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Tnghatrongttclnhvchinangcxhiquantmcbitbinhn nngsutlaongcnngcao,chtlngsnphmnnhvtthn,nhiu tngmicchitrthnhhinthc.Tnghacngtcthitkcngtrnhgiao thngcngkhngnmngoiquylutchung,hinnay,huhtcccngtytrong lnhvctvnthitkcngtrnhgiaothngurtchtrngthchintngha cngtcthitktrongcngtycamnh.iunycthhinrnttrongvicu tcacccngty(muasmmytnh,phnmmvotonhnlc)cngnhtrin khaitnghathitkrtnhiucngtrnhtrongthct. Visadngcamnh,ccbitontrongcngtcthitklunihislinhhot cacngtctngha.Chnhvvy,phnnopngcyucucpbch tthctsnxut,nidungcungiotrnhnycpnttcccvncbn nhtcavicthchintnghathitkcngtrnhgiaothngcngnhphng phpnngcaomctnghachophhpvitngyucuchuynbitxut hintrongqutrnhthitk. NidungcagiotrnhnylscktkinhnghimgingdymnTngha thitkcungchosinhvinngnhxydngcngtrnhgiaothngvqutrnh thamgiathchintnghacngtcthitkngoisnxutcacctcgicng nhcpnhtminhtnhngcngnghchchtphcvchovictngha.Hn na,nidungchnhtptrungvonhngthnhphnctliphcvchomccht ng ha thit k cu ng, cng vi nhng ni dung mang tnh gi m v nh hngchotngchuynngnh,khinchocungiotrnhnyhontonphhpvi nhhngototheotnchcaNhtrng. Chngtixinchnthnhcmnsnggpkincaccngnghiptrongqu trnhhonthincungiotrnhny. Vitcphttrinrtnhanhcacngnghnhhinnaythchcchnrngtrong thigianti,nhiuvnlinquannvicthchintnghathitksphi thayi,vchngtihyvngrng,cngvicckinnggpcabncvs cpnhtkinthccabnthn,thlnxutbnsaucacunschnyshonthin hnna,spngtthnnayucucabnc. HNi,ngy01thng06nm2007 Cctcgi.

PHN I: M U .................................................................................. 1
1.Tngquanvthitkvtnghathitkcngtrnhgiaothng.............................. 1 2.intvccphnmmdngchothitkcngtrnhgiaothng.................................. 3 3.Lachnphnmmdngchothitkcngtrnhgiaothng.......................................... 4 4.Chuynbithaphnmm .................................................................................................... 6 5.Ktchng .............................................................................................................................. 11

PHN II: LP TRNH TRN NG DNG NN ...................................... 12


CHNG I: KHI NIM........................................................................................ 12 CHNG II: TNG QUAN V VBA ..................................................................... 19
1.cimcaVBA.................................................................................................................. 19 2.TrnhtxydngmtdnbngVBA ............................................................................ 19 3.CutrccamtdnVBA................................................................................................ 20 4.MitrngphttrintchhpVBAIDE............................................................................ 21 5.VdutinviVBA.......................................................................................................... 23

CHNG III: C BN V NGN NG LP TRNH VISUAL BASIC ................. 25


1.Nhngquinhvcphp.................................................................................................. 25 2.Cctrgipvcphptrongqutrnhvitmlnh ...................................................... 25 3.Tnhnngginhvthonthinmlnh ..................................................................... 26 4.TkhotrongVB ................................................................................................................... 27 5.Cckiudliucbn.......................................................................................................... 28 5.1. Kiu logic (boolean).......................................................................................................... 29 5.2. Kiu s nguyn.................................................................................................................. 29 5.3. Kiu s thc....................................................................................................................... 29 5.4. Kiu mng (array) ............................................................................................................. 29 5.5. Kiu chui (String)............................................................................................................ 31 5.6. Kiu thi gian (Date)......................................................................................................... 32 5.7. Kiu Variant ...................................................................................................................... 32 5.8. Kiu t nh ngha (user-defined type).............................................................................. 33 5.9. Kiu lp (Class)................................................................................................................. 34 6.KhaibobintrongVB.......................................................................................................... 35 6.1. Khai bo hng s ............................................................................................................... 38 6.2. Khai bo bin..................................................................................................................... 38 6.3. Khai bo kiu t nh ngha .............................................................................................. 38 6.4. Khai bo mng tnh ........................................................................................................... 39 6.5. Khai bo mng ng.......................................................................................................... 39 6.6. Khai bo, to v lm vic vi bin i tng.................................................................... 40 7.Cctontvhmthngdng ........................................................................................... 40 7.1. Cc ton t......................................................................................................................... 40 7.2. Cc hm ton hc .............................................................................................................. 41 7.3. Cc hm chuyn i d liu .............................................................................................. 41 7.4. Cc hm x l chui.......................................................................................................... 43 8.Cccutrciukhin ......................................................................................................... 44 8.1. Cu trc iu kin.............................................................................................................. 44 8.2. Cu trc la chn .............................................................................................................. 46 8.3. Vng lp xc nh.............................................................................................................. 47

8.3.1. Vng lp theo bin m .............................................................................................47 8.3.2. Lp trong mt tp hp................................................................................................49 8.4. Vng lp khng xc nh ...................................................................................................50 9.Chngtrnhcon ................................................................................................................... 51 9.1. Hm (Function) ..................................................................................................................52 9.2. Th tc (Sub) .....................................................................................................................52 9.3. Truyn tham s cho chng trnh con................................................................................52 9.3.1. Truyn tham s theo tham chiu ................................................................................53 9.3.2. Truyn tham s theo tham tr .....................................................................................54 9.3.3. Tham s tu chn.......................................................................................................54 9.3.4. Danh sch tham s vi s lng tham s tu ..........................................................55 9.3.5. Hm c gi tr tr v l kiu mng. ............................................................................55 9.4. Bin trong chng trnh con ..............................................................................................56 9.5. Cch thc gi chng trnh con. ........................................................................................58 9.6. Thot khi chng trnh con..............................................................................................59 10.Tchcccchngtrnhcontheohthngccmunchun .................................. 59 11.LmvicviUserFormvccthnhphniukhin .................................................. 60 11.1. Cc vn chung .............................................................................................................60 11.1.1. To UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trong VBA IDE ................................63 11.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. ..................................64 11.1.3. Cc phng thc ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. ..............................66 11.1.4. Cc s kin trn giao din........................................................................................66 11.1.5. V d.........................................................................................................................67 11.2. Lm vic vi UserForm ...................................................................................................68 11.3. Cc iu khin thng dng...............................................................................................69 12.Cchpthoithngdng................................................................................................... 76 12.1. Hp thng ip (Message Box MsgBox)......................................................................76 12.2. Hp nhp d liu (Input Box InputBox) .......................................................................77 12.3. Hp thoi da trn iu khin Common Dialog. .............................................................78 13.Lptrnhxltptin.......................................................................................................... 80 13.1. Cc hnh thc truy cp tp tin ..........................................................................................81 13.2. X l d liu trong tp tin vi cc hm I/O: ....................................................................82 13.2.1. M tp tin:................................................................................................................82 13.2.2. c d liu t tp tin: ..............................................................................................82 13.2.3. Ghi d liu vo tp tin: ............................................................................................84 13.2.4. ng tp tin..............................................................................................................86 13.3. X l d liu trong tp tin theo m hnh FSO (File System Object) ...............................86 13.3.1. To tp tin mi.........................................................................................................88 13.3.2. M tp tin c thao tc .....................................................................................89 14.GrivbylitrongVBAIDE ........................................................................................ 90 14.1. Phn loi li trong lp trnh..............................................................................................90 14.2. G ri trong lp trnh .......................................................................................................91 14.2.1. Pht hin li lc thc thi ..........................................................................................91 14.2.2. Cc phng php thc thi m lnh ..........................................................................92 14.2.3. Ca s tr gip g ri ..............................................................................................93 14.3. By li trong VBAIDE.....................................................................................................95 14.3.1. Cu lnh On Error....................................................................................................95 14.3.2. i tng Err ...........................................................................................................96 14.3.3. Hm Error ................................................................................................................97

CHNG IV: LP TRNH TRN MICROSOFT EXCEL ....................................... 99


1.TngquanvMicrosoftExcel .............................................................................................. 99 1.1. Kh nng ca Excel............................................................................................................99 1.2. Giao din ca Excel ...........................................................................................................99 1.3. Kh nng m rng ca Excel ...........................................................................................100 2.Macro ..................................................................................................................................... 100

