workbook hin hnh:
MsgBox Application.ActiveWorkbook.Name
Thuc tnh ActiveWorkbook v ActiveWindow rt d nhm ln vi nhau. Thot nhn, mi workbook cng ging nh mt ca s trong Excel, nhng thc cht khng phi vy. r hn s khc bit gia workbook v ca s, ta to thm mt ca s mi bng cch chn trnh n Window New Window. Ca s mi c to c ni dung ging nh ca s ban u, nhng ngi dng c th la chn nhng vng khc nhau trn hai ca s (mc d c hai ca s u l
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th hin ca cng mt workbook). V nh vy, mi mt workbook c th c hin th trn nhiu ca s khc nhau, nhng mi mt ca s ch hin th c mt workbook m thi. AddIns L tp i tng cha tt c cc add-in c ti vo trong Excel. on m lnh sau s ln lt hin th tn ca tt c cc add-in, bao gm c ng dn:
Sub Hien_thi_Add_in() Dim MyAddin As AddIn For Each MyAddin In Application.AddIns MsgBox MyAddin.FullName Next MyAddin End Sub
Calculate L phng thc thc hin qu trnh tnh ton li trn ton b sheet, ging nh khi nhn phm F9.
Application.Calculate
Calculation L thuc tnh dng thit lp ch thc hin tnh ton trong chng trnh Excel. Cc gi tr c th gn cho thuc tnh ny l xlCalculationAutomatic (tnh t ng), xlCalculationManual (tnh th cng) v xlCalculationSemiautomatic (tnh bn t ng tnh t ng ngoi tr phn bng). V d on m sau chuyn ch tnh thnh bn t ng:
Application.Calculation= xlCalculationSemiautomatic
iu ny tng ng vi vic chn trnh n Tools Options, chn th Calculation v chn la chn Automatic except tables. Ch tnh mc nh trong Excel l ch tnh t ng. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng bng tnh c khi lng tnh ton ln, nu ch tnh t ng th mi ln thay i s liu l mt ln thc hin tnh ton. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, nn chuyn sang ch th cng, sau tin hnh thay i s liu tnh ton. Sau khi thay i xong cc s liu th mi tin hnh tnh ton mt ln cui. Caption L thuc tnh dng cha tiu ca chng trnh Excel. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l String. on m sau s thay i tiu ca chng trnh Excel:
Application.Caption = "Chuong Trinh EXCEL"
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Mun thit lp li gi tr mc nh (Microsoft Excel), ch cn gn gi tr ca Caption= ColumnsvRows L hai tp i tng th hin tt c cc ct v cc hng trong sheet hin hnh, ta c th s dng truy cp mt ct hoc mt hng no . on m sau s chn ton b ct C:
Application.Columns(3).Select
Dialogs Dialogs l tp i tng cha tt c cc hp thoi c nh ngha sn trong Excel. Chi tit v tp i tng ny, tham kho mc Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs trang 166. Help Phng thc ny hin th tp tr gip do ngi dng ch nh.
Application.Help "C:\Program Files\" & _ "Microsoft Office\OFFICE11\1033\VBAXL10.CHM"
Nu khng ch ra tp tr gip, phng thc ny s hin th tp tr gip mc nh trong Excel. Quit Phng thc ny s ng chng trnh Excel li, ging nh khi la chn trnh n File Exit. Chng trnh s nhc ngi dng lu li cc tp cha c lu.
Application.Quit
RecentFiles RecentFiles l tp i tng lu gi nhng tp m sau cng nht trong Excel. Mi i tng trong tp i tng RecentFiles c kiu d liu l RecentFile. V d sau s hin th ln lt tn ca cc tp m sau cng nht trong Excel:
Public Sub RecentFile() Dim myRecentFile As RecentFile For Each myRecentFile In Application.RecentFiles MsgBox myRecentFile.Path Next myRecentFile End Sub
Selection Thuc tnh ny th hin cho i tng ang c chn trong Excel. Kiu d liu tr v ca thuc tnh ny tu thuc vo i tng c chn. Nu i tng chn l cc , biu , hoc mt ng thng th kiu d liu tr v tng ng s l Range, ChartArea, Line... V vy khi lp trnh, cn phi ch kim tra kiu d liu tr v ca thuc tnh ny c cc thao tc hp l, trnh li xy ra khi thc thi chng trnh. V d sau s hin th a ch ca cc ang c chn trong Excel:
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Dim mySelection As Variant Set mySelection = Selection If TypeName(mySelection) = "Range" Then Kim liu MsgBox mySelection.Address Else MsgBox "i tng c chn khng phi kiu Range" End If
tra
kiu
Sheets Sheets l tp i tng cha tt c cc sheet c trong workbook hin hnh, gm c 4 loi sheet: worksheet, chart sheet, macro sheet v dialog sheet. on macro sau s hin th tn v kiu ca tt c cc sheet c trong workbook hin hnh:
Sub Sheets() Dim mySheet As Variant For Each mySheet In Application.Sheets MsgBox mySheet.Name & " - " & TypeName(mySheet) Next mySheet End Sub
ThisWorkbook Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng th hin cho workbook hin hnh, ni ang thc hin macro. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Workbook. Undo Phng thc ny s khi phc li cc thao tc trc trong Excel. Thao tc ny tng t nh khi chn trnh n Edit Undo trong Excel.
Application.Undo
CH Khi truy cp n mt i tng thuc mt i tng khc, nu khng ch r tham chiu i tng th i c tham chiu s l i tng hin hnh. V d nh nu mun truy cp vo A1 ca Sheet1 ca workbook hin hnh, thay v s dng cu lnh ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets(Sheet1).Range(A1) ch cn dng cu lnh Worksheets(Sheet1).Range(A1). Hoc nu s dng cu lnh Range(A1).Select th A1 ca sheet hin hnh s c chn.
5.2.2. i tng Workbook Workbook l mt i tng ph bin trong Excel. Hu ht tt c cc thao tc trn Excel u c thc hin trn mt workbook no . Trong mi phin lm vic ca Excel c th c rt nhiu workbook c m, v vic truy cp n mt workbook no s c thc hin thng qua tp i tng Workbooks, da trn tn hoc ch s ca cc workbook, ch s ny ph thuc vo trnh t m/to workbook. Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh cn c th truy xut n workbook hin hnh thng qua i tng ActiveWorkbook. to mi mt workbook, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Workbooks:
Workbooks.Add To mi mt Workbook
Mi workbook trong Excel c th cha nhiu sheet khc nhau (tu thuc vo dung lng b nh). C 4 loi sheet khc nhau:
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Worksheet: y l loi sheet ph bin nht, l loi sheet thc hin vic tnh ton v thao tc chnh trong Excel. Mi sheet bao gm 256 ct v 65536 hng to thnh h thng cc cha d liu. Ngoi ra, trn mi worksheet cn th cha cc i tng khc nh biu , cc i tng ho, cc iu khin, Chart sheet: mi chart sheet thng ch cha mt biu . Thng thng, ngi dng thch s dng biu nhng trong worksheet hn l s dng biu trong mt chart sheet ring bit. Tuy nhin, chart sheet li gip cho vic b tr v in n biu thc hin d dng hn XLM macro sheets (cn gi l MS Excel 4 macro sheet, l loi sheet li thi, nhng vn cn h tr): dng cha cc macro XLM. XLM macro sheet cng c cha cc d liu nhng ch hin th cng thc ch khng hin th kt qu tnh. Dialog sheets ( li thi, nhng vn cn h tr): l ni cha cc hp thoi tu bin do ngi dng t to (ging nh Userform trong VBA). Cc phng thc v thuc tnh thng c s dng ca i tng workbook: Activate Phng thc ny s kch hot mt workbook trong tp i tng Workbooks thnh workbook hin hnh, v sheet hin hnh ca workbook s c kch hot lm sheet hin hnh trong Excel. kch hot workbook c tn Book1 lm workbook hin hnh, thc hin nh sau:
Workbooks(Book1).Activate
ActiveSheet Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n sheet hin hnh ca workbook. Trong mi phin lm vic ca Excel, s lng Workbook c m l khng hn ch, mi workbook ny u c mt sheet hin hnh, ngha l khi ta chn lm vic vi workbook th con tr s nm trong sheet ny. Kiu d liu tr v ca thuc tnh ny tu thuc vo kiu sheet hin hnh (mt trong 4 loi). Trong i tng Application cng c thuc tnh ActiveSheet, nhng thuc tnh ny l sheet hin hnh ca workbook hin hnh, ngha l ni c con tr ang hot ng, nh vy, nu workbook ny l hin hnh th thuc tnh ActiveSheet ca i tng Application v ca i tng Workbook l nh nhau. on m lnh sau hin th tn ca sheet hin hnh ca workbook tn l Book1:
MsgBox Workbooks(Book1).ActiveSheet.Name
Close Phng thc ny s ng workbook li, tng t nh khi s dng trnh n File Close trong Excel. Ngoi ra cn c cc tham s tu chn khc phc v cho vic lu tr tp.
Workbooks(Book1).Close ([SaveChanges],[Filename])
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SaveChanges: tham s tu chn. Bng TRUE nu mun lu tt c cc thay i, v bng FALSE nu ch mun ng workbook m khng lu. Nu b qua, tu chn ny th
phng thc ny s ging hon ton nh khi ta chn trnh n File Close.
Filename: tham s tu chn. S lu tp vi tn cha trong Filename.
tp hon thin.
PrToFileName: nu tham s PrinToFile gn bng TRUE th tham s ny s thit lp tn
tp in ra. PrintPreview Phng thc ny s hin th ch xem trc khi in cho sheet hin hnh ca workbook tham chiu.
Workbooks(1).PrintPreview
SavevSaveAs Cc phng thc ny s lu workbook v thng c dng trc khi ng workbook. Phng thc Save s lu nhng thay i vo chnh workbook . Cn phng thc SaveAs s lu workbook ra mt tp mi. on m sau s lu workbook c tn Book1 v sau lu workbook c tn l Book3 vi tn mi l MyFile.xls:
Workbooks(Book1).Save Workbooks(Book3).SaveAs C:\MyFile.xls
Saved Thuc tnh ny tr v gi tr TRUE nu workbook c lu, v ngc li l FALSE. on m sau s hin th trng thi lu ca workbook:
MsgBox Workbooks(1).Saved
Sheets
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Tp i tng Sheets ca workbook cng ging nh tp i tng Sheets ca i tng Application (xem li mc Sheets trang 123). Tuy nhin, tp i tng sheets ca workbook tham chiu trc tip n cc sheet trong workbook , cn tp i tng sheets ca i tng Application li tham chiu n cc sheet trong workbook hin hnh. Windows Windows l tp i tng cha tt c cc ca s c trong i tng Workbook. Chi tit v tp i tng Windows, xem thm mc i tng Window trang 126. Worksheets Worksheets l tp i tng cha tt c cc worksheet c trong i tng Workbook. Chi tit v tp i tng Worksheets, xem thm mc i tng Worksheet trang 128. 5.2.3. i tng Window i tng Window th hin cho mt ca s bn trong ng dng Excel. Nh c cp, i tng Window rt d nhm ln vi i tng Workbook. Thot nhn, mi workbook cng ging nh mt ca s trong Excel, nhng thc cht khng phi vy. r hn s khc bit gia i tng workbook v i tng window, ta to thm mt ca s mi bng cch chn trnh n Window New Window. Ca s mi c to c ni dung ging nh ca s ban u, nhng ngi dng c th lm vic trn hai ca s ny ging nh khi lm vic trn 2 workbook ring bit (mc d c hai ca s u l th hin ca cng mt workbook). ng nhin, s thay i ca s ny s c t ng cp nhp trong cc ca s cn li. V nh vy, mi mt workbook c th c th hin bng nhiu ca s khc nhau, nhng mi mt ca s ch th hin c mt workbook m thi. truy xut n mt i tng trong tp i tng Windows, ngi dng c th truy cp theo tn hoc theo th t ca ca s. truy xut n ca s c tiu l Book1 (l dng ch xut hin trn thanh tiu ca ca s), ta s dng cu trc sau:
Windows(Book1)
S th t ca mt ca s l khng c nh m thay i tu theo s ca s hin th v s thay i ca ca s hin hnh. Ca s hin hnh lun c th t l l. Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh thng s dng trong i tng Window: Activate,ActivateNextvActivatePrevious Cc phng thc ny dng kch hot mt ca s no trong tp i tng Windows. Activate, ActivateNext v ActivatePrevious dng kch hot ca s c ch nh, ca s tip theo v ca s trc ca ca s c ch nh. on m sau s kch hot ca s tn l Book1, sau s kch hot ca s nm pha trc ca ca s Book1.
Windows("Book1").Activate Windows("Book1").ActivatePrevious
ActiveCell Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n hin hnh, l c con tr ang hot ng, trong i tng Window. on m sau s hin th a ch ca hin hnh trong ca s th 2 trong tp i tng Windows:
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MsgBox Windows(2).ActiveCell.Address
ActiveSheet Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n sheet hin hnh ca workbook ang xt. Caption Thuc tnh ny cha ni dung ghi trn thanh tiu ca ca s. on m sau s thay i dng tiu ca ca s hin hnh:
ActiveWindow.Caption = MyWindow
Close Close l hm thc hin ng ca s ang xt. Hm ny tr v gi tr TRUE nu ng c ca s, v tr v gi tr FALSE nu ca s khng c ng. Hm ny cng cha cc tham s tu chn khc, chi tit xem thm phng thc Close ca i tng Workbook trang 124. Ccthuctnhvhinth i tng Window c cha nhiu thuc tnh thit lp cc la chn v hin th trong ca s nh sau: Thuc tnh
DisplayFormulas DisplayGridlines DisplayHeadings DisplayHorizontalScrollBar DisplayOutline DisplayRightToLeft DisplayVerticalScrollBar DisplayWorkbookTabs DisplayZeros
Gii thch
TRUE: tt c cc s hin th cng thc ch khng phi gi tr TRUE: hin th cc ng li bn trong ca s TRUE: hin th thanh th hin v tr ca ct v hng TRUE: hin th thanh cun ngang TRUE: hin th thanh th hin Outline TRUE: hin th trt t ct tng dn t phi sang tri. Mc nh l FALSE TRUE: hin th thanh cun ng TRUE: hin th th cha cc sheet trong workbook FALSE: cc c gi tr bng 0 s khng hin th
NewWindow Phng thc ny s to mt ca s mi da trn ca s ang c tham chiu ging nh khi chn trnh n Window New Window trong Excel vy.
ActiveWindow.NewWindow
RangeSelection
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Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n vng ang c chn trong ca s c tham chiu. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Range. on m sau s hin th a ch ca vng c chn trong ca s hin hnh:
MsgBox ActiveWindow.RangeSelection.Address
Gi tr hin th c th dng a ch tuyt i ca mt - $C$3, hoc mt vng chn $B$10:$D$12. SelectedSheets SelectedSheets l tp i tng cha tt c cc sheet ang c ngi dng la chn. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Sheets, v th tt c cc thao tc trn tp i tng SelectedSheets cng ging nh trn tp i tng Sheets WindowState Thuc tnh ny lu tr trng thi ca i tng Window. C 3 trng thi ca i tng Window nh sau: Trng thi i tng Window
Ca s c phng i ton mn hnh Ca s c thu nh Ca s trng thi thng thng
Gi tr ca thuc tnh
xlMaximized xlMinimized xlNormal
Zoom Thuc tnh ny dng thit lp ch phng i cho cho ca s, ging nh khi ta s dng trnh n View Zoom trong Excel. on m sau s phng i ca s hin hnh ln 120%:
ActiveWindow.Zoom = 120
GI Trong Excel, thu/phng ca s, ch cn nhn phm CTRL + cun phm gia ca chut.
5.2.4. i tng Worksheet i tng Worksheet th hin cho mt worksheet trong mt workbook. y l i tng rt ph bin trong excel, hu ht cc thao tc u c tin hnh trong mt worksheet.
CH Worksheet ch l mt trong nhiu dng sheet ca mt workbook. Chi tit v cc loi sheet trong Excel, xem thm mc i tng Workbook trang 123.
Trong cy phn cp i tng, i tng Worksheet nm sau tp i tng Worksheets ca i tng Workbook. V vy, cc i tng Worksheet u c truy cp thng qua tp i tng Worksheets. Tng t nh i vi i tng Window, mi i tng Worksheet u c truy cp thng qua tp i tng Worksheets bng tn ca worksheet hoc theo th t ca n. Mt cch khc bit th t ca worksheet, l xem th t xut hin trn th cha cc sheet trong bng tnh.
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Trong minh ho trn, v tr th 2 l ca Chart sheet nn khng c tnh trong th t ca cc worksheet. to mt worksheet mi, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Worksheets.
Worksheets.Add
Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh ph bin trong i tng worksheet. Calculate Phng thc ny thc hin qu trnh tnh ton cho ton b worksheet c tham chiu (xem thm mc Calculation trang 121):
Worksheets(Sheet1).Calculate
Comments L tp i tng cha tt c cc ch thch1 c trong worksheet ang c tham chiu. Kiu d liu tr v l kiu Comment. on m sau s hin th ni dung ca tt c cc ch thch c trong sheet hin hnh:
Dim myComment As Comment For Each myComment In Worksheets(Sheet1).Comments MsgBox myComment.Text Next myComment
Delete Phng thc ny s xo worksheet c tham chiu, ging nh khi chn trnh n Edit Delete Sheet trong Excel. on m sau s xo worksheet tn l Sheet3:
Worksheets(Sheet3).Delete
Name Thuc tnh ny tr v tn ca worksheet ging nh c hin th trn th cha cc sheet trong workbook. PrintOutvPrintPreview Nhng phng thc ny dng thc hin in hoc xem trc khi in mt worksheet. Chi tit v cc tham s cho phng thc PrintOut, xem li mc i tng Workbook - PrintOut trang 125.
Ch thch l mt on vn bn gn thm vo mt no . on vn bn ny c hin ln mi khi ngi dng di chut trn . no c ch thch th s c thm biu tng hnh tam gic mu gc trn bn phi ca . to ch thch cho mt , chn trnh n Insert Comment trong Excel.
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Worksheets(Sheet2).PrintOut PrintPreview:=True trc Worksheets(Sheet3).PrintPreview in In, Xem c trc xem khi
ProtectvUnprotect Phng thc Protect s bt ch bo v cho worksheet ging nh khi chn t trnh n Tools Protection Protect Sheet trong Excel. Nu cn to mt khu yu cu ngi dng nhp mi khi tt ch bo v, ngi dng c th nhp thm vo tham s chui k t cha mt khu trong phng thc Protect
Worksheets(Sheet2).Protect Worksheets(Sheet2).Protect Password:="Excel" Bt ch bo v Bo v, c mt khu
Phng thc Unprotect s tt ch bo v ca worksheet. i vi nhng worksheet c bo v bng mt khu, cn phi truyn thm tham s l chui k t cha mt khu tt ch bo v; nu khng truyn tham s mt khu, mt hp thoi s c hin ln ngi s dng nhp vo mt khu.
Worksheets(Sheet2).Unprotect Password:="Excel" Tt ch bo v
Range y l thuc tnh rt quan trng trong lp trnh trn Excel. Thuc tnh ny s c trnh by r hn trong mc i tng Range trang 131. Select Phng thc ny s chn worksheet tham chiu lm worksheet hin hnh, tng t nh khi chn worksheet trn th cha cc sheet ca workbook.
Worksheets(Sheet2).Select Chn Sheet2 lm sheet hin hnh
SetBackgroundPicture Phng thc ny s chn mt nh lm nh nn cho worksheet, ging nh khi chn trnh n Format Sheet Background trong Excel. Tham s bt buc phi nhp vo l tn tp ho dng lm nh nn, bao gm c ng dn y . Nu mun xo nh nn, ch cn nhp tham s tn tp ho bng rng.
Worksheets(Sheet1).SetBackgroundPicture "C:\MyPicture.jpg" Worksheets(Sheet1).SetBackgroundPicture "" Xo nn nh
Visible Thuc tnh ny thit lp s hin th ca worksheet, bng TRUE nu worksheet c hin th. Vic thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh ny cng tng t nh khi chn t trnh n Format Sheet Hide/Unhide trong Excel.
Worksheets(Sheet1).Visible = False Worksheets(Sheet1).Visible = True n Sheet1 Hin th li Sheet1
NamettnchomtvngdliutrongWorksheet
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S dng thuc tnh Name t tn cho vng d liu cn thao tc theo cch sau:
Dim a As Worksheet Set a = Worksheets("Sheet1") a.Names.Add "ABC", "=$A$1:$D$5"
CH Nu tn c t c th vng d liu c s c nh ngha li theo phm vi mi. Nu vng d liu khn c du $ th n s t ng tnh tin theo v tr ca hin hnh.
5.2.5. i tng Range i tng Range tham chiu n mt hoc mt vng d liu trn bng tnh. y l i tng ph bin nht trong Excel, bi hu ht cc tng tc vi Excel u c thc hin da trn cc v vng d liu. Vi i tng Range, ngi lp trnh khng ch tc ng ln mt ring l m cn c th tc ng ln nhiu cng mt lc. ThamchiunitngRange Vic tham chiu n i tng Range c thc hin da trn a ch ca cc v c thc hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau. lm r hn cch thc tham chiu, cc v d sau s thc hin gn gi tr cho vng d liu c tham chiu. tham chiu n mt no , ch cn nhp a ch ca . a ch ca c th l kiu a ch tng i, hoc tuyt i. V d sau s tham chiu n B2:
ActiveSheet.Range("B2").Value = 9 hoc c th gn trc tip nh sau: ActiveSheet.Range("B2") = 9
Trong trng hp nu ngi dng c mt vng d liu c t tn, ngi lp trnh c th tham chiu n vng d liu thng qua tn ca vng d liu. Gi s trong Sheet1 c mt vng d liu t A2 n B3 c t tn l Input, th cch tham chiu nh sau:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("SoLieu") = 9
Trng hp nu mun tham chiu n mt vng d liu, ngi lp trnh c th da trn a ch ca hai , gc trn bn tri v gc i bn phi. V d sau s tham chiu n vng d liu t B2 n C3 theo nhiu cch khc nhau:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2:C3") = 9 Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2.C3") = 9 Cch th nht Cch th hai
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Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2", "C3") = 9 Cch th ba
Hoc thay v s dng i tng Range, c th dng trc tip du ngoc vung ([ ]). iu ny tng ng vi khi tham chiu s dng i tng Range:
Worksheets("Sheet1").[B2:C3] = 9 Worksheets("Sheet1").[B2.C3] = 9 Cch th nht Cch th hai
Nu mun tham chiu n mt vng d liu l giao ca cc vng d liu, s dng du cch gia cc vng d liu. V d sau s tham chiu n vng d liu l giao ca hai vng d liu l A1:C3 v B2:D4, vng c tham chiu thc s l vng B2:C3
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:C3 B2:D4") = 9
Nu mun tham chiu n mt vng d liu l hp ca cc vng d liu khc nhau, s dng du phy ngn cch gia cc vng d liu. V d sau s tham chiu n vng d liu l hp ca cc vng d liu A1:B2, D3 v vng A4:C4
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:B2,D3,A4.D4") = 9
Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Range: Activate Phng thc ny dng chuyn mt thnh hin hnh. Nu vng d liu l nhiu hn mt th ch c mt c chn lm hin hnh, l gc trn bn tri. Cn lu l phng thc ny ch c gi thnh cng nu vng d liu nm trn worksheet hin hnh. V vy, mun kch hot mt vng d liu trn mt worksheet no , cn phi chuyn worksheet thnh worksheet hin hnh.
Worksheets(Sheet1).Activate Range(A3:B5).Activate
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AddCommentvClearComments Phng thc AddComment cho php thm ch thch vo vng c tham chiu. Vng d liu ny ch c php l mt , v phi cha c ch thch, nu khng s lm pht sinh li. Cn phng thc ClearComments cho php xo tt c cc ch thch ca cc vng d liu. Khc vi phng thc AddComment, phng thc ny c th l mt vng bt k.
Range("A1:C3").ClearComments Range("B2").AddComment "Chu thich moi" Xo ch thch vng A1:C3 Thm ch thch B2
Address Thuc tnh ny tr v a ch ca vng d liu c tham chiu. V d sau s hin th mt vng d liu c t tn l SoLieu trong Sheet1:
MsgBox Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("SoLieu").Address
BorderAround Phng thc ny thc hin v ng bin xung quanh vng d liu c tham chiu. Ngi lp trnh c th thit lp kiu ng, b dy nt v v mu ca ng.
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:D4").BorderAround _ LineStyle:=xlDashDot, ColorIndex:=3, Weight:=xlThick
Calculate Phng thc ny thc hin tnh ton cho vng d liu c tham chiu, p dng trong trng hp ch tnh trong Excel c thit lp thnh tnh ton th cng (Manual). Cells Cells l tp i tng tham chiu n tt c cc nm trong vng d liu c tham chiu. Chi tit xem thm mc Tp i tng Cells trang 135. Clear,ClearContentsvClearFormats Phng thc Clear xo tt c nhng g c trong vng d liu c tham chiu: ni dung, nh dng, ch thch Phng thc ClearContents ch xo ni dung c lu tr trong vng d liu. Cn phng thc ClearFormats ch xo nh dng ca cc trong vng d liu. Sau khi xo nh dng, cc s c nh dng mc nh trong Excel.
Worksheets(Sheet2).Range(A1:C3).Clear Worksheets(Sheet2).Range(A1:C3).ClearContents Worksheets(Sheet2).Range(A1:C3).ClearFormats Xo tt c Xo ni dung Xo nh dng
ColumnvRow Hai phng thc ny tr v s th t ca ct v hng ca u tin ca vng d liu c tham chiu.
MsgBox Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B3:D12").Column 2 MsgBox Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B3:D12").Row 3 Hin th gi tr Hin th gi tr
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ColumnsvRows Thuc tnh Columns v Rows thc cht l tp i tng kiu Range cha cc ct v cc hng nm trong phm vi vng d liu c tham chiu. V d sau s dng vng lp For Each Next i mu v in s th t ct vo cc ct trong vng d liu c tham chiu.
Public Sub VD_Columns() Dim myColumns As Range For Each myColumns In Range("B3:C4,E2:F6").Columns myColumns.Interior.Color = RGB(0, 255, 0) i mu myColumns.Value = myColumns.Column in s ct Next myColumns End Sub
th
GI C th s dng tp i tng Columns v Rows truy cp n c mt hng hay mt ct no trong worksheet. V d sau s in gi tr 9 vo tt c cc trong ct C v cc trong hng 3: Worksheets("Sheet1").Columns("C") = 9 Worksheets("Sheet1").Rows("3") = 9
ColumnWidthvRowHeight Thuc tnh ny dng thit lp chiu rng ca ct v chiu cao ca hng ca vng d liu c tham chiu.
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("B2:C4").ColumnWidth = 15 Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("B2:C4").RowHeight = 15
Offset Hm Offset tnh tin vng d liu theo s hng v s ct c xc nh trong cc thng s u vo ca hm Offset. Gi tr tr v ca hm ny chnh l vng d liu sau khi c tnh tin. Cu trc ca hm Offset l: Offsett(s_hng, s_ct). S_hng nu l s dng l tnh tin xung di, s_ct nu l s dng l tnh tin sang phi. V d sau s tnh tin vng d liu ln trn 2 hng v sang phi 3 ct:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A4:B5").Offset(-2, 3).Value = 9
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Replace Phng thc ny dng thay th mt chui k t bng mt chui k t khc. V d sau s thay th t SIN bng COS:
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1.C5").Replace "SIN", "COS"
Phng thc ny cng c nhiu tham s khc na thit lp ch tm kim vo thay th nh trt t tm kim, phn bit ch hoa ch thng, Chi tit xem trong hng dn i km ca Excel. Select Phng thc ny s la chn vng d liu c tham chiu, ging nh khi s dng chut la chn mt vng d liu trong worksheet. Cng ging nh phng thc Activate, vng d liu c tham chiu phi nm trong worksheet hin hnh, nu khng s lm pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. V d sau s chn vng d liu B2:C3 trong worksheet hin hnh:
Range(B2:C3).Select
Value Thuc tnh ny cha gi tr ca vng d liu. Cn phi lu rng khi c gi tr ca vng d liu th vng d liu bt buc phi l mt n nht, cn khi gn gi tr th vng d liu c th l mt hoc mt vng d liu gm nhiu v trong trng hp tt c cc u c cng mt gi tr.
MsgBox Range("A1").Value Range("B2:C3").Value = 9 c v hin th gi tr A1 Gn gi tr cho vng d liu B2:C3
GI Trong khi lm vic vi i tng Range, i tng tham chiu n mt vng d liu, cn lu nhng im sau: Vic thao tc vi Excel bng m lnh khng cn phi thc hin la chn vng d liu, v th nn hn ch s dng cc phng thc nh Activate hoc Select. Trong trng hp bt buc phi s dng cc phng thc ny, cn phi kch hot worksheet c cha vng d liu lm worksheet hin hnh bng phng thc Activate ca worksheet . Nn s dng cc vng d liu c t tn, chng hn nh nn s dng Range(KetQua) thay v s dng Range(D45). V khi s dng Range(D45), nu ngi dng chn thm mt hng pha trn hng 45 th a ch ca cn tham chiu s thay i, v cn phi thay i m lnh thnh Range(D46). Nhng nu s dng vng d liu c t tn th khng cn phi thay i m lnh. Excel cho php la chn cc vng d liu ri rc bt k. Trong khi s dng Excel, c th thc hin bng cch gi phm CRTL khi chn vng d liu.
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Tp i tng Cells l tp i tng cha tt c cc nm trong vng c tham chiu. Tp i tng Cells l mt thuc tnh ca i tng worksheet v cng l mt thuc tnh ca i tng Range. Khi truy cp thng qua i tng worksheet, tp i tng Cells tham chiu n tt c cc ca worksheet . Khi truy cp thng qua i tng Range, tp i tng Cells ch tham chiu n cc nm trong vng d liu. Thc cht, mi thnh phn cu thnh nn tp i tng Cells l mt , c kiu d liu l Range nn tt c cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Range u c trong tp i tng Cells. Xem thm mc i tng Range trang 131 bit chi tit v i tng Range. tham chiu n mt no thng qua tp i tng Cells, c th s dng cu trc sau:
object.Cells(ch_s_hng, ch_s_ct) object.Cells(ch_s_) object.Cells
Object l i tng c cha thuc tnh Cells, c th l i tng kiu Worksheet hoc kiu Range. Cc tham s ch_s_hng v ch_s_ct l ch s tng i trong phm vi ca vng d liu c tham chiu. Ch_s_ l s th t ca trong tp i tng Cells, s th t c nh s theo tng hng, t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. Xt on m sau:
Worksheets(Sheet1).Range("B2:E4").Cells(2, 3).Value = 9
on m trn s dng cch th nht gn gi tr 9 cho mt nm trong vng B2:E4. Object y chnh l i tng kiu Range, v vy tp i tng Cells l tp i tng cha cc trong vng B2:E4. Ch s hng v ct s c tnh tng i so vi u tin ca vng d liu, l B2. V vy, Cells(1,1) l u tin ca vng d liu, cn Cells(2,3) tng ng vi D3. Xt on m th 2:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells(257).Value = 9
on m trn s dng cch thc 2 tham chiu n mt trong worksheet. Object y chnh l i tng Worksheet, v vy tp i tng Cells l tp i tng cha tt c cc c trong worksheet. u tin A1 s c th t l 1, cc cn li c nh s t tri sang phi v sau t trn xung di. Mt worksheet l mt vng d liu c 65536 hng v 256 ct nn thc 256 l cui cng ca hng th nht, IV1; cn th 257 s l u tin ca hng th 2, A2.