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2.1. Macro l g?..................................................................................................................... 101 2.2. To Macro ....................................................................................................................... 101 2.2.1. To Macro theo kch bn......................................................................................... 101 2.2.2. To Macro s dng VBA ........................................................................................ 104 2.3. Qun l Macro................................................................................................................. 104 2.4. S dng Macro ................................................................................................................ 105 2.4.1. Thc thi Macro bng phm tt ................................................................................. 106 2.4.2. Thc thi Macro thng qua trnh qun l Macro ...................................................... 106 2.4.3. Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE ..................................................................... 106 2.5. Hiu chnh Macro............................................................................................................ 107 2.6. Vn an ton khi s dng Macro.................................................................................. 107 3.XydnghmmitrongExcel .......................................................................................... 107 3.1. Khi nim v hm trong Excel ........................................................................................ 107 3.2. To hm mi bng VBA ................................................................................................. 108 3.2.1. Ti sao phi dng hm?........................................................................................... 108 3.2.2. Cu trc hm ........................................................................................................... 109 3.2.3. To hm mi ........................................................................................................... 109 3.3. Hm tr v li .................................................................................................................. 111 4.AddinvPhnphiccngdngmrng................................................................... 113 4.1. Khi nim v Add-In ....................................................................................................... 114 4.2. Trnh qun l Add-In....................................................................................................... 114 4.3. To Add-In ...................................................................................................................... 115 4.4. Phn phi v Ci t Add-In ........................................................................................... 117 5.HthngccitngtrongExcel................................................................................... 117 5.1. M hnh i tng trong Excel ....................................................................................... 117 5.2. Mt s i tng c bn trong Excel .............................................................................. 119 5.2.1. i tng Application............................................................................................. 119 5.2.2. i tng Workbook .............................................................................................. 123 5.2.3. i tng Window.................................................................................................. 126 5.2.4. i tng Worksheet .............................................................................................. 128 5.2.5. i tng Range ..................................................................................................... 131 5.2.6. Tp i tng Cells ................................................................................................. 135 6.SkincaccitngtrongExcel............................................................................... 137 6.1. To b x l s kin cho mt s kin ............................................................................. 138 6.2. S kin trong Workbook ................................................................................................. 139 6.3. S kin trong Worksheet ................................................................................................. 141 6.4. S kin trong UserForm .................................................................................................. 143 6.5. S kin khng gn vi i tng .................................................................................... 144 7.CcthaotccbntrongExcel .......................................................................................... 145 7.1. iu khin Excel ............................................................................................................. 146 7.1.1. Thot khi Excel ..................................................................................................... 146 7.1.2. Kho tng tc ngi dng..................................................................................... 147 7.1.3. Thao tc vi ca s ................................................................................................. 147 7.1.4. Khi ng Excel t chng trnh khc ................................................................... 148 7.2. Lm vic vi Workbook.................................................................................................. 150 7.2.1. To mi, m, lu v ng workbook ...................................................................... 150 7.3. Lm vic vi Worksheet ................................................................................................. 151 7.3.1. To mi, xo v i tn worksheet ......................................................................... 151 7.4. Lm vic vi Range v Cells........................................................................................... 152 7.4.1. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu....................................................................... 152 7.4.2. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu theo hng v ct ........................................... 152 7.4.3. Vng c cha d liu Thuc tnh UsedRange...................................................... 153 7.5. Lm vic vi biu ....................................................................................................... 153 7.5.1. To mi biu ...................................................................................................... 154 7.5.2. Thm mt chui s liu vo biu c.............................................................. 155 7.6. S dng cc hm c sn trong Excel............................................................................... 157

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8.Giaodinngidng.......................................................................................................... 157 8.1. iu khin nhng trong Worksheet .................................................................................157 8.1.1. iu khin Spin Button............................................................................................158 8.1.2. iu khin ComboBox ............................................................................................159 8.1.3. iu khin Command Button ..................................................................................160 8.2. Cc hp thoi thng dng ................................................................................................161 8.2.1. Hp thoi InputBox ca Excel Hm InputBox .....................................................161 8.2.2. Hp thoi Open Hm GetOpenFilename ..............................................................163 8.2.3. Hp thoi Save As Hm GetSaveAsFilename ......................................................165 8.2.4. Hp thoi chn th mc i tng FileDialog ....................................................166 8.2.5. Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs ................................166 8.2.6. Thc thi mc trnh n Excel t VBA.....................................................................168 8.3. Hp thoi tu bin UserForm........................................................................................169 8.3.1. To mi UserForm...................................................................................................169 8.3.2. Hin th UserForm ...................................................................................................170 8.3.3. Cc iu khin trn UserForm .................................................................................171 8.4. Thao tc trn thanh trnh n ...........................................................................................172 8.4.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n .....................................................................173 8.4.2. To trnh n tu bin..............................................................................................174 8.4.3. Xo trnh n tu bin .............................................................................................177 8.4.4. Gn phm tt cho Menu Item ...................................................................................178

CHNG V: LP TRNH TRN AUTOCAD....................................................... 181


1.TngquanvAutoCAD ..................................................................................................... 181 1.1. Kh nng ca AutoCAD ..................................................................................................181 1.2. Giao din ca AutoCAD ..................................................................................................182 1.3. Kh nng m rng ca AutoCAD....................................................................................183 2.QunldnVBAtrongAutoCAD ................................................................................ 184 2.1. D n VBA trong AutoCAD............................................................................................184 2.2. Trnh qun l d n VBA.................................................................................................185 2.2.1. To mi, M v Lu d n VBA.............................................................................186 2.2.2. Nhng v tch d n VBA .......................................................................................187 2.3. Qun l d n VBA t dng lnh ....................................................................................188 3.Macro ..................................................................................................................................... 188 3.1. Khi nim Macro trong AutoCAD...................................................................................188 3.2. To mi v Hiu chnh Macro .........................................................................................189 3.3. Thc thi Macro.................................................................................................................190 3.4. nh ngha lnh mi bng AutoLISP...............................................................................191 3.4.1. To d n mi ..........................................................................................................191 3.4.2. To v th nghim Macro HelloWorld....................................................................192 3.4.3. To lnh mi bng AutoLISP ..................................................................................193 4.HthngitngtrongAutoCAD ................................................................................ 193 4.1. M hnh i tng trong AutoCAD.................................................................................193 4.2. Mt s i tng chnh trong AutoCAD .........................................................................195 4.2.1. i tng Application .............................................................................................195 4.2.2. i tng Document................................................................................................196 4.2.3. Tp i tng...........................................................................................................198 4.2.4. i tng phi hnh hc ............................................................................................198 4.2.5. i tng hnh hc ..................................................................................................199 5.CcthaotccbntrongAutoCAD ................................................................................. 200 5.1. iu khin AutoCAD.......................................................................................................200 5.1.1. To mi, M, Lu v ng bn v..........................................................................200 5.1.2. Khi ng v thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD....................................................203 5.1.3. S dng cc lnh sn c ca AutoCAD ...................................................................205 5.1.4. Thu phng mn hnh bn v (zoom) ........................................................................205 5.1.5. Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD ............................................207

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5.1.6. Thit lp bin h thng............................................................................................ 214 5.2. To mi i tng hnh hc ............................................................................................ 217 5.2.1. Xc nh ni cha i tng ................................................................................... 217 5.2.2. Khai bo v to i tng hnh hc ........................................................................ 218 5.2.3. To i tng Point................................................................................................. 219 5.2.4. To i tng dng ng thng ............................................................................ 220 5.2.5. To i tng dng ng cong ............................................................................. 223 5.2.6. To i tng vn bn............................................................................................. 225 5.3. Lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet .............................................................................. 227 5.3.1. Khai bo v khi to i tng SelectionSet .......................................................... 228 5.3.2. Thm i tng hnh hc vo mt SelectionSet ..................................................... 228 5.3.3. Thao tc vi cc i tng trong SelectionSet........................................................ 234 5.3.4. nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet ........................................................ 234 5.3.5. Loi b i tng hnh hc ra khi SelectionSet .................................................... 236 5.4. Hiu chnh i tng hnh hc ........................................................................................ 237 5.4.1. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc phng thc ..................................................... 238 5.4.2. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc thuc tnh.......................................................... 245 5.4.3. Hiu chnh ng a tuyn ..................................................................................... 249 5.4.4. Hiu chnh vn bn n........................................................................................... 251 5.5. Lm vic vi lp (Layer)................................................................................................. 253 5.5.1. To lp mi ............................................................................................................. 254 5.5.2. Truy xut v thay i tn mt lp c.................................................................. 255 5.5.3. Thit lp lp hin hnh............................................................................................ 255 5.5.4. Thit lp cc ch hin th ca lp....................................................................... 255 5.5.5. Xo lp .................................................................................................................... 257 5.6. Thao tc vi kiu ng Linetype................................................................................ 257 5.6.1. Ti kiu ng vo AutoCAD ................................................................................ 257 5.6.2. Truy xut v i tn kiu ng ............................................................................. 258 5.6.3. Thit lp kiu ng hin hnh............................................................................... 259 5.6.4. Xo kiu ng c.............................................................................................. 259 5.7. Thao tc vi ng kch thc Dimension .................................................................. 259 5.7.1. Kiu ng kch thc DimensionStyle .............................................................. 260 5.7.2. To ng kch thc ............................................................................................. 262 5.7.3. nh dng ng kch thc................................................................................... 267 5.8. Thao tc vi d liu m rng XData............................................................................ 268 5.8.1. Gn d liu m rng ............................................................................................... 268 5.8.2. c d liu m rng ............................................................................................... 269 6.Giaodinngidng .......................................................................................................... 270 6.1. Thao tc vi thanh trnh n ........................................................................................... 270 6.1.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n .................................................................... 270 6.1.2. To trnh n ........................................................................................................... 272 6.1.3. Xo thanh trnh n................................................................................................. 274