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Xt on m th 3:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells.Clear
on m trn s dng cch th 3 tham chiu n cc . Theo , tt c cc u c tham chiu v s u c x l ging nhau. Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh cn c th tham chiu n tng trong tp i tng Cells bng cch thc hin cu lnh lp For Each Next. V d sau s thc hin tnh tng tt c cc nm trong vng d liu c tham chiu:
Sub VD_Cells() Dim myCell As Range Dim Tong As Double Tong = 0 For Each myCell In Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A2.C4").Cells Tong = Tong + myCell.Value Tnh tng Next myCell MsgBox Tong Hin th kt qu End Sub
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Cc s kin khng gn vi i tng: nhm s kin ny c hai s kin rt hu dng: s kin OnTime v s kin OnKey. Nhng s kin ny c cch thc hot ng khng ging nh nhng s kin khc. C mt s thao tc trong Excel c th lm xy ra nhiu s kin khc nhau. V d nh khi ngi dng chn mt worksheet mi vo trong workbook s lm pht sinh cc s kin mc ng dng nh sau: S kin WorkbookNewSheet: xy ra khi to mi worksheet. S kin SheetDeactivate: xy ra khi worksheet hin hnh khng cn hin hnh na. S kin SheetActivate: xy ra khi worksheet va mi c to c chuyn thnh worksheet hin hnh.
2. Trong ca s m lnh va hin th, chn danh sch gc trn bn tri v chn mc Worksheet chn danh sch gc trn bn phi v chn mc Change.
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Chng trnh con dng th tc trn chnh l b x l s kin cho s kin Change ca i tng Sheet1. Ngi lp trnh c th vit m lnh thc hin cc thao tc cn thit mi khi s kin xy ra. on m sau s hin th hp thoi thng bo a ch ca b thay i ni dung:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) MsgBox( b thay i: & Target.Address) End Sub
Mi b x l s kin u c cc tham s ring. ngha v s lng cc tham s ph thuc vo tng loi s kin. hiu r thm v cc tham s ca mi s kin, tham kho thm trong ti liu tr gip ca VBA trong Excel.
CH Excel cn cho php ngi dng tt cc s kin trong ng dng, khi , cc b x l s kin s khng c thc thi mi khi ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc tng ng na. tt cc s kin, ch cn gn thuc tnh EnableEvents ca i tng bng FALSE (Application.EnableEvents=FALSE). V ngc li, bt li cc s kin, EnableEvents bng TRUE ch cn gn thuc tnh (Application.EnableEvents=TRUE)
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NewSheet Open SheetActivate SheetBeforeDoubleClick SheetBeforeRightClick SheetCalculate SheetChange SheetDeactivate SheetSelectionChange WindowActivate WindowDeactivate WindowResize Mt worksheet va c to trong workbook M workbook Mt sheet no c chn lm sheet hin hnh Ngi dng kch p chut trn sheet no . S kin ny xy ra ngay trc khi kch p. Ngay trc khi ngi dng kch phi chut trn sheet Khi trn workshet c thc hin tnh ton no Khi worksheet b thay i Khi mt worksheet no khng cn l sheet hin hnh na Khi ngi dng thay i vng la chn trn worksheet Khi mt ca s c chn l ca s hin hnh Khi mt ca s khng cn l ca s hin hnh Khi mt ca s b thay i kch thc
SkinOpen Mt trong nhng s kin ph bin nht trong Workbook chnh l s kin Open. S kin ny c kch hot mi khi workbook (hoc add-in) c m, v s kch hot b x l s kin tng ng c tn l Workbook_Open. Bn trong th tc ny, ngi lp trnh c th thc hin nhiu thao tc khc nhau, chng hn nh cc thao tc ph bin sau: Hin th mt thng bo cho mng M mt workbook khc Thit lp, to thanh trnh n hoc thanh cng c Kch hot mt sheet hoc mt no Kim tra cc iu kin cn thit khc. Chng hn nh kim tra xem add-in cn thit cho hot ng ca workbook c ci t hay cha Khun mu ca b x l s kin Open nh sau:
Private Sub Workbook_Open() M lnh s c t y End Sub
Di y l mt v d n gin ca th tc Workbook_Open. Chng trnh c s dng hm Weekday ca VBA xc nh mt ngy trong tun. Nu l ngy th 6, mt hp thng bo s xut hin, nhc nh ngi dng thc hin sao lu workbook hng tun. Nu khng phi l th 6, th s khng c g xy ra c.
Private Sub Workbook_Open() Dim strThongBao As String If Weekday(Now) = vbFriday Then strThongBao = "Hm nay l th Su. strThongBao = strThongBao & "Nh phi sao lu workbook hng tun! " MsgBox strThongBao, vbInformation End If End Sub
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SkinBeforeClose S kin BeforeClose xy ra trc khi mt workbook chun b ng. S kin ny thng c dng kt hp vi s kin Open. Ly v d nh, c th s dng s kin Open to trnh n tu bin cho workbook, sau s dng s kin BeforeClose xo trnh n trc khi workbook c ng. V nh vy, theo cch ny, workbook lun c mt trnh n tu bin m khng lm nh hng n chng trnh Excel ni chung. Khun mu ca b x l s kin BeforeClose nh sau:
Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) M lnh s c t y End Sub
Tham s
Cancel
Gii thch
Mc nh, tham s ny bng FALSE khi xy ra s kin. Nu trong b x l s kin c gn gi tr cho tham s Cancel=TRUE th Excel s dng qu trnh ng workbook li, workbook s vn cn c m trong Excel.
V d sau s minh ho cch thao tc vi s kin BeforeClose. V d ny s kim tra xem khi s kin BeforeClose xy ra, workbook c lu hay cha. Nu cha lu s hin th mt hp thoi yu cu ngi dng la chn cc phng n: lu khng lu quay tr li workbook (khng ng workbook na bng cch gn tham s Cancel = TRUE):
Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) Dim Msg As String Dim Ans As Integer If Not (Me.Saved) Then Msg = "Bn c mun lu workbook: " Msg = Msg & Me.Name & "khng ?" Ans = MsgBox(Msg, vbQuestion + vbYesNoCancel) Select Case Ans Case vbYes Me.Save Case vbNo Me.Saved = True Case vbCancel Cancel = True End Select End If End Sub
Trong on m trn, khi ngi dng chn Yes th s thc hin phng thc Save c trong i tng workbook. Khi ngi dng chn No th s gn thuc tnh Saved ca i tng workbook thnh TRUE, iu ny s lm cho Excel ngh l workbook c lu, nhng thc cht l khng thc hin thao tc lu workbook. Khi ngi dng chn Cancel th tham s Cancel s c gn bng TRUE, khi Excel s khng ng workbook li.
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Activate BeforeDoubleClick BeforeRightClick Calculate Change Deactivate FollowHyperlink SelectionChange Worksheet c chn lm worksheet hin hnh Ngi dng kch p chut trn sheet. S kin ny xy ra ngay trc khi kch p. Ngay trc khi ngi dng kch phi chut trn sheet Khi trn workshet c thc hin tnh ton no Khi mt no trong worksheet b thay i Worksheet khng cn hin hnh Ngi dng kch chut vo mt siu lin kt trong worksheet Khi ngi dng thay i vng la chn trn worksheet
Cn phi lu l m lnh ca cc b x l s kin ca worksheet phi c t trong m-un m lnh ca worksheet tng ng. SkinChange S kin Change xy ra khi c mt no trong worksheet b thay i. S kin ny s khng xy ra khi qu trnh t ng tnh ton ca Excel lm thay i gi tr ca , hoc khi chn mt i tng vo trong worksheet. Khun mu ca b x l s kin Change nh sau:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) M lnh s c t y End Sub
Tham s
Target
Gii thch
Tham s kiu Range, l /vng d liu b thay i
Khi th tc Worksheet_Change c thc thi (ngha l khi s kin xy ra), th tc ny s nhn c mt i tng kiu Range c truyn thng qua tham s Target. i tng ny c th l mt hoc mt vng d liu b thay i. V d sau s hin th mt hp thng bo th hin a ch ca b thay i (a ch ca i tng Target):
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Excel.Range) MsgBox Vng d liu & Target.Address & thay i. End Sub
c th hiu r hn cc loi thao tc lm pht sinh s kin Change ca workshet, nhp on m trn vo trong m-un m lnh ca worksheet. Sau khi nhp xong on m lnh trn, quay tr li Excel v thc hin thay i worksheet bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Mi khi s kin Change xy ra, mt hp thng bo s c hin ln thng bo a ch ca vng d liu b tc ng. Khi thc hin theo cch nh vy, ta c th tnh c pht hin ra nhiu iu th v v s kin ny. Mt s thao tc lm pht sinh s kin, nhng mt s thao tc khc li khng nh th: Thay i nh dng ca khng lm pht sinh s kin Change nh mong i, nhng nu s dng trnh n Edit Clear Formats th li lm pht sinh s kin ny. Thm, hiu chnh hoc xo ch thch ca cc khng lm pht sinh s kin Change. Nhn phm DEL trn bn phm s lm pht sinh s kin Change (mc d hin ti ang l mt trng).
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Nhng b thay i khi s dng cc lnh ca Excel c th c hoc khng lm pht sinh s kin ny. V d, chn trnh n Data Form v Data Sort khng lm pht sinh s kin. Nhng nu chn trnh n Tools Spelling v Edit Replace th li lm pht sinh s kin ny. Nu trong cc chng trnh con ca VBA c lm thay i mt no th s lm pht sinh s kin Change. R rng, s kin Change kh phc tp v c th c tnh cht khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn ca Excel. Tuy nhin, s kin ny li rt hu ch, c bit l nhng ng dng quan trng, i hi cn phi c s kim tra, gim st n gi tr ca tng . S kin Change pht sinh khi c mt no b thay i, nhng thng thng ngi lp trnh ch cn quan tm n mt vng no trong worksheet m thi. V d sau s thc hin gim st mt vng d liu c tn l SoLieu trong worksheet. Nu ngi dng lm thay i gi tr bt k no trong vng ny, chng trnh s xut hin thng bo cho ngi dng:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) Dim VRange As Range Set VRange = Range("SoLieu") If Not Intersect(Target, VRange) Is Nothing Then MsgBox " thay i nm trong vng d liu: SoLieu." End If End Sub
V d trn s dng bin kiu Range c tn l VRange, th hin cho vng d liu cn gim st s thay i (l vng d liu c tn l SoLieu). Th tc ny cn s dng hm Intersect ca VBA, l hm tm giao ca hai vng d liu, kim tra xem vng d liu Target (c truyn qua tham s ca s kin) c nm trong vng d liu VRange hay khng. Hm Intersect tr v gi tr Nothing c ngha l hai vng d liu khng c no chung nhau. Do c s dng ton t Not nn biu thc Not Intersect(Target, VRange) Is Nothing s tr v gi tr TRUE nu hai vng d liu c t nht mt chung nhau. V vy, nu vng d liu b thay i c chung no vi vng d liu tn l SoLieu th chng trnh s hin th hp thng bo. Cc trng hp khc, th tc s t kt thc v khng c g xy ra c.
Xy ra khi
UserForm c chn l hin hnh. Ngi dng kch chut vo UserForm. Ngi dng kch p chut vo UserForm. UserForm khng cn l ca s hin hnh. UserForm c to ra. Ngi dng nhn mt phm (nhng cha th ra). Ngi dng nhn v th mt phm. Ngi dng th mt phm (sau khi nhn xung). Thay i kch thc hoc v tr ca UserForm.
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MouseDown MouseMove MouseUp QueryClose Resize Terminate Ngi dng kch chut (nhng cha th nt chut). Chut c di chuyn trn UserForm. Ngi dng th mt nt chut (sau khi kch chut). Trc khi UserForm b ng. Thay i kch thc ca UserForm. UserForm b hu (UnLoad).
Tham s
expression Key Procedure
Gii thch
Biu thc tr v i tng kiu Application Chui k t i din cho phm hoc t hp phm c nhn Tham s tu chn kiu Variant, l chui k t cha tn ca th tc s c thc thi khi ngi dng nhn phm. Nu gi tr ca tham s ny l (chui rng) th s khng c g xy ra khi ngi dng nhn phm c. Nu tham s Procedure c b qua, th phm tng ng vi tham s Key s c thit lp li gi tr mc nh ca Excel, tt c cc th tc c gn cho phm s khng cn hiu lc na.
Cn lu l, tham s Key c th l mt phm hoc mt t hp phm kt hp vi cc phm ALT, CTRL hoc SHIFT, Mi phm s c i din bng mt k t hoc chui k t, chng hn nh a i din cho phm a, hay {ENTER} i din cho phm ENTER. xc nh cc phm khng hin th trn mn hnh khi ngi dng nhn phm tng ng (chng hn nh phm TAB hoc phm ENTER) cn phi s dng cc gi tr c nh ngha sn. Di y l danh sch cc m phm c bit . Mi m phm tng ng vi mt phm trn bn phm. Phm
BACKSPACE BREAK CAPS LOCK CLEAR DELETE hoc DEL MI TN XUNG END
M phm
{BACKSPACE} hoc {BS} {BREAK} {CAPSLOCK} {CLEAR} {DELETE} hoc {DEL} {DOWN} {END}
~ (du ng) {ENTER} {ESCAPE} hoc {ESC} {F1} n {F15} {HELP} {HOME}
Phm
M phm
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INS MI TN TRI NUM LOCK PAGE DOWN PAGE UP RETURN MI TN PHI {INSERT} {LEFT} {NUMLOCK} {PGDN} {PGUP} {RETURN} {RIGHT} SCROLL LOCK TAB MI TN LN SHIFT CTRL ALT {SCROLLLOCK} {TAB} {UP} + (du cng) ^ (du m) % (phn trm)
s dng t hp phm, ch cn gn tham s Key bng hp ca tt c cc phm n. V d nh nu cn gn s kin cho t hp phm CTRL+Phm cng, gn tham s Key= ^{+}; hoc vi t hp phm SHIFT+CTRL+Mi tn phi, gn tham s Key= +^{RIGHT}. V d sau s x l s kin OnKey ci t li chc nng ca phm PgUp v phm PgDn. Sau khi thc thi th tc Setup_ConKey, nu ngi dng nhn phm PgDn, Excel s thc thi th tc DgDn_Sub, cn nu ngi dng nhn phm PgUp, Excel s thc thi th tc PgUp_Sub. V kt qu s l: khi ngi dng nhn phm PgDn s di chuyn con tr xung hai hng, cn khi nhn phm PgUp s di chuyn con tr ln hai hng.
Sub Setup_OnKey() Application.OnKey "{PgDn}", "PgDn_Sub" Application.OnKey "{PgUp}", "PgUp_Sub" End Sub Sub PgDn_Sub() On Error Resume Next ActiveCell.Offset(2, 0).Activate End Sub Sub PgUp_Sub() On Error Resume Next ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Activate End Sub
V d ny c s dng cu lnh On Error Resume Next b qua cc li c th pht sinh. Chng hn nh nu hin hnh ang hng u tin, nu c gng di chuyn ln trn s lm pht sinh li. Hoc nu sheet hin hnh khng phi l worksheet m l chartsheet th cng lm pht sinh li v khng c hin hnh no trn chartsheet c. xo s kin OnKey cho mt phm no y, cn phi thc thi li phng thc OnKey m khng c tham s Procedure. Thao tc ny s tr v chc nng mc nh cho phm c gn:
Sub Cancel_OnKey() Application.OnKey {PgDn} Application.OnKey {PgUp} End Sub
Mc d bng cch ny, ngi lp trnh c th gn phm tt cho mt Macro bt k, tuy nhin tt nht l nn s dng trnh qun l Macro gn phm tt cho Macro (xem thm mc Qun l Macro trang 104)
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Cch thot khi Excel s dng thuc tnh Saved hoc DisplayAlerts s c th lm mt tt c nhng thay i cha c lu. V th cng c th s dng mt cch khc, l s dng phng thc SaveWorkspace lu trng thi lm vic ca Excel ca trc lc thot vo tp .xlw, v khi m tp ny, trng thi lm vic ca Excel ti thi im s c khi phc li. on m sau s lu ton b trng thi lm vic vo tp Resume.xlw:
Sub QuitWithResume() Application.SaveWorkspace "C:\Resume.xlw" Application.Quit End Sub
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7.1.2. Kho tng tc ngi dng Trong mt s trng hp, trnh ngi dng thot khi Excel khi ang thc hin mt s bc tnh ton mt nhiu thi gian, cn phi gii hn tng tc gia ngi dng v chng trnh Excel. i tng Application c mt s phng thc/thuc tnh thc hin iu ny: Gn thuc tnh DisplayAlerts bng FALSE n cc hp thoi Excel khi ang thc thi m lnh. Gn thuc tnh Interactive bng FALSE ngi dng hon ton khng th tng tc c vi Excel. Gn thuc tnh ScreenUpdating bng FALSE tt qu trnh cp nht li mn hnh, lm n i nhng thay i din ra trong lc thc thi m lnh. Nhng cch trn u cn phi thc hin u on m lnh v phi thc hin li cui ca on m lnh thit lp li cc gi tr mc nh, nu khng s lm kho hon ton chng trnh Excel. V d sau minh ho cch tm thi kho tng tc ngi dng khi thc hin cc on m lnh mt nhiu thi gian:
Sub Khoa_nguoi_dung() Dim cel As Range ' Chuyn con tr chut thnh biu tng ch. Application.Cursor = xlWait ' Tt tng tc ngi dng v vic cp nht mn hnh. Application.Interactive = False Application.ScreenUpdating = False ' on m lnh m phng vic tnh ton mt nhiu thi gian. For Each cel In [a1:iv999] cel.Select Next ' Khi phc li trng thi ban u. Application.Interactive = True Application.ScreenUpdating = True Application.Cursor = xlDefault [a1].Select End Sub
Mt li im na ca vic gn thuc tnh ScreenUpdating bng FALSE l vic on m lnh s thc thi vi tc nhanh hn v Excel khng cn phi cp nht li mn hnh khi tin hnh chn tng trong vng d liu t A1:IV999. Nhng cn lu phi khi phc li cc gi tr mc nh trc khi kt thc m lnh.
GI Gn thuc tnh ScreenUpdating bng FALSE trong khi thc khi cc on m lnh c lin quan n vic hin th trn mn hnh, chng hn nh i mu nn cho vng d liu , s lm tng tc thc thi ca m lnh
7.1.3. Thao tc vi ca s i tng Application c tp i tng Windows cho php m, sp xp, thay i kch thc v ng cc ca s bn trong Excel. Chng hn nh on m sau to thm mt ca s mi v sau xp chng cc ca s bn trong workbook hin hnh:
Sub OpenCascadeWindows() ActiveWindow.NewWindow Application.Windows.Arrange xlArrangeStyleCascade, True End Sub
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Ngi lp trnh c th ng, thay i trng thi ca ca s s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh c trong i tng Window. V d sau s ng ca s c to ra v d trc v khi phc li trng thi ca ca s ban u trong Excel:
Sub CloseMaximize() ActiveWindow.Close ng ca s hin hnh ActiveWindow.WindowState = xlMaximized End Sub
iu khin ca s chnh ca Excel, s dng cc thuc tnh WindowState v DisplayFullScreen c trong i tng Application. on m sau s thc hin thay i trng thi ca s chnh ca Excel, gia cc thi thi s c mt thng bo:
Sub ChangeExcelWindowState() Application.WindowState = xlMaximized MsgBox "Trang thai phong dai" Application.WindowState = xlMinimized MsgBox "Trang thai thu nho" Application.WindowState = xlNormal MsgBox "Trang thai thong thuong" Application.DisplayFullScreen = True MsgBox "Trang thai toan man hinh" Application.DisplayFullScreen = False MsgBox "Trang thai thong thuong" End Sub Phng i ca s Thu nh ca s Trng thi thng thng Xem ton mn hnh Trng thi bnh thng
7.1.4. Khi ng Excel t chng trnh khc Thng thng, khi s dng VBA trong Excel, chng trnh Excel c khi ng sn v ngi lp trnh khng cn quan tm n cc thao tc khi ng chng trnh Excel. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng lc cn khi ng chng trnh Excel t chng trnh khc, chng hn nh khi mun xut d liu tnh ton sang Excel chng hn. Lc , cn phi lp trnh khi ng Excel, hay ni theo cch n gin hn, l to i tng Application cha ng dng Excel. thc hin c vic ny, cn phi thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Tham chiu n vi th vin m rng ca chng trnh Excel. 2. Vit m lnh thc hin vic khi ng chng trnh Excel (to i tng Application ca Excel). Di y s trnh by cch thc khi ng chng trnh Excel t VBA trong AutoCAD. ThamchiuthvinmrngcachngtrnhExcel 1. Khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD nhn t hp phm ALT+F11. Khi ng VBAIDE trong AutoCAD bng cch
2. Chn trnh n Tools References hin th hp thoi References dng tham chiu n th vin m rng. 3. Trong danh sch cc th vin c sn, chn Microsoft Excel 11.0 Object Library Chn OK. Nh vy l d n VBA trong AutoCAD c tham chiu n th vin m rng ca
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Excel, ngha l ngi lp trnh c th truy cp n m hnh i tng ca Excel ngay t bn trong VBA ca AutoCAD
Hnh IV-14: Hp thoi References trong VBAIDE ca AutoCAD. CH Tu tng phin bn chng trnh Excel ang c s dng m tn ca th vin m rng Excel c th khc nhau.
VitmlnhkhingchngtrnhExcel 4. Trong VBAIDE ca AutoCAD, chn trnh n Insert chun. Module to mi mt m-un
5. Trong ca s m lnh ca m-un chun, nhp on m lnh dng khi ng chng trnh Excel nh sau:
Sub ConnectToExcel() Dim App As Excel.Application On Error Resume Next Set App = GetObject(, "Excel.Application") Kim tra xem Excel c khi ng cha Nu cha s tin hnh to i tng Application If Err Then Err.Clear Set App = CreateObject("Excel.Application") If Err Then MsgBox Err.Description Exit Sub End If End If Hin th ca s chnh ca Excel App.Visible = True MsgBox "Now running " + App.Name + _ " version " + App.Version ====== Kt thc vic khi ng chng trnh Excel ======
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Bt u thc hin cc thao tc trong Excel ging nh khi thc hin trong mi trng VBA ca Excel Dim WBook As Workbook, WSheet As Worksheet Set WBook = App.Workbooks.Add Set WSheet = WBook.Worksheets(1) WSheet.Range("A1") = "Vi du ket noi voi Excel" WBook.SaveAs "C:\Test.xls" WBook.Close Set WBook = Nothing Set WSheet = Nothing End Sub
6. Thc thi Macro: ConnectToExcel nh trn, chng trnh Excel s c khi ng To mt Worksheet mi Lu thnh tp c tn Test.xls nm trong th mc gc ca a C:\ Thot khi chng trnh Excel.
Nu tham s tn tp ch c tn m khng bao gm ng dn, Excel s tm tp trong th mc hin hnh. Nu tp khng tn ti th s lm pht sinh li trong Excel. Luworkbook lu workbook, s dng phng thc Save v SaveAs c trong i tng Workbook. Th mc mc nh lu trong Excel c th c thit lp thng qua thuc tnh DefaultFilePath ca i tng Application, thng thng th mc mc nh l th mc My Documents. V d sau s lu workbook mi to vo th mc My Documents vi tn l NewWorkbook.xls:
ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs "NewWorkbook"
Phng thc SaveAs thch hp khi lu workbook ln u tin, hoc khi mun lu workbook thnh mt workbook c tn khc. Cn phng thc Save s lu workbook v gi nguyn tn hin ti ca workbook. ngworkbook ng workbook, s dng phng thc Close c trong i tng workbook. Phng thc ny khng t ng lu workbook, nhng khi c s thay i no cha lu, Excel s hin th hp thoi SaveChanges trc khi ng workbook. Ngi lp trnh c th tt hp thoi ny bng cch truyn thm tham s vo cho phng thc thc Close:
ThisWorkbook.Close True
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on m s lu tt c cc thay i v sau ng workbook hin hnh. ng m khng lu nhng thay i ca workbook, s dng on m sau:
ThisWorkbook.Close False
ng tt c cc workbook, s dng phng thc Close c trong tp i tng Workbooks. Tuy nhin phng thc ny khng c tham s, v vy hp thoi SaveChanges s xut hin khi c workbook no cha c lu.
Sub TestCloseAll() Workbooks.Close End Sub
Do tp i tng Sheets bao gm nhiu loi sheet khc nhau nn khi thm worksheet s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Sheets, cn phi xc nh r loi sheet s c thm vo. Xoworksheet xo worksheet, s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng worksheet. V d sau s xo worksheet c tn l Sheet1.
Sub Xoa_worksheet() Dim mySheet As Worksheet Set mySheet = Worksheets("Sheet1") Application.DisplayAlerts = False mySheet.Delete Application.DisplayAlerts = True End Sub
Khi s dng phng thc Delete xo worksheet, Excel s hin th hp thng bo xc nhn thao tc xo worksheet. V vy, khi chc chn xo worksheet phi tt ht tt c cc thng bo bng cch gn thuc tnh DisplayAlerts bng FALSE, v cng nn nh l phi tr v cc gi tr mc nh trc khi kt thc chng trnh. itnworksheet Vic i tn worksheet c thc hin mt cch d dng, ch cn thay i thuc tnh Name c trong i tng worksheet. on m sau s i tn Sheet2 thnh MySheet:
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Worksheets("Sheet2").Name = "MySheet"
7.4.2. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu theo hng v ct Qu trnh duyt theo hng hoc ct c thc hin s dng vng lp For EachNext trn cc tp i tng Rows, Columns v Cells. i tng thnh phn trong cc tp i tng ny u c kiu l Range. V d sau s tnh tng tng ct ca vng d liu c tham chiu v in gi tr tng ny vo ngay pha di tng ct.
1. Sub Duyet_O_Theo_Cot() 2. Dim myCell As Range 3. Dim myColumn As Range 4. Dim Tong As Double 5. For Each myColumn In Range("A1:D3").Columns 6. Tong = 0 7. For Each myCell In myColumn.Cells 8. Tong = Tong + Val(myCell.Value) 9. Next myCell 10. myColumn.Cells(myColumn.Rows.Count + 1, 1) = Tong 11. Next myColumn 12. End Sub
Dng th 5 l vng lp cho php duyt qua tng ct trong vng d liu A1:D3. Mi ct li l mt vng d liu, v th li tip tc duyt qua tng trong vng d liu , iu ny c thc hin dng th 7. Dng th 10 dng gn gi tr tng tnh c ca mi vo di cng ca ct.
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7.4.3. Vng c cha d liu Thuc tnh UsedRange UsedRange l mt thuc tnh rt hu dng ca i tng Worksheet. Thuc tnh ny tr v vng d liu l hnh ch nht bao ca tt c cc c cha d liu. Gc trn bn tri ca hnh ch nht l u tin c cha d liu, cn gc di bn phi ca hnh ch nht l cui cng c cha d liu. Cc c cha d liu c hiu l nhng c cha thng tin nh: gi tr, nh dng v ch thch. Hnh sau minh ho r hn v thuc tnh UsedRange.
Mc d trong vng d liu tr v ca thuc tnh UsedRange c cha c nhng khng c d liu, nhng nh vy l hiu qu v tit kim thi gian hn l so vi vic duyt qua tt c cc trong worksheet. V d sau s duyt qua tt c cc c cha d liu v chn nhng c gi tr m trn worksheet hin hnh:
Sub Su_dung_UsedRange( ) Dim cel As Range, str As String For Each cel In ActiveSheet.UsedRange If cel.Value < 0 Then str = str & cel.Address & "," Next If str <> "" Then str= Left(str, Len(str) - 1) ActiveSheet.Range(str).Select End If End Sub
V d trn ly v a ch ca tt c cc c gi tr m v s dng du , ngn cch gia a ch ca cc ly hp ca tt c cc (xem thm mc Tham chiu n i tng Range trang 131). Sau khi kt thc vng lp, chui str s c kiu l $A$1,$D$5, nn dng lnh If cui cng s ct k t cui cng ca chui str chuyn v dng thc a ch ng $A$1,$D$5. Cu lnh Len(str) tr v chiu di ca chui k t str. Cn cu lnh Left(str,n) tr v n k t nm bn tri ca chui k t str.
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l khng d, nhng mt khi hiu r cy phn cp i tng th kt qu s n tng hn rt nhiu. Tu theo v tr m biu trong Excel c phn thnh 2 loi sau: Biu nhng ChartObject: l dng biu nm bn trong mt worksheet. Trong mt worksheet c th cha nhiu biu nhng khc nhau v cc biu ny c th c truy xut thng qua tp i tng ChartObjects c trong i tng worksheet. Biu c lp ChartSheet: l dng biu nm trong mt sheet ring bit, gi l chartsheet. Mi mt chartsheet ch c th cha mt biu dng ny m thi. Biu dng ny c th c truy xut thng qua tp i tng Charts c trong i tng workbook. Biu , d l dng nhng hay c lp, u c cng mt kiu d liu l Chart. Hn na, trong hu ht cc bng tnh, cc biu thng c nhng trong worksheet tin cho vic trnh by. Chnh v vy, ni dung trong gio trnh ny ch tp trung thao tc i vi biu nhng. 7.5.1. To mi biu Cch nhanh nht to biu bng m lnh l s dng phng thc ChartWizard ca i tng Chart. Vi phng thc ny, ngi lp trnh c th to c biu ch trong 2 bc: 1. To mi i tng Chart, s dng phng thc Add. 2. Gi phng thc ChartWizard ca i tng Chart va c to. Phng thc ChartWizard c rt nhiu tham s khc nhau, tt c u l tham s tu chn.