PHN III: TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................... 276

MU

PHN I: M U
1. Tng quan v thit k v t ng ha thit k cng trnh giao thng
Cng tc thit k lun c mt v tr quan trng t khi lp d n cho n khi thi cng, hon thnh v a cng trnh vo s dng. T trc n nay, cng tc kho st thit k c bit n nh mt qu trnh gm nhiu cng on khc nhau, m mc ch cui cng l xc lp cu to ca cng trnh, cch thc thi cng ch o to ra cng trnh trn thc a v phng php khai thc cng trnh mt cch hiu qu nht. Kt qu ca cng tc thit k c th hin di dng h s thit k, ngha l qu trnh thit k nhm n vic to ra mt b h s thit k, m trong n m t mt cch y ton b mc ch ca qu trnh thit k. Thng thng h s thit k bao gm nhng thnh phn c bn nh sau: Bn thuyt minh: ni th hin nhng c s cho cng tc thit k, lp lun ca ngi thit k v gii thch nhng vn c bn ca phng n thit k. Cc loi bng tnh, bng thng k: ni trnh by cc kt qu tnh ton trong qu trnh thit k, l c s cho vic lp bn v v xc nh chi ph u t cho cng trnh. Bn v: ni th hin chi tit nht cu to ca cng trnh cng nh phng php ch o thi cng cng trnh. D ton: ni th hin cch thc xc nh tng mc u t cho cng trnh. Mc chi tit ca nhng thnh phn trong h s thit k ph thuc vo yu cu trong tng giai on ca qu trnh u t cho cng trnh. V d giai on lp bn v thi cng i hi mc chi tit cao nht. Nu xem xt k hn bn trong ca h s thit k cng trnh giao thng th ai cng nhn thy rng chng c mi lin h cht ch vi nhau theo mt quan h logic kh r rng, v d cc kch thc hnh hc trong bn v s phi ph hp vi kt qu tnh ton c trnh by trong cc bng tnh. iu ny ni ln rng, khi m t mi lin h trn thnh mt chui cc lnh th ta c trong tay thnh phn c bn nht ca t ng ha thit k cng trnh giao thng. Vn cn li l tm kim gii php thch hp thc hin t ng ha. T ng ha mt cng vic c hiu l cng vic c thc hin t ng hon ton hay mt phn nh c s tr gip ca cc thit b. V d nh qu trnh ch to xe hi c t ng ha nh h thng robot trong cc dy truyn sn xut. Trong lnh vc thit k cng trnh giao thng, do sn phm ca cng tc ny l h s thit k, cho nn thit b tr gip ph hp l cc h thng c kh nng to vn bn, tnh ton kt cu, v cc i tng hnh hc, dng m hnh.... H thng thng tin, bao gm phn cng (my tnh, my in, my qut...) v phn mm (cc chng trnh ng dng), v ang c trin khai rng ri trong khp cc cng ty t vn thit k cng trnh giao thng bi chng c nhng c im rt ph hp cho vic lp h s thit k cng trnh: My tnh cng vi cc phn mm chy trn chng cho php thc hin nhiu cng vic khc nhau nh: phn tch kt cu, v i tng hnh hc, to vn bn, dng m hnh... Tc tnh ton nhanh, iu ny cho php a ra nhiu hn mt phng n thit k vi thi gian c th chp nhn c. Kh nng lu tr v tn dng li d liu t hiu qu rt cao, iu ny cho php ngi thit k c th tn dng li ti a d liu c t trc. V d, vi h thng cc bn v in trn giy, vic tn dng li t hiu qu rt thp, hu nh ch mc tham kho thng tin,

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

trong khi , nu nh cng cc bn v ny c lu tr trong my tnh, ngoi vic cho php tham kho tng t nh bn v in trn giy, n cn cho php tn dng li chnh cc thnh phn trong bn v chnh sa, k tha, v kt qu ta s c c mt bn v mi t nhng d liu c. C th ni rng mc t ng ha thit k cng trnh hin nay ang nhiu cp khc nhau, ty theo tng cng vic c th, iu ny c th hin r trong cch thc to ra tng thnh phn trong h s thit k. V d, trong thit k cu, phn phn tch kt cu c mc t ng ha rt cao, nhng vic to bn v li c mc t ng ha thp hn nhiu. Tuy vy, xu hng nng cao mc t ng ha ang ngy cng r nt bi s pht trin rt mnh ca cc phn mm chuyn dng, chng ang l cng c h tr khng th thiu cho cc k s thit k, ng thi l thnh phn ch cht cho qu trnh t ng ha. Nh chng m vic phn tch kt cu cng trnh tr nn nhanh chng v chnh xc, nh chng m vic a ra cc phng n thit k ca tuyn ng cng nh vic to m hnh ba chiu ng tr thnh hin thc.

Hnh I-1: T ng ha thit k hnh hc ng t vi Civil 3D 2008

MU

Hnh I-2: T ng ha phn tch kt cu vi Midas Civil

2. i nt v cc phn mm dng cho thit k cng trnh giao thng


Cc phn mm dng trong thit k cng trnh ni chung rt a dng v h tr hu ht cc cng on trong qu trnh thit k. Ngay t cng on kho st a hnh, ton b qu trnh t x l d liu (bnh sai, chuyn i nh dng) n dng m hnh b mt u c t ng ha mc cao, hu ht cc ni dung lin quan n s l s liu kho st u c t ng thc hin nh: v ng ng mc, phn tch dc b mt, xc nh ng t thy, xc nh lu vc, v mt ct v dng m hnh ba chiu. Da vo cng nng ca cc phn mm c th chia chng lm hai nhm: Nhm cc phn mm a nng: l nhng phn mm c th dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, i din cho nhm ny l AutoCAD v Excel, ta c th s dng chng trong hu ht cc giai on ca qu trnh to h s thit k. Tuy nhin, c th s dng a nng, cc phn mm ny c thit k khng tp trung vo mt lnh vc c th no, khin cho mc t ng ha cho tng cng vic khng c cao khi thc hin trc tip trn cc phn mm ny. Ta c th dng AutoCAD to cc bn v k thut cho ngnh c kh cng nh cng trnh, bi nguyn tc to bn v trong AutoCAD l lp ghp t nhng i tng hnh hc c bn. Vi Excel, ta c th dng lp d ton hay to bng tnh duyt kt cu, bi mi trong bng tnh ca n u c th nhn bt c ni dung no.

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

Hnh I-3: AutoCAD v Excel

Nhm cc phn mm chuyn dng: l cc phn mm ch dng c cho mt mc ch c th no . Bi ch nhm n ca chng l r rng cho nn mc t ng ha l rt cao. V d trong phn tch kt cu, sau khi nhp xong s liu, phn mm phn tch kt cu s t ng hon ton trong vic tnh v xut kt qu. Bi s a dng ca cc bi ton thit k, cho nn cc phn mm loi ny cng rt a dng v chng loi v ngun gc, chng c th c to ra t nhng cng ty sn xut phn mm chuyn nghip nh Hi Ha, AutoDesk, MIDAS IT, ... hay t chnh nhng cng ty t vn thit k, v thm ch t chnh nhng k s thit k. Cng bi tnh a dng ny m vic la chn tm c mt phn mm ph hp i khi l mt bi ton kh i vi ngi s dng. Da trn mc ph bin trong s dng, c th k ra mt s phn mm chuyn dng sau: Trong lnh vc phn tch kt cu: MIDAS/Civil, RM, SAP, ANSYS, LUSAS, ABAQUS. Trong lnh vc a k thut: Geo-Slope, Plaxis, MIDAS GTS. Trong lnh vc a hnh, bn : Land Desktop, Topo, MapInfo, CAD Overlay. Trong lnh vc thit k hnh hc ng t: Nova-TDN, Civil 3D. Do cng trnh giao thng lun ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t xung quanh n, cho nn qu trnh thit k lun gp phi nhng bi ton ring, c bit v khng th khi qut c. Nhng bi ton ny hu nh khng c li gii tng qut, v cng bi iu ny khin cho khng c mt phn mm chuyn dng no c th gii quyt c mi vn , nht l trong thit k ng t. Bn cnh , do c s khc nhau trong cch trnh by v th hin bn v, nn thng thng cc phn mm chuyn dng ch c th p ng vic to bn v mc c bn, cn vic b sung thm chi tit hon thin bn v thng c lm th cng. Nhng nhc im ny ca cc phn mm chuyn dng li l iu kin cho s ra i cc phn mm dng Add-in1, chng thng c pht trin bi cc k s cu ng trong cng ty t vn thit k cng trnh giao thng v chy cng vi cc phn mm chnh, chng tc ng trc tip ln kt qu do phn mm chnh to ra vi mc ch l hon thin chng theo yu cu ring ca chnh cng ty .

3. La chn phn mm dng cho thit k cng trnh giao thng


Vi s a dng v chng loi v xut x ca cc phn mm chuyn dng, khin cho vic chn mua phn mm gp nhiu kh khn, nht l i vi nhng n v t kinh nghim trong vic

Add-in: y l cc chng trnh dng ph tr hoc tin ch c thit k cng hot ng vi chng trnh chnh. Mc ch dng m rng cc kh nng cho chng trnh chnh. Cc chng trnh dng Add-in ny c th do chnh ngi dng to ra bng nhiu loi cng c khc nhau. Khng phi chng chnh chnh no cng chp nhn Add-in, AutoCAD, MS.Office l hai phn mm cho php s dng Add-in in hnh.

MU

trin khai cc h thng phn mm. Do , trang b c phn mm ph hp vi cng vic ca mnh cn phi thc hin mt s cng vic chnh sau: Chun b v nhn lc: khai thc hiu qu phn mm, nht l cc phn mm chuyn dng, cn c nhn lc p ng c c hai yu cu: C kin thc tin hc c bn: s dng tt h iu hnh Windows (hoc tng ng), in n, tm kim ti liu trn Internet. C kin thc chuyn mn ph hp. Phn tch cng vic cn t ng ha xc nh r cc yu cu cn c tha mn khi trin khai ng dng phn mm. V d, t ng ha cng tc thit k kt cu, nhng yu cu sau cn c tha mn: Tnh c ni lc v chuyn v ca kt cu di tc dng ca cc loi ti trng (cn nu c th, v d nh cc trng hp t hp ti trng). a ra c m t v phn b ng sut ti mt s v tr (cn nu c th, v d ti cc ni c cu to hnh hc thay i t ngt). C th tnh duyt c mt ct. C th to bn v (cn nu c th mc chi tit ca bn v) v h tr in ra my in. C th kt ni d liu vi cc phn mm khc (cn ch r nh dng kt ni, v d yu cu nhp/xut cu to hnh hc ca kt cu t/sang nh dng *.DXF). C th thm cc tnh nng mi cho phn mm bng cc cng c dng Add-in (yu cu ny c th khng bt buc phi c). Tm hiu, cng nhiu cng tt, cc phn mm chuyn dng m c th p ng c nhng yu cu trn. C nhiu cch thu thp thng tin: Kinh nghim ca cc n v, c nhn s dng. Gii thiu t nh sn xut phn mm v tnh nng, gi c v ch h tr trong qu trnh dng sn phm ca h. nh gi phn mm ca cc tp ch chuyn ngnh. Tm thng tin lin quan trn Internet.

Hnh I-4: Tm kim thng tin trn Internet vi Google.com

S dng phin bn dng th min ph ca phn mm t kim chng.

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

m phn vi nh cung cp phn mm tm ra mt gii php hp l nht trc khi quyt nh mua sn phm.

4. Chuyn bit ha phn mm


Khi c trang b phn mm vi mc ch t ng ha cng tc thit k th ta mi gii quyt c cc bi ton c bn trong qu trnh thit k, bi khng c phn mm no, m ngay t u, li c th p ng c mi vn s xut hin sau ny, cn rt nhiu vn mi s lin tc pht sinh trong qu trnh thit k nhng cng trnh c th. Ni cch khc, vic trang b phn mm no ch l bc u cho qu trnh t ng ha, nhng y l bc i quan trng nht. C nhiu cch gii quyt cc vn pht sinh ny, m c bn v tt nht l hai gii php: Phn hi nhng vn pht sinh cho nh sn xut phn mm h nng cp phin bn, sau cp nht li. Gii php ny thng mt nhiu thi gian v trong nhiu trng hp l khng kh thi. T b sung thm nhng kh nng mi cho phn mm ang s dng chng c th gii quyt c vn pht sinh. Gii php ny i hi phi c nhn lc am hiu v chuyn mn cu ng v cng ngh thng tin, ng thi phn mm ang s dng phi cho php cp nht tnh nng mi t pha ngi dng. Nhn lc p ng c yu cu ny chnh l k s xy dng cng trnh giao thng c trang b thm nhng kin thc v tin hc ph hp, y l mc tiu chnh ca mn hc T ng ha thit k cu ng v cng l mc tiu ca chnh gio trnh ny. Phn mm, m ngi dng c th t to thm cc kh nng mi cho n, phi c mt s c im sau: Cung cp tnh nng cho php ngi dng c th t mnh b sung thm chc nng cho chnh phn mm . V d phn mm AutoCAD cho php ngi dng s dng cng c lp trnh, nh AutoLISP hay ObjectARX, t xy dng thm nhng chc nng mi trong AutoCAD.

Hnh I-5: B sung tnh nng mi cho AutoCAD

Cho php nhng cc phn mm dng Add-in vo bn trong, v d nh cc chng trnh trong b MS.Office (Excel, Word, Power Point ...). Cc chng trnh dng Addin c th c xy dng t mt s cng c lp trnh (v d ta c th dng VSTO Visual Studio Tools for Office - xy dng cc chng trnh dng Add-in nhng vo trong b Office)

MU

Hnh I-6: B sung thm chc nng lp d ton cho Excel

S liu u vo v kt qu c lu tr trn tp vi nh dng c th hiu c. Nhng chng trnh dng ny ch cho php ngi dng to ra nhng tnh nng mi phc v cho vic nhp d liu (cc chng trnh dng Wizard1) hoc trnh by kt qu.

Wizard: thng c hiu l mt chng trnh c chc nng tr gip ngi dng nhp d liu (nhanh v trnh sai st), n c bit hu ch khi dng nhng phn mm a nng, bi nhng phn mm ny thng hay yu cu ngi dng a vo rt nhiu loi d liu m nhiu khi chng khng thc s cn thit cho mt bi ton c th. Chng trnh dng Wizard s t ng lc nhng thng tin cn thit cho bi ton c th ( ngi dng ch cn nhp nhng d liu cn thit cho bi ton ca mnh) cn nhng s liu khc m phn mm yu cu s c chng trnh Wizard t ng b sung. Bn cnh chng trnh Wizard cn c chc nng dn dt ngi dng thc hin bi ton theo mt trnh t nht nh trnh nhm ln.

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

Hnh I-7: Wizard tr gip nhp d liu cho kt cu cu c hng ca MIDAS/Civil

Cng c lp trnh to ra cc tnh nng mi cho phn mm hin c rt nhiu v kh d dng. Hu ht chng tp trung h tr cho AutoCAD v Office, bi hai phn mm ny c dng rt ph bin trong cng tc thit k. Vi AutoCAD ta c th s dng nhng cng c sau: Cc cng c lp trnh nhng sn bn trong AutoCAD: AutoLISP: l mt ngn ng lp trnh dng thng dch, cho php ngi dng tn dng ti a nhng lnh sn c ca AutoCAD t hp li nhm to ra nhng tnh nng mi c mc t ng ha cao.

MU

Hnh I-8: Visual LISP: cng c h tr cho lp trnh vi AutoLISP trong AutoCAD

VBA: l mt cng c lp trnh da trn Visual Basic, n cho php ngi dng kt hp tnh d dng v hiu qu ca mi trng lp trnh Visual Basic vi cc tnh nng v h thng i tng sn c trong AutoCAD. Hin nay y l cng c c dng rt ph bin xy dng thm nhng tnh nng mi, vi quy m khng ln v khng qu phc tp trn AutoCAD. Trong lnh vc thit k cng trnh giao thng, cng vic chim khi lng ln nht v mt nhiu cng nht l to bn v k thut. Mc d hu ht ngi thit k u dng AutoCAD to bn v k thut nhng mc t ng ha vn rt thp, ch yu s dng cc lnh n ca AutoCAD (thng qua dng lnh hay nt bm trong AutoCAD) cng vi cc thng s hnh hc tnh ton c (c th bng cc phn mm khc, v d phn mm tnh kt cu) xy dng bn v. Vn ny hon ton c th t ng ha c khi ngi dng bit kt hp quy tc v i tng thit k vi s liu hnh hc tnh c trong mt chng trnh VBA do chnh h to ra.