ChartWizard(Source, Gallery, Format, PlotBy, CategoryLabels, SeriesLabels, HasLegend, Title, CategoryTitle, ValueTitle, ExtraTitle)
Tham s
Source Gallery
Gii thch
Vng d liu cha s liu u vo cho biu Dng biu , c th l mt trong nhng gi tr sau: xlArea, xlBar, xlColumn, xlLine, xlPie, xlRadar, xlXYScatter, xlCombination, xl3DArea, xl3DBar, xl3DColumn, xl3DLine, xl3DPie, xl3DSurface, xlDoughnut, xlDefaultAutoFormat. nh dng t ng. Gi tr t 110 tu thuc vo loi biu . Nu b qua tham s ny, Excel s t chn gi tr mc nh da trn dng biu v s liu u vo. Xc nh xem s liu cho tng chui s liu l theo ct hay hng, c th l xlRows hoc xlColumns. S nguyn xc nh s hng hoc ct bn trong vng d liu u vo s lm CategoryLabels. S nguyn xc nh s hng hoc ct bn trong vng d liu u vo s lm SeriesLabels. Bng TRUE th biu s c thm phn ch gii. Tiu ca biu Tiu ca trc ngang Tiu ca trc ng Tiu trc i vi biu 3D hoc tiu ca trc gi tr th 2 ca biu 2D
Format
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V d sau to mt biu trong mt chartsheet nm sau worksheet hin hnh, sau s dng phng thc ChartWizard to biu da trn vng d liu c tn l SoLieu. Ni dung ca vng d liu nh sau: Mt Hng A 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
20.0 21.0 24.0 25.0 23.0 23.5 25.0
Mt hng B
35.0 35.5 36.0 37.0 36.5 37.0 38.0
Sub ChartWizard() Dim ws As Worksheet, chrt As Chart Set ws = ActiveSheet ' To mi chartsheet, nm sau worksheet hin hnh. Set chrt = Charts.Add(, ws) ' t tn cho chartsheet. chrt.Name = "Bieu Do Gia" ' To biu s dng phng thc ChartWizard. chrt.ChartWizard ws.[SoLieu], xlLine, , xlColumns, 1, 1, True, _ "Bieu Do Gia Hang Nam", "Nam", "Gia" End Sub
7.5.2. Thm mt chui s liu vo biu c Cc s liu c v trong biu c lu tr trong tp i tng SeriesCollection. Mi hng hoc ct d liu c lu tr trong mt i tng Series tng ng v mi s liu trong mt i tng Series c lu tr trong i tng Point.
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Ngi lp trnh c th thm chui s liu vo mt biu c bng cch gi phng thc Add ca tp i tng SeriesCollection. Phng thc Add c nhng tham s sau: Tham s
Source Rowcol SeriesLabels
Gii thch
Vng d liu cha d liu ca chui s liu mi hoc c th l mng s liu Xc nh xem chui s liu b tr theo dng ct hay dng hng, c th l xlRows hoc xlColumns. Gi tr ny s b b qua nu Source l mt mng s liu. Nu Source l vng d liu th gi tr ny s l TRUE nu hng hoc ct u tin ca vng d liu cha tn ca chui s liu, nu khng th gn gi tr ny bng FALSE. Gi tr ny s b b qua nu Source l mt mng s liu. Nu Source l vng d liu th gi tr ny s l TRUE nu hng hoc ct u tin ca vng d liu cha gi tr lm CategoryLabels ca chui s liu, nu khng th gn gi tr ny bng FALSE. Nu CategoryLabels l TRUE v Replace l TRUE, th gi tr CategoryLabels ca biu hin ti s c thay mi. Nu Replace l FALSE th CategoryLabels ca biu hin ti s c gi nguyn. Mc nh l gi tr FALSE.
CategoryLabels
Replace
V d sau s thm mt chui s liu mi vo biu c to v d trc, v chuyn dng biu thnh dng ct .
Sub AddNewSeries() Dim chrt As Chart, sc As SeriesCollection, sr As Series ' Ly li biu theo tn biu . Set chrt = Charts("Bieu Do Gia") ' Ly tp i tng SeriesCollection. Set sc = chrt.SeriesCollection ' Thm chui s liu mi. sc.Add [ThemSoLieu], xlColumns, True, False, False ' Ly chui s liu cui trong tp i tng SeriesCollection ' chnh l chui s liu mi b sung. Set sr = sc(sc.Count) ' i dng biu cho chui s liu mi. sr.ChartType = xlColumnClustered End Sub
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hin th thanh cng c Control Toolbox, chn trnh n View Toolbars Control Toolbox. Trn thanh cng c ny, cn ch n 3 biu tng u tin phc v cho qu trnh thit k cc iu khin trong worksheet: Design Mode : khi biu tng ny c hin sng ( ), tc l cc iu khin ang trong ch thit k. ch ny, ngi lp trnh c th chn cc iu khin, thay i cc thuc tnh ca chng Khi biu tng ny ch thng thng, tc l cc iu khin ang trong ch thc thi. ch ny, cc iu khin s trng thi s dng. Properties : nhn chut vo biu tng ny s hin th ca s Properties, lit k tt c cc thuc tnh ca iu khin c chn. Thng qua ca s ny, ngi lp trnh c th thay i tng thuc tnh lin quan n iu khin c chn. : nhn chut vo biu tng ny s hin th ca s m lnh tng ng vi View Code iu khin c chn. Trn thanh cng c Control Toolbox cn c nhiu biu tng khc na, mi biu tng tng ng vi mt iu khin. V c bn, cc iu khin ny tng ng vi cc iu khin c trnh by phn trc (tham kho mc Cc iu khin thng dng trang 69). 8.1.1. iu khin Spin Button Spin button, , l mt nt bm gn vi mt no trong worksheet. tng gi tr trong , ngi dng s bm vo mi tn ln, cn gim gi tr, ngi dng s bm vo mi tn xung. Spin button thch hp khi mun hn ch s liu nhp vo nm trong mt gii hn no . Cc thuc tnh c bn ca Spin button: Thuc tnh
Name LinkedCell Max
M t
Kiu String. Tn ca iu khin Kiu String. a ch ca s lin kt trc tip vi iu khin Kiu Integer. Gi tr ln nht c th t c
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Min SmallChange Value Kiu Integer. Gi tr nh nht c th t c Kiu Integer. S gia mi khi ngi dng nhn vo mi tn ln hoc xung Kiu Integer. Gi tr hin thi ca iu khin, cng l gi tr s hin th trong lin kt trc tip vi iu khin
8.1.2. iu khin ComboBox Combo Box, , s dng ngi dng la chn mt phn t trong danh sch xung. iu khin ny thng c s dng khi ngi lp trnh mun ngi s dng ch c th chn c nhng phn t c nh trc, trnh nhng sai st trong qu trnh nhp d liu, chng hn nh ch cho php ngi dng chn mt trong cc loi mc ca b tng m chng trnh h tr. Thng thng ta nn t Combo Box trng ln m n lin kt. Cc thuc tnh c bn ca Combo Box: Thuc tnh
Name LinkedCell ListFillRange ColumnCount BoundColumn
M t
Kiu String. Tn ca iu khin Kiu String. a ch ca lin kt trc tip vi Combo Box. Gi tr ca Combo Box chnh l gi tr ca c lin kt. Kiu String. a ch ca vng d liu cu thnh danh sch cc phn t trong Combo Box. Mi mt hng ca vng d liu l mt phn t trong danh sch . Kiu Integer. S ct s c hin th trong danh sch x xung ca Combo Box. Mc nh ColumnCount=1. Kiu Integer. S th t ct trong vng d liu, l ct m gi tr ca ct s c gn cho thuc tnh Value ca Combo Box khi mt phn t trong Combo Box c chn. Kiu Boolean. Nu bng FALSE, khng hin th phn tiu ca ct trong danh sch x xung. Nu bng TRUE, hin th tiu ca ct trong danh sch x xung, v hng d liu nm ngay pha trn ListFillRange s c ly lm tiu ca ct. B rng ca ct, tnh bng pt. Nu c nhiu ct th b rng ca mi ct s c cch nhau bng du chm phy (;). V d 60:80 Kiu Integer. Nu bng 0, ngi dng c th nhp d liu trc tip vo Combo Box hoc chn t danh sch. Nu bng 1, ngi dng ch c th nhp d liu bng cch chn t danh sch. Kiu String. L on vn bn/d liu c hin th trong Combox. Kiu Variant. L gi tr thc t ca phn t c chn trong Combo Box. Gi tr ca thuc tnh Value ny chnh l gi tr ca c lin kt vi Combo Box thng qua thuc tnh LinkedCell.
ColumnHeads
ColumnWidths Style
Text Value
ToComboBoxcnhiuct V d sau s lm r ngha ca cc thuc tnh trn thng qua vic to mt Combo Box c nhiu ct. Combo Box s hin th cc cp ng thit k, v khi la chn mt cp ng, gi tr vn tc thit k tng ng s c gn cho . Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. To mi Combo Box trn worksheet, di chuyn n v tr thch hp. 2. Chn kiu cho Combo Box bng cch gn thuc tnh Style bng 1, ngha l ngi dng ch c th la chn t danh sch x xung. 3. Gn gi tr cho cc thuc tnh LinkedCell bng C11 l s cha gi tr vn tc thit k c chn. Gn gi tr ListFillRange bng F2:G7 l vng d liu cha bng cc gi tr
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cp ng v vn tc thit k. Thng thng vng d liu ny s c lu tr trong mt worksheet khc hoc mt ni m ngi dng khng nhn thy c trnh gy ra s lng tng cho ngi dng. 4. hin th c nhiu ct, gn gi tr thuc tnh ColumnCount bng 2. Do gi tr cn lin kt l gi tr vn tc thit k, tc l gi tr nm ct th 2 ca vng d liu, do vy cn phi gn thuc tnh BoundColumn bng 2. 5. hin th tiu cho danh sch x xung, gn gi tr ColumnHeads bng TRUE.
8.1.3. iu khin Command Button iu khin Command Button, , thng c s dng khi cn ngi dng thc hin mt quyt nh no thng qua vic kch chut vo nt lnh hoc nhn Enter ti nt lnh. Chi tit v cc thuc tnh ca iu khin ny c trong phn lm vic vi Userform v cc iu khin phn trc. ci t m lnh tng ng khi ngi dng kch chut vo nt lnh, s dng s kin Click c trong iu khin Command Button. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: 1. Khi ng VBAIDE bng cch nhn phm ALT+F11. 2. Trong ca s Project, kch p chut vo worksheet c cha iu khin Command Button hin th ca s m lnh ca worksheet . 3. Trong danh sch x xung General gc trn bn tri, chn iu khin c tn cn thm s kin, tn ny chnh l gi tr ca thuc tnh Name m ta gn cho iu khin . 4. Trong danh sch x xung Declarations gc trn bn phi, chn s kin cn ci t m lnh. 5. VBAIDE s t ng chn on m lnh khi to cho s kin. G on m lnh cn chn vo v tr con tr ang hot ng.
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on m lnh sau s lm hin th hp thng bo khi ngi dng kch chut vo CommandButton1:
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() MsgBox "Ban vua nhan vao nut lenh nay" End Sub
8.2.1. Hp thoi InputBox ca Excel Hm InputBox S dng hp thoi InputBox (thay v s dng hp thoi InputBox) c nhiu u im: nh c kiu d liu tr v; Ngi s dng c th la chn mt vng d liu trc tip trn worksheet bng cch s dng chut; Vic kim tra d liu nhp vo c thc hin t ng. C php ca hm InputBox ny nh sau:
Application.InputBox(prompt, title, default, left, top, helpFile, context, type)
Hu ht cc tham s u l tham s tu chn, ch c tham s prompt l bt buc phi nhp vo. ngha ca cc tham s nh sau: Tham s
prompt title default
Gii thch
on vn bn s hin th trong hp thoi Tiu ca hp thoi InputBox Gi tr mc nh. Nu ngi dng khng nhp g c, hm s tr v gi tr mc nh ny.
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left, top helpFile, context type To gc trn bn tri ca hp thoi. Tn tp tr gip v ch cn hin th M xc nh kiu tr v ca hm.
Kiu gi tr tr v l
Cng thc S Chui Boolean (True hoc False) i tng kiu Range. Tham chiu n mt vng d liu Gi tr li, chng hn nh #NA Mng gi tr
Hm InputBox ca Excel c s dng kh linh hot. Hm ny c th cho php c nhiu hn mt kiu gi tr tr v bng cch cng cc loi m thch hp. V d nh mun hp thoi InputBox cho php nhp vo c s v chui, c th nhp tham s type bng 3 (tc l 1+2, hay S cng chui). Cn nu gn tham s type bng 8 th ngi dng c th t nhp vo a ch ca vng d liu trong hp thoi, hoc cng c th chn vng d liu trn worksheet bng chut. V d sau, th tc EraseRange, s dng hm InputBox ngi dng la chn mt vng d liu xo. Ngi dng c th nhp vo a ch ca vng d liu hoc cng c th chn bng cch dng chut. Hm InputBox vi tham s type bng 8 s tr v i tng kiu Range (ch t kho Set trc hm InputBox, v lc ny hm s tr v i tng ch khng phi l mt gi tr n thun). Vng d liu ny s c xo i bng phng thc Clear. Gi tr mc nh c hin th trong hp thoi InputBox l a ch ca vng c chn hin hnh. Cu lnh On Error nhm mc ch s thot khi th tc khi c li xy ra.
Sub EraseRange() Dim UserRange As Range Dim DefaultRange As String DefaultRange = Selection.Address On Error GoTo Canceled Set UserRange = Application.InputBox _ (Prompt:=Vng d liu cn xo:, _ Title:= Xo vng d liu, _ Default:=DefaultRange, _ Type:=8) UserRange.Clear UserRange.Select Canceled: End Sub
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Mt li im na ca vic s dng hm inputBox ca Excel chnh l vic t ng thc hin kim tra gi tr nhp vo. Trong v d trn, nu ngi dng nhp vo gi tr khng phi l a ch ca mt vng d liu, Excel s hin th mt hp thng bo v nhc ngi dng nhp li d liu.
8.2.2. Hp thoi Open Hm GetOpenFilename Trong mt s chng trnh, khi cn nhp vo tn tp no , ta c th s dng hp thoi InputBox yu cu ngi s dng nhp vo tn tp t bn phm. Tuy nhin cch ny c th pht sinh li do ngi dng nhp vo mt tn tp khng tn ti (c th do g phm sai hoc khng nh chnh xc tn tp). Mt cch tt hn lm vic ny chnh l s dng phng thc GetOpenFilename ca i tng Application. Phng thc ny s hin th hp thoi Open (ging nh khi chn trnh n File Open) nhng ch tr v tn tp c chn m khng m mt tp no c. Ngi dng ch vic chn tp bng cc cng c trc quan c sn trong hp thoi. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau (tt c cc tham s u l tham s tu chn):
GetOpenFilename(FileFilter,FilterIndex,Title,ButtonText,MultiSelect)
Tham s
FileFilter FilterIndex Title ButtonText MultiSelect
Gii thch
Chui cha b lc tp. S th t ca b lc tp mc nh. Tiu ca hp thoi, gi tr mc nh l Open. Khng s dng. Nu bng TRUE, ngi dng c th chn nhiu tp cng mt lc. Mc nh l FALSE.
Tham s FileFilter quy nh cc phn t s c hin th trong danh sch xung File of type ca hp thoi. Mi phn t tng ng vi mt loi tp no . Phn t l mt cp gi tr
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gm tn s c hin th trong danh sch v phn m rng ca loi tp tng ng. Nu khng gn gi tr cho tham s ny, gi tr mc nh s l:
All Files (*.*),*.*
Ch phn u ca chui ny (phn nm pha trc du phy - All Files (*.*)) l on vn bn s c hin th trong danh sch. Cn phn th hai ca chui (phn nm sau du phy *.*) chnh l phn m rng ca tp s c hin th. V d sau minh ho cch to mt chui cha trong bin Filt c th dng truyn vo tham s FileFilter ca phng thc GetOpenFilename. Nh trong trng hp ny, ngi dng c th chn 2 loi tp (v mt la chn cho tt c cc tp).
Filt = Text Files (*.txt),*.txt, & _ Comma Separated Files (*.csv),*.csv, & _ All Files (*.*),*.*
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8.2.3. Hp thoi Save As Hm GetSaveAsFilename Phng thc GetSaveAsFilename cng tng t nh phng thc GetOpenFileName. Phng thc ny s hin th hp thoi Save As, cho php ngi dng chn hoc ch nh tp lu, sau s tr v tn tp y nhng khng thc hin thao tc lu no c. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
GetSaveAsFilename(InitialFilename,FileFilter,FilterIndex,Title,Button Text)
Tham s
InitialFilename FileFilter FilterIndex Title ButtonText
Gii thch
Xc nh tn tp gi ban u Chui cha b lc tp. S th t ca b lc tp mc nh. Tiu ca hp thoi, gi tr mc nh l Save As. Khng s dng.
V d sau s hin th hp thoi Save As ngi dng nhp vo tn tp, sau s hin th tn tp c la chn.
Sub SaveAs() Dim fileSaveName As String
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fileSaveName = Application.GetSaveAsFilename( _ InitialFileName:="TenTep", _ FileFilter:="Excel Workbook (*.xls), *.xls", _ Title:="Luu tap tin") If fileSaveName <> "False" Then MsgBox "Save as " & fileSaveName End If End Sub
8.2.4. Hp thoi chn th mc i tng FileDialog Nu cn ngi dng chn mt th mc thc hin thao tc no , c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng n gin nht vn l s dng i tng FileDialog. V d sau hin th mt hp thoi cho php ngi dng chn th mc. Sau hin th tn th mc bng cch s dng hp thoi MsgBox. Tn tp s c truy cp thng qua thuc tnh SelectedItems ca i tng FileDialog.
Sub GetAFolder() With Application.FileDialog(msoFileDialogFolderPicker) .InitialFileName = Application.DefaultFilePath & \ .Title = Please select a location for the backup .Show If .SelectedItems.Count = 0 Then MsgBox Canceled Else MsgBox .SelectedItems(1) End If End With End Sub
i tng FileDialog cho php ch nh th mc ban u bng cch gn gi tr cho thuc tnh InitialFileName. Trong v d trn s dng th mc mc nh ca Excel lm th mc ban u. 8.2.5. Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs Tp i tng Dialogs ca i tng Application bao gm 258 phn t th hin hu ht cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel. Mi hp thoi c mt hng s c nh ngha trc gip ngi dng c th xc nh c hp thoi cn hin th mt cch d dng. Chng hn nh khi mun hin th hp thoi GoTo ca Excel, s dng hng s xlDialogFormulaGoto. S dng phng thc Show hin th cc hp thoi. V d sau s hin th hp thoi Go To ca Excel.
Application.Dialogs(xlDialogFormulaGoto).Show
Ngi lp trnh cn c th vit m lnh kim tra cch thc ng hp thoi. Trong v d sau, bin Result s tr v TRUE nu ngi dng kch chut vo nt OK, v FALSE nu kch chut vo nt Cancel hoc nhn phm ESC.
Result = Application.Dialogs(xlDialogFormulaGoto).Show
Cn phi lu rng, tnh nng ny khng c trnh by r rng trong cc ti liu tr gip ca Excel. Cc ti liu tr gip cho phn ny rt s lc, khng cp n mt s tht: cc hp thoi hin th khi gi bng VBA khng hon ton ging nh khi gi thng qua trnh n trong
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Excel. Chnh v vy, chng c cch no khc ngoi vic th nghim kim tra hot ng ca cc hp thoi.
CH Cc hp thoi hin th khi gi bng VBA khng hon ton ging nh khi gi thng qua trnh n trong Excel.
Trong trng hp ca hp thoi Go To, khi hin th bng VBA, nt Special b m i, khng hon ton ging nh khi chn t trnh n Edit Go To.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt vn khc na, l vic khng th hin th c cc hp thoi c nhiu th khc nhau. Ly v d vi hp thoi Format Cell, khng c cch no hin th y hp thoi ny vi nhiu th khc nhau t VBA, thay vo , ch c th hin th mt th ti mt thi im. on m sau ch hin th c th Alignment ca hp thoi Format Cells:
Application.Dialogs(xlDialogAlignment).Show
hin th cc th khc trong hp thoi Format Cells, phi s dng ring l cc hng s xlDialogFormatNumber, xlDialogBorder, c nh ngha trc nh: xlDialogCellProtection, xlDialogPatterns, hoc xlDialogFontProperties.
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C rt nhiu hng s c nh ngha trc tng ng vi mt hp thoi trong Excel. Danh sch y cc hng s ny c th c tra cu vi Object Browser: 1. Trong m un m lnh VBAIDE, nhn F2 khi ng Object Browser. 2. Trong ca s Object Browser, chn Excel danh sch pha trn. 3. Trong danh sch th 2, g vo xlDialog. 4. Kch chut vo biu tng hnh ng nhm.
CH Hin th mt hp thoi khng ng ng cnh s lm pht sinh li. V d nh khi ang chn mt chui s liu trong mt biu m li hin th hp thoi Fonts (hng s xlDialogFontProperties) th s xut hin thng bo li bi v hp thoi ny xut hin trong tnh hung ny l khng thch hp.
M t
Hp thoi Open Hp thoi Save As Hp thoi Page Setup Hp thoi Print Hp thoi Printer Setup
GI Cc hng s tng ng khi s dng tp i tng Dialogs c bt u bng xlDialog v tip theo l tn ca hp thoi (vit lin nhau). Trong VBAIDE, g xlDialog sau nhn CTRL+Space hin th ca s gi m lnh, trong s c danh sch y cc hng s lin quan.
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Mt cch khc na hin th cc hp thoi mc nh l thc thi trc tip thng qua trnh n. iu ny cng tng ng nh khi s dng chut chn mt mc trnh n trong thanh trnh n ca Excel. on m lnh sau tng ng vi vic ngi dng chn trnh n Edit Go To trc tip trong Excel:
Application.CommandBars(Worksheet Menu Bar). _ Controls(Edit).Controls(Go To...).Execute
Cu lnh trn, khi thc thi s hin th hp thoi Go To. Cn ch rng, on vn bn nm trong du ngoc phi ging ht nh nhng g hin th trn thanh trnh n (bao gm c du ba chm sau ch Go To). Vic thc thi mc trnh n nh th ny c thc hin kh n gin, hn na cn khc phc c nhc im khng hin th hp thoi c nhiu th nh cp phn Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs trang 166. V d sau s hin th hp thoi Format Cells vi y cc th nh dng.
Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar"). _ Controls("Format").Controls("Cells...").Execute
Ngoi ra, theo cch ny, ngi lp trnh c th thc thi bt k mt mc trnh n no c trong thanh trnh n ca Excel.
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Mi mt workbook c th cha nhiu UserForm khc nhau, mi UserForm chnh l mt hp thoi tu bin. 8.3.2. Hin th UserForm hin th UserForm, s dng phng thc Show ca i tng UserForm. Phng thc ny c c php nh sau:
object.Show modal
Trong : object: l i tng kiu UserForm; modal: l tham s tu chn, xc nh kiu hin th ca UserForm. Modal c th l mt trong hai gi tr vbModal hoc vbModeless. Nu l vbModal, ngi dng phi ng UserForm mi c th tip tc thao tc vi Excel. Nu l vbModeless, ngi dng vn c th va thao tc trn UserForm, va thao tc trn Excel. Mc nh l gi tr vbModal. on m sau s hin th UserForm c tn l UserForm1 ch Modal:
UserForm1.Show
Ngoi ra, cn c mt k thut khc hin th UserForm: s dng phng thc Add ca tp i tng UserForm, sau s dng phng thc Show hin th UserForm. Phng thc ny thch hp khi trong d n c nhiu UserForm v ngi c th ch nh s xut hin ca mt UserForm bt k. on m sau s hin th UserForm c tn l UserForm1:
MyForm = UserForm1 UserForms.Add(MyForm).Show
CH Th tc hin th hp thoi tu bin (UserForm) phi c t trong mt mun chun ca VBA (ch khng phi t trong m-un ca UserForm).
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VBA cn c lnh Load. Lnh ny ch ti UserForm vo trong b nh m khng hin th cho n khi s dng phng thc Show ca UserForm . ti UserForm1 vo b nh, thc hin nh sau:
Load UserForm1
Khi c mt UserForm tng i phc tp (c nhiu thnh phn iu khin cng vi nhiu d liu bn trong ), nu s dng lnh Load ti UserForm vo b nh th UserForm s c hin th nhanh hn khi s dng phng thc Show. Tuy nhin, trong i a s cc trng hp, ch cn s dng phng thc Show, bi l phng thc ny cng t ng thc hin lnh Load (nu UserForm cha c ti vo b nh) ngay trc khi hin th Userform. Mt khi c hin th, UserForm s lun tn ti trn mn hnh cho n khi ngi dng ng n li. V vy, thng thng, ngi lp trnh s to thm mt nt lnh (Command Button) trn UserFrom thc hin th tc ng UserForm. Th tc ny c th s dng lnh Unload d b UserForm khi b nh ca my tnh, hoc s dng phng thc Hide ca i tng UserForm tm thi n UserForm. on m sau s ng ca s UserForm1:
UserForm1.Hide
Phng thc Hide ch tm thi n UserForm, bn thn UserForm vn cn trong b nh, cc thuc tnh ca UserFrom vn c th c truy cp bnh thng. Cn lnh Unload th s g b UserForm ra khi b nh, lc ny cc thuc tnh ca UserForm s khng th truy cp c na. 8.3.3. Cc iu khin trn UserForm Ngi lp trnh c th dng rt nhiu loi iu khin khc nhau ln UserForm. Thng tin chi tit, xem li mc Lm vic vi UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trang 60. Di y ch trnh by thm mt iu khin ring ca Excel, iu khin RefEdit. iu khin RefEdit cho php ngi dng la chn mt vng d liu bng cch nhp a ch hoc nhp tn vng d liu hoc s dng chut chn trc tip trong worksheet. Khi ngi dng kch chut vo biu tng nh gc phi ca iu khin, hp thoi s tm thi c n i v mt ca s nh ngi dng chn vng d liu s c hin ln, ging ht nh cc hp thoi mc nh ca Excel.
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Hnh IV-19: iu khin RefEdit
iu khin RefEdit cng tng t nh iu khin Textbox, v vy c th tham kho thm v iu khin TextBox bit thng tin v cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca iu khin RefEdit. Khi thc hin cc thao tc s dng RefEdit, cn ghi nh nhng im sau: iu khin RefEdit tr v chui cha a ch ca vng d liu. Sau , c th chuyn chui thnh i tng kiu Range s dng on m tng t nh sau:
Dim UserRange As Range Set UserRange = Range(RefEdit1.Text)
Nn khi to gi tr ban u cho iu khin RefEdit bng a ch ca vng d liu hin hnh. lm c nh vy, trong s kin UserForm_Initialize ca UserForm cn thm on m lnh tng t nh sau:
RefEdit1.Text = ActiveWindow.Selection.Address
ng bao gi ngh rng RefEdit lun tr v a ch ng. Bi l khng phi ch c mi cch chn vng d liu bng chut, ngi dng cn c th g v hiu chnh a ch hin th trn iu khin RefEdit. V vy, phi lun kim tra tnh ng n ca a ch vng d liu. on m sau minh ho cch kim tra li ny. Nu vng d liu nhp vo khng ng, mt hp thng bo s hin ln, v cho php ngi dng nhp li:
On Error Resume Next Set UserRange = Range(RefEdit1.Text) If Err <> 0 Then MsgBox Invalid range selected RefEdit1.SetFocus Exit Sub End If On Error GoTo 0
Ngi dng c th chn mt sheet khc trn th cha cc sheet khi ang chn vng d liu. V vy, khng nn gi s rng vng d liu c chn s nm trn sheet hin hnh. Tuy nhin, nu ngi dng chn mt sheet khc, a ch ca vng d liu s c t ng thm vo mt tin t l tn ca sheet c chn. Chng hn nh:
Sheet2!$A$1:$C$4
Nu ch cn ly a ch ca mt trong vng d liu m ngi dng chn, ngi lp trnh c th chn ra mt gc trn bn tri ca vng d liu bng cch s dng on m lnh nh sau:
Set OneCell = Range(RefEdit1.Text).Range(A1)
GI ngi dng chn mt vng d liu no , c th s dng hp thoi InputBox ca Excel, xem thm mc Hp thoi InputBox ca Excel Hm InputBox trang 161.
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i vi cc ng dng m rng vit bng VBA, vic thc thi mt Macro no u c thc hin thng qua trnh qun l Macro hoc c thc thi trc tip trong VBAIDE. iu ny gy ra nhiu kh khn cho nhng ngi dng v lm gim tnh chuyn nghip ca ng dng. Thay vo , vi mt s on m lnh n gin, ngi lp trnh c th t xy dng h thng trnh n, to nn mt giao din ngi dng c tnh hiu qu cao cho ng dng m rng ca mnh. Excel c hai h thng thanh trnh n tng ng vi kiu sheet c chn l Worksheet hay Chartsheet. Thanh trnh n th nht, c tn l Worksheet Menu Bar, c hin th khi sheet c chn l Worksheet hoc khi ng tt c cc Workbook. y l thanh trnh n mc nh ca Excel. Thanh trnh n th hai, c tn l Chart Menu Bar, c hin th khi sheet c chn l Chart sheet hoc ngi dng ang chn mt i tng Chart nhng trong Worksheet.
8.4.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n trong Excel c th c th hin thng qua s hnh cy nh sau:
Menu Bar: L hng ch nm trn cng, ngay pha di thanh tiu ca ng dng Excel. Nh cp, tu vo tng ng cnh m thanh Menu Bar c th l Worksheet Menu Bar hoc Chart Menu Bar. Menu: L mt thnh phn trong h thng trnh n ca Excel, khi ngi dng kch chut vo mt Menu th mt danh sch cc MenuItem s hin ra.
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Menu Item: l mt thnh phn ca Menu xut hin khi ngi dng kch chut vo menu. Mi Menu Item s thc hin mt tc v trong chng trnh khi ngi dng kch chut ln Menu Item . Ngoi ra, trong h thng menu ca Excel cn c khi nim Separator Bar, l mt ng gch ngang phn cch gia cc Menu Item dng nhm cc Menu Item c lin quan vi mt mc tiu no . Cc Menu c th lng vo nhau theo nhiu cp khc nhau. Mt Menu cng c th l MenuItem nm trong mt Menu khc. Chng hn nh Menu View ca Excel c MenuItem tn l Toolbars, v n lt mnh, Toolbars cng chnh l mt Menu, c cha cc MenuItem khc nh: Standard, Formatting, Hnh sau s minh ho r hn v cu trc ca h thng trnh n trong Excel.
8.4.2. To trnh n tu bin Ngi lp trnh c th d dng thm v hiu chnh h thng trnh n trong Excel thng qua cc on m lnh bng VBA theo cc bc sau: 1. Phc tho trnh n cn to v cc chc nng tng ng. 2. Vit m lnh cho tng MenuItem. Mi on m lnh ny c cha trong mt chng trnh con dng Sub. 3. Tham chiu n Menu Bar, ni cn to trnh n tu bin. 4. To Menu v MenuItem. 5. Gn cc on m lnh tng ng to bc 2 cho tng Menu Item. tham chiu n Menu Bar, c th s dng on m sau:
Dim mnuBar as CommandBar Set mnuBar = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar")
to Menu v MenuItem, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Controls. Thc cht, phng thc ny s thm mt iu khin vo trong tp i tng Controls ca i tng
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gc, ni s cha Menu v MenuItem. C php ca phng thc Add nh sau (tt c cc tham s u l tham s tu chn):
object.Add(Type, Id, Parameter, Before, Temporary)
Tham s
Object Type
M t
i tng cha, ni cha cc i tng s c thm vo bng phng thc Add. Xc nh kiu i tng s c thm vo trong tp i tng Controls ca i tng Object. Tham s Type c th bng mt trong cc gi tr sau: - Nu mun to Menu: gn Type= msoControlPopup - Nu mun to Menu Item: gn Type= msoControlButton
S nguyn xc nh iu khin c xy dng sn. Trong trng hp ny, khi cn to mt i tng mi, c th gn tham s ny bng 1 hoc b trng. Vi Menu tu bin, tham s ny c th c dng gi thng tin n cc th tc trong Visual Basic. Thng thng, tham s ny c b trng. Mt s xc nh v tr xut hin ca i tng mi c thm vo. Nu tham s ny c b trng, i tng mi s c thm vo v tr cui cng. Nu bng TRUE, i tng ch xut hin tm thi. Ngha l i tng s c xo i khi thot khi chng trnh. Gi tr mc nh ca tham s ny l False.