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

Hnh I-9: Mi trng lp trnh VBA trong AutoCAD

Cng c lp trnh bn ngoi: bao gm bt c ngn ng lp trnh no m c h tr cng ngh COM (Component Object Model) ca Microsoft nh: VB, VC++, Delphi.... Cng c lp trnh ObjectARX (AutoCAD Runtime Extension): l mt cch m rng AutoCAD hiu qu nht v phc tp nht. Cc phn m rng AutoCAD c xy dng trn VC++ vi vic s dng cc th vin lp trnh m rng ca AutoCAD (chnh l ObjectARX). Bi vic cho php iu khin trc tip nhn v cu trc d liu ca chng trnh AutoCAD, cho nn nhng chng trnh c vit vi ObjectARX s c tnh linh hot rt cao, tc chy nhanh v nh gn hn so vi chng trnh cng loi vit bng cng c lp trnh khc, nhng mc phc tp ca vic lp trnh s tng ln. Hu ht cc ng dng ln chy trn nn AutoCAD u c xy dng da trn ObjectARX: Land Desktop, Civil 3D, Nova-TDN...

10

MU

Hnh I-10: M rng kh nng cho AutoCAD dng ObjectARX

5. Kt chng
Nh vy, trong chng ny, ton cnh v vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin t ng ha cng tc thit k cng trnh giao thng c cp n. Vn ct li t ng ha thit k bao gm: Qu trnh thit k cng trnh giao thng v sn phm ca tng cng on. Kh nng ca phn cng my tnh v cc h thng phn mm, bao gm c cc phn mm chuyn dng. S a dng ca cc bi ton thit k cng nh nhng hn ch trong cc phn mm chuyn dng. Nhng c im ca phn mm v cc cng c pht trin, t c c nh hng trong vic gii quyt cc vn pht sinh, vn thng gp sut qu trnh thit k. Trong khun kh gio trnh ca mt mn hc, nhiu mng kin thc s c k tha t nhng mn hc khc l iu ng nhin, v do , ch c nhng ni dung mi, cha c cp n trong nhng mn hc khc, mi c trnh by chi tit y. Vi cc chng tip theo trong gio trnh ny, nhng kin thc chi tit thc hin t ng ha thit k cu ng s c a ra theo nhng chnh ca chng u tin ny.

11

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

PHN II: LP TRNH TRN NG DNG NN


CHNG I: KHI NIM
Trong h s thit k, phn ti liu c trnh by di dng bng biu (bng tnh kt cu, bng tnh khi lng, ...) v bn v (m t cu to hnh hc ca cng trnh) chim mt khi lng ng k. Ni dung ca nhng ti liu trong phn ny li lun c mi quan h r rng v cht ch vi phn tnh ton trong qu trnh thit k, chnh v vy, kh nng thc hin t ng ha cng on ny l hon ton kh thi v mang li hiu qu cao. Nhng cng vic c th c th t ng ha bao gm: tnh ton, lp bng tnh, lp bn v, trong , phn tnh ton to tin cho qu trnh thc hin lp bng tnh v bn v. Phn tnh ton c th c tch ra thnh mt m-un ring v thc hin c lp vi bt c cng c lp trnh no, v hin nay, cng ngh lp trnh cho php d dng kt ni cc m-un loi ny vi cc ng dng khc. Phn lp bng tnh v bn v, thc cht s dng kt qu thc hin ca m-un tnh ton v th hin kt qu ny di dng bn v k thut v bng tnh, bng biu ph hp vi cc quy nh v trnh by ti liu trong h s thit k. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta c th kt hp m-un tnh ton vo cng vi qu trnh to bng tnh hay bn v, cch lm ny rt hiu qu i vi cc bi ton khng qu phc tp v tnh ton (nh thit k hnh hc ng t hay tnh duyt mt ct kt cu). Nhng i vi cc bi ton c phc tp cao trong tnh ton (nh bi ton tnh kt cu hay n nh trt mi dc) th m-un tnh ton thng c tch ring ra v kt qu tnh ton s c trnh by bi m-un to bn v v mun to bng tnh ring. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny, do nhm n tnh ph bin ca cc bi ton thng thng c phc tp khng cao nhng a dng, cho nn vic nh hng gii quyt bi ton hng n vic hp nht phn tnh ton vo trong m-un to bng tnh hay mun to bn v. Do bng tnh v bn v c cu trc ti liu rt khc bit, cho nn hu nh khng c phn mm no c th h tr tt cho c hai mc ch trn cng lc, v trong thc t, ngi ta s dng nhng phn mm ring to bn v hay bng tnh. V d trong lnh vc thit k cng trnh giao thng, Excel thng c dng nh l phn mm h tr to bng tnh chuyn nghip, trong khi , AutoCAD li thng c s dng trong vic to bn v k thut. Bn cnh AutoCAD v Excel, cn c nhiu phn mm chuyn dng khc, m kh nng ca chng tp trung vo mt s lnh vc hp, v d nh MIDAS/Civil tp trung vo lnh vc phn tch kt cu, Nova-TDN tp trung vo lnh vc thit k hnh hc ng t. Kt qu m cc phn mm chuyn dng ny mang li kh y , c th bao gm hu ht cc bng tnh v bn v lin quan n bi ton c gii quyt. Tuy vy, trong phm vi lnh vc ca mnh, khng phn mm chuyn dng no c th p ng c mi nhu cu, v do , chng thng c thit k theo hng c th kt ni vi cc phn mm khc nhm mc ch h tr ngi dng gii quyt c vn pht sinh bng cch kt hp vi phn mm vi nhau.

12

CHNGI:KHINIM

Hnh I-1: Lp bng tnh kt cu mt ng trn Excel

Hnh I-2: To bn v bnh tuyn ng t trn AutoCAD

c th kt ni vi nhau, cc phn mm chuyn dng thng cung cp kt qu tnh ton di dng d liu c cu trc v c lu tr trong cc tp c nh dng TEXT, v d nh CSV hay DXF. Vi cc d liu c cu trc ny, ngi dng s t thc hin vic kt ni cc phn mm li vi nhau. Vic kt ni ny cng ch c th gii quyt thm mt s bi ton pht sinh, cho nn mt s phn mm cho php ngi dng c th can thip su hn na vo bn trong n bng cc cng c lp trnh, h c th t gii quyt cc bi ton pht sinh m ngi thit k phn mm khng th d kin trc c. Khi ngi dng xy dng nhng chng trnh ca h da trn nhng ng dng c thit k theo cu trc m ny, h s tn dng nhng kh nng

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GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

sn c ca chng lm nn, gip cho vic lp trnh c nhanh v hiu qu hn rt nhiu so vi cch lp trnh thng thng, v do , c th gi chng l cc ng dng nn, in hnh v c s dng nhiu nht lm ng dng nn trong lnh vc thit k l AutoCAD v Excel, ngoi vic ph hp vi nh dng ti liu trong h s thit k (bn v v bng tnh) chng cn cho php ngi dng xy dng cc chng trnh chy cng vi mc ch b sung thm cc chc nng chuyn bit. Nh vy, mt phn mm c gi l ng dng nn khi n tha mn ng thi cc tiu ch sau: Cho php mt chng trnh chy bn trong v cng vi n (tng t nh mt lnh). Cho php s dng cc tnh nng ca n thng qua cng c lp trnh thch hp.

Hnh I-3: M hnh lp trnh trn ng dng nn

Mt lnh mi hay mt chc nng mi c xy dng trn ng dng nn thc cht l mt chng trnh hon chnh, v vy, xy dng n cn c cng c lp trnh tng ng. Thng thng cng c lp trnh c hiu nh l mt tp hp bao gm: Ngn ng lp trnh. Mi trng lp trnh. Th vin h tr lp trnh. Mt v d v cng c lp trnh trn AutoCAD, l AutoLISP. Vi cng c lp trnh ny, khng nht thit phi c mi trng lp trnh v th vin h tr lp trnh, ta ch cn to ra mt tp dng TEXT cha cc m lnh vit bng ngn ng AutoLISP. Tuy nhin t phin bn AutoCAD R14, thun tin cho ngi lp trnh, mt mi trng lp trnh dnh cho AutoLISP c b sung, l Visual LISP. Vi mi trng lp trnh ny, vic lp v kim sot chng trnh tr nn thun li hn rt nhiu, bi Visual LISP c tch hp nhiu tnh nng h tr lp trnh chuyn nghip, trong khi , nu ta khng s dng mi trng lp trnh, th tuy ta c th vit c mt chng trnh AutoLISP hon chnh, song trong sut qu trnh xy dng chng trnh ny ta lun phi vt v t kim sot chng trnh.

14

CHNGI:KHINIM

Hnh I-4: Xy dng chng trnh bng ngn ng AutoLISP khi khng s dng mi trng lp trnh, ta s lun phi t kim sot c php v cc lnh m khng c bt c h tr no v th kh nng nhm ln l rt ln.

Hnh I-5: Lp trnh bng ngn ng AutoLISP trn mi trng lp trnh Visual LISP, ta lun nhn c s h tr t ng bng mu sc hay cc tnh nng khc trong mi trng lp trnh.

Th vin h tr lp trnh c th rt a dng v thng l nhng phn b sung gip cho vic xy dng chng trnh c nhanh hn thng qua s k tha nhng th c lm t trc. Khi lp trnh bng AutoLISP th th vin h tr lp trnh l tp hp cc chng trnh hon chnh cng vit bng AutoLISP. s dng th vin h tr lp trnh th mi cng c lp trnh c mt quy nh v cch thc s dng ring, v d vi AutoLISP, s dng mt chng trnh con trong th vin, ta ch cn ti chng trnh AutoLISP cha chng trnh con thng qua mt cu lnh t chng trnh chnh.

15

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

Tng ng vi tng ng dng nn th s c cc cng c lp trnh ph hp. Mt ng dng nn c th h tr mt hay nhiu cng c lp trnh khc nhau, ty mc ch s dng. AutoCAD h tr cc cng c lp trnh trn ng dng nn sau: AutoLISP ObjectARX VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) Cn Excel h tr cc cng c lp trnh: VBA VSTO (Visual Studio Tools for Office) Mi cng c lp trnh lun c nhng c im ring v kh c th phn xt ci no hay hn hoc km hn mt cch tng qut. Do , la chn c cng c lp trnh thch hp khi lp trnh trn ng dng nn, cn da vo mc ch c th. V d khi lp trnh trn AutoCAD, to cc cng c tr gip v th AutoLISP l la chn hp l. Nhng xy dng nhng ng dng ln, phc tp, i hi phi can thip su vo bn trong AutoCAD th ch c th dng ObjectARX mi lm c. Trong lnh vc t ng ha thit k cng trnh giao thng, hu ht cc bi ton ln v c bn c gii quyt, nhng cn rt nhiu cc bi ton khc, tuy khng ln v khng qu phc tp, nhng li rt a dng v kh khi qut, vn cha c phn mm thc hin, v do , phm vi ng dng ca lp trnh trn ng dng nn l rt ln v c tnh hiu qu cao. Hn na, vi quy m ca cc bi ton ny, th vic la chn VBA lm cng c lp trnh l rt ph hp bi: Ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic (VB) l mt loi ngn ng d s dng, c s lng ngi dng ng o v ti liu tham kho rt phong ph. iu ny cho php ngi dng trao i k nng, tm kim ti liu, m ngun mt cch d dng. Mi trng lp trnh thn thin, d dng v y nn vic xy dng ng dng s nhanh v khng cn thm cng c lp trnh no khc. Trn tt c cc ng dng nn h tr VBA, giao din lp trnh l ng nht, do ngi dng c th lp trnh m rng trn nhiu ng dng nn mt cch thun li. Th vin lp trnh c rt nhiu v a dng cho nn ngi dng c th xy dng ng dng ca mnh nhanh v chuyn nghip. Tc thc thi ca chng trnh nhanh. Khai thc c hu ht cc tnh nng sn c ca ng dng nn. Chng trnh VBA c th c nhng trong tp ca ng dng nn (chng hn nh tp bng tnh ca Excel hay tp bn v ca AutoCAD) hoc c th c lu di dng mt d n c lp. iu ny gip cho vic phn phi, chia s m lnh c thun tin. Ktchng T ng ha cng tc lp h s thit k cng trnh giao thng l hon ton kh thi v c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. D n VBA nn xy dng theo hng gp c phn tnh ton v xut kt qu vo mt m-un thng nht. S dng AutoCAD v Excel lm ng dng nn xy dng cc ng dng bng VBA nhm mc ch h tr thit k l la chn mang tnh kh thi cao v c nhiu u im. lp trnh vi VBA, cch tt nht, l lm ch tng phn. u tin cn nm vng ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic v cch s dng VBA IDE vit m lnh cng nh thit k giao din.

16

CHNGI:KHINIM

Sau nghin cu m hnh i tng ca ng dng nn (l nhng thnh phn ca ng dng nn m ngi dng c th s dng) cng nh cch s dng chng bng VBA.

17

GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG

18

CHNGII:TNGQUANVVBA

CHNG II: TNG QUAN V VBA


1. c im ca VBA
T cc c im c bn c phn tch cui chng 1 ta c th thy rng VBA l mt cng c lp trnh cho php pht trin nhanh phn mm v c tch hp vo trong ng dng nn. V thc cht, VBA c xy dng da trn kin trc COM1, cho nn ngi dng c th s dng cc thnh phn sn c ca ng dng nn trong vic xy dng chng trnh ca mnh vi VBA. Mt d n c xy dng bng VBA da trn ng dng nn no th n ph thuc cht ch vo ng dng nn , bi theo mc nh, d n VBA s hot ng v s dng cc thnh phn trong chnh ng dng nn . iu ny c ngha l ta rt kh c th chuyn i mt d n VBA t loi ng dng nn ny sang mt ng dng nn khc cng nh to ra mt ng dng chy c lp. S khc bit c bn nht ca VBA trong cc ng dng nn (v d gia VBA trong AutoCAD v VBA trong Excel) l cch thc s dng cc thnh phn (i tng) ca ng dng nn. Cho nn khi xy dng ng dng bng VBA, vic u tin l phi tm hiu m hnh i tng ca ng dng nn v cch s dng chng. Nh trong chng trc trnh by, xy dng mt d n VBA, mt cch tng qut, ngi dng cn nm vng hai phn: Ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic v giao din lp trnh VBA IDE. Phn ny s bao gm cc ni dung kin thc trong chng 2 v 3. M hnh i tng ca ng dng nn v cch s dng chng. Ni dung kin thc ca phn ny s c trnh by trong chng 4 v 5.

2. Trnh t xy dng mt d n bng VBA


V mt trnh t thc hin, vic xy dng mt d n VBA bao gm cc bc sau: 1. Xc nh r nhu cu xy dng chng trnh. Nhu cu ny c xc nh da trn hot ng thc t ca ngi dng v thng do chnh ngi dng xut. y l bc xc nh cc chc nng ca chng trnh. 2. Xc nh r mc tiu m chng trnh cn t c. Bc ny l phn c th ha ca bc 1, v d nh bc 1 c nhu cu hon thin bn v kt cu BTCT, cn bc ny s c th mc hon thin (n u v nh th no). 3. La chn ng dng nn v cng c lp trnh ph hp cho vic xy dng chng trnh. V d vi nhu yu cu tnh v to bn v ca cu kin BTCT, th ng dng nn thch hp l AutoCAD v cng c lp trnh c th l AutoLISP, VBA, ObjectARX. Ty theo mc phc tp ca bi ton m ta la chn cng c lp trnh ph hp. y VBA m bo s thun tin trong vic xy dng cc m-un tnh ton v to bn v i vi nhng bi ton thng thng. 4. Thit k h thng cho chng trnh (hay d n): bao gm vic lp s khi, xc nh cc m-un ca chng trnh, thit k giao din nhp xut d liu v kt qu, xy dng h thng c s d liu sao cho tha mn nhng xut bc 1 v 2.

COM (Component Object Model): l mt kin trc lp trnh c thit k bi Microsoft. Mc ch ca cng ngh ny l to ra mt chun cng ngh trong lp trnh, m cho php xy dng chng trnh theo m hnh lp ghp hay s dng li cc sn phm c hon thin t trc theo chun COM.