Kiu gi tr tr v ca phng thc Add l i tng kiu CommandBarControl, hoc c th l mt trong cc kiu d liu sau, tu thuc vo gi tr ca tham s Type: Nu Type= msoControlPopup: kiu gi tr tr v l CommandBarPopup. Nu Type= msoControlButton: kiu gi tr tr v l CommandBarButton. Phng thc Add ch to cc i tng trng trn h thng thanh trnh n. V vy, ngi lp trnh cn phi gn thm cc thuc tnh khc cho nhng i tng mi ny. Di y l danh sch cc thuc tnh ca i tng kiu CommandBarControl: Thuc tch
BeginGroup BuiltIn Caption Enabled FaceID Id OnAction ShortcutText
M t
Nu gn bng TRUE, pha trc iu khin s xut hin Separator Bar ngn cch cc nhm trnh n. y l thuc tch ch c. Tr v gi tr TRUE nu iu khin ny l iu khin c xy dng sn trong Excel. Chui vn bn s c hin th trn trnh n. Nu bng TRUE, ngi dng c th kch chut ln i tng. Nu bng FALSE, ngi dng s khng th kch chut, v iu khin s c mu xm. S nguyn th hin cho hnh nh s c hin th bn cnh on vn bn c hin th trn thanh trnh n. y l thuc tnh ch c. L m s xc nh cc trnh n c nh ngha trc trong Excel. (Ch p dng vi CommandBarButton) Tn ca th tc VBA s c thc thi khi ngi dng kch chut vo MenuItem. (Ch p dng vi CommandBarButton) on vn bn hin th phn phm tt cho MenuItem .
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State ToolTipText Type (Ch p dng vi CommandBarButton) Xc nh trng thi ca MenuItem: c c nhn hay khng. on vn bn s hin th khi ngi dng tr chut ngay pha trn iu khin. y l thuc tnh ch c. S nguyn xc nh kiu ca iu khin
Thng thng, sau khi to mi Menu v MenuItem cn gn cc thuc tnh sau: Caption OnAction FaceID Di y l mt v d minh ho cc bc to mi mt Menu trong thanh trnh n Worksheet Menu Bar Vd:ToMenumi 1. Phc tho cu trc ca Menu nh sau:
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Trong cc cu lnh to h thng trnh n nh trn, tham s Temporary ca phng thc Add u c gn bng True, v vy, khi ngi dng thot khi Excel th cc h thng trnh n va thm vo s c t ng xo i. 8.4.3. Xo trnh n tu bin Khi ngi dng ch ng workbook m khng ng Excel, trnh n va c thm vo vn cn c hin th trn h thng thanh trnh n ca Excel hoc ngi dng lm vic vi mt workbook khc m khng cn n nhng tnh nng trong trnh n. Nh vy, c nhng lc cn phi xo trnh n va c thm vo. thc hin iu ny, c th s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng kiu CommandBarControl hoc CommandBarPopup hoc CommandBarButton. on m lnh sau thc hin xo trnh n Vi du Menu c to ra v d trn.
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Sub XoaMenu() Dim cb As CommandBar Dim cbp As CommandBarPopup Ly tham chiu n thanh trnh n Set cb = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar") On Error Resume Next Tham chiu n trnh n Vi du Menu Set cbp = cb.Controls("Vi du Menu") If Not IsNull(cbp) Then cbp.Delete End If End Sub
Ngoi ra, thay v xo trnh n va to ra, ngi lp trnh c th thit lp li trng thi ban u ca h thng thanh trnh n trong Excel thng qua phng thc Reset. Sau khi s dng phng thc ny, tt c cc trnh n do ngi dng to ra s c xo i, v h thng thanh trnh n s tr v trng thi mc nh.
Sub ResetMenu() Dim cb As CommandBar Dim cbp As CommandBarPopup Ly tham chiu n thanh trnh n Set cb = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar") cbp.Reset End Sub
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, ngi lp trnh s to trnh n lc m workbook, v s xo trnh n khi ng workbook v ta c th thc hin t ng qu trnh ny thng qua vic x l s kin lin quan n vic m v ng Workbook. Trong s kin Workbook_Open, gi n th tc thc hin vic to trnh n, cn trong s kin Workbook_BeforeClose, gi n th tc thc hin vic xo trnh n.
S KIN Workbook_Open Private Sub Workbook_Open() Gi th tc thc hin vic to trnh n TaoMenu End Sub S KIN Workbook_BeforeClose Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) Gi th tc thc hin vic xo trnh n XoaMenu End Sub
8.4.4. Gn phm tt cho Menu Item Gn phm tt cho Menu Item thc cht l gn phm tt cho Macro tng ng vi Menu Item (l Macro c gn cho Menu Item thng qua thuc tnh OnAction). B sung on m lnh sau vo cui th tc TaoMenu v d trc gn phm tt l CTRL+SHIFT+T cho Menu Item Tinh Tong:
To phm tt cho MenuItem Application.MacroOptions _ Macro:="Macro1", _ HasShortcutKey:=True, _ ShortcutKey:="T"
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Trong khi to h thng trnh n Vi du Menu v d trc, Menu Item Tinh Tong c thuc tnh OnAction c gn bng Macro1. Do gn phm tt cho Menu Item ny, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin thng qua vic gn phm tt cho Macro c tn l Macro1.
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Hnh v trong AutoCAD c t chc ch yu theo dng vector v chun lu tr dng DWG c bit n nh l chun lu tr hnh v dng vector hiu qu nht th gii. to s thun li ti a cho ngi dng, AutoCAD c thit k vi cu trc v tnh nng rt hp l: Khng gian to bn v c chia thnh hai loi: Khng gian m hnh (Model), l ni m ngi dng c th v hay dng m hnh ca bt c vt th no m khng cn quan tm n gii hn v kch thc ca i tng, ca bn v cng nh t l trnh by. Khng gian trnh by hay cn gi l khng gian in (Layout), l ni m ngi dng c th v hay dng m hnh nh khng gian m hnh, nhng y khng phi l mc ch chnh ca khng gian in. Mc ch chnh ca khng gian in l gip cho ngi dng c th biu din hoc trnh by bn v theo tng ca mnh da trn m hnh c dng (hay c v) trong khng gian m hnh. Trong khng gian in, vi s lng khng hn ch, ngi dng c th d dng to ra nhng bn in c t l khc nhau, cch b tr, sp t khc nhau t mt m hnh v ny. Hnh di l m hnh ca vt th c xy dng trong khng gian m hnh.
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Vi m hnh ny, khi s dng khng gian in (Layout), ta c th to ra mt bn trnh by kh n tng nh hnh sau:
Thao tc to bn v c thc hin thng qua cc lnh trong thanh trnh n, thanh cng c, v c bit l thng qua dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Vi hng trm lnh sn c, cng vi cch thc hin lnh a dng, cho nn ngi dng c th lm quen v s dng AutoCAD trong mt thi gian ngn. Hnh v trong AutoCAD, cho d n gin hay phc tp n my, u c to nn t nhng i tng hnh hc c bn. V nhng i tng hnh hc c bn ny li c mt h thng cc i tng phi hnh hc khc trong AutoCAD h tr vic to ra chng. Vi cch t chc cc i tng hnh hc theo lp (Layer), AutoCAD cho php ngi dng t chc bn v, cho d phc tp n my, thnh tng lp theo nhng ch khc nhau, khin cho vic qun l v thao tc vi bn v tr nn d dng hn. Cc tin ch v in bn v khin cho vic in n tr nn n gin v chuyn nghip. Khi nhng tnh nng sn c ca AutoCAD khng p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng th ngi dng c th s dng kh nng cho php lp trnh m rng ca AutoCAD b sung thm hay to mi nhng tnh nng chuyn bit cho AutoCAD nhm p ng c nhu cu c nhn.
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tham chiu, cng vi vic cho php ngi dng to i tng hnh hc trong c hai khng gian ny khin cho vic t chc bn v t hiu qu cao.
Vi cc lnh, khi c gi t dng lnh, ta c th nh ngha li tn ca chng thun tin cho vic s dng ca c nhn v d nh.
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nhin, cng nh AutoLISP, vi VBA, ngi dng khng th can thip su vo bn trong AutoCAD, v d nh khng th b sung thm vo AutoCAD mt i tng hnh hc hoc phi hnh hc mi. ObjectARX v VC++: thng c gi l ObjectARX, thc cht y l mt th vin lp trnh cho VC++, vi th vin ny, ngi dng c th s dng VC++ to ra cc chng trnh m khng c bt k s hn ch no trong vic tng tc vi AutoCAD. Chng trnh s c bin dch thnh dng ARX (chnh l DLL) v khi cn s dng th ngi dng c th gi chng vo trong AutoCAD bng mt lnh ring. Qua kinh nghim trin khai cc d n phn mm trn AutoCAD, c th thy rng hu ht cc nhu cu tnh ton v t ng to bn v thng thng u c th thc hin mt cch d dng v nhanh chng bng VBA v AutoLISP, v vy, trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny, ni dung lp trnh m rng AutoCAD bng VBA c t l trng tm bi tnh hiu qu ca n. Bn cnh , khai thc tt nht AutoCAD, th vic kt hp VBA vi AutoLISP thc hin mt d n phn mm l mt la chn hay, do , trong gio trnh ny cng cp n mt phn s kt hp ny. Cn i vi ObjectARX, nhng ai quan tm c th xem trong gio trnh mn hc Lp trnh trn ng dng nn.
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Tuy khng c c kh nng t ng ti vo nh d n nhng, nhng loi d n c lp thng c s dng nhiu hn bi cc thao tc ti mt d n VBA vo trong AutoCAD thng rt n gin v nhanh chng. Ch c mt im lu l khi lm vic vi bn v nhiu my tnh khc nhau th cn phi mang theo c tp bn v ln tp d n VBA c lp, cn vi d n VBA nhng th ta ch cn mang theo tp bn v l . Cu trc ca mt d n VBA trong AutoCAD cng tng t nh trong Excel. Ngoi cc thnh phn nh UserForm, m-un chun, m-un lp, d n VBA trong AutoCAD cn c mt thnh phn khc l: AutoCAD Objects Cc i tng ca AutoCAD. Trong thnh phn ny c cha m-un ThisDrawing, y chnh l mt i tng i din cho bn v hin hnh ca AutoCAD. Nh vy trong mt d n VBA ca AutoCAD c 4 thnh phn c th cha m lnh l: Userform, m-un chun, m-un ThisDrawing v m-un lp.
Hnh V-1: Thnh phn AutoCAD Objects v m-un ThisDrawing ca d n VBA trong AutoCAD
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ngha ca tng thnh phn trong ca s VBA Manager: 1. Danh sch cc bn v hin c trong AutoCAD (s dng n danh sch ny khi mun nhng mt d n no vo trong mt bn v hoc tch d n ra khi bn v ). 2. Danh sch cc d n VBA hin ang c ti trong VBAIDE. Cc d n VBA, khi c ti vo VBAIDE (cc d n c trong danh sch) th ngi dng c th s dng cc tnh nng c trong d n, hiu chnh d n v to thm cc tnh nng mi khi cn. 3. To mt d n VBA mi, mc nh, d n VBA mi c to l d n c lp 4. Lu d n VBA vi tn khc (ch c hiu lc vi cc d n c lp). D n c lu vi tn khc ny l d n c chn trong danh sch . 5. Ti mt d n c lp vo VBAIDE. Ngi dng s c yu cu chn mt tp d n VBA (*.DVB) ti vo VBAIDE. 6. ng d n c lp khi VBAIDE. Ngi dng khng th truy cp n cc thnh phn trong d n na (tuy nhin tp cha d n vn cn tn ti trong my tnh). 7. Nhng mt d n VBA vo mt bn v nh trc. Bn v c nh trc chnh l bn v c la chn trong danh sch . 8. Tch d n nhng ra khi bn v c la chn trong danh sch (ch c hiu lc khi bn v c cha d n nhng). Khi chn nt ny, ngi dng s c yu cu lu d n c tch ra thnh mt d n c lp. Nu khng lu, d n s c xo khi tp bn v. 9. Hin th trnh qun l Macro trong AutoCAD. 10. Hin th VBAIDE, l ni s thc hin qu trnh thit k m lnh v giao din ca chng trnh. 2.2.1. To mi, M v Lu d n VBA
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tomidnVBA 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Chn nt lnh New. Mc nh, d n mi c to s l mt d n c lp, c tn l ACADProject. Sau khi to mi d n, ta c th nhng d n vo mt bn v no hoc c th lu ra mt tp ring thnh d n c lp tu thuc vo mc ch s dng. Ngoi ra ngi dng c th s dng lnh VBANEW t dng lnh ca AutoCAD to mi d n VBA. m/tidnVBA 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Chn nt lnh Load Hin th hp thoi m d n VBA
3. Chn d n cn m v chn Open. Ngoi ra ngi dng c th s dng lnh VBALOAD t dng lnh ca AutoCAD ti d n VBA. ludnVBA 1. Khi ng VBAIDE (nhn phm ALT+F11 hoc chn trnh n Tools Visual Basic Editor). 2. Chn d n cn lu trong ca s Project. 3. Chn trnh n File Save xxx (trong xxx l tn tp cha d n) 2.2.2. Nhng v tch d n VBA nhngdnclpvomtbnv 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Trong mc Drawing, chn bn v cn nhng d n vo. 3. Trong mc Projects, chn d n cn nhng vo bn v. Macro
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4. Chn nt lnh Embed. Sau khi ngi dng nhng d n vo bn v, VBAIDE s sao chp ton b d n c lp v nhng vo bn v AutoCAD, ngha l ti thi im c hai d n VBA ging nhau cng tn ti, mt l d n c lp v mt l d n nhng trong bn v. tchdnnhngkhimtbnv 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Trong mc Drawing, chn bn v c cha d n cn tch. 3. Chn nt lnh Extract. 4. Nu cn lu li d n, chn nt lnh Yes hp thoi xut hin sau , nu khng c th chn No.
Gii thch
M VBAIDE. Nu cha c d n no c m, AutoCAD s t to mt d n lp mi, sau mi hin th VBAIDE. Hin th trnh qun l d n VBA VBA Manager, qua ngi dng c th thc hin cc thao tc trn d n VBA. To mi d n c lp. Ti tp d n VBA (tp *.dvb) vo trong VBAIDE. Hp thoi m d n VBA s c hin th ngi dng la chn tp d n cn m. Ti tp d n VBA vo trong VBAIDE nh lnh VBALOAD, nhng khng hin th hp thoi, ngi dng phi nhp tn tp t dng lnh ca AutoCAD ng d n VBA ang c m trong VBAIDE. Trn dng lnh AutoCAD xut hin du nhc, nhc ngi dng nhp tn tp cha d n cn ng. Thc thi Macro. AutoCAD s hin th mt hp thoi cho ngi dng chn Macro cn thc thi. Thc thi Macro t dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Ngi dng phi nhp tn ca Macro cn thc thi ngay trn dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Nu c nhiu Macro trng tn trong cc m-un khc nhau, s dng c php: <tn_m_un.tn_Macro>. Thc thi mt biu thc/cu lnh ca VBA t dng lnh ca AutoCAD.
VBASTMT
Khi kt hp cch qun l d n VBA bng dng lnh ca AutoCAD vi ngn ng lp trnh AutoLISP th ta c th gi mt d n VBA hay s dng mt chc nng ca d n VBA bng mt chng trnh AutoLISP.
3. Macro
3.1. Khi nim Macro trong AutoCAD
Cng tng t nh trong Excel, khi nim v Macro cng c a vo trong AutoCAD nh l mt cng c gip cho ngi dng c th thc hin nhanh hn cng vic ca mnh nh kh nng t ng thc hin ca AutoCAD thng qua Macro, m thc cht l mt chng trnh VBA. Trong AutoCAD, c l Macro th chng trnh ny phi tha mn ng thi cc quy nh sau: L mt chng trnh con dng Sub;
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C phm vi l Public; t trong m-un chun hoc m-un ThisDrawing. Lu rng tn ca Macro cng chnh l tn ca chng trnh con ny. Trong Excel, cc tnh nng ca ng dng m rng c th c th hin dng Macro ( thc thi mt tc v no ) hoc dng hm (khi mun thc hin tnh ton, thao tc c tr v gi tr). Cn trong AutoCAD, vi c tnh s dng ch yu l cc thao tc trn bn v nn cc tnh nng ca ng dng m rng c th hin ch yu thng qua Macro, hm ch c s dng ni b bn trong cc m-un ca d n VBA.
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2. Trong mc Macros in, chn ni s cha Macro t danh sch th xung. 3. Trong mc Macro name, nhp tn Macro cn to. 4. Chn Create to Macro mi. Nu ngi dng cha chn ni cha Macro bc AutoCAD s hin th hp thoi yu cu ngi dng chn ni cha Macro. ,
5. Mn hnh ca VBAIDE s c t ng hin ln, v con tr chut c t ngay v tr ci t m lnh cho Macro mi. Lc ny ta c th bt u vit m lnh cho Macro mi. 6. Trong mn hnh ca VBAIDE chn trnh n File Close and Return to AutoCAD tr v mn hnh ca AutoCAD sau khi hon thnh vic vit m lnh cho Macro.
GI Trong AutoCAD, hin th hp thoi Macros, ngi lp trnh c th s dng phm tt l ALT+F8; cn chuyn i qua li gia mn hnh AutoCAD v VBAIDE, ngi lp trnh c th s dng phm tt l ALT+F11.
HiuchnhMacro 1. M hp thoi Macros. 2. Chn Macro cn hiu chnh trong danh sch cc Macro. 3. Chn Edit AutoCAD s hin th VBAIDE v chuyn con tr vo v tr cha m lnh ca Macro bt u hiu chnh Macro. Tt nhin ngi dng c th hiu chnh bt c Macro no m khng cn s dng hp thoi Macros. Ngi dng ch cn khi ng VBAIDE v tm chng trnh con tng ng vi Macro cn hiu chnh, m lnh ca chng trnh con ny cng chnh l m lnh ca Macro, do , hiu chnh chng trnh con ny cng chnh l hiu chnh Macro.
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2. Chn Macro cn thc thi trong danh sch cc Macro. 3. Chn Run AutoCAD s thc thi Macro c chn.
2. AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp tn Macro: Macro name: Nhp tn Macro v nhn phm ENTER. Nu c nhiu Macro trng tn nm trong cc m-un khc nhau, cn s dng cu trc <Tn_m-un.Tn_Macro> chn ng Macro cn thc thi.
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2. M ca s VBA Manager (lnh VBAMAN). 3. Chn New. 4. Chn d n VBA va c to trong danh sch cc d n, sau chn Save As 5. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn th mc ci t ca AutoCAD trong mc Save in; cn trong mc File name nhp vo ACAD.DVB. 6. Chn Save lu d n v quay v ca s VBA Manager. 3.4.2. To v th nghim Macro HelloWorld 7. Trong ca s VBA Manager, chn Macros hin th hp thoi Macros. 8. Chn d n ACAD.DVB trong mc Macros in:
10. Chn Create. Mn hnh VBAIDE s c hin th, trong ca s m lnh, con tr s c t v tr ca Macro va c to. Ta s thy c on m lnh c to sn nh sau:
Sub HelloWorld() End Sub
12. t con tr vo gia hai dng Sub HelloWorld() v End Sub, sau nhn phm F5 thc thi th Macro. Mt hp thoi nh s hin ln yu cu ngi dng nhp vo mt thng ip Nhp vo thng ip v nhn OK Thng ip va nhp s c v trn khng gian m hnh ca AutoCAD.
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13. Trong mn hnh ca VBAIDE, chn trnh n File Save lu tp d n ACAD.DVB. Tip tc chn trnh n File Close and Return to AutoCAD tr v AutoCAD. 3.4.3. To lnh mi bng AutoLISP Cc bc tip sau s tin hnh to mt tp ACAD.LSP mi, khai bo mt lnh mi trong AutoCAD thng qua AutoLISP v lnh s thc thi Macro HelloWorld va c to.
CH Nu trong th mc ci t ca AutoCAD c tp ACAD.LSP, ch cn sao chp on m bc 15 v thm vo cui tp ACAD.LSP c.
14. Khi ng chng trnh son tho vn bn, v d nh chng trnh Notepad c sn trong Windows. Trong Windows, chn trnh n Start Run. Trong hp thoi Run, nhp notepad sau nhn OK khi ng trnh son tho vn bn Notepad. 15. Trong chng trnh Notepad, nhp vo on khai bo sau:
(defun C:Hello() (command "-vbarun" "HelloWorld") )
Trong Hello l lnh c khai bo ng k s dng trong AutoCAD. Cn HelloWorld l tn Macro to ra trong VBA cc bc trc. 16. Chn trnh n File Save. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn thc mc ci t ca AutoCAD trong mc Save in, trong mc File name nhp vo ACAD.LSP Chn Save. 17. Thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD (nu ang thao tc trn AutoCAD). Khi ng li chng trnh AutoCAD. Trong dng lnh ca AutoCAD, g lnh Hello. Tht bt ng, mt hp thoi yu cu ngi dng nhp thng ip cho mng xut hin - Macro HelloWorld c thc thi. Nh vy, bng cch s dng VBA kt hp vi AutoLISP, ngi lp trnh c th to thm rt nhiu lnh mi trong AutoCAD mt cch d dng. hiu hn v AutoLISP, c th c thm ti liu hng dn c sn trong AutoCAD.
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Mi i tng trong cu trc trn s tng ng vi mt thnh phn ca AutoCAD, v d nh i tng Preferences s tng ng vi hp thoi sau trong AutoCAD:
Nhng thao tc bng m lnh tc ng ln i tng Preferences s tng ng vi vic ngi dng thao tc trc tip ln hp thoi Options t trong AutoCAD. Nh vy c th thy rng, lp trnh tt trn AutoCAD, ngi dng, trc ht, phi quen thuc v thao tc thnh tho trn cc thnh phn (hay i tng) ca AutoCAD. Trong AutoCAD, c rt nhiu loi i tng khc nhau, chng hn nh: Cc i tng hnh hc: line, arc, text, dimension Thit lp v nh dng: linetype, dimension style Cu trc t chc: layer, group, block i tng lin quan n hin th bn v: view, viewport, V ngay c bn v v bn thn chng trnh AutoCAD cng c xem l i tng. M hnh i tng ca AutoCAD trong VBA c th hin di dng cu trc cy phn cp, trong i tng gc l Application, chnh l phin bn AutoCAD ang chy. Nh c m hnh i tng m ngi lp trnh c th bit c mt i tng c th cho php truy cp n nhng i tng no cp tip theo. Di y l m hnh i tng rt gn trong AutoCAD dng cho vic lp trnh bng VBA. M hnh i tng y c th tham kho trong ti liu ActiveX and VBA Developer's Guide i km AutoCAD.
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Application Preferences Documents Document ModelSpace PaperSpace PViewPort DimStyles Layers Layouts Linetypes TextStyles SelectionSets Plot Utility MenuGroups Hnh V-6: M hnh i tng trong AutoCAD. DimStyle Layer Layout Linetype TextStyle SelectionSet Point Polyline Ray Text Arc Circle Hatch Line MText
Mi i tng (Object), cng ging nh mt vt th, u c nhng tnh cht v nhng hnh vi c trng cho n. Trong lp trnh, tnh cht ca i tng c biu din thng qua khi nim thuc tnh, cn hnh vi c biu din thng qua khi nim phng thc. Chng hn nh i tng Application, l i tng th hin cho chng trnh AutoCAD, c thuc tnh Caption cha tiu ca chng trnh AutoCAD v phng thc Quit dng thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD. truy cp n cc thnh phn (phng thc, thuc tnh, ) ca i tng, ta s dng quy tc du chm (.):
<Tn i tng>.<Tn phng thc/Thuc tnh>
Cc i tng c nhng im chung nhau cn c th c nhm li v c biu din thng qua tp i tng (collection). Mi mt tp i tng c cc phng thc v thuc tnh ring ngi dng tc ng ln n nh: thm i tng tp i tng bng phng thc Add (ng vi hu ht cc loi tp i tng), thuc tnh Count dng m s i tng trong tp i tng, phng thc Item s dng truy cp bt k i tng no trong tp i tng.
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cu hnh bn trong ca hp thoi Option. Cc thuc tnh khc ca i tng Application cho php truy cp n cc d liu ring ca chng trnh chng hn nh tn v phin bn chng trnh, kch thc, v tr ca ca s ... . Cc phng thc ca i tng Application s thc hin cc thao tc nh: to mi, m, ng bn v hay thot khi AutoCAD. i tng Application l i tng gc trong m hnh i tng ca AutoCAD. T i tng Application, ta c th truy xut n bt k i tng no, chng hn nh i tng Application c cc lin kt n bn v AutoCAD thng qua tp i tng Documents, cc trnh n v thanh cng c AutoCAD thng qua tp i tng MenuBar v MenuGroups, v VBAIDE thng qua mt thuc tnh gi l VBE.
i tng Application l i tng ton cc. iu ny c ngha l tt c cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Application lun c hiu lc trong VBAIDE, tc l khi truy cp n cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Application u khng cn c tin t Application trc nn hai cu m lnh di y u c tc dng nh nhau l thng bo ni dung thanh tiu ca ng dng AutoCAD ang chy:
MsgBox Application.Caption MsgBox Caption
4.2.2. i tng Document i tng Document, thc cht l mt bn v AutoCAD ang c m, thuc tp i tng Documents (tng ng vi tt c cc bn v ang c m), cho nn n cha tt c cc i tng hnh hc v phi hnh hc trong mt bn v AutoCAD cng nh cha hu ht cc i tng (hay thnh phn) khc ca bn v nh Views hay Viewports. truy cp n cc i tng ca mt bn v ta cn phi thng qua i tng Document tng ng vi bn v . Nh trong m hnh i tng trn, cc i tng hnh hc (ng thng, hnh trn, cung, ) c truy cp thng qua tp i tng ModelSpace v PaperSpace, cn cc i tng phi hnh hc (layer, linetype, text style, ) c truy cp thng qua tp i tng c tn tng ng, chng hn nh Layers, Linetypes, TextStyles.
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Trong mi d n VBA, ThisDrawing l mt i tng kiu Document v lun c sn. Vi i tng ThisDrawing ny, ngi dng khng cn phi khai bo hoc gn gi tr cho i tng ny m c th truy cp c ngay do n lun tn ti trong d n VBA. ThisDrawing tham chiu n bn v hin hnh trong AutoCAD, ngha l nhng tc ng ln i tng ny s tng ng vi vic tc ng ln bn v hin hnh trong AutoCAD. Mt i tng tng
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ng vi ThisDrawing chnh l i tng ActiveDocument, i tng ny cng l mt thuc tnh ca i tng Application. hin th tn bn v hin hnh trong AutoCAD ta c th truy cp theo nhng cch sau (t m-un ThisDrawing ca d n VBA):
MsgBox Name MsgBox ThisDrawing.Name MsgBox Application.ActiveDocument.Name
4.2.3. Tp i tng AutoCAD t chc hu ht cc i tng vo trong tp i tng, v d nh tt c cc i tng hnh hc, cho d khc nhau v loi i tng, u c t trong tp i tng ModelSpace, PaperSpace v Block. truy cp vo mt i tng no ta phi thng qua tp i tng cha n. Mi mt tp i tng c mt phng thc dng thm i tng vo bn thn tp i tng v hu ht cc tp i tng u s dng phng thc Add thc hin nhim v ny. Ch rng, trong AutoCAD, khi thm cc i tng hnh hc vo tp i tng lin quan (nh ModelSpace v PaperSpace) th phng thc dng thc hin nhim v ny c tn l Add<Tn i tng>, v d thm vo mt ng thng (Line) ta s dng phng thc AddLine. Trong khi , i vi cc i tng khc, v d nh cc i tng phi hnh hc nh Layer chng hn, th phng thc ca tp i tng Layers dng thm mt i tng vo trong tp i tng li c tn l Add. Cch thc thm i tng vo tp i tng:
ModelSpace.AddLine (P1, P2) Layers.Add ("ABC")
Cc tp i tng c nhng phng thc v thuc tnh ging nhau dng thao tc vi chng cng nh vi cc i tng bn trong chng. V d thuc tnh Count dng truy cp b m s i tng c trong tp i tng. Phng thc Item s dng truy cp bt k i tng no trong tp i tng. on m sau s hin th s i tng hnh hc hin c trong bn v v tn ca i tng hnh hc u tin:
MsgBox ModelSpace.Count MsgBox ModelSpace.Item(0).ObjectName
4.2.4. i tng phi hnh hc Cc i tng phi hnh hc l nhng i tng khng th nhn thy c, chng c s dng trong AutoCAD thit lp cc thuc tnh cho i tng hnh hc. Nhng i tng phi hnh hc hay gp l: Layer, Linetype, DimStyle, ... Cc i tng phi hnh hc thng c cha trong cc tp i tng c tn tng ng, v d nh Layers, Linetypes, DimStyles, Cch thc to ra mt i tng phi hnh hc l s dng phng thc Add ca i tng tp i tng tng ng. V d sau s to ra mt Layer mi c tn l ABC:
Layers.Add ("ABC")
hiu chnh v truy vn cc i tng phi hnh hc, s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh ring trong tng i tng tng ng. V d sau s thay i mu ca Layer ABC thnh mu :
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Layers("ABC").Color = acRed
Mi loi i tng phi ho u c cc phng thc thit lp v gi li d liu m rng (xdata) v xo bn thn i tng. V d sau s xa lp ABC:
Layers("ABC").Delete
Cch thc thao tc trn cc i tng phi hnh hc s c trnh by c th phn Cc thao tc c bn trong AutoCAD trang 200. 4.2.5. i tng hnh hc i tng hnh hc hay cn gi l thc th, l nhng i tng hu hnh cu thnh bn v ca AutoCAD, mt s i tng in hnh loi ny l: ng thng (Line), hnh trn (Circle), . to nhng i tng ny, ta s dng phng thc Add<Tn thc th> ca tp i tng tng ng. hiu chnh hoc truy vn cc i tng, ta s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca bn thn tng i tng. Mi i tng hnh hc u c cc thuc tnh cho php hiu chnh i tng nh Copy, Erase, Move, Mirror . Lu rng, nhng thuc tnh ny s tc ng ln i tng tng t nh khi ta s dng cc lnh tng ng trong AutoCAD hiu chnh i tng. Nhng i tng hnh hc cn c cc phng thc xc lp v gi li cc d liu m rng (xdata), la chn v cp nht, ly hnh bao ca i tng. Trong cc i tng hnh hc u c cc thuc tnh in hnh nh Layer, Linetype, Color, v Handle cng nh nhng thuc tnh ring bit, ph thuc vo loi i tng, chng hn nh Center, Radius, v Area. Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh c trong hu ht cc i tng hnh hc. Ccphngthccaitnghnhhc Phng thc
ArrayPolar ArrayRectangular Copy GetBoundingBox Highlight IntersectWith
Gii thch
Nhn bn dng cc i tng c chn (ging nh lnh array) da trn s i tng cn nhn bn, gc quay cn to i tng v tm ca cung trn. Nhn bn dng ch nht i tng c chn (ging nh lnh array) da trn s hng, s ct, s tng v cc khong cc tng ng. Sao chp i tng c chn. i tng mi c to s c v tr trng vi i tng gc. Phng thc ny tr v to hai im cu thnh hnh ch nht bao i tng c chn. nh trng thi ca i tng: c ang c chn hay khng. Tr v to cc im m i tng c chn giao vi cc i tng khc. Ngi lp trnh cng c th thit lp cc ch khc nhau trong qu trnh tm giao vi cc i tng khc. Ly i xng i tng qua mt ng thng i qua hai im do ngi dng nh ra. Di chuyn i tng c chn theo vector xc nh bng hai im do ngi dng nh ra. Xoay i tng quanh mt im. Co gin i tng c chn theo mt t l nht nh vi mt im c s cho trc. Cp nht i tng trn mn hnh bn v.
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Gii thch
Xc nh mu cho i tng. Gi tr mu c th nhp l s nguyn t 0 n 256 hoc theo cc hng s c nh ngha trc trong VBA. Xc nh lp cho i tng c chn. Xc nh kiu ng cho i tng c chn. Xc nh t l kiu ng cho i tng c chn. Xc nh b dy nt v ca i tng c chn. Xc nh tnh nhn thy ca i tng trong bn v.
Object y l tp i tng Documents hoc mt i tng c kiu l Document. ngha ca cc tham s nh sau: Tham s
Name ReadOnly
Gii thch
L chui k t cha ng dn y n tp bn v cn m. L tham s tu chn. Nu gn tham s ny bng TRUE, bn v c m ra vi thuc tnh ch c, ngha l ngi dng khng th lu bn v. Gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh ny l FALSE.
V d sau s dng phng thc Open m mt bn v c. Khi thc hnh, cn thay i tn bn v hoc ng dn cho bin dwgName ch n mt bn v hin c trong my tnh.
Sub OpenDrawing() Dim dwgName As String dwgName = "C:\Program Files\AutoCAD 2002\Sample\campus.dwg" On Error Resume Next Application.Documents.Open dwgName M bn v
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If Err.Description <> "" Then li MsgBox "File " & dwgName & " does not exist." Err.Clear End If End Sub Thng bo khi c
Tobnvmi to bn v mi, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Documents. Gi tr tr v ca phng thc ny l mt i tng kiu Document cha bn v va c to. C php ca phng thc Open nh sau:
Set RetVal = Documents.Add([TemplateName])
Tham s
TemplateName
Gii thch
Tham s tu chn. L chui k t cha ng dn y n tp bn v mu (tp *.dwt). Nu khng nhp tham s ny, AutoCAD s to bn v da trn tp bn v mu mc nh (thng c tn l Acad.dwt). i tng kiu Document cha bn v va mi to.
RetVal
To bn v mi
Lubnv lu bn v, c th s dng phng thc Save (lu bn v vi tn hin hnh) hoc SaveAs (lu bn v vi tn khc). C php ca cc phng thc trn nh sau:
Object.Save Object.SaveAs FileName[, FileType]
Tham s
Object FileName
Gii thch
i tng kiu Document, l bn v s c lu. L chui k t cha tn tp s c lu (bao gm c ng dn y ). Nu khng ch ra ng dn y , tp bn v s c lu vo th mc hot ng ca AutoCAD (thng thng l C:\Program Files\AutoCAD 2002).
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FileType Tham s tu chn, l hng s xc nh kiu tp bn v s c lu. Cc hng s c th l: acR14_DWG acR14_DXF acR15_DWG acR15_DXF : tp AutoCAD Release14/LT97 DWG (*.dwg) : tp AutoCAD Release14/LT97 DXF (*.dxf) : tp AutoCAD 2000 DWG (*.dwg) : tp AutoCAD 2000 DXF (*.dxf)
acR15_Template: tp AutoCAD 2000 Drawing Template File (*.dwt) acNative : tp bn v c lu vi kiu tp mi nht ng vi phin bn AutoCAD hin hnh. Trong AutoCAD 2002, gi tr ny tng ng vi hng s acR15_DWG.
Thng thng, trc khi thot khi phin lm vic ca AutoCAD hoc trc khi ng bn v, ngi lp trnh thng mun kim tra xem bn v c lu i hay cha. lm c vic ny, c th s dng thuc tnh Saved c trong i tng cha bn v (i tng Document tng ng). V d sau s kim tra xem bn v c lu hay cha v s hi ngi dng xem c ng lu bn v hay khng, nu khng ng , s thot khi chng trnh. Nu ng , s s dng phng thc Save lu bn v hin hnh.
Sub TestIfSaved() If Not (ThisDrawing.Saved) Then If MsgBox("Do you wish to save this drawing?", _ vbYesNo) = vbYes Then ThisDrawing.Save End If End If End Sub
ngbnv ng bn v, s dng phng thc Close c trong i tng Document. C php ca phng thc Close nh sau:
object.Close([SaveChanges][, FileName])
Tham s
object SaveChanges
Gii thch
i tng kiu Document, l i tng cha bn v cn ng. Tham s tu chn, xc nh xem c cn phi lu bn v li trc khi ng hay khng. Nu bng TRUE, s lu bn v, ngc li l FALSE. Gi tr mc nh ca tham s ny l TRUE.
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FileName Tham s tu chn, xc nh tn ca bn v s c lu trong trng hp bn v cha c lu ln no.
Trong trng hp cha c s thay i trong bn v, cc tham s trn c b qua v phng thc Close ch n gin l ng bn v ang c tham chiu. Nu c s thay i trong bn v, tham s SaveChanges s xc nh xem bn v c c lu hay khng: Nu SaveChanges bng TRUE v bn v cha c lu ln no, tham s FileName s c dng lm tn tp lu bn v. Nu khng c tham s FileName, bn v c lu vi tn mc nh trong th mc hin hnh ca AutoCAD. Trong trng hp bn v c lu trc , tham s FileName s b b qua. Nu SaveChanges bng FALSE, bn v s c ng m khng c lu. V d sau s hi ngi dng c mun ng bn v hay khng, sau kim tra xem tp c lu ln u cha, tip mi thc s ng bn v li s dng phng thc Close c trong i tng bn v hin hnh.
Sub CloseDrawing() If MsgBox("Bn c mun ng bn v: " & ThisDrawing.WindowTitle, _ vbYesNo + vbQuestion) = vbYes Then If ThisDrawing.FullName <> "" Then ThisDrawing.Close SaveChanges:=True ng bn v hin hnh Else MsgBox(ThisDrawing.Name & " cha c lu nn khng th ng!") End If End If End Sub
Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh c th s dng phng thc Close c trong tp i tng Documents ng tt c cc bn v hin ang c trong phin lm vic hin hnh ca AutoCAD. Phng thc ny thc hin tng t nh khi s dng phng thc Close cho tng i tng bn v vi tham s SaveChanges c gn bng TRUE. Do khng kim sot c qu trnh ng ca tng bn v nn phng thc Close ca tp i tng Documents nn hn ch s dng. 5.1.2. Khi ng v thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD KhingchngtrnhAutoCAD Do c thc thi bn trong AutoCAD nn cc chng trnh vit bng VBA trong AutoCAD khng cn phi thc hin thao tc khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD. Tuy nhin, khi ngi dng vit m lnh t cc ng dng nn khc, chng hn nh vit chng trnh bng VBA trong Excel, th cn thit phi vit m lnh khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD. Thc cht ca on m lnh ny l to ra i tng Application. Vic khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD t mt chng trnh ngoi cng cn phi thc hin cc thao tc tng t nh khi khi ng chng trnh Excel t chng trnh ngoi (tham kho mc Khi ng Excel t chng trnh khc trang 148). y, ngi dng s phi tham chiu n th vin m rng ca AutoCAD vi tn l AutoCAD 2000 Object Library. Vi cc phin bn ca chng trnh AutoCAD khc nhau th tn th vin m rng c th khc nhau.
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ThotkhichngtrnhAutoCAD Vic thot khi AutoCAD rt n gin, ch cn thc hin phng thc Quit c trong i tng Applicaton. Phng thc ny s ng tt c cc bn v v d n VBA trong AutoCAD li, nu c bn v hoc d n no cha c lu, n s nhc ngi dng lu bn v, sau mi thc s thot khi AutoCAD. on m lnh sau s ng chng trnh AutoCAD.
Sub Thoat_AutoCAD() Application.Quit
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End Sub
5.1.3. S dng cc lnh sn c ca AutoCAD Cc lnh sn c ca AutoCAD c th c s dng t chng trnh VBA thng qua phng thc SendCommand ca i tng Document tng ng. V d sau s to ra mt hnh trn trong bn v hin hnh ca AutoCAD vi vic s dng lnh Circle v Zoom ca AutoCAD:
Sub Tao_Hinh_Tron() ThisDrawing.SendCommand "_Circle" & vbCr & "2,2,0" & vbCr & "4" & vbCr ThisDrawing.SendCommand "_zoom" & vbCr & "a" & vbCr End Sub
Thc cht ca phng thc SendCommand l yu cu AutoCAD thc thi mt lnh t dng lnh trong AutoCAD. K t vbCr tng ng vi vic bm phm Enter khi thao tc trc tip trong AutoCAD. 5.1.4. Thu phng mn hnh bn v (zoom) Thu phng mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD c thc hin thng qua cc phng thc c trong i tng Application. Cc phng thc ny tng ng vi lnh zoom trong AutoCAD. Nu c nhiu bn v ang c m trong AutoCAD th cc phng thc ny ch c tc dng i vi bn v hin hnh. Di y l cc phng thc dng thu phng mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD. ZoomExtents Phng thc ny s phng mn hnh bn v theo vng bao ca tt c cc i tng trong bn v, ngha l gip ta c th quan st c tt c cc i tng hnh hc hin ang c vi kch thc ln nht. on m v d sau s thc hin phng thc ZoomExtents:
Application.ZoomExtents
ZoomAll Trong ch 2D, phng thc ny s phng mn hnh bn v theo gii hn ca bn v hoc theo vng bao tt c cc i tng tu thuc vo vng no rng hn. Cn trong ch 3D, phng thc ny tng ng vi phng thc ZoomExtents. on m sau phng mn hnh bn v s dng phng thc ZoomAll:
Application.ZoomAll
ZoomPrevious Phng thc ny s chuyn mn hnh bn v v trng thi trc . Khi ngi dng thc hin lnh Pan hoc cc lnh lin quan n thu phng mn hnh bn v, AutoCAD s t ng lu trng thi mn hnh bn v. Phng thc ny c th khi phc li trng thi mn hnh c lu n 10 cp. on m sau khi phc li trng thi mn hnh bn v s dng phng thc ZoomPrevious:
Application.ZoomPrevious
ZoomPickWindow
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Phng thc ny s phng mn hnh bn v theo mt hnh ch nht do ngi dng chn trn mn hnh. on m sau minh ho cch s dng phng thc ny:
Application.ZoomPickWindow
ZoomWindow Phng thc ny thc hin thu phng mn hnh bn v theo mt hnh ch nht c xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Application.ZoomWindow Di_Tri, Trn_Phi
Tham s
Di_Tri Trn_Phi
Gii thch
Mng 3 phn t kiu Double, xc nh to im gc di bn tri ca hnh ch nht s thc hin phng i. Mng 3 phn t kiu Double, xc nh to im gc trn bn phi ca hnh ch nht s thc hin phng i.
V d sau thc hin thu phng mn hnh bn v theo hnh ch nht c to ca cc im gc ln lt l (1.3, 7.8, 0) v (13.7, -2.6, 0):
Sub VD_ZoomWindow() Khai bo bin cha to cc im gc Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double Gn to cho cc im gc point1(0) = 1.3: point1(1) = 7.8: point1(2) = 0 point2(0) = 13.7: point2(1) = -2.6: point2(2) = 0 Thc hin phng thc ZoomWindow ZoomWindow point1, point2 End Sub
ZoomScaled Phng thc ny thu phng mn hnh bn v theo mt t l c xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Application.ZoomScaled Scale[, ScaleType]
Tham s
Scale ScaleType
Gii thch
Tham s xc nh t l thu phng mn hnh bn v. Tham s tu chn, xc nh cch thc p dng h s t l. C th bng mt trong cc hng s sau: acZoomScaledAbsolute acZoomScaledRelative : tng i so vi vng v (drawing limits). : tng i so vi mn hnh bn v hin hnh.
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V d sau minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc ZoomScaled bng cch phng mn hnh bn v ln 2 ln so vi mn hnh bn v hin ti:
Sub VD_ZoomScaled() Dim ti_le As Double Dim kieu_phong_dai As Integer ti_le = 2 kieu_phong_dai = acZoomScaledRelative Thc hin phng thc ZoomScaled ZoomScaled ti_le, kieu_phong_dai End Sub
5.1.5. Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD Trong mt chng trnh, giao din ngi s dng thao tc vi chng trnh l mt b phn rt quan trng v khng th thiu. Thng qua giao din, ngi s dng c th nhp d liu v iu khin chng trnh hot ng, cn chng trnh, cng thng qua giao din, s hng dn cho ngi dng cch thao tc v trnh by kt qu thc hin ca n cho ngi dng. C nhiu cch thit k giao din nhp d liu cho chng trnh, nh s dng cc hp thoi chun (nh InputBox hoc MsgBox) hay thng qua h thng cc hp thoi ngi dng (UserForm). Khi lp trnh VBA trong AutoCAD, bi chng trnh s hot ng da trn nn l AutoCAD cho nn vic thit k mt giao din cho php ngi dng tng tc vi chng trnh ngay trong giao din ca AutoCAD l mt nhu cu cn thit. Hn na iu ny c AutoCAD v VBA h tr thng qua i tng Utility (l mt thuc tnh ca i tng Document). Vi nhng phng thc ca i tng Utility ngi lp trnh c cho php ngi s dng thao tc vi chng trnh VBA thng qua dng lnh ca AutoCAD cng nh mn hnh ha ca AutoCAD. Cc phng thc ny s hin th mt dng nhc trn dng lnh ca AutoCAD v yu cu ngi s dng nhp vo nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau (tu thuc vo tng loi phng thc) t bn phm hoc chn trn mn hnh ha ca AutoCAD. Cc phng thc ngi dng nhp d liu vo t bn phm hay bng chut thng c dng GetXXX, tu thuc vo loi d liu m ngi lp trnh cn ly. Di y l mt s phng thc thng c s dng: Prompt Phng thc ny ch n gin l gi mt on vn bn n dng lnh ca AutoCAD v thng c s dng thng bo cho ngi dng bit mt ni dung no trc hoc sau mt thao tc vi chng trnh. C php nh sau:
Utility.Prompt Message
Trong Message l on vn bn s c hin th trn dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Khi gi mt on vn bn n dng lnh ca AutoCAD, cn thm vo k t xung dng, trnh dng vn bn cn hin th ni vo dng vn bn ang c trong dng lnh. V d sau s minh ho r hn iu ny. 1. Trong VBAIDE, to Macro sau:
Sub VDPrompt() Utility.Prompt ("Vi du phuong thuc Prompt") End Sub
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2. Tr v AutoCAD thc thi Macro bng cch gi lnh vbarun. Lu l s dng phm SPACE kt thc dng lnh, thay v s dng phm ENTER nh thng thng. Kt qu hin th trn dng lnh nh sau:
3. on vn bn c in ra trn mt dng ring bit, thm vo trc on vn bn hng s vbCrLf, v on m lnh trn c chuyn thnh:
Sub VDPrompt() Utility.Prompt (vbCrLf & "Vi du phuong thuc Prompt") End Sub
GetString Phng thc ny c s dng ngi dng nhp vo mt chui k t. AutoCAD s dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhp vo mt gi tr no . C php ca phng thc GetString nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetString(HasSpaces[, Prompt])
Tham s
HasSpaces
Gii thch
Tham s cho php ngi dng nhp vo du cch. Nu bng TRUE, ngi dng c th nhp du cch trong dng lnh, kt thc nhp phi nhn phm ENTER. Nu bng FALSE, ngi dng khng th nhp du cch cho chui k t, khi ngi dng nhn phm SPACE hoc ENTER th s kt thc qu trnh nhp. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu String, cha gi tr l chui k t c ngi dng nhp vo. Mt im cn lu l phng thc ny ch tr v ti a 132 k t. Nu ngi dng nhp nhiu hn 132 k t, kt qu tr v cho bin RetVal ch l 132 k t u tin.
Prompt RetVal
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' Gi tr nhp vo khng th cha du cch returnString = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetString _ (False, "Nhp chui (nhn SPACE hoc ENTER kt thc): ") MsgBox "Chui va nhp l: '" & returnString & "'" ' Nhc ngi dng nhp ' Gi tr nhp vo c th cha du cch returnString = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetString _ (True, " Nhp chui (nhn ENTER kt thc): ") MsgBox "Chui va nhp l: '" & returnString & "'" End Sub
GetInteger,GetReal Phng thc ny c s dng khi mun ngi dng nhp mt s nguyn (phng thc GetInteger) hoc mt s thc (phng thc GetReal). C php ca cc phng thc ny nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetInteger([Prompt]) RetVal = Utility.GetReal([Prompt])
Tham s
Prompt RetVal
Gii thch
Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu Double hoc Interger (tu thuc vo phng thc c s dng), cha gi tr l s ngi dng va nhp vo.
Nu ngi dng nhp vo mt t kho hoc khng nhp s m nhn ngay phm ENTER kt thc nhp liu, AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword.. V d sau minh ho cch s dng cc phng thc ny:
Sub Example_GetReal() ' V d sau s dng phng thc GetReal v phng thc GetInteger ' ngi dng nhp vo s thc v s nguyn. Dim returnReal As Double Dim returnInteger As Integer ' Nhc ngi dng nhp vo s thc, ' sau hin th kt qu c nhp vo. returnReal = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetReal("Enter an Real: ") MsgBox "S thc va c nhp: " & returnReal & vbCrLf & _ "(Tip tc nhp gi tr.)" ' Nhc ngi dng nhp vo s nguyn, ' sau hin th kt qu c nhp vo. returnInteger = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetInteger("Nhp s nguyn: ") MsgBox "S nguyn va c nhp: " & returnInteger End Sub
GetAngle
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Phng thc ny c s dng khi mun ngi lp trnh nhp vo mt gi tr gc bng cch nhp gi tr ngay trn dng lnh hoc chn mt gc trn mn hnh. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetAngle([Point][, Prompt])
Tham s
Point Prompt RetVal
Gii thch
Tham s tu chn, l mng s thc c 3 phn t th hin to u tin ca tia to nn gc m ngi dng s chn trn mn hnh. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu Double cha gi tr tr v ca phng thc GetAngle, l gc m ngi dng nhp vo (tnh theo Radian).
Khi s dng phng thc ny, ngi dng c th nhp vo gc (tnh bng ) ti dng lnh. Ngoi ra, ngi s dng c th s dng chut v hai im xc nh tia to nn gc cn nhp. Gi tr tr v l gc hp gia tia v gc c s (c xc nh bi bin h thng ANGBASE, gi tr mc nh l 0).
Trong trng hp khng nhp gi tr cho tham s Point, ngi dng s phi chn hai im trn mn hnh xc nh tia mong mun. Nu nhp gi tr cho tham s Point, th to c trong tham s Point s c gn cho im th 1, ngi dng ch cn xc nh im th 2 trn mn hnh m thi. Bng di y th hin gi tr tr v ca phng thc GetAngle vi cc gc nhp vo khc nhau: Gc ngi dng Gi tr tr v ca nhp () phng thc GetAngle
0 -90 180 90 0.0 1.5708 3.14159 4.71239
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Nu ngi dng khng nhp gi tr no c m nhn ENTER, AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword. V d sau minh ho cch s dng phng thc GetAngle:
Sub Example_GetAngle() Dim retAngle As Double ' Ly v gc tnh bng radian retAngle = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetAngle(, "Nhp vo gc: ") MsgBox "Gc va c nhp l: " & retAngle ' Ly v gc tnh bng radian vi to im u cho trc Dim basePnt(0 To 2) As Double basePnt(0) = 2#: basePnt(1) = 2#: basePnt(2) = 0# retAngle = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetAngle(basePnt, "Nhp vo gc: ") MsgBox "Gc va c nhp l: " & retAngle End Sub
GetPoint Phng thc GetPoint c s dng ly mt im do ngi dng nhp vo bng cch nhp ta trc tip t dng lnh hoc chn im trn mn hnh. Gi tr tr v ca phng thc c kiu Variant, l mt mng gm 3 phn t s thc cha ta ca im c chn trong h ta WCS. C php ca phng thc nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetPoint([Point][, Prompt])
Nu tham s ty chn Point c gn gi tr, AutoCAD s to mt ng thng tham chiu ni t im Point n v tr hin ti ca con tr trn mn hnh ha. ng thng ny lun thay i theo s di chuyn ca con tr, h tr vic quan st ca ngi dng trong qu trnh nhp im. Sau khi ngi dng nhp im bng cch bm chut trn mn hnh ha ti v tr mong mun th ng thng tham chiu cng s mt i. Nu ngi dng khng nhp vo im no m nhn ENTER, AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword. V d sau minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetPoint v cc tham s:
Sub Example_GetPoint() ' V d minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetPoint. Dim returnPnt As Variant ' Nhp im v tr v ta ca im khi khng c im tham chiu returnPnt = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint(, "Nhap mot diem: ") MsgBox "Toa do WCS cua diem: " & returnPnt(0) & ", " & _ returnPnt(1) & ", " & returnPnt(2)
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' Nhp im s dng im tham chiu Dim basePnt(0 To 2) As Double basePnt(0) = 2#: basePnt(1) = 2#: basePnt(2) = 0# returnPnt = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint(basePnt, "Nhap mot diem: ") MsgBox "Toa do WCS cua diem: " & returnPnt(0) & ", " & _ returnPnt(1) & ", " & returnPnt(2) ' V ng thng ni t im tham chiu n im ' cui cng nhp vo Dim lineObj As AcadLine Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(basePnt,returnPnt) ZoomAll End Sub
GetDistance Phng thc GetDistance c s dng ngi dng nhp vo gi tr khong cch. Ngi dng c th nhp mt s thc trc tip t dng lnh hoc c th chn hai im trn mn hnh bn v, AutoCAD s t ng tr v gi tr s thc l khong cch gia hai im. C php ca phng thc GetDistance nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetDistance([Point][, Prompt])
Prompt RetVal
Phng thc GetDistance cho php ngi dng nhp mt s m ti dng nhc v s tr v mt s m tng ng. Nhng khi ngi dng chn im trn mn hnh bn v, phng thc lun tr v gi tr tuyt i ca khong cch gia hai im. Nu khong cch c nhp vo bng cch chn im trn mn hnh, AutoCAD s to ra mt ng thng gip ngi dng quan st v ng thng ny s mt i sau khi ngi dng nhp xong khong cch. Nu khng nhp gi tr cho tham s Point, ngi dng s phi xc nh hai im trn mn hnh xc nh khong cch. Nu gn gi tr cho tham s Point, ngi dng ch cn chn thm mt im trn mn hnh, gi tr khong cch s c tnh t im truyn cho tham s Point v im cho ngi dng chn. Theo mc nh ca AutoCAD, cc im nhp vo c ta khng gian gm y 3 thnh phn (x, y, z) nn khong cch gia hai im l khong cch trong khng gian. Ngi dng c th yu cu AutoCAD ch tnh khong cch phng bng cch thc hin phng thc InitializeUserInput trc khi thc hin phng thc GetDistance vi tham s OptionBits tng ng AutoCAD b qua thnh phn ta z. Nu ngi dng khng nhp gi tr hoc im no c m nhn ENTER th AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword. V d di y minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetDistance:
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Sub Example_GetDistance() ' V d minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetDistance. Dim returnDist As Double ' Nhp v tr v gi tr khong cch, c s dng dng nhc returnDist = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetDistance(, "Nhap khoang cach: ") MsgBox "Khoang cach vua nhap la: " & returnDist & vbCrLf & _ "(Nhap gia tri tiep theo co su dung diem co so.)" ' Nhp v tr v gi tr khong cch ' C s dng dng nhc v im c s Dim basePnt(0 To 2) As Double basePnt(0) = 2#: basePnt(1) = 2#: basePnt(2) = 0# returnDist = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetDistance(basePnt, _ "Nhap khoang cach: ") MsgBox "Khoang cach vua nhap la: " & returnDist End Sub
GetEntity Phng thc GetEntity c s dng ly mt i tng ca AutoCAD bng cch cho php ngi dng chn trc tip bng chut trn mn hnh ha. C php ca phng thc nh sau:
Utility.GetEntity Object, PickedPoint[, Prompt]
Tham s
Object Pickedpoint Prompt
Gii thch
Tham s tr v i tng c ngi dng chn Tham s kiu Variant, tr v mng s thc c 3 phn t th hin to ca im m ngi dng kch chut chn i tng. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu.
Phng thc GetEntity yu cu ngi dng chn i tng bng cch kch chut trn mn hnh bn v. Nu ngi dng chn mt i tng, i tng s c tr v thng qua tham s Object v to ca im m ngi dng chn s c tr v trong tham s PickedPoint. Nu im m ngi dng kch chut khng phi i tng th phng thc ny s lm pht sinh li. Vi phng thc ny, ngi dng cn c th chn nhanh i tng c v sau cng nht bng cch nhp k t L hoc l ti dng lnh AutoCAD. Khi dng lnh L ny, nu i tng c v cui cng khng nhn thy trn mn hnh bn v (i tng c thuc tnh Visible=FALSE) hoc i tng ang nm trong mt lp b ng bng (FrozenLayer) th i tng cui cng nht c v nm trn mt lp bnh thng s c chn. Tuy nhin, cch ng x ny c th khc nhau trong tng phin bn ca AutoCAD, chng hn nh i vi AutoCAD 2007, vi lnh L, phng thc GetEntity c th tr v mt i tng khng c nhn thy trn mn hnh bn v.
CH Vi phng thc GetEntity, ti mt thi im, ngi dng ch c th chn c mt i tng.
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V d di y minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetEntity. i tng c la chn s c tm thi chuyn sang mu ngi dng d nhn thy trc khi chuyn sang la chn i tng khc (trc khi thc hin v d cn to sn mt s i tng hnh hc trong bn v hin hnh ca AutoCAD). V d ny cn thc hin by li pht sinh khi la chn i tng.
Sub VD_GetEntity() Dim returnObj As AcadObject Dim basePnt As Variant On Error Resume Next ' Trong v d ny, AutoCAD ch ngi dng la chn i tng ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity returnObj, basePnt, "Chn i tng:" If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear MsgBox "Bn khng chn i tng. Tm bit." Exit Sub Else returnObj.Color = acRed returnObj.Update MsgBox "Kiu i tng l: " & returnObj.EntityName MsgBox "ti v tr " & basePnt(0) & "," & basePnt(1) returnObj.Color = acByLayer returnObj.Update End If End Sub
5.1.6. Thit lp bin h thng AutoCAD s dng cc bin h thng dng iu khin cc hot ng ca chnh n, chng hn nh ch bt im, ch li, iu kin cch thc hin ca cc lnh, Phn ny s gii thiu cch thc c v thit lp cc bin h thng cho AutoCAD thng qua cc phng thc GetVariable v SetVariable cng nh mt s bin h thng thng dng trong AutoCAD. i vi mi phin bn ca AutoCAD, cc bin h thng c th khc nhau, v vy cn phi nghin cu trong ti liu i km vi phin bn AutoCAD ang s dng c c cc thng tin c th v cc bin h thng. Mt im cn lu khi thao tc vi cc bin h thng ca AutoCAD l phm vi tc dng ca bin h thng. C th chia thnh hai loi sau: Loi bin c tc dng vi ton b ng dng AutoCAD: vi loi bin ny, khi ngi thay i gi tr ca bin, tt c cc bn v ang c m s chu tc ng do s thay i ca bin ny. Cc bin kiu ny c lu trong bn thn chng trnh AutoCAD. Loi bin c tc dng vi mt bn v AutoCAD: vi loi bin ny, khi ngi dng thay i gi tr ca bin, ch c bn v hin hnh (bn v ni thc hin thao tc thay i gi tr ca bin) l chu tc ng do s thay i ca bin. Cc bin h thng kiu ny c lu ngay bn trong tp bn v. PhngthcGetVariable Phng thc ny dng ly v gi tr hin hnh ca mt bin h thng trong AutoCAD. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
RetVal = object.GetVariable(Name)
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Tham s
Name
Gii thch
Tham s kiu String xc nh tn bin h thng cn ly gi tr (khng phn bit ch hoa/ch thng). Nu tn bin h thng nhp vo khng ng s pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. i tng kiu Document, ni thc hin phng thc GetVariable. L bin kiu Variant cha gi tr tr v ca bin h thng.
object RetVal
V d sau minh ho cc s dng phng thc ny bng cch thc hin ly gi tr ca bin h thng MIRRTEXT:
Sub VD_GetVariable() ' V d sau hin th gi tr hin ti ca ' bin h thng MIRRTEXT. Dim strTenBien As String Dim KetQua As Variant strTenBien = "MIRRTEXT" KetQua = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(strTenBien) MsgBox (strTenBien & " = " & KetQua) End Sub
PhngthcSetVariable Phng thc ny dng thit lp gi tr cho bin h thng trong AutoCAD. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SetVariable Name, Value
Tham s
Name
Gii thch
Tham s kiu String xc nh tn bin h thng cn ly gi tr (khng phn bit ch hoa/ch thng). Nu tn bin h thng nhp vo khng ng s pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. Tham s kiu Variant, xc nh gi tr cn gn cho bin h thng c tn trong tham s Name trn. i tng kiu Document, ni thc hin phng thc SetVariable.