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5. Vit m lnh (lp trnh): l vic s dng cng c lp trnh to ra chng trnh ph hp vi h thng c thit k bc 4. 6. Kim th chng trnh: l cng on hon thin v chun b a chng trnh vo s dng. Nhng cng vic chnh ca bc ny bao gm: Kim tra xem cc chc nng ca chng trnh tha mn cc yu cu ra t trc cha bng cch chy th tt c cc tnh nng ca chng trnh da trn mt kch bn c th. Kim tra hiu nng ca chng trnh: xem thi gian thc hin v quy trnh s dng chng trnh c hp l khng. Kim tra kh nng chu li ca chng trnh, v d nh khi nhp s liu sai. Mt chng trnh m bo kh nng chu li l n s khng b dng li t ngt do li thao tc ca ngi dng hay d liu sai. 7. ng gi, a chng trnh vo s dng: bao gm vic xy dng ti liu hng dn ci t v s dng chng trnh nhm mc ch gip ngi dng c th trin khai chng trnh vo thc t. 8. Tip nhn cc gp , phn hi ca ngi dng b sung hay hon thin nhng khim khuyt ca chng trnh m trong qu trnh thit k h thng hay kim th b qua hoc cha pht hin c. 9. Nng cp chng trnh: sau mt thi gian s dng, da trn nhng phn hi ca ngi dng, nu thy rng chng trnh cn b sung thm nhng tnh nng mi th ngi pht trin phn mm s thc hin s b sung ny da trn nhng thnh phn c t trc.

3. Cu trc ca mt d n VBA
Khi ni n cc thnh phn to nn mt d n VBA th cu trc ca n, v tng qut, nh sau: M-un chun (Module): l ni cha cc m lnh khai bo, cc chng trnh con (hm v th tc). Vic to ra cc m-un chun thng cn c theo cc khi chc nng m ngi thit k h thng t ra. M-un lp (Class Module): l ni cha nh ngha cho cc lp ca d n. Userform: l giao din dng hp thoi gip cho vic giao tip gia ngi s dng v chng trnh c thun tin. Thng thng ngi ta s dng Userform nhp s liu, xut kt qu ca chng trnh. Trong mt s d n, nu vic nhp s liu v biu din kt qu c thc hin trc tip trn ng dng nn, th c th khng cn s dng Userform. Nhng thnh phn ny l b khung ngi dng xy dng chng trnh ca mnh ln trn , v d nh vit m lnh hay thit k giao din cho chng trnh. M-un lp v UserForm l hai thnh phn c th xut hin hoc khng thy thuc vo tng d n v tt c nhng thnh phn s dng trong d n u c hin th trn giao din ca VBA IDE.

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Hnh II-1: Cu trc ca d n th hin trn VBA IDE

Tuy nhin, khi xy dng chng trnh (vit m lnh) c th th khi nim cu trc ca mt chng trnh l s b tr, sp xp cc cu lnh trong chng trnh . Nh vy khi nim cu trc ny ph thuc vo tng loi ngn ng lp trnh. i vi ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic (VB), cu trc ca n ch tp trung vo chng trnh con (hm v th tc) ch khng c mt quy nh v cu trc no i vi chng trnh chnh. Chi tit ca cu trc ca chng trnh con s c cp n trong cc phn sau.

4. Mi trng pht trin tch hp VBA IDE


Trong mi cng c lp trnh trn ng dng nn, lun c mt mi trng lp trnh nhm h tr ngi dng c th xy dng, th nghim v hon thin chng trnh ca mnh. Trong AutoCAD v Excel, khi s dng VBA lp trnh, mi trng lp trnh c gi l Mi trng pht trin tch hp (vit tt l VBA IDE). Trn tt c cc ng dng nn, VBA IDE c cu trc v hot ng tng ng nhau vi giao din c bn v cch gi giao din VBA IDE t ng dng nn nh sau: Phm tt: t giao din chnh ca ng dng nn, nhn t hp phm Alt+F11. Menu: Tools Macro Visual Basic Editor.

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Hnh II-2: Giao din chnh ca VBA IDE

1. Thanh trnh n (Menu bar): cha tt c cc la chn cn thit thao tc vi VBA IDE 2. Ca s d n (Project Explorer Window): lit k di dng cy phn cp cc d n hin ang c m trong VBA IDE v cc thnh phn c trong tng d n nh cc ti liu thnh phn, cc m-un cha chng trnh con, cc m-un lp, cc ca s do ngi dng to.
GI Vic thm cc thnh phn mi vo trong mt d n c thc hin trong menu Insert ca VBA IDE. V d mun thm mt m-un chun vo trong d n, chn Insert Module

3. Ca s m lnh (Code Window): mi thnh phn c lit k trong ca s d n u c mt ca s m lnh ring, cha m lnh cho thnh phn . Ngi dng c th hiu chnh m lnh, to ra m lnh mi trong ca s m lnh.

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4. Ca s tra cu i tng (Object Browser Window): hin th cc lp, phng thc, thuc tnh, s kin v hng s c trong th vin i tng v trong d n m ngi dng va to. Ta c th s dng ca s ny tm kim, tra cu tt c cc i tng m ta va to ra cng nh cc i tng trong cc chng trnh khc. 5. Ca s i tng trc quan (Visual Object Window): khi ngi dng to cc i tng trc quan th ca s ny s cho php ngi dng thao tc trn cc iu khin mt cch d dng v thun tin. 6. Hp cng c cha iu khin (Tool Box): cha cc thanh cng c gip ngi dng c th chn cc iu khin vo ca s ngi dng (UserForm). 7. Ca s thuc tnh (Properties Window): ca s ny lit k tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng, qua ngi dng c th tham kho v thay i cc thuc tnh khi cn nh mu ch, tn i tng

5. V d u tin vi VBA
V d ny c trnh by vi mc ch gip ngi dng lm quen vi VBA IDE trong Excel. Kt qu ca v d l hin th ni dung A1 trong Sheet1 ca bng tnh ln tiu ca mt hp thoi ngi dng (UserForm). Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. M ng dng Excel, nhn t hp phm ALT+F11 vo VBA IDE. 2. Trong VBA IDE, chn menu Insert trong d n. 3. Chn tip menu Insert UserForm thm mt hp thoi ngi dng vo

Module thm mt m-un chun vo trong d n.

4. Chn Module1 v son tho m lnh trong m-un nh sau:

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Public Sub FirstPro() UserForm1.Show UserForm1.Caption = Sheets("Sheet1").Range("A1").Value End Sub

Sau quay tr li Excel, v chy chng trnh theo trnh t: 1. G vo A1 ca Sheet1 ni dung Hello, World. 2. Chn menu Tools Macro Macros (hoc nhn t hp phm ALT+ F8). 3. Trong hp thoi Macro, chn macro c tn FirstPro ri nhn nt Run. Kt qu chng trnh s hin th nh hnh di y:

Hp thoi Macro

Kt qu trn Excel

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CHNG III: C BN V NGN NG LP TRNH VISUAL BASIC


Trong chng ny s trnh by nhng kin thc c bn trong ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic (VB) nh: c php, cc t kho, cc kiu d liu, cc khai bo, Tt c cc v d s c vit v trnh by kt qu trong VBA IDE.

1. Nhng qui nh v c php


C php c hiu l mt mt tp hp bao gm cc quy tc, lut l v trt t v hnh thc vit ca mt cu lnh hay mt cu trc lnh. Trong ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic (VB), cng nh cc ngn ng lp trnh khc, u c nhng quy nh v c php cho vic vit m lnh v ngi lp trnh cn phi tun theo cc quy tc ny trnh bin dch c th dch m lnh m khng pht sinh li. Sau y l cc quy nh c bn v c php ca VB: Cc cu lnh phi l cc dng ring bit. Nu c nhiu lnh trn cng mt dng th gia cc lnh ngn cch nhau bng du hai chm (:). Nu dng lnh qu di, mun ngt lnh thnh hai dng th s dng du cch v du gch di ( _ ). Nu mun chn thm ghi ch, phi bt u dng ch thch bng du nhy n (). Qui c khi t tn: phi bt u bng k t kiu ch ci thng thng; khng cha du chm, du cch hay cc k t c bit khc; khng qu 255 k t; khng trng vi cc t kho; cc bin c cng mt phm vi th khng c t tn trng nhau.

2. Cc tr gip v c php trong qu trnh vit m lnh


Cc quy tc v c php thng kh nh i vi nhng ngi mi hc lp trnh hay mi s dng ngn ng lp trnh mi, cho nn, thun tin cho ngi lp trnh, VBA IDE cung cp tnh nng t ng pht hin li c php trong qu trnh vit m lnh. Tuy nhin vic kim tra t ng ny c th gy kh chu cho nhng lp trnh vin chuyn nghip, nhng ngi rt him khi mc li c php khi lp trnh, cho nn chc nng ny ch hot ng khi c kch hot, bng cch chn trnh n Tools Options Editor Code Settings.

Hnh III-1: Bt / Tt tr gip pht hin li c php ca VBA IDE

ngha ca hai ty chn ny nh sau: T ng kim tra li c php (Auto Systax Check): Ty chn ny cho php VBA IDE t ng pht hin li c php ngay sau khi ngi dng kt thc dng lnh (xung dng mi), mt hp thoi (nh hnh di y) s thng bo v tr gy li cng nh nguyn nhn gy li. Nu ngi dng b qua khng sa ngay th dng lnh c li s c nh du.