Value object
Bin h thng trong AutoCAD rt a dng vi nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau: s thc, s nguyn, chui, Chnh v vy, khi gn gi tr cho bin h thng, cn phi ch sao cho kiu d liu ca bin h thng cn gn v kiu gi tr ca tham s Value phi tng thch nhau, nu khng s lm pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. V d sau minh ho cch thc gn gi tr cho bin h thng s dng phng thc SetVariable:
Sub Example_SetVariable() ' V d sau gn gi tr cho nhiu bin h thng khc nhau, ' mi bin c mt kiu d liu khc nhau. Dim TenBien As String Dim GiaTri As Variant ' Gn gi tr bin MIRRTEXT (kiu s nguyn) bng 1. ' Ch rng cn phi gn gi tr thch hp vi ' kiu d liu ca bin h thng. Dim intData As Integer
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TenBien = "MIRRTEXT" intData = 0 GiaTri = intData ThisDrawing.SetVariable TenBien, GiaTri
' Kim tra gi tr gn s dng phng thc GetVariable GiaTri = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(TenBien) MsgBox (TenBien & " = " & GiaTri) ' Gn gi tr bin LTSCALE (kiu s thc) bng 1.5 Dim dataDouble As Double TenBien = "LTSCALE" dataDouble = 1.5 GiaTri = dataDouble ' Kiu Double ThisDrawing.SetVariable TenBien, GiaTri ' Kim tra gi tr gn s dng phng thc GetVariable GiaTri = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(TenBien) MsgBox (TenBien & " = " & GiaTri) ' Gn gi tr bin INSBASE (kiu mng cha to ) bng (1.0,1.0,0) Dim arrayData3D(0 To 2) As Double TenBien = "INSBASE" arrayData3D(0) = 1#: arrayData3D(1) = 1#: arrayData3D(2) = 0 GiaTri = arrayData3D ' Kiu mng cha to im ThisDrawing.SetVariable TenBien, GiaTri ' Kim tra gi tr gn s dng phng thc GetVariable GiaTri = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(TenBien) MsgBox (TenBien & " = " _ & GiaTri(0) & ", " & GiaTri(1) & ", " & GiaTri(2)) End Sub
Ccbinhthngthngdng hin th c y tt c cc bin h thng cng nh gi tr hin thi ca chng, c th thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Ti dng lnh ca AutoCAD, nhp lnh setvar. 2. Ti dng nhc Enter Variable Name, nhp du ? 3. Ti dng nhc Enter Variable(s) to List, nhn ENTER Bng di y gii thiu cc bin h thng thng dng trong AutoCAD: Bin h thng Gii thch
ANGBASE AUPREC DIMTIH FILLETRAD INSBASE CELTSCALE LTSCALE Thit lp gc c s, l gc hp vi phng X. Mc nh gi tr ny bng 0. Thit lp s ch s sau du phy ca n v o gc. Xc nh v tr ch ghi kch thc. Nu bng 0: song song vi ng ghi kch thc; bng 1: nm ngang. Mc nh gi tr ny bng 1. Xc nh bn knh vut cong mc nh khi dng vi lnh Fillet To im chn mc nh. Thit lp t l kiu ng cho cc i tng mi to Thit lp t l kiu ng cho tt c cc i tng
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MIRRTEXT TILEMODE ZOOMFACTOR TEXTFILL Xc nh cch thc khi ly i xng i vi vn bn. Bng 0: gi nguyn chiu vn bn; bng 1: i chiu vn bn. Xc nh khng gian hin hnh l khng gian m hnh hay khng gian in. Bng 0: khng gian in; bng 1: khng gian m hnh. Xc nh t l phn trm thu/phng bn v khi ln phm chut gia. iu khin cch hin th vn bn TrueType. Bng 0: ch v ng bin vn bn; bng 1: v c ng bin v t y vn bn.
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PaperSpace (khng gian in) cng cho php cha cc i tng hnh hc nh trong khng gian m hnh, tuy nhin mc ch chnh ca khng gian in l phc v cho qu trnh sp xp bn v v in n. Khng gian in thng cha cc khung nhn theo mt t l nh trc th mt phn ca bn v trong khng gian m hnh, hoc cc bng biu, ghi ch, Trong AutoCAD, ngi dng c th to nhiu khng gian in khc nhau, mi khng gian in tng ng vi mt th Layout nm gc di mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD. truy cp n cc khng gian in c trong bn v, c th s dng tp i tng Layouts c trong i tng kiu Document. Ti mt thi im, trong AutoCAD ch c mt khng gian l hin hnh, c th l khng gian m hnh hoc khng gian in. xc nh xem khng gian no l khng gian hin hnh, ngi lp trnh c th s dng thuc tnh ActiveSpace c trong i tng kiu Document. Thuc tnh ny ch nhn gi tr l 2 hng s sau: Hng s
acModelSpace acPaperSpace
Gi tr tng ng
1 0
Ngoi ra ngi dng cn c th chuyn i gia khng gian in v khng gian m hnh bng cch gn gi tr cho thuc tnh ActiveSpace. on m sau s thc hin thao tc ny:
Sub VD_ChuyenKhongGian() With ThisDrawing If .ActiveSpace = acModelSpace Then .ActiveSpace = acPaperSpace Else .ActiveSpace = acModelSpace End If End With End Sub
5.2.2. Khai bo v to i tng hnh hc Tt cc cc i tng trong AutoCAD (k c i tng hnh hc v phi hnh hc) u c th c khai bo trong VBA theo dng thc Acad<TniTng>. Chng hn nh i tng
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ng thng Line th i tng tng ng trong VBA s c kiu l AcadLine. V d sau minh ho cch khai bo mt i tng ng trn trong VBA:
Dim CircleObj as AcadCircle
Ngi dng c th to mi i tng hnh hc trong khng gian m hnh hoc trong khng gian in. to i tng mi, s dng phng thc AddXXX c trong tp i tng ModelSpace v PaperSpace, trong XXX l tn ca loi i tng hnh hc cn to. C php nh sau:
Set Bin_i_tng = Object.AddXXX(Danh_sch_tham_s)
Trong , Object l tp i tng ModelSpace hoc PaperSpace. Mi phng thc AddXXX s tr v mt i tng tham chiu n i tng va mi c to, v vy bt buc phi s dng cu lnh Set trong khi to i tng v bin_i_tng phi c kiu ph hp vi i tng tr v ca phng thc AddXXX. Ly v d khi mun to mi mt ng trn trong khng gian m hnh, c th s dng mu sau:
Dim CircleObj as AcadCircle Set Circle = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(CenterPoint, Radius)
Sau khi to mi (hoc hiu chnh) i tng, th kt qu hin th trn bn v s khng c cp nht ngay cho n khi gi phng thc Update ca bn thn i tng , hoc phng thc Update ca i tng Application hoc phng thc Regen ca i tng Document. Trong mt s trng hp, AutoCAD cng c t ng cp nht ngay khi kt thc Macro. Tuy nhin, chc chn, sau khi to mi (hoc hiu chnh) i tng, nn ch ng cp nht li nhng thay i ny. 5.2.3. To i tng Point i tng Point i khi cng rt hu dng, chng hn nh to mt nt hoc l mt im tham chiu t ta tin hnh bt im hoc thc hin lnh Offset. Ngoi ra, khi thit lp kiu v kch thc cho i tng Point, ngi dng c th s dng n trnh by bn v mt cch hiu qu.
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ToitngPoint S dng phng thc AddPoint thm mt im ti v tr mong mun. C php nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddPoint(Point)
Tham s
Point RetVal
Gii thch
L tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to ca v tr to i tng Point. i tng kiu Point, cha tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.
ThayikiuhinthcaitngPoint Sau khi to i tng Point, ngi lp trnh c th thay i kiu hin th ca im bng cch thit lp gi tr cho cc bin h thng PDMODE v PDSIZE. on m sau s to mt i tng Point trong khng gian m hnh ta (5,5,0) v sau thay i kiu hin th ca i tng Point bng cch cp nht li gi tr bin h thng PDMODE v PDSIZE.
Sub VD_TaoDTPoint() Dim pointObj As AcadPoint Dim ToaDo(0 To 2) As Double Xc nh v tr v im ToaDo (0) = 5#: ToaDo (1) = 5#: ToaDo (2) = 0# To im mi Set pointObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddPoint(ToaDo) ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDMODE", 34 ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDSIZE", 1 ZoomAll End Sub
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ng thng l i tng hnh hc c bn hay c dng nht trong AutoCAD. Nhn chung, ta c th v cc ng thng bng cch nhp vo tham s l ta ca cc im ca ng thng. to mt ng thng, c th s dng mt trong nhng phng thc sau: Phng thc
AddLine AddLightweightPolyline AddMLine Add3DPoly
Gii thch
To ng thng i qua hai im. To ng a tuyn 2D. To ng a tuyn nt i. To ng a tuyn 3D.
ToitngLine Phng thc thc AddLine s to i tng Line, l mt on thng i qua hai im:
Set RetVal = object.AddLine(StartPoint, EndPoint)
Tham s
StartPoint, EndPoint RetVal
Gii thch
L tham s u vo kiu variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to im u v im kt thc ca on thng. i tng kiu Line, tham chiu n on thng va mi c to.
Cn trong v d sau, on thng s c to ra t hai im bt k do ngi dng chn trn mn hnh. on thng ny s c to ra trn khng gian m hnh hoc khng gian in, tu thuc vo khng gian no l hin hnh.
Public Sub TestAddLine() Dim diemDau As Variant Dim diemCuoi As Variant Dim objEnt As AcadLine On Error Resume Next ' Ly to im u v im cui do ngi dng nhp diemDau = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint _ (, vbCr & "Chon diem dau: ") diemCuoi = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint _ (diemDau, vbCr & "Chon diem cuoi: ") ' V i tng If ThisDrawing.ActiveSpace = acModelSpace Then
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Set objEnt = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(diemDau, diemCuoi) Else Set objEnt = ThisDrawing.PaperSpace.AddLine(diemDau, diemCuoi) End If ' Cp nht i tng hin th trn mn hnh bn v objEnt.Update End Sub
ToitngLWPolyline,Polyline
LWPolyline l i tng dng biu din ng a tuyn phng v do ch dng th hin cc i tng trong khng gian 2D. iu ny gip cho d liu ca i tng LWPolyline gn nh hn v cc thao tc ho s thc hin nhanh hn. cng chnh l l do ti sao i tng ny l c tn l LightWeight - Nh.
to i tng LWPolyline, s dng phng thc AddLightweightPolyline. C php phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddLightweightPolyline(VerticesList)
Tham s
VerticesList RetVal
Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng kiu Double, cha to cc nh ca a tuyn. i tng kiu LWPolyline, tham chiu n a tuyn 2D va mi c to.
Khi s dng phng thc AddLightweightPolyline, tham s VerticesList s cha to cc nh ca a tuyn 2D. To ca mi nh c biu din bng hai thnh phn x v y, nn cc thnh phn ca mng c b tr theo dng (p1x,p1y,p2x,p2y,). V vy s phn t ca tham s VerticesList lun l bi s ca 2 v ng nhin, ti thiu cn phi c 4 phn t (hai im) c th to c i tng LWPolyline.
CH Mi nh ca LWPolyline ch c hai to x v y, khng c thng s v cao . Thay vo , ngi lp trnh c th gn cao chung cho ton b ng a tuyn phng ny bng cch thay gi tr cao thch hp cho thuc tnh Elevation.
' To i tng LWPolyline trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) ZoomAll End Sub
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Ngoi ra, vi VBA trong AutoCAD, ngi dng cng c th to ng a tuyn phng vi phng thc AddPolyline. C php ca phng thc ny tng t nh ca phng thc AddLightweightPolyline:
Set RetVal = object.AddPolyline(VerticesList)
Tuy nhin, i tng tr v RetVal l i tng kiu Polyline. Tham s VerticesList cng cha to cc nh ca a tuyn, nhng mi nh s c 3 thnh phn, hai thnh phn u l to (x,y) thnh phn th 3 s khng c s dng. Khi mun to ng a tuyn phng, nn s dng phng thc AddLightweightPolyline, v i tng LWPolyline ti u ho cho qu trnh hin th v lu tr trong bn v. Toitng3DPolyline Phng thc Add3DPoly s to mt ng a tuyn 3D da trn to cc nh c truyn vo. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Add3DPoly(VerticesList)
Tham s
VerticesList RetVal
Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng kiu Double, cha to cc nh ca a tuyn. i tng kiu 3DPolyline, tham chiu n a tuyn 3D va mi c to.
Khi s dng phng thc Add3DPoly, tham s VerticesList s cha to cc nh ca a tuyn. To ca mi nh c biu din bng ba thnh phn x, y v z nn cc thnh phn ca mng c b tr theo dng (p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z). V vy s phn t ca tham s VerticesList lun l bi s ca 3 v ng nhin, ti thiu cn phi c 6 phn t (hai im) c th to c i tng 3DPolyline. on m sau s to mt ng a tuyn c 5 nh trong khng gian m hnh:
Sub VD_AddPolyline() Dim plineObj As Acad3DPolyline Dim points(0 To 14) As Double ' Xc nh cch nh ca a tuyn 3D points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1: points(2) = 0 points(3) = 1: points(4) = 2: points(5) = 10 points(6) = 2: points(7) = 3: points(8) = 30 points(9) = 3: points(10) = 2: points(11) = 0 points(12) = 4: points(13) = 4: points(14) = 8 ' ' ' ' ' To To To To To im im im im im 1 2 3 4 5
' To ng a tuyn 3D trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.Add3DPoly (points) ZoomAll End Sub
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VBA trong AutoCAD cho php to nhiu loi i tng dng ng cong khc nhau, trong c hai loi i tng rt ph bin l Circle ng trn v Arc cung trn. Tt c cc phng thc ny u to i tng trong mt phng XY. ToitngCircle to i tng Circle, s dng phng thc AddCircle. Phng thc ny s to mt ng trn da trn thng s tm v bn knh ca ng trn:
Set RetVal = object.AddCircle(Center, Radius)
Tham s
Center Radius RetVal
Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to tm ca ng trn. Tham s u vo kiu Double, l bn knh ca ng trn s c to. i tng kiu Circle, tham chiu n ng trn va mi c to.
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ToitngArc to i tng Arc, s dng phng thc AddArc. Phng thc ny s to ra mt cung trn da trn 4 thng s khc nhau xc nh v tr v kch thc ca cung trn:
Set RetVal = object.AddArc(Center, Radius, StartAngle, EndAngle)
Tham s
Center Radius StartAngle, EndAngle RetVal
Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to tm ca cung trn. Tham s u vo kiu Double, l bn knh ca ng trn s c to. Tham s u vo kiu Double, xc nh gc bt u v gc kt thc ca cung trn (tnh bng Radian). Phng thc AddArc s v cung trn theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h t gc StartAngle n gc EndAngle. i tng kiu Arc, tham chiu n cung trn va mi c to.
Hnh V-9: Minh ho tham s StartAngle, EndAngle ca phng thc AddArc. CH Hu ht cc tham s c lin quan n gc trong VBA u c n v l Radian.
on m sau to mt cung trn c tm (0,0,0) v bn knh l 5 t gc 45 n 315 . Do gi tr tham s gc tnh bng radian nn cn phi chuyn i t sang radian:
Sub Example_AddArc() Dim arcObj As AcadArc Dim centerPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double Dim startAngleInDegree As Double Dim endAngleInDegree As Double ' Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca cung centerPoint(0) = 0: centerPoint(1) radius = 5 Bn startAngleInDegree = 45 Gc endAngleInDegree = 315 Gc trn = 0: centerPoint(2) = 0 knh bt u kt thc
' Chuyn cc gc t sang Radian Dim startAngleInRadian As Double Dim endAngleInRadian As Double startAngleInRadian = startAngleInDegree * 3.141592 / 180 endAngleInRadian = endAngleInDegree * 3.141592 / 180
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' To i tng Arc trong khng gian m hnh Set arcObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddArc _ (centerPoint, radius, endAngleInRadian) ZoomAll End Sub
startAngleInRadian,
5.2.6. To i tng vn bn Vn bn l i tng dng truyn t nhng thng tin quan trng trong bn v. Ngoi ra, vn bn cn dng t tiu cho khi, to nhn cho tng thnh phn ca bn v, th hin quy nh chung hoc lm ghi ch trong bn v. AutoCAD cung cp nhiu cch khc nhau to vn bn, vi nhng on vn bn ngn v n gin, c th s dng vn bn n (Text), vi nhng on vn bn di hn, c cha nh dng ring bn trong th c th s dng vn bn nhiu dng (MText). Mc d tt c cc on vn bn mi c to u s dng kiu ch hin hnh, vi nhng thit lp mc nh v phng ch v nh dng nhng cng c nhiu cch khc nhau ty bin phn hin th ca on bn bn. Trong phm vi ca ti liu ny, ch gii thiu v cch thc to i tng vn bn. Tovnbnn(Text) Vn bn n l mt i tng kiu vn bn (Text) m ni dung ca n ch bao gm mt dng vn bn. Trong AutoCAD, to i tng vn bn n trn bn v, ngi dng c th s dng lnh Text hoc DText. T VBA, to i tng vn bn n, s dng phng thc AddText ca tp i tng ModelSpace, c php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddText(TextString, InsertionPoint, Height)
Tham s
TextString InsertionPoint Height RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu String, l chui s c hin th trn bn v. Kiu Variant (thc cht l mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im bt u chn vn bn. Kiu Double, xc nh chiu cao ca on vn bn c hin th. Gi tr ca tham s ny phi l s dng. Nu nhp vo gi tr 0, chng trnh s bo li. i tng kiu Text, tham chiu n i tng vn bn n va mi c to.
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End Sub
Tovnbnnhiudng(MText) i vi cc on vn bn di v phc tp, nn s dng i tng vn bn nhiu dng MText. Vn bn nhiu dng c b tr nm trn trong mt b rng nht nh nhng li c th m rng v hn theo chiu ng. Ngoi ra, i tng MText cn c th c nh dng chi tit n tng t hoc tng k t. Mc d c nhiu dng nhng chng thuc v mt i tng duy nht. i tng ny c th di chuyn, xoay, xa, sao chp, ly i xng, co gin hoc thay i t l. to i tng MText, s dng phng thc AddMText. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddMText(InsertionPoint, Width, Text)
Tham s
InsertionPoint Width TextString RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (thc cht l mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im bt u chn vn bn. Kiu Double, xc nh chiu rng ca on vn bn c hin th. Gi tr ca tham s ny phi l s dng. Nu nhp vo gi tr 0, chng trnh s bo li. Kiu String, l chui s c hin th trn bn v. i tng kiu MText, tham chiu n i tng vn bn nhiu dng va mi c to.
Thay v s dng tham s Height nh phng thc AddText, phng thc AddMText s dng tham s Width v i tng MText c th c hin th trn nhiu dng. on m sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc AddMText:
Sub VD_AddMtext() Dim MTextObj As AcadMText Dim corner(0 To 2) As Double Dim width As Double Dim text As String corner(0) = 0: corner(1) = 10: corner(2) = 0 width = 5 text = "Day la chuoi van ban cua doi tuong MText" ' To i tng MText Set MTextObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddMText(corner, width, text) ZoomAll End Sub
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AutoCAD, nhng hiu chnh mt lc nhiu i tng th vic s dng i tng SelectionSet l thch hp nht. Mi bn v AutoCAD u c mt tp i tng tn l SelectionSets cha tt c cc i tng SelectionSet trong bn v. Ngi dng c th to ra nhiu i tng SelectionSet khc nhau bng cch s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng SelectionSets. Mt c im quan trng ca i tng SelectionSet chnh l tnh cht tm thi ca n, sau khi i tng SelectionSet c to ra v ngi dng ng bn v li (c lu nhng thay i) th khi m li bn v, tt c cc i tng SelectionSet u b xo i v ch cn li tp i tng SelectionSets rng.
CH Tp i tng SelectionSets cha cc i tng SelectionSet trong bn v. Cc i tng SelectionSet s b xo khi ng bn v. V vy, lc mi m hoc to bn v, tp i tng SelectionSets lun l tp rng.
Nhn chung, qu trnh lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet cn phi tri qua cc bc sau: 1. Khai bo i tng SelectionSet, 2. Khi to i tng SelectionSet vi lnh Set ca VB, 3. Thm cc i tng cn x l vo SelectionSet, 4. Thc hin thao tc cn thit trn cc i tng trong SelectionSet. 5.3.1. Khai bo v khi to i tng SelectionSet Vic to i tng SelectionSet c thc hin d dng thng qua phng thc Add c trong tp i tng SelectionSets.
Set RetVal = object.Add(Name)
Tham s
Object Name RetVal
Gii thch
L tp i tng SelectionSets L chui k t xc nh tn ca SelectionSet s c to. i tng SelectionSet tng va mi c to ra.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thao tc trn AutoCAD, khi s dng i tng SelectionSet, ngi dng rt hay gp li vi thng bo: i tng SelectionSet tn ti. Chnh v vy, trnh li ny, nn s dng on m sau khi thc hin to mi i tng SelectionSet:
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: Sub VD_GetXData() Dim sset As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet")
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8: Else 9: sset.Clear 10: End If 11: End Sub
Dng m lnh s 3 s tt thng bo li. dng m lnh s 4 s thc hin gn bin sset cho i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet. Nu i tng ny cha c th i tng Err s khc khng (<>0) v ta s phi khi to i tng SelectionSet ny bng phng thc Add dng m lnh s 7, cn ngc li, khi i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet c trong tp i tng SelectionSets, s dng n, ta cn xa b ni dung m n ang cha bn trong bng dng m lnh s 9. 5.3.2. Thm i tng hnh hc vo mt SelectionSet thm i tng hnh hc vo SelectionSet, ngi dng c th s dng cc phng thc c sn trong i tng SelectionSet nh AddItems hoc h phng thc SelectXXX, bao gm: Select, SelectAtPoint, SelectOnScreen, SelectByPolygon. Phn di y s ln lt gii thiu v cc phng thc trn. PhngthcAddItems Phng thc ny dng thm tng i tng vo trong SelectionSet. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.AddItems Items
Tham s
Object Items
Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet. Kiu Variant, l mng cha cc i tng s c thm vo SelectionSet
on m sau s to mt i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet, sau to cc i tng ng a tuyn, ng thng, ng trn v thm cc i tng ny vo trong i tng SelectionSet.
Sub VD_AddItems() Dim objs(0 To 2) As AcadEntity to Mng cha cc i tng mi c
' Create the new selection set Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' To ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 5) As Double points(0) = 3: points(1) = 7 points(2) = 9: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 3: points(5) = 5
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Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True Set objs(0) = plineObj Thm vo mng cc i tng ' To ng thng trong khng gian m hnh Dim lineObj As AcadLine Dim startPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim endPoint(0 To 2) As Double startPoint(0) = 0: startPoint(1) = 0: startPoint(2) = 0 endPoint(0) = 2: endPoint(1) = 2: endPoint(2) = 0 Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(startPoint, endPoint) Set objs(1) = lineObj Thm vo mng cc i tng ' To ng trn trong khng gian m hnh Dim circObj As AcadCircle Dim centerPt(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double centerPt(0) = 20: centerPt(1) = 30: centerPt(2) = 0 radius = 3 Set circObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(centerPt, radius) Set objs(2) = circObj Thm vo mng cc i tng ZoomAll ' Thm cc i tng c trong mng objs vo i tng SelectionSet ssetObj.AddItems objs ThisDrawing.Regen acAllViewports End Sub
PhngthcSelect Phng thc Select l phng thc c bn trong i tng SelectionSet. Vi phng thc thc ny, ngi dng s c nhiu la chn khc nhau khi chn i tng tu thuc vo cc tham s ca phng thc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Select Mode[, Point1][, Point2][, FilterType][, FilterData]
Tham s
Object Mode Point1 Point2 FilterType, FilterData
Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s xc nh ch chn i tng. Tham s ty chn, kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im th nht ca ca s la chn, s dng kt hp vi Point2 Tham s ty chn, kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im th hai ca ca s la chn, s dng kt hp vi Point1 Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).
Gi tr ca tham s Mode s xc nh cch thc la chn i tng khi s dng phng thc Select. Gi tr ca tham s ny c th l mt trong nhng gi tr sau: Hng s
acSelectionSetWindow
Gi tr
0
ngha
Chn tt c cc i tng nm trong hnh ch nht gii hn bi hai im Point1 v Point2
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acSelectionSetCrossing acSelectionSetPrevious acSelectionSetLast acSelectionSetAll 1 3 4 5 Chn tt c cc i tng nm trong hoc c giao vi hnh ch nht gii hn bi hai im Point1 v Point2 Chn cc i tng chn gn nht. B qua hai tham s Point1 v Point2. Chn i tng cui cng c to ra. B qua hai tham s Point1 v Point2. Chn tt c cc i tng ang c trong bn v. B qua hai tham s Point1 v Point2.
V d sau s minh ho cch s dng phng thc Select vi tham s Mode= acSelectionSetCrossing:
Sub VD_Select() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Thm tt c cc i tng nm trong v giao vi hnh ch nht c ' to (28,17,0) v (-3.3, -3.6,0) vo trong i tng SelectionSet Dim mode As Integer Dim corner1(0 To 2) As Double Dim corner2(0 To 2) As Double mode = acSelectionSetCrossing corner1(0) = 28: corner1(1) = 17: corner1(2) = 0 corner2(0) = -3.3: corner2(1) = -3.6: corner2(2) = 0 ssetObj.Select mode, corner1, corner2 End Sub
PhngthcSelectAtPoint Phng thc ny s chn cc i tng i qua mt im cho trc thm vo SelectionSet. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SelectAtPoint Point [, FilterType] [, FilterData]
Tham s
Object Point FilterType, FilterData
Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double), cha to im dng chn i tng. Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).
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Sub VD_SelectAtPoint() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Thm tt c cc i tng qua im (6.8,9.4,0) ' vo i tng SelectionSet Dim point(0 To 2) As Double point(0) = 6.8: point(1) = 9.4: point(2) = 0 ssetObj.SelectAtPoint point End Sub
PhngthcSelectByPolygon Phng thc ny thc hin chn cc i tng thm vo SelectionSet da trn mi tng quan vi ng a tuyn do ngi lp trnh xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SelectByPolygon Mode, PointsList[, FilterType][, FilterData]
Tham s
Object Mode PointsList FilterType, FilterData
Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s xc nh ch chn i tng. Tham s ty chn, kiu Variant (mng kiu Double) cha to 3 chiu ca cc nh ca ng a tuyn. Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).
Gi tr ca tham s Mode s xc nh cch thc la chn i tng khi s dng phng thc SelectByPolygon. Gi tr ca tham s ny c th l mt trong nhng gi tr sau: Hng s
acSelectionSetFence acSelectionSetWindowPolygon acSelectionSetCrossingPolygon
Gi tr
2 6 7
ngha
Chn cc i tng c giao ct vi ng bao a tuyn c ta cc nh xc nh bi PointsList. Chn cc i tng nm hon ton bn trong min a gic c ta cc nh xc nh bi PointsList. Chn cc i tng nm hon ton hoc mt phn bn trong min a gic c ta cc nh xc nh bi PointsList. AutoCAD s t ng v a gic t cc ta ny theo nguyn tc cc cnh ca a gic khng giao nhau.
Minh ho di y s lm r ngha cc gi tr ca tham s Mode. Cc ng lin l cc i tng trn bn v ca AutoCAD, cn cc ng nt t l ng a tuyn ni cc nh c cho bi tham s PointList.
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Kt qu ca phng thc SelectByPolygon l rt khc nhau tu thuc vo gi tr ca tham s Mode. Nu tham s Mode c gi tr l:
acSelectionSetFence: i tng c chn l hnh ellipese. acSelectionSetWindowPolygon: i tng c chn l hnh ch nht v hnh trn. acSelectionSetCrossingPolygon: i tng c chn l tt c cc hnh trn.
PhngthcSelectOnScreen Phng thc ny s hin th dng nhc Select object: ti dng lnh v cho php ngi dng chn i tng trc tip trn mn hnh bn v, cch thao tc trn mn hnh AutoCAD ny tng t nh khi s dng cc lnh thng thng khc ca AutoCAD, m c yu cu la chn i tng (v d nh lnh Copy). C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SelectOnScreen [FilterType] [, FilterData]
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Tham s
Object FilterType, FilterData
Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).
5.3.3. Thao tc vi cc i tng trong SelectionSet Nh phn trc trnh by, thc cht i tng SelectionSet l mt tp i tng dng nhm cc i tng hnh hc li vi nhau nhm mc ch hiu chnh cc i tng hnh hc d dng hn. Do bn thn l mt tp i tng nn cch thc truy cp n tt c cc i tng bn trong SelectionSet tt nht l s dng cu trc lp For each next. on m lnh sau s yu cu ngi s dng thc hin chn i tng trn mn hnh bn v, sau tin hnh i mu cc i tng c chn thnh mu xanh.
Sub VD_SelectOnScreen() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Chon doi tuong can doi mau:" ssetObj.SelectOnScreen ' Thc hin cc thao tc vi i tng c chn Dim ent As AcadEntity For Each ent In ssetObj ' on chng trnh x l cc i tng s nm y ' Trong v d ny, cc i tng s c i mu thnh mu xanh ent.Color = acBlue ent.Update
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Next ent End Sub
5.3.4. nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet Trong tt c cc phng thc chn i tng dng SelectXXX u c hai tham s tu chn FilterType v FilterData, l tham s c s dng lc cc i tng c chn theo mt tiu ch no . Cc tiu ch thng c s dng bao gm: loi i tng (ng thng, ng trn...), mu sc, kiu ng nt, lp... Khi s dng b lc i tng, ch c nhng i tng tho mn cc tiu ch trong b lc mi c chn thm vo i tng SelectionSet. thit lp b lc i tng, hai tham s FilterType v FilterData cn phi c s dng song hnh:
FilterType: l tham s kiu Variant, thc cht l mt mng mt chiu kiu Integer cha
cha gi tr ca kiu lc tng ng trong tham s FilterType. Do c mi quan h 1-1 nh vy nn s phn t ca mng FilterData phi bng vi s phn t ca mng FilterType. Tu theo nhu cu m ngi lp trnh phi chn cho mnh mt tiu ch lc i tng thch hp. Di y s lit k danh sch cc m DXF tng ng vi mt s kiu lc i tng thng s dng: M DXF
-4 0 1 2 6 7 8 10 62
ngha
Cc ton t iu kin (s dng cho b lc theo nhiu iu kin kt hp) Chui th hin kiu i tng, chng hn nh: Line, Polyline, LWPolyline, Spline, Circle, Arc, Text, Mtext,... Chui vn bn ca cc i tng nh Text v MText (gi tr thuc tnh Content ca cc i tng ny). Chui tng ng vi thuc tnh Name, chng hn nh thuc tnh Tag ca i tng Attribute, thuc tnh name ca i tng Block, Chui tng ng vi kiu ng (Linetype) ca cc i tng. Chui tng ng vi kiu vn bn (Textstyle) ca cc i tng. Chui tng ng vi tn lp (Layer) ca cc i tng. To im ch yu ca i tng, chng hn nh: im u ca i tng Line, im chn ca i tng Text, tm ca i tng Circle, S nguyn xc nh mu ca i tng: 0-ByBlock, 256-ByLayer, 1-Red, 2-Yellow, cc gi tr mu ny tng ng vi bng mu trong AutoCAD.
Tt c cc m DXF c th tham kho trong ti liu tr gip ca AutoCAD DXF Reference, mc DXF Format Group Codes in Numerical Order.
CH Khi truyn gi tr cho tham s FilterType v FilterData, s phn t ca mng FilterType v mng FilterData phi bng nhau. Mi phn t ca mng FilterType s tng ng vi mt phn t ca mng FilterData.
Lctheomtiukin Khi thc hin lc theo mt iu kin, s phn t ca cc tham s FilterType v FilterData l 1. Tuy nhin, ngi lp trnh khng c gn gi tr trc tip m vn phi thc hin khai bo cc tham s ny l mng nhng ch c mt phn t. V d sau s minh ho r hn cch thc to b lc i tng vi ch mt iu kin:
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Sub VD_Filter() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("SSET") ssetObj.Delete Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("SSET") ' To b lc i tng: ' Tiu ch chn l: Kiu i tng ' Gi tr ca tiu ch l: Circle ' ngha l ch chn i tng l ng trn. Dim gpCode(0) As Integer Dim dataValue(0) As Variant gpCode(0) = 0: dataValue(0) = "Circle" ssetObj.SelectOnScreen gpCode, dataValue MsgBox "So doi tuong duoc chon: " & ssetObj.Count End Sub
Lctheonhiuiukinkthp Khi cn lc i tng theo nhiu iu kin kt hp, cn phi thm vo cc ton t iu kin trong b lc. kt hp cc iu kin vi nhau, cc iu kin phi c t gia cc ton t iu kin, m DXF chung ca cc ton t iu kin l -4. Di y l danh sch cc ton t iu kin c s dng trong b lc i tng: Ton t
AND OR XOR
NOT
<NOT
NOT>
on m sau s thc hin chn i tng c s dng b lc theo nhiu in kin kt hp: nhng i tng l ng thng hoc ng trn v khng nm trn lp Layer1 s c chn.
Sub VD_Filter() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("SSET") ssetObj.Delete Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("SSET") ' To b lc i tng: Dim gpCode(8) As Integer Dim dataValue(8) As Variant gpCode(0) = -4: dataValue(0) = "<and" gpCode(1) = -4: dataValue(1) = "<or"
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gpCode(2) = 0: gpCode(3) = 0: gpCode(4) = -4: gpCode(5) = -4: gpCode(6) = 8: gpCode(7) = -4: dataValue(2) = "line" dataValue(3) = "circle" dataValue(4) = "or>" dataValue(5) = "<not" dataValue(6) = "Layer1" dataValue(7) = "not>"
gpCode(8) = -4: dataValue(8) = "and>" ssetObj.SelectOnScreen gpCode, dataValue MsgBox "So doi tuong duoc chon: " & ssetObj.Count End Sub
5.3.5. Loi b i tng hnh hc ra khi SelectionSet Khi mun loi b cc i tng ra khi SelectionSet (tc l khng mun chn i tng na), th c th s dng cc phng thc sau ca i tng SelectionSet. PhngthcRemoveItems Phng thc ny thc hin loi b mt hoc nhiu i tng ra khi SelectionSet. Cc i tng ny s khng nm trong SelectionSet na nhng vn cn tn ti trong bn v. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.RemoveItems Objects
Tham s
Object Objects
Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s kiu Variant (mng cc i tng) cha cc i tng cn loi b ra khi SelectionSet.
PhngthcClear Phng thc Clear s loi b tt c cc i tng ra khi SelectionSet. Sau khi thc hin phng thc ny, i tng SelectionSet vn cn tn ti nhng khng cha i tng no c. Cc i tng hnh hc nm trong SelectionSet lc trc vn tn ti trn bn v nhng khng nm trong i tng SelectionSet na. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Clear
Trong , object l i tng SelectionSet. PhngthcErase Phng thc Erase khng nhng loi b tt c cc i tng hnh hc ra khi SelectionSet m cn thc hin xo cc i tng khi bn v. Sau khi thc hin phng thc ny, i tng SelectionSet vn cn tn ti nhng khng cha i tng no c. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Erase
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PhngthcDelete Phng thc Delete s xo i tng SelectionSet. Sau khi thc hin phng thc ny, i tng SelectionSet s khng cn tn ti trn bn v, tuy nhin cc i tng hnh hc c trong SelectionSet lc trc s khng b xo khi bn v. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Delete
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CH cp nht nhng thay i i vi i tng thng qua m lnh, ngi dng c th s dng phng thc Update ca chnh i tng theo cu trc: tn_i_tng.Update.
5.4.1. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc phng thc SaochpitngPhngthcCopy S dng phng thc Copy sao chp i tng. i tng mi c to ra s ging ht nh i tng c, c v tr trng vi i tng c, ch c iu l i tng mi s c v trn cng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Copy
Tham s
Object RetVal
Gii thch
i tng hnh hc, l i tng gc s c sao chp i tng hnh hc, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to (l bn sao ca i Object)
CH Phng thc Copy ch sao chp i tng. i tng mi c sao chp s c v tr trng vi i tng c.
V d sau to mt hnh trn sau thc hin sao chp hnh trn . Cn lu l sau khi thc thi macro ny, ta ch nhn thy trn mn hnh bn v mt hnh trn nhng thc cht l c hai hnh trn vi v tr trng nhau.
Sub VD_Copy() ' To hnh trn Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double center(0) = 2#: center(1) = 2#: center(2) = 0# radius = 0.5 Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(center, radius) ' Sao chp i tng Dim copyCircleObj As AcadCircle Set copyCircleObj = circleObj.Copy() End Sub
XoitngPhngthcDelete xo i tng khi bn v, s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng . C php ca phng thc ny rt n gin:
object.Delete
V d sau s minh ho cch s dng phng thc ny. Trong v d ny, ngi s dng s chn mt i tng trn mn hnh, v sau i tng ny s c xo khi bn v:
Sub DeleteObject() Dim objDrawingObject As AcadEntity Dim varEntityPickedPoint As Variant
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On Error Resume Next ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh bn v ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity _ objDrawingObject, varEntityPickedPoint, "Chn i tng xo: " If objDrawingObject Is Nothing Then MsgBox "Bn cha chn i tng." Exit Sub End If ' Xo i tng c chn objDrawingObject.Delete End Sub
PhvitngPhngthcExplode S dng phng thc Explode ph v mt i tng thnh cc i tng con. Phng thc ny tr v mt mng tham chiu n cc i tng con, l cc i tng cu thnh nn i tng gc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Explode
Tham s
Object RetVal
Gii thch
i tng s b ph v. i tng ny c th l: 3DPolyline, BlockRef, LightweightPolyline, MInsertBlock, Polygonmesh, Polyline hoc Region Mng tham chiu n cc i tng con cu thnh nn i tng Object.
Gi tr tr v ca phng thc ny l mt mng i tng vi nhiu loi i tng khc nhau tu thuc vo loi i tng gc. Chng hn nh khi ph v mt khi (i tng Block) th kt qu tr v l cc i tng cu thnh khi , hoc khi ph v mt ng a tuyn th mng i tng tr v l cc on thng ca ng a tuyn . Do gi tr tr v khc nhau nh vy nn khi khai bo mng cha gi tr tr v, nn s dng bin kiu Variant. Khng ging nh lnh Explode trong AutoCAD, phng thc Explode khng lm mt i tng gc. Khi thc hin phng thc ny, mt bn sao ca i tng gc s c to ra, v sau , phng thc Explode mi thc hin ph v trn bn sao ca i tng.
CH Phng thc Explode khng thc hin ph v trn i tng gc m l trn bn sao ca i tng gc, v vy i tng gc vn cn c gi nguyn.
V d sau s to ra mt ng a tuyn 2D v thc hin ph v i tng , sau s duyt qua cc i tng thnh phn sau khi c ph v.
Sub VD_Explode() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double ' nh ngha cc im ca ng a tuyn points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 1 ' To i tng LWPolyline trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points)
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' Ph v ng a tuyn MsgBox "Ph v ng a tuyn." Dim explodedObjects As Variant explodedObjects = plineObj.Explode ' Duyt qua cc i tng thnh phn Dim I As Integer For I = 0 To UBound(explodedObjects) explodedObjects(I).Color = acRed explodedObjects(I).Update MsgBox "i tng th " & I & ": " & explodedObjects(I).ObjectName explodedObjects(I).Color = acByLayer explodedObjects(I).Update Next End Sub
DichuynitngPhngthcMove S dng phng thc Move tnh tin i tng trong khng gian ba chiu. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Move Point1, Point2
Tham s
Object Point1, Point2
Gii thch
i tng hnh hc, l i tng s b di chuyn. Tham s u vo, l mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to ca im th nht v th hai ca vector tnh tin.
V d sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc Move dch chuyn mt i tng. Macro ny s to mt ng trn, sau dch chuyn ng trn ny 2 n v theo trc X.
Sub VD_Move() ' To hnh trn trong khng gian m hnh Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double center(0) = 2#: center(1) = 2#: center(2) = 0# radius = 0.5 Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(center, radius) ZoomAll
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' Xc nh 2 im to nn vec-t tnh tin Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double point1(0) = 0: point1(1) = 0: point1(2) = 0 point2(0) = 2: point2(1) = 0: point2(2) = 0 MsgBox "Di chuyn theo trc X 2 n v." ' Thc hin di chuyn i tng circleObj.Move point1, point2 ZoomAll MsgBox "Qu trnh dch chuyn kt thc." End Sub
LyixngPhngthcMirror S dng phng thc Mirror ly i xng mt i tng qua mt trc c xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Mirror(Point1, Point2)
Tham s
Object Point1, Point2 RetVal
Gii thch
i tng hnh hc, l i tng gc s c ly i xng. Tham s u vo, l mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to ca im th nht v th hai ca trc i xng. Tham chiu n i tng sau khi c ly i xng
Minh ho: Phng thc Mirror. Khi s dng phng thc Mirror, cn lu n gi tr ca bin h thng MIRRTEXT. Bin ny s iu khin cch thc ly i xng vi i tng vn bn:
V d sau s to mt ng a tuyn, sau ly i xng qua trc y=4.25 v i mu i tng va mi c ly i xng thnh mu :
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Sub VD_Mirror() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 1 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll ' Xc nh trc i xng Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double point1(0) = 0: point1(1) = 4.25: point1(2) = 0 point2(0) = 4: point2(1) = 4.25: point2(2) = 0 MsgBox "Ly i xng ng a tuyn.", , "VD Mirror" ' Thc hin ly i xng ng a tuyn Dim mirrorObj As AcadLWPolyline Set mirrorObj = plineObj.Mirror(point1, point2) mirrorObj.Color = acRed ZoomAll MsgBox "Mirror completed.", , " VD Mirror" End Sub
LyOffsetPhngthcOffset Phng thc Offset s to ra mt i tng mi vi ng bin nm cch ng bin ca i tng c mt khong c xc nh trc. Phng thc ny c th c p dng vi cc i tng nh: Arc, Circle, Ellipse, Line, LightweightPolyline, Polyline, Spline, v Xline. Phng thc ny s tr v mng cha cc i tng va mi c to. Tuy nhin, thng thng mng ny ch cha mt i tng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Offset(Distance)
Tham s
Object Distance
Gii thch
L i tng gc s c ly Off-set. Tham s u vo, kiu Double, l khong cch ly off-set. Gi tr ca tham s ny c th l s m hoc dng. Nu l s m th phng thc ny s to ra nhng i tng c xu hng bn knh nh hn i tng gc, trong trng hp bn knh nh hn khng c ngha th phng thc ny s to ra i tng c to X, Y v Z nh hn i tng gc. Bin kiu Variant, l mng cha cc i tng mi c to ra. Thng thng, mng ny ch c mt i tng.
RetVal
V d sau s to mt ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh v ly off-set i tng ny mt khong l 0,25. i tng va mi c to ra s c i mu thnh mu .
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Sub VD_Offset() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 1 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll MsgBox "Off-set a tuyn vi khong cch 0.25.", , "V d Offset" ' Ly Off-set ng a tuyn Dim offsetObj As Variant offsetObj = plineObj.Offset(0.25) offsetObj(0).Color = acRed ZoomAll End Sub
XoayitngPhngthcRotate S dng phng thc Rotate xoay mt i tng quanh mt im c nh. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Rotate BasePoint, RotationAngle
Tham s
Object BasePoint RotationAngle
Gii thch
L i tng s c xoay. L mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to im gc, i tng s c quay quanh im ny. L tham s kiu Double, xc nh gc xoay i tng (tnh bng Radian).
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Dim rotationAngle As Double basePoint(0) = 4: basePoint(1) = 4.25: basePoint(2) = 0 rotationAngle = 45/180*3.1416 ' 45 ' Xoay i tng plineObj.Rotate basePoint, rotationAngle ZoomAll End Sub
ThayitlitngPhngthcScaleEntity S dng phng thc ScaleEntity thay i t l i tng ng u theo cc phng X, Y v Z. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.ScaleEntity BasePoint, ScaleFactor
Tham s
Object BasePoint ScaleFactor
Gii thch
L i tng s c thay i t l. Mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to im gc, i tng s c thay i t l theo cc phng X, Y v Z quanh im ny quay quanh im ny. Tham s kiu Double, xc nh h s t l khi thay i t l. Kch thc ca i tng s c nhn vi h s t l ny. Tham s ScaleFactor ch nhn gi tr ln hn khng, nu nh hn hoc bng khng th VBAIDE s bo li. Gi tr ScaleFactor<1 s thu nh i tng, ngc li s phng to i tng ln.
itngvivtr vkchthcmi
itngvivtrv kchthcbanu
on m sau to mt ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh v s dng phng thc ScaleEntity thay i t l ca ng a tuyn quanh im (4 , 4.25 , 0) vi h s t l l 0.5
Sub VD_ScaleEntity() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 2
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points(2) = 1: points(3) = 3 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 3 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 3 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 2 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll MsgBox "Thay i t l vi h s 0.5", , "V d ScaleEntity" ' Xc nh cc tham tham s ca phng thc Dim basePoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim scalefactor As Double basePoint(0) = 4: basePoint(1) = 4.25: basePoint(2) = 0 scalefactor = 0.5 ' Thay i t l ng a tuyn plineObj.ScaleEntity basePoint, scalefactor ZoomAll End Sub
5.4.2. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc thuc tnh Khng ging nh cc khi s dng cc phng thc, ngi lp trnh c th s dng cc thuc tnh hiu chnh s hin th ca cc i tng hnh hc trong bn v AutoCAD. Sau khi thay i thuc tnh ca cc i tng, nn s dng phng thc Update c trong i tng cp nht nhng thay i trn bn v. Di y l cc thuc tnh thng c s dng khi hiu chnh cc i tng hnh hc. ThuctnhColorMucaitng S dng thuc tnh Color ly hoc gn mu cho mt i tng hnh hc. Thuc tnh ny cng c trong i tng Layer vi ngha tng ng.
object.Color
Tham s
Object Color
Gii thch
L i tng hnh hc, hoc i tng Layer. S nguyn hoc hng s acColor, xc nh mu ca i tng. Khi mt i tng mi c to ra, gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh ny acByLayer
Gi tr ca thuc tnh Color l s nguyn trong phm vi t 0 n 256, 9 trong cc s ny c nh ngha trc vi cc hng s acColor trong AutoCAD. Di y l danh sch cc hng s ny: Hng s
acByBlock acRed acYellow acGreen acCyan
Gi tr
0 1 2 3 4
ngha
Mu ca i tng ly theo mu ca Block cha i tng . Mu . Mu vng. Mu xanh l. Mu xanh lam.
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acBlue acMagenta acWhite acByLayer 5 6 7 256 Mu xanh da tri. Mu tm Mu trng hoc en tu thuc vo mu nn. Mu ca i tng ly theo mu ca lp cha i tng .
on m di y cho php ngi dng chn i tng trn mn hnh v thc hin i mu i tng c chn thnh mu :
Sub VD_Color() Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim P(2) As Double Chn i tng trn mn hnh On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity ent, P, "Chon doi tuong can doi mau: " If Not (ent Is Nothing) Then i mu i tng ent.Color = acRed ent.Update End If End Sub
ThuctnhLayerLpchaitng S dng thuc tnh Layer ly v thay i lp cha i tng. Thng thng, khi mt i tng hnh hc mi c to ra, i tng s c t trn lp hin hnh ca bn v. Khi ngi dng thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh Layer thnh tn ca mt lp khc, i tng s c t ng chuyn v nm trn lp mi ny. Nu ngi dng gn cho thuc tnh Layer mt tn lp khng c trong bn v th chng trnh s khng bo li, v i tng vn nm trn lp c.
object.Layer
Tham s
Object Layer
Gii thch
L i tng hnh hc. Chui cha tn ca lp.
on m di y cho php ngi dng chn i tng trn mn hnh v thc hin i lp ca i tng c chn thnh lp Layer1 (ngi dng phi to trc mt lp c tn l Layer1 bng lnh ca AutoCAD):
Sub VD_Layer() Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim P(2) As Double ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity ent, P, "Chon doi tuong can doi lop: " If Not (ent Is Nothing) Then ' Chuyn lp cho i tng ent.Layer = "Layer1" ent.Update End If End Sub
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ThuctnhLineTypeKiungcaitng thay i kiu hin th ca nt v cc i tng hnh hc trn mn hnh, thit lp li thuc tnh Linetype ca i tng thnh mt kiu ng hin c trong bn v. Thng thng, khi mt i tng va mi c to ra, i tng s c gn kiu ng bng kiu ng hin hnh trong bn v. Thuc tnh ny cng c hiu lc vi i tng Layer.
object.Linetype
Tham s
Object Linetype
Gii thch
L i tng hnh hc hoc i tng Layer. Chui cha tn ca kiu ng ca i tng. Ngoi ra, thuc tnh ny cng c th bng mt trong nhng gi tr c bit sau: CONTINUOUS: y l kiu ng mc nh, c AutoCAD t ng to ra. BYLAYER: kiu ng ca i tng s c ly bng kiu ng c gn cho lp cha i tng. BYBLOCK: kiu ng ca i tng s c ly bng kiu ng ca block c cha i tng.
on m di y cho php ngi dng chn i tng trn mn hnh v thc hin i kiu ng ca i tng c chn thnh DASHED2 (ngi dng phi to trc kiu ng c tn l DASHED2 bng lnh ca AutoCAD):
Sub VD_LineType() Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim P(2) As Double ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity ent, P, "Chon DT can doi kieu duong: " If Not (ent Is Nothing) Then ' Chuyn kiu ng cho i tng ent.Linetype = "DASHED2" ent.Update End If End Sub
CH c th phi iu chnh gi tr ca bin h thng LTSCALE th mi quan st c cc kiu ng khng phi l nt lin.
ThuctnhLineweightChiudyntin Thuc tnh Lineweight dng thit lp chiu dy nt in cho cc i tng hnh hc v i tng Layer.
object.Lineweight
B (mm)
Theo lp
dy Hng s
acLnWt020
B (mm)
0.2
dy Hng s
acLnWt080
B dy (mm)
0.8
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acLnWtByBlock acLnWtByLwDefault acLnWt000 acLnWt005 acLnWt009 acLnWt013 acLnWt015 acLnWt018 Theo Block Mc nh 0.0 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.18 acLnWt025 acLnWt030 acLnWt035 acLnWt040 acLnWt050 acLnWt053 acLnWt060 acLnWt070 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.53 0.6 0.7 acLnWt090 acLnWt100 acLnWt106 acLnWt120 acLnWt140 acLnWt158 acLnWt200 acLnWt211 0.9 1.0 1.06 1.2 1.4 1.58 2.0 2.11
Khi mt i tng hnh hc va mi c to ra, gi tr ca thuc tnh ny l acLnWtByLayer. Nu khng c gn bng mt chiu dy nt in c th, chiu dy nt in s c ly bng chiu dy mc nh ca AutoCAD, chiu dy ny c xc nh thng qua bin h thng LWDEFAULT (gi tr ny c n v l 1/100 ca mm). on m lnh sau s minh ho cch thc thao tc vi thuc tnh Lineweight:
Sub VD_LineWeight() Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim centerPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double ' Xc nh cc thng s ca ng trn centerPoint(0) = 0#: centerPoint(1) = 0#: centerPoint(2) = 0# radius = 5# ' To ng trn trong khng gian m hnh Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(centerPoint, radius) ZoomAll ' Hin th chiu dy hin hnh ca ng trn MsgBox "Chieu day hien hanh la: " & circleObj.Lineweight ' Thay i chiu dy ca ng trn circleObj.Lineweight = acLnWt211 circleObj.Update MsgBox " Chieu day hien hanh la: " & circleObj.Lineweight End Sub
Ngoi nhng thuc tnh nh gii thiu trn, ngi lp trnh c th s dng cc thuc tnh sau hiu chnh i tng: Thuc tnh
Center Radius Area
i tng p dng
Arc, Circle. Arc, Circle. Arc, Circle, LWPolyline, Polyline. Line MText, Text.
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu double). To tm ca i tng. Kiu Double. Bn knh ca cung trn hoc ng trn. Kiu Double. Din tch vng khp kn ca i tng. l thuc tnh c-ghi i vi i tng Circle, l thuc tnh ch c vi cc i tng khc. Kiu Double. Thuc tnh ch c xc nh chiu di ca on thng. Kiu String. Chui vn bn c hin th trong i tng vn bn.
Length TextString
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Alignment Rotation Text. DimAligned, DimAngular, DimDiametric, DimOrdinate, DimRadial, DimRotated, MText, Text Hng s kiu acAlignment, xc nh ch canh hng theo phng ng v phng ngang. Kiu Double. Xc nh gc xoay ca i tng so vi phng ngang, c tnh bng Radian.
5.4.3. Hiu chnh ng a tuyn Nh c gii thiu phn trc, i vi ng a tuyn 2D, c hai loi i tng l: LWPolyline v Polyline, cch thc hiu chnh hai i tng ny l tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, cn phi ch mt im khc bit ln gia hai i tng ny: to ti mt nh ca ng LWPolyline ch c 2 thnh phn X v Y, cn to ti mt nh ca ng Polyline c c 3 thnh phn X, Y v Z nhng thnh phn th 3 s khng c s dng. y s tp trung gii thiu v cch hiu chnh ng a tuyn dng LWPolyline. Khi hiu chnh ng a tuyn, ngoi nhng cch thc c cp trn, ngi lp trnh thng s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh sau: Thuc tnh
Area Closed ConstantWidth Elevation Coordinate(i) Coordinates
Gii thch
Double, ch c. Din tch ca vng khp kn to bi ng a tuyn. Boolean. Bng TRUE: ng a tuyn s c khp kn, bng FALSE: ng a tuyn s c m. Double. Chiu dy ca tt c cc on ca ng a tuyn. Double. Cao ca ng a tuyn (to z ca ng a tuyn). Variant (thc cht l mng 2 hoc 3 phn t kiu Double). To ca nh th i ca ng a tuyn. Variant (mng kiu Double). To ca tt c cc nh ca ng a tuyn.
Phng thc
SetWidth GetWidth
Gii thch
Thit lp chiu dy u v chiu dy cui cho on th i ca ng a tuyn. Ly chiu dy u v chiu dy cui cho on th i ca ng a tuyn.
Di y l mt s thao tc hiu chnh ng a tuyn thng dng Thmmtnhvongatuyn thm mt nh vo ng a tuyn, c th s dng phng thc AddVertex. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.AddVertex Index, Point
Tham s
Object Index Point
Gii thch
L i tng LWPolyline. Kiu Integer. Ch s ca nh cn thm vo ng a tuyn. nh u tin ca ng a tuyn c nh s l 0. Gi tr Index nhp vo phi ln hn 0. Kiu Variant (mng 2 phn t kiu Double) cha to ca im cn thm vo ng a tuyn.
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Sub VD_AddVertex() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 9) As Double ' Xc nh cc nh ca ng a tuyn points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 ' To ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) ZoomAll MsgBox "Them dinh vao duong da tuyen.", , "Vi du AddVertex" ' nh ngha to nh mi Dim newVertex(0 To 1) As Double newVertex(0) = 1.5: newVertex(1) = 1 ' Thm mt nh co ng a tuyn plineObj.AddVertex 2, newVertex plineObj.Update MsgBox "Da them dinh vao duong da tuyen.", , "Vi du AddVertex" End Sub
chocthayitonhcangatuyn c hoc thay i to nh ca ng a tuyn, c th s dng thuc tnh Coordinate(i) c trong i tng LWPolyline. Khi s dng thuc tnh ny, cn lu l ch s cc nh ca ng a tuyn c nh s bt u t 0. on m di y s to mt ng a tuyn, sau thay i to nh th 2 ca ng a tuyn v hin th to mi ca im ny trong hp thng bo.
Sub VD_Coordinate() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 9) As Double ' Xc nh cc nh ca ng a tuyn points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 ' To ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) ZoomAll MsgBox "Thay doi toa do dinh 2.", , "Vi du Coordinate" ' Thay i to ca nh th 2 Dim newVertex(0 To 1) As Double newVertex(0) = 2: newVertex(1) = 1 plineObj.Coordinate(2) = newVertex plineObj.Update ' c li to ca nh th 2 Dim reaVertex As Variant reaVertex = plineObj.Coordinate(2) MsgBox "Toa do moi cua dinh 2: (" & _ reaVertex(0) & "," & reaVertex(1) & ")", , "Vi du Coordinate" End Sub
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5.4.4. Hiu chnh vn bn n i tng vn bn n (Text) c s dng rt nhiu trong cc bn v thit k, v vy, phn ny ch tp trung gii thiu cch thc hiu chnh vn bn n thng dng Thayinidungcavnbn thay i ni dung ca vn bn n, s dng thuc tnh TextString c trong i tng Text. V d sau s to mt i tng vn bn n, sau thay i ni dung ca vn bn n .
Sub Example_TextString() Dim textObj As AcadText Dim text As String Dim insPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim height As Double ' nh ngha i tng vn bn n text = "Hello, World." insPoint(0) = 2: insPoint(1) = 2: insPoint(2) = 0 height = 0.5 ' To vn bn n trong khng gian m hnh Set textObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddText(text, insPoint, height) ZoomAll ' Thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh TextString MsgBox "Thuoc tinh TextString la: " & textObj.TextString, _ vbInformation, "Vi du TextString" textObj.TextString = "Chao cac ban!" textObj.Update MsgBox " TextString duoc thay doi thanh: " & textObj.TextString, _ vbInformation, "Vi du TextString" End Sub
Thayichcanhhng thay i ch canh hng ca vn bn n, s dng thuc tnh Alignment. Gi tr ca thuc tnh ny c th l mt trong nhng hng s acAlignment sau: Hng s
acAlignmentLeft acAlignmentCenter acAlignmentRight acAlignmentAligned acAlignmentMiddle
Hng s
acAlignmentFit acAlignmentTopLeft acAlignmentTopCenter acAlignmentTopRight acAlignmentMiddleLeft
Hng s
acAlignmentMiddleCenter acAlignmentMiddleRight acAlignmentBottomLeft acAlignmentBottomCenter acAlignmentBottomRight
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Khi thc hin thay i ch canh hng ca i tng, cn lu n to im c s dng lm im canh hng. Vi tng ch canh hng khc nhau, to im ny c th l to cha trong thuc tnh InsertionPoint hoc thuc tnh TextAlignmentPoint: Vn bn canh hng bng acAlignmentLeft s s dng thuc tnh InsertionPoint nh v tr ca vn bn; Vn bn canh hng bng acAlignmentAligned hoc acAlignmentFit s s dng c hai thuc tnh InsertionPoint v TextAlignmentPoint nh v tr ca vn bn; Vn bn canh hng bng cc cch khc s s dng thuc tnh TextAlignmentPoint nh v tr vn bn. Chnh v vy, khi thay i ch canh hng cho vn bn, cn phi xc nh r ch canh hng xc nh to im chn ca vn bn cho hp l. V d sau s minh ho cch thay i ch canh hng cho vn bn. Trong v d c to mt im trong khng gian m hnh dng to im tham chiu thy r hn s thay i v tr ca vn bn khi thit lp li ch canh hng
Sub VD_Alignment() Dim textObj As AcadText Dim textString As String Dim insPoint(0 To 2) As Double, aliPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim height As Double Dim oldPDMODE As Integer Dim pointObj As AcadPoint ' nh ngha i tng vn bn n textString = "Hello, World." insPoint(0) = 3: insPoint(1) = 3: insPoint(2) = 0 aliPoint(0) = 3: aliPoint(1) = 3: aliPoint(2) = 0 height = 0.5 ' To i tng vn bn trong khng gian m hnh Set textObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddText _ (textString, insPoint, height) ' Lu kiu hin th im oldPDMODE = ThisDrawing.GetVariable("PDMODE") ' To mt im hnh ch thp ti im TextAlighmentPoint, ' c th hnh dung r hn s thay i Set pointObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddPoint(aliPoint) pointObj.Color = acRed ' Chuyn kiu hin th im thnh kiu ch thp ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDMODE", 2 ThisDrawing.Application.ZoomAll
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' Thay ch canh hng. textObj.Alignment = acAlignmentRight ' Do ch canh hng mi l acAlignmentRight nn im tham chiu ' nh v vn bn l TextAlignmentPoint ' V vy, cn phi gn to cho im TextAlignmentPoint textObj.TextAlignmentPoint = aliPoint textObj.Update MsgBox "Van ban dang o che do canh phai" ' Canh gia vn bn vi im tham chiu l im TextAlignmentPoint textObj.Alignment = acAlignmentCenter textObj.Update MsgBox "Van ban dang o che do canh giua" ' Hon tr li kiu hin th im ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDMODE", oldPDMODE End Sub
Tng in g
Tt c cc lp
5.5.1. To lp mi Ngi lp trnh c th to v t tn lp cho mt nhm cc i tng c ngha chung no (chng hn nh lp cc bc tng hoc lp kch thc) v gn mu v kiu ng cho nhng lp ny. Khi sp xp s lp, nn chn tn lp sao cho c ngha. Khi bt u mt bn v mi, AutoCAD s to ra mt lp c bit c tn l 0. Lp 0 ny c mc nh gn cho mu s 7 (mu trng hoc mu en tu thuc vo gi tr mu nn) v vi kiu ng CONTINUOUS (lin tc). V ngi dng khng th xo lp 0 ny. Ngi lp trnh c th to ra lp mi v gn thuc tnh mu sc cng nh kiu ng cho nhng lp ny. Mi mt lp l mt phn t ca tp i tng Layers. V to mt lp mi, c th s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Layers. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
254
Tham s
Object Name RetVal
Gii thch
L tp i tng Layers. Kiu String. Xc nh tn ca lp s c to trong bn v. Kiu Layer. Bin tham chiu n i tng Layer va mi c to.
on m lnh sau s to lp mi tn New_Layer, gn mu cho lp v sau hin th cc thng tin ca lp trong mt hp thng bo.
Sub VD_AddLayer() Dim layerObj As AcadLayer ' Thm lp mi vo tp i tng Layers Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("New_Layer") ' Make the new layer the active layer for the drawing layerObj.Color = acRed ' Display the status of the new layer MsgBox layerObj.Name & " has been added." & vbCrLf & _ "LayerOn Status: " & layerObj.LayerOn & vbCrLf & _ "Freeze Status: " & layerObj.Freeze & vbCrLf & _ "Lock Status: " & layerObj.Lock & vbCrLf & _ "Color: " & layerObj.Color, , "Add Example" End Sub
CH Khi to mt lp mi, nu tham s Name trng tn vi mt lp c th lp c s khng b xo i v chng trnh s khng bo li. Khi , i tng RetVal s c t ng tham chiu n lp c tn lp bng vi gi tr ca tham s Name.
5.5.2. Truy xut v thay i tn mt lp c Khi cn thc hin mt tc ng no n mt lp, ngi lp trnh cn phi thc hin thao tc truy cp n lp . lm c vic ny, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin thng qua tp i tng Layers c trong i tng Document, v tt c cc lp u c cha trong tp i tng ny. Cch thc truy xut n mt lp c tn l New_Layer c trong bn v nh sau:
Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers ("New_Layer")
Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh cng c th s dng vng lp For Each duyt qua tt c cc lp ang c trong bn v. on m di y s duyt qua tt c cc lp trong tp i tng Layers, hin th tn ca cc lp trong hp thng bo v nu lp no c tn l New_Layer s i tn thnh Tuong_Canh:
Sub VD_DuyetLop() Dim layerNames As String Dim ent As AcadLayer layerNames = "" For Each ent In ThisDrawing.Layers If ent.Name = "New_Layer" Then ent.Name = "Tuong_Canh" End If
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layerNames = layerNames + ent.Name + vbCrLf Next MsgBox "Danh sach cac lop: " + vbCrLf + layerNames End Sub
5.5.3. Thit lp lp hin hnh Qu trnh v lun c thc hin trn lp hin hnh. Sau khi chn lp thnh lp hin hnh, cc i tng hnh hc mi c to ra u c t trn lp v tt c cc i tng ny u s dng mu v kiu ng ca lp . Cn lu l: khng th thit lp thnh lp hin hnh cho mt lp no nu nh lp ng cng (Freeze). chn mt lp lm lp hin hnh, ta s dng thuc tnh ActiveLayer trong i tng Document. on m di y s to mt lp mi v bin lp thnh lp hin hnh:
Dim newlayer As AcadLayer Set newlayer = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("LAYER1") ThisDrawing.ActiveLayer = newlayer
5.5.4. Thit lp cc ch hin th ca lp AutoCAD khng hin th hay in cc i tng c v trn cc lp n. Nu mun khng b vng tm nhn khi lm vic chi tit trn mt lp hoc mt s lp c th, hoc nu khng mun in mt s chi tit nht nh, chng hn nh ng chun hoc cc ng tm, ta c th tt hoc lm ng cng cc lp khng cn thit . Hnh thc iu khin tnh nhn thy ca mt lp ph thuc vo cch ta lm vic v kch thc bn v, bao gm: bt/tt lp, kho/m kho lp, ng cng/tan lp. Bt/Ttlp Cc lp tt s vn c ti to li cng vi bn v nhng li khng c hin th hay in ra. Nn tt cc lp i thay v lm ng cng nu thng xuyn chuyn i gia cc lp c nhn thy v lp n. Bng cch tt cc lp, ta trnh phi ti to li bn v mi khi lm tan lp. Khi bt mt lp c tt, AutoCAD s v li cc i tng trn lp .
Bt tt c cc lp
Bt 2 lp
Bt 1 lp
bt hay tt cc lp, ta s dng thuc tnh LayerOn. bt mt lp, gn gi tr TRUE v tt mt lp th gn gi tr FALSE cho thuc tnh ny. Trong v d sau, ta to mt lp mi, tip thm mt vng trn v tt lp i khng nhn thy vng trn na.
Sub VD_LayerInvisble() To ng trn Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double center(0) = 2: center(1) = 2: center(2) = 0 radius = 1 Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace. _ AddCircle(center, radius)
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circleObj.Color = acByLayer To lp "ABC" Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") layerObj.Color = acRed Gn ng trn vo lp "ABC" circleObj.Layer = "ABC" circleObj.Update Tt lp "ABC" layerObj.LayerOn = False ThisDrawing.Regen acActiveViewport End Sub
ngcng/Tanlp Ngi lp trnh c th lm ng cng cc lp khng cn hin th trong thi gian di tng tc hin th nhng thay i, ci thin qu trnh la chn i tng v gim thi gian ti to cho nhng bn v phc tp. AutoCAD khng hin th, in hay ti to cc i tng trn cc lp ng cng. Khi ta lm tan mt lp b ng cng, AutoCAD s phc hi v hin th cc i tng trn lp . lm ng cng hay lm tan mt lp b ng cng, ta s dng thuc tnh Freeze. lm ng cng mt lp, ta gn gi tr TRUE v lm tan mt lp, ta gn gi tr FALSE cho thuc tnh ny. V d sau to mt lp mi c tn ABC v sau lm ng cng lp .
Sub VD_LayerFreeze() To lp "ABC" Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") ng cng lp "ABC" layerObj.Freeze = True End Sub
Kho/Mkholp Khi mt lp b kho, cc i tng nm trn lp s khng th hiu chnh c na mc d ngi dng vn nhn thy chng trn bn v. Bin php kho lp rt hu ch khi ngi dng mun hiu chnh cc i tng trn mt lp no nhng ng thi cng mun quan st cc i tng cc lp khc m khng lm nh hng n cc i tng lp ny. Ngi dng c th bin mt lp b kho thnh lp hin hnh, thm i tng vo lp, mu v kiu ng ca cc lp,... nhng khng th hiu chnh cc i tng c trong lp. kho hay m cc lp, ta s dng thuc tnh Lock. Nu mun kho mt lp, ta gn gi tr TRUE, m kha ta gn gi tr FALSE cho thuc tnh ny. V d sau to mt lp c tn ABC v sau kho lp ny li.
Sub VD_LayerLock() To lp "ABC" Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") Kha lp "ABC" layerObj.Lock = True End Sub
5.5.5. Xo lp
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xa lp, s dng phng thc Delete ca chnh i tng Layer. Lp c th c xa bt k lc no trong khi v. Tuy nhin, khng th xa lp hin hnh, lp 0, hoc lp ang c cha i tng, nu c tnh thc hin, chng trnh s pht sinh li.
GI xo cc i tng phi hnh hc (bao gm c i tng Layer) khng cn c s dng trong bn v, c th s dng phng thc PurgeAll c trong i tng Document, hoc s dng lnh Purge ti dng lnh ca AutoCAD.
5.6.1. Ti kiu ng vo AutoCAD ti kiu ng vo AutoCAD, s dng phng thc Load c trong tp i tng Linetypes. Nhng kiu ng c ti vo u nm trong tp i tng Linetypes. C php ca phng thc Load nh sau:
object.Load LineTypeName, FileName
Tham s
Object LineTypeName FileName
Gii thch
L tp i tng Linetypes Kiu String. Tn ca kiu ng cn ti vo AutoCAD (tn ca kiu ng phi c trong tp cha kiu ng). Kiu String. Tn tp cha kiu ng cn ti vo AutoCAD.
V d sau thc hin ti kiu ng CENTER t tp ACAD.LIN. Nu kiu ng ny c, th mt thng bo s xut hin bo cho ngi dng c bit:
Sub VD_ LinetypeLoad() Dim linetypeName As String linetypeName = "CENTER" ' Ti kiu ng "CENTER" t tp acad.lin On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Linetypes.Load linetypeName, "acad.lin" ' by li
' Nu kiu ng tn ti, thng bo cho ngi dng If Err.Description = "Duplicate record name" Then MsgBox "Kieu duong ten '" & linetypeName & "' da duoc tai." End If
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End Sub
5.6.2. Truy xut v i tn kiu ng Khi cn thc hin mt mt tc ng no n kiu ng, ngi lp trnh cn phi thc hin thao tc truy xut n kiu ng . lm c vic ny, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin thng qua tp i tng Linetypes c trong i tng Document v tt c cc kiu ng u c cha trong tp i tng ny. Cch thc truy xut n kiu ng c tn l CENTER c trong bn v nh sau:
Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER")
Ngi dng c th i tn mt kiu ng d nhn bit hn trong qu trnh s dng. Khi i tn kiu ng, thc cht l ch i tn kiu ng nh ngha trong bn v. Tn kiu ng trong tp .LIN vn gi nguyn. i tn kiu ng, ta s dng thuc tnh Name c trong i tng Linetype.
CH Khng th i tn kiu ng BYLAYER, BYBLOCK, hoc CONTINUOUS.
V d sau thc hin vic truy xut n kiu ng tn l CENTER v i tn kiu ng thnh Duong_Tam. Nu kiu ng ny cha c trong bn v, s thng bo li cho ngi dng:
Sub VD_LinetypeName() Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType On Error Resume Next ' Thc hin truy xut n kiu ng Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER") If linetypeObj Is Nothing Then ' Thng bo li khi kiu ng khng tn ti MsgBox "Kieu duong khong ton tai" Else ' Thay i tn kiu ng linetypeObj.Name = "Duong_Tam" End If End Sub
5.6.3. Thit lp kiu ng hin hnh Khi mt kiu ng c kch hot lm kiu ng hin hnh, tt c cc i tng mi c to s s dng kiu ng ny, tr khi i tng c kiu ng l BYLAYER hoc BYBLOCK. kch hot mt kiu ng thnh kiu ng hin hnh, s dng thuc tnh ActiveLinetype c trong i tng Document. on m sau s kch hot kiu ng CENTER thnh kiu ng hin hnh ca bn v:
Sub VD_ActiveLinetype() Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER") ThisDrawing.ActiveLinetype = linetypeObj End Sub
5.6.4. Xo kiu ng c
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Khi khng cn s dng mt kiu ng no , c th xa kiu ng ra khi bn v. thc hin thao tc ny, s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng Linetype. Tuy nhin khng th xa kiu ng BYLAYER, BYBLOCK, CONTINUOUS, kiu ng hin hnh hoc kiu ng ang c mt i tng khc s dng.
GI xo cc i tng phi hnh hc (bao gm c i tng Linetype) khng cn c s dng trong bn v, c th s dng phng thc PurgeAll c trong i tng Document, hoc s dng lnh Purge ti dng lnh ca AutoCAD.
ng kch thc cng l i tng hnh hc nn vic to cc ng kch thc cng tng t nh cc i tng hnh hc khc. Trc tin, xc nh ni cha i tng (ModelSpace hay PaperSpace), sau s dng cc phng thc to ng kch thc vi dng AddDimXXX (XXX l loi ng kch thc tng ng). Kiu dng ca ng kch thc mi c to ra s c ly theo nh dng ca kiu ng kch thc (DimensionStyle) hin hnh trn bn v. Sau khi c to ra, ngi dng c th thay i kiu dng ca tng thnh phn trong ng kch thc thng qua cc thuc tnh tng ng c trong i tng ng kch thc, hoc c th nh dng theo mt kiu ng kch thc c thng qua thuc tnh StyleName. 5.7.1. Kiu ng kch thc DimensionStyle Cc kiu ng kch thc trong mt bn v c qun l trong tp i tng DimStyles ca i tng Document. Mi kiu ng knh thc, l mt phn t ca tp i tng DimStyles, cha cc thit lp chi tit v kiu dng ca ng kch thc.
GI Trong AutoCAD, thit lp kiu ng kch thc, ngi dng c th truy cp thng qua trnh n Format Dimension Styles
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Tokiungkchthc S dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng DimStyles to mi mt kiu ng kch thc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = DimStyles.Add(Name)
Tham s
Name RetVal
M t
Kiu String. Tn ca kiu ng kch thc s c to. i tng kiu DimStyle cha kiu ng kch thc va c to.
nhdngkiungkchthc Kiu ng kch thc mi c to s tha hng tt c cc thuc tnh ca kiu ng kch thc hin hnh trong bn v. Tuy nhin, vic hiu chnh nh dng cho kiu ng kch thc kh kh khn v i tng kiu ng kch thc khng c cc thuc tnh hay phng thc phc v cho mc ch ny. thay i nh dng cho kiu ng kch thc, ngi dng phi tin hnh gin tip thng qua vic thit lp cc bin h thng. Nh vy, vic to v hiu chnh nh dng ca mt kiu ng kch thc c th c thc hin theo trnh t sau: 1. To i tng kiu ng kch thc s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng SimStyles. 2. Thit lp cc bin h thng tng ng vi nh dng ca tng thnh phn trong kiu ng kch thc cn thay i. 3. S dng phng thc CopyFrom c trong i tng kiu ng kch thc cp nht cc nh dng thay i. V d sau thc hin to mt kiu ng kch thc mi c tn NewDimStyle v sau thc hin hiu chnh nh dng cho kiu ng kch thc .
Public Sub NewDimStyle() Dim objDimStyle As AcadDimStyle To kiu ng kch thc mi Set objDimStyle = ThisDrawing.DimStyles.Add("NewDimStyle") Thit lp cc bin h thng nh dng kiu ng kch thc ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMCLRD", acRed ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMCLRE", acBlue ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMCLRT", acWhite ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMLWD", acLnWtByLwDefault Cp nht nhng thay i cho kiu ng kch thc objDimStyle.CopyFrom ThisDrawing End Sub
C rt nhiu bin h thng dng nh dng kiu ng kch thc v cc bin h thng ny u c bt u bng tin t DIM. Ngi dng c th tham kho cc bin h thng ny trong mc System Variable trong ti liu AutoCAD Command Reference c sn trong b ti liu
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tr gip ca AutoCAD. Di y l danh sch cc bin h thng nh dng kiu ng kch thc hay c s dng: Bin
DIMASZ DIMBLK
M t
Kiu Double. Xc nh kch thc mi tn ca ng kch thc. Kiu String. Xc nh tn ca loi mi tn ca ng kch thc. Mt s gi tr thng dng: "." "_OBLIQUE" "_OPEN"
DIMTSZ
Kiu Double. Xc nh kch thc ca mi tn trong trng hp bin h thng DIMBLK c gn bng "_OBLIQUE". Nu gn bng s khc khng, kiu mi tn s c t ng chuyn thnh _OBLIQUE; nu gn bng 0, kiu mi tn s l kiu c xc nh trong bin h thng DIMBLK. Kiu Integer. Xc nh mu ca ng kch thc v mi tn. Kiu Integer. Xc nh mu ca ng ging. Kiu Integer. Xc nh mu ca ch kch thc. Kiu Double. Xc nh b dy ca ng kch thc Kiu Integer. Xc nh s ch s sau du phy trong phn ch kch thc.
Sdngkiungkchthc Cc i tng ng kch thc mi c to ra s c ly nh dng ca kiu ng kch thc hin hnh. Ngi dng c th thay i kiu ng kch thc hin hnh bng cch gn gi tr ca thuc tnh ActiveDimStyle bng mt i tng kiu ng kch thc. Chng hn nh khi mun thay i kiu ng kch thc hin hnh thnh kiu ng kch thc c to v d trc, c th dng on m sau;
ThisDrawing.ActiveDimStyle = objDimStyle
Hoc
ThisDrawing.ActiveDimStyle = ThisDrawing.DimStyles("NewDimStyle")
Ngoi ra, sau khi ng kch thc c to ra, ngi dng c th thay i kiu ng kch thc cho n bng cch gn gi tr cho thuc tnh StyleName c trong i tng ng kch thc. V d sau cho php ngi dng chn mt ng kch thc trn mn hnh v thay i kiu ng kch thc ca i tng thnh kiu ng kch thc NewDimStyle c to v d trc.
Sub VD_StyleName() Dim dimEnt As AcadEntity Dim P As Variant Chn i tng ng kch thc trn mn hnh ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity dimEnt, P, "Chon duong kich thuoc: " Thay i kiu ng kch thc cho ng kch thc c chn dimEnt.StyleName = "NewDimStyle" End Sub
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to mi ng kch thc, ngi dng c th s dng cc phng thc AddDimXXX, vi XXX l loi ng kch thc cn to. AutoCAD c nhiu loi ng kch thc khc nhau, di y ch trnh by cch thc to cc loi ng kch thc thng dng. ngkchthcdiDimAligned S dng phng thc AddDimAligned to mi ng kch thc di. Vi ng kch thc ny, ngi dng phi xc nh 3 im: 2 im gc v mt im xc nh v tr ch kch thc. ng kch thc c to ra s nm song song vi on thng to bi 2 im gc.
Tham s
ExtLine1Point ExtLine2Point TextPosition RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th nht. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th hai. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im ghi kch thc. i tng kiu DimAligned, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.
V d sau s to mt ng kch thc di vi to hai im gc l (5,5,0) v (10,8,0), cn to im ghi kch thc l (6.5,8,0)
Sub VD_AddDimAligned() Dim dimObj As AcadDimAligned Dim P1(0 To 2) As Double Dim P2 (0 To 2) As Double Dim location(0 To 2) As Double ' nh ngha cc im trn ng kch thc P1 (0) = 5#: P1 (1) = 5#: P1 (2) = 0# P2 (0) = 10#: P2 (1) = 8#: P2 (2) = 0# location(0) = 6.5: location(1) = 8#: location(2) = 0# ' To ng kch thc di trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimAligned(P1, P2, location) ZoomAll End Sub
ngkchthchnhchiuDimRotated
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S dng phng thc AddDimRotated to mi ng kch thc hnh chiu. Vi ng kch thc ny, ngi dng cn phi xc nh 2 im gc, 1 im nm trn ng kch thc v gi tr gc xoay. Kch thc c ghi l hnh chiu ca on thng ni 2 im gc ln phng to vi trc X mt gc bng gc xoay v i qua im nm trn ng kch thc. Hnh di y minh ho cc thnh phn cn thit to ng kch thc hnh chiu:
Tham s
XLine1Point XLine2Point DimLineLocation RotationAngle RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th nht. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th hai. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im nm trn ng kch thc. Kiu Double. Gc xoay so vi phng ngang ca phng chiu, tnh bng Radian. i tng kiu DimRotated, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.
V d sau to mt ng kch thc hnh chiu vi to hai im gc l (0,5,0) v (5,5,0); to im nm trn ng kch thc l (0,0,0); gc xoay phng chiu bng 120 .
Sub VD_AddDimRotated() Dim dimObj As AcadDimRotated Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double Dim location(0 To 2) As Double Dim rotAngle As Double ' Xc nh cc gi tr cn thit point1(0) = 0#: point1(1) = 5#: point1(2) = 0# point2(0) = 5#: point2(1) = 5#: point2(2) = 0# location(0) = 0#: location(1) = 0#: location(2) = 0# rotAngle = 120 rotAngle = rotAngle * 3.141592 / 180# ' Chuyn sang Radian ' To ng kch thc hnh chiu trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimRotated _ (point1, point2, location, rotAngle)
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ZoomAll End Sub
GI to ng kch thc hnh chiu theo phng ngang (Horizontal) th gn gc xoay phng chiu bng 0, cn ng kch thc hnh chiu theo phng ng (Vertical) th gn gc xoay phng chiu bng Pi/2.
ngkchthcgcDimAngular S dng phng thc AddDimAngular to mi ng kch thc gc. Vi ng kch thc ny, ngi dng cn phi xc nh tm, hai im gc v v tr t ch kch thc. Hnh di y minh ho cc thnh phn cn thit to ng kch thc gc:
Tham s
AngleVertex FirstEndPoint SecondEndPoint TextPoint RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To tm ca ng kch thc. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th nht. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th hai. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im ghi kch thc. i tng kiu DimAngular, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.
V d sau to ng kch thc o gc trong khng gian m hnh vi to tm l (0,5,0); to cc im gc l (1,7,0) v (1,3,0); to im ghi kch thc l (3,5,0):
Sub VD_AddDimAngular() Dim dimObj As AcadDimAngular Dim angVert(0 To 2) As Double Dim FirstPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim SecondPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim TextPoint(0 To 2) As Double ' Xc nh cc thng s cn thit to ng kch thc angVert(0) = 0#: angVert(1) = 5#: angVert(2) = 0#
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FirstPoint(0) = 1#: FirstPoint(1) = 7#: FirstPoint(2) = 0# SecondPoint(0) = 1#: SecondPoint(1) = 3#: SecondPoint(2) = 0# TextPoint(0) = 3#: TextPoint(1) = 5#: TextPoint(2) = 0# ' To ng kch thc o gc trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimAngular(angVert, FirstPoint, SecondPoint, TextPoint) ZoomAll End Sub
ngkchthcbnknhDimRadial S dng phng thc AddDimRadial to ng kch thc bn knh. to c ng kch thc ny, cn phi xc nh c to tm, to im o (nm trn cung trn hoc ng trn) v chiu di t im o n ch kch thc.
Tham s
Center ChordPoint LeaderLength RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To tm ca ng kch thc. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im o nm trn ng trn hoc cung trn. Kiu Double. Khong cch t ch ghi kch thc n im o. i tng kiu DimRadial, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.
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Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimRadial _ (center, chordPoint, leaderLen) ZoomAll End Sub
ngkchthcngknhDimDiametric S dng phng thc AddDimDiametric to mi ng kch thc ng knh. to c ng kch thc ny, cn phi xc nh 2 im o nm trn ng trn v khong cch t im o th nht n ch ghi kch thc.
Tham s
ChordPoint FarChordPoint LeaderLength RetVal
Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im o th nht nm trn ng trn hoc cung trn. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im o th hai nm trn ng trn hoc cung trn. Kiu Double. Khong cch t ch ghi kch thc n im o th nht. i tng kiu DimDiametric, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.
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(chordPoint, farChordPoint, leaderLength) ZoomAll End Sub
5.7.3. nh dng ng kch thc Ngoi cch nh dng ng kch thc bng kiu ng kch thc thng qua thuc tnh StyleName nh trnh by mc S dng kiu ng kch thc trang 261, ngi dng cn c th thay i cc nh dng ny thng qua cc thuc tnh tng ng ca i tng ng kch thc. Di y l danh sch cc thuc tnh nh dng cho ng kch thc thng dng: Thuc tnh
AngleFormat Arrowhead1Type, Arrowhead2Type ArrowheadSize CenterMarkSize CenterType DecimalSeparator DimensionLineColor DimensionLineWeight ExtensionLineColor ExtensionLineExtend ExtensionLineOffset ExtensionLineWeight LinearScaleFactor PrimaryUnitsPrecision TextColor TextHeight TextRotation
M t
Quy nh nh dng n v ca kch thc dng gc. Quy nh dng u mi tn ca ng kch thc. Quy nh c u mi tn ca ng kch thc. Quy nh c ca du tm cho cc kch thc dng tia (ng kch thc gc, bn knh, ng knh,...) Quy nh dng ca du tm cho kch thc dng tia. Quy nh k t dng lm du cch thp phn. Quy nh mu cho ng ghi kch thc. Quy nh dy ca ng ghi kch thc. Quy nh mu ca cc ng ging. Quy nh khong cch t ng ging n ng ghi kch thc. Quy nh khong cch t ng ging n im gc ca ng ging. Quy nh dy ca ng ging. Quy nh h s t l ton cc cho cc s o kch thc dng ng. Quy nh s ch s thp phn hin th trong n v chnh ca kch thc. Quy nh mu ca ch kch thc. Quy nh cao ca ch kch thc. Quy nh gc nghing ca ch kch thc.
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Tham s
Object XDataType Xdata
Gii thch
L i tng s c gn d liu m rng. Mng kiu Short, xc nh kiu d liu ca d liu m rng Mng kiu Variant, xc nh gi tr ca d liu m rng
Khi gn gi tr cho mng XDataType v Xdata, cn phi lu : C hai mng u l mng mt chiu v phi c kch thc bng nhau; Gi tr phn t ca mng Xdata phi c kiu d liu tng ng vi kiu d liu c xc nh trong mng XDataType. Bng di y l danh sch cc gi tr thng dng trong mng XDataType v ngha tng ng: Gi tr
1001 1000 1003 1010 1040 1071
ngha
Chui cha tn ca ng dng. Tn ca ng dng l do ngi lp trnh t thit lp. Gi tr kiu String. Tn ca Layer. To 3D ca mt im Gi tr ca Double. Gi tr kiu Interger.
V d sau s to mt ng thng trong khng gian m hnh, sau tin hnh gn cc d liu m rng cho ng thng .
Sub VD_SetXdata() ' To ng thng Dim lineObj As AcadLine Dim startPt(0 To 2) As Double, endPt(0 To 2) As Double startPt(0) = 1#: startPt(1) = 1#: startPt(2) = 0# endPt(0) = 5#: endPt(1) = 5#: endPt(2) = 0# Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(startPt, endPt) ZoomAll ' Khi to cc gi tr cho d liu m rng. ' Ch l d liu u tin phi l tn ca ng dng ' v m tng ng l 1001 Dim DataType(0 To 5) As Integer Mng cha kiu d liu Dim Data(0 To 5) As Variant Mng cha d liu Dim reals3(0 To 2) As Double DataType(0) DataType(1) DataType(2) DataType(3) DataType(4) reals3(0) = DataType(5) = 1001: Data(0) = "Test_Application" = 1000: Data(1) = "This is a test for xdata" = 1003: Data(2) = "0" ' Tn lp = 1040: Data(3) = 1.23479137438413E+40 ' Kiu Double = 1071: Data(4) = 32767 ' Kiu Integer -2.95: reals3(1) = 100: reals3(2) = -20 = 1010: Data(5) = reals3 ' To im
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5.8.2. c d liu m rng S dng phng thc GetXData c d liu m rng c trong mt i tng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.GetXData AppName, XDataType, XdataValue
Tham s
Object AppName
Gii thch
L i tng c cha d liu m rng. L chui cha tn ca ng dng (nh c gn khi s dng phng thc SetXData). Nu tham s AppName l mt chui rng, phng thc ny s tr v tt c cc d liu m rng c trong i tng. Nu c truyn gi tr vo tham s AppName, phng thc ny ch tr v d liu m rng c to bi ng dng c tn nh xc nh trong tham s AppName. Mng kiu Short, xc nh kiu d liu ca d liu m rng c tr v. Mng kiu Variant, xc nh gi tr ca d liu m rng c tr v.
XDataType Xdata
V d sau cho php ngi dng chn mt i tng hnh hc trn bn v, sau s hin th tt c cc d liu m rng ca i tng c chn (nu c)
Sub VD_GetXData() Dim sset As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySSet") sset.Delete Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySSet") ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Chon doi tuong can xem Xdata: " sset.SelectOnScreen Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim XDataType As Variant Dim XData As Variant Dim i As Integer For Each ent In sset ent.GetXData "", XDataType, XData If Not IsEmpty(XDataType) Then ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt (vbCrLf & ent.ObjectName) For i = LBound(XDataType) To UBound(XDataType) ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & XDataType(i) ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt " : " & XData(i) Next i Else ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Doi tuong khong chua XData" End If Next ent End Sub
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Thng qua vic nhp liu ti dng lnh: ngi dng c th nhp vo mt chui, mt s, hoc thc hin mt chn la no ... Cc thao tc nhp liu ti dng lnh tham kho thm mc Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD trang 207 Thng qua vic tng tc trc tip trn bn v: ngi dng thng s thc hin la chn i tng, xc nh to im, Cc thao tc tng tc trc tip trn bn v tham kho thm mc Lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet trang 227 hoc mc Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD trang 207. Thng qua hp thoi tu bin Userform: qu trnh nhp d liu c thc hin hu ht trn Userform, cc chc nng ca chng trnh s c trnh by trn UserForm thng qua cc nt bm, Cc thng tin v cch thc lp trnh trn UserForm, tham kho thm mc Lm vic vi UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trang 60 v mc Hp thoi tu bin UserForm trang 169. Thng qua h thng thanh trnh n v thanh cng c: ngi dng c th thc hin mt chc nng no ca chng trnh thng qua vic chn mt mc trnh n tng ng hoc chn mt nt lnh trn thanh cng c. Phn ny s tp trung gii thiu cch thc to trnh n trong AutoCAD.
MenuBar l thanh trnh n nm ngay pha di thanh tiu ca ca s chng trnh AutoCAD. Trong MenuBar c cha cc PopupMenu, l mt trnh n x xung khi ngi dng kch chut vo, chng hn nh File, Edit, View, MenuGroups l tp i tng cha cc MenuGroup, l nhm cc trnh n trong AutoCAD. Thng thng, mi chng trnh u to cho mnh mt MenuGroup ring. Trong mi MenuGroup s c cha cc PopupMenu. Tp hp tt c cc PopupMenu trong tt c cc MenuGroup s hnh thnh nn MenuBar trn mn hnh ca chng trnh AutoCAD. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc PopupMenu trong MenuGroup u c hin th trn MenuBar, ch khi no ngi lp trnh hoc ngi dng thm vo MenuBar, MenuPopup mi c hin th trn MenuBar. PopupMenuItem l thnh phn cui cng trong cu trc phn cp i tng ca thanh trnh n. Mi PopupMenuItem chnh l mt lnh trong h thng thanh trnh n. Khi
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ngi dng kch chut vo PopupMenuItem th AutoCAD s thc hin mt chc nng no ca chng trnh. Cc thnh phn ca h thng trnh n c minh ho hnh sau:
6.1.2. To trnh n Ngi lp trnh c th d dng thm v hiu chnh h thng trnh n trong Excel thng qua cc on m lnh bng VBA theo cc bc sau: 1. Phc tho trnh n tu bin cn to v cc chc nng tng ng. 2. Vit m lnh cho tng PopupMenuItem. Mi on m lnh ny c cha trong mt Macro. 3. Tham chiu n MenuGroup, ni cn to trnh n tu bin. 4. To PopupMenu v PopupMenuItem. 5. Gn cc on m lnh tng ng to bc 2 cho tng PopupMenuItem. Di y s ln lt trnh by cc bc to trnh n tu bin trong AutoCAD Vdtotrnhn 1. Phc tho cu trc trnh n nh sau:
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'M LNH CHO LUA CHON 1 Sub Macro1() MsgBox "Ban da chon Lua chon 1" End Sub 'M LNH CHO LUA CHON 2 Sub Macro2() MsgBox "Ban da chon Lua chon 2" End Sub 'M LNH CHO LUA CHON 3 Sub Macro3() MsgBox "Ban da chon Lua chon 3" End Sub
Cc on m c to trong bc ca d n VBA.
v bc
Tuy nhin, khi to c trnh n, nu thc thi Macro bc mt ln na th chng trnh s bo li. Nguyn nhn l do Trinh don tuy bien c to ln thc thi Macro trc. Chnh v vy, khc phc li ny, cn phi thay on m lnh bc bng on m lnh sau:
Sub VD_TaoMenu2() ' nh ngha bin v tham chiu n MenuGroup u tin Dim currMenuGroup As AcadMenuGroup
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Set currMenuGroup = ThisDrawing.Application.MenuGroups.Item(0) ' To trnh n (To PopupMenu) ' v x l tnh hung khi trnh n c to Dim newMenu As AcadPopupMenu On Error Resume Next Set newMenu = currMenuGroup.Menus.Add("Trinh don tuy bien") If Err <> 0 Then Set newMenu = currMenuGroup.Menus("Trinh don tuy bien") Dim menuEnt As AcadPopupMenuItem For Each menuEnt In newMenu menuEnt.Delete Next End If ' Khai bo bin cho PopupMenuItem Dim newMenuItem As AcadPopupMenuItem Dim openMacro As String ' To PopupMenuItem v gn m lnh tng ng openMacro = "-vbarun Macro1 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 1", openMacro) openMacro = "-vbarun Macro2 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 2", openMacro) openMacro = "-vbarun Macro3 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 3", openMacro) ' Hin th trnh n va to trn thanh trnh n (MenuBar) currMenuGroup.Menus.InsertMenuInMenuBar "Trinh don tuy bien", "" End Sub
6.1.3. Xo thanh trnh n Cc trnh n tu bin trong AutoCAD s c t ng xo i khi khi ng li AutoCAD. Tuy nhin, khi cn thit, ngi lp trnh c th g b cc trnh n tu bin ra khi AutoCAD bng m lnh VBA. Cn lu l khng th xo hn trnh n tu bin ra khi AutoCAD bng m lnh VBA m ch c th g b trnh n tu bin ra khi thanh trnh n ca AutoCAD. Ch cn khi ng li AutoCAD, trnh n tu bin s c t ng xo khi AutoCAD. g b trnh n tu bin c tn l Trinh don tuy bien c to v d trc, s dng on m sau:
Sub VD_XoaMenu() Dim pMenu As AcadPopupMenu On Error Resume Next Set pMenu = Application.MenuBar("Trinh don tuy bien") ' Kim tra xem nu trnh n tu bin c th s ' g b khi thanh trnh n ca AutoCAD If Not (pMenu Is Nothing) Then pMenu.RemoveFromMenuBar
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End If End Sub
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