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Hnh III-2: VBA IDE t ng kim tra li c php v thng bo cho ngi dng

Kim tra cc bin (Require Variable Declaration): Trong VB, ngi dng c th s dng mt bin m khng cn khai bo. Trong trng hp ny bin s c khi to v nhn mt gi tr mc nh. Tuy nhin, nu lm dng iu ny, rt c th s lm cho chng trnh kh qun l v d nhm ln, v th VBA IDE cung cp ty chn ny cho php ngi dng thit lp tnh nng kim sot qu trnh khai bo bin. Khi ty chn ny c kch hot, tt c cc bin u phi khai bo trc khi s dng v VBA IDE s t ng thm vo u ca mi m-un dng lnh Option Explicit.

Hnh III-3: VBA IDE t ng thng bo li khi bin c s dng m cha khai bo

3. Tnh nng gi nh v t hon thin m lnh


M lnh, thng thng l mt tp hp bao gm cc t kha, cu lnh, tn bin hay ton t c sp xp theo mt trt t nht nh. Tn ca cc thnh phn ny c th kh nh chnh xc hoc qu di, cho nn VBA IDE a ra tnh nng ny bng cch hin th nhng thnh phn c th ph hp vi v tr dng lnh ang son tho trong mt danh sch v s t ng in vo chng trnh theo la chn ca ngi dng (bm phm Tab). kch hot tnh nng ny, trong VBAIDE, chn trnh n Tools Options Editor.

Hnh III-4: Bt / tt tr gip hon thin m lnh t ng trong VBA IDE

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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC

ngha ca cc ty chn ny nh sau: T ng hin th danh sch cc thnh phn ca i tng (Auto List Member): Vi ty chn ny, khi mt i tng ca ng dng nn hay ca chng trnh c gi ra s dng th mt danh sch cc thnh phn ca n (bao gm cc phng thc v thuc tnh) s c t ng hin th ngi dng chn, sau khi bm phm Tab, tn ca thnh phn ny s c t ng in vo v tr thch hp trong dng lnh.

Hnh III-5: Danh sch cc thnh phn c t ng hin th.

T ng hin th c php cho chng trnh con (Auto Quick Info): Vi ty chn ny, VBA IDE s hin th nhng thng tin v tham s ca mt hm hay th tc ( c xy dng t trc) khi ngi dng s dng n. Cc thng tin ny bao gm tn ca tham s cng vi kiu ca n.

Hnh III-6: T ng hin th thng tin ca cc tham s trong chng trnh con.

T ng hin th gi tr ca bin (Auto Data Tips): Vi ty chn ny, trong ch g ri (Break mode), gi tr ca bin (c gn trong qu trnh chy ca chng trnh) s c hin th khi ngi dng t chut ti v tr bin. Ngoi ra, nu nhng tnh nng tr gip trn cha c kch hot, trong qu trnh vit m lnh, ngi dng c th kch hot tm thi chng bng cch nhn t hp phm Ctrl + Space. Cn ch rng, khi danh sch tr gip hin ra, ngi dng c th s dng chut hoc phm mi tn la chn mc cn s dng trong danh sch ri bm phm Tab xc nhn.

4. T kho trong VB
T kho l tp hp cc t cu thnh mt ngn ng lp trnh. Mi ngn ng lp trnh u c mt b t kho ring, di y l danh sch cc t kho trong ngn ng lp trnh VB:

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As Binary ByRef ByVal Date Else Empty Error False For Friend Get Input Is Len Let Lock Me Mid New Next Nothing Null On Option Optional ParamArray Print Private Property Public Resume Seek Set Static Step String Then Time To True WithEvents

Cc t kha l nhng t c dng ring cho nhng chc nng khc nhau trong ngn ng lp trnh, v d t kha Private hn ch phm vi s dng ca bin hay chng trnh con. Do vic t tn (bin, chng trnh con) bt buc phi khc so vi cc t kha, nu khng s pht sinh li c php.

Hnh III-7: VBA IDE bo li do tn bin trng tn vi t kha

5. Cc kiu d liu c bn
Khi mt chng trnh vn hnh, n s tc ng v lm thay i gi tr ca mt vi thng s trong chng trnh, v d trong chng trnh gii phng trnh bc 2, cc thnh phn trong phng trnh: y=ax2+bx+c s cn thay i gi tr khi chng trnh hot ng. Nh vy gi tr ca cc thng s ny c nhu cu thay i trong nhng ln hot ng khc nhau ca chng trnh cng nh trong mt ln hot ng no , v d gi tr ca y s thay i khi ta thay i gi tr ca a trong phng trnh trn. Chnh bi nhu cu thay i gi tr ny m ngi ta a khi nim bin m t s ng ca nhng thng s ny. Vi mi bin, gi tr ca n lun c quy nh l phi thuc mt kiu d liu no , v d gi tr ca y trong phng trnh trn phi l kiu s thc. Do ngn ng lp trnh c thit k thc hin nhiu nhim v khc nhau cho nn trong ngn ng lp trnh no cng lun c nhiu kiu d liu thch ng vi nhu cu a dng ca vic lp trnh. Kiu d liu l loi gi tr m mt bin c th nhn, ni cch khc, khi mt bin c khai bo th ta buc phi gn cho n mt kiu d liu nht nh. V tng th c th chia cc kiu d liu trong VB ra lm hai loi:

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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC

Cc kiu d liu c nh ngha sn trong VB: l nhng kiu d liu c bn v thng gp nh kiu s thc (Double), s nguyn (Integer), Chui (String)... Cc kiu d liu do ngi dng t nh ngha: l kiu d liu c t xy dng da trn nhng thnh phn d liu c bn trong VB. Cch xy dng kiu d liu ny c cp trong phn di.

5.1. Kiu logic (boolean)


Ch cha hai gi tr TRUE v FALSE (ng v sai). Khi chuyn t cc d liu dng s sang kiu logic, 0 s c chuyn thnh FALSE cn gi tr khc s c chuyn thnh TRUE. Khi chuyn t kiu logic sang kiu s, gi tr FALSE s c chuyn thnh 0 cn gi tr TRUE s c chuyn thnh -1.
Khai bo bin A l kiu logic Dim A As Boolean

Bin A lc ny ch c th nhn cp gi tr: True hay False.

5.2. Kiu s nguyn


Dng cha cc gi tr l s nguyn v c vi loi d liu kiu ny. S khc nhau ca nhng loi d liu ny l gii hn gi tr (ln nht v nh nht) m bin c th nhn c (tham kho bng di). Kiu nguyn
Byte Integer Long

s Kch thc
1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes

Phm vi
0 n 255 -32,768 n 32,767 -2,147,483,648 n 2,147,483,647

5.3. Kiu s thc


Dng cha cc gi tr l s thc. Cc kiu s thc thng dng c trnh by trong bng di y: Kiu thc
Single Double Currency

s K.thc Phm vi
4 byte 8 bytes 8 bytes T -3.402823E38 n v t 1.401298E-45 n 3.402823E38 -1.401298E-45

-1.79769313486231E308 n -4.94065645841247E-324 v t 4.94065645841247E-324 n 1.79769313486232E308 T -922,337,203,685,477.5808 n 922,337,203,685,477.5807

5.4. Kiu mng (array)


Khi gp trng hp phi s l mt lot cc bin tng t nh nhau, v d cc phn t ca mt ma trn, nu ta phi t tn khc nhau cho tt c cc bin ny th rt bt tin, thay vo ta c th dng kiu mng t tn chung cho c nhm cc phn t v khi no cn s dng tng phn t ta s gi tn theo ch s ca chng trong mng.
Khai bo mng Dim Matrix_1(10) As Double

Mng Matrix_1 trn c 11 phn t lin tc c nh s t 0 n 10 (ma trn c 1 hng v 11 ct). Khi s dng ta ch vic gi phn t cn dng theo ch s tng ng.

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Gn gi tr 100 cho phn t th 2 Matrix_1(1)=100 Gn gi tr 100 cho phn t cui cng Matrix_1(10)=100

Ta cng c th c nh phm vi ch s ca mng bng cch khai bo nh sau:


Khai bo mng Dim Matrix_2(1 To 10) As Double

Lc ny ch s ca mng Matrix_2 s bt u t 1 v mng ny c 10 phn t.


Gn gi tr 200 cho phn t th 2 Matrix_2(2)=200 Gn gi tr 200 cho phn t cui cng Matrix_2(10)=200

V d sau khai bo v s dng (gn gi tr cho phn t) mt ma trn 3 hng 5 ct


Khai bo mng (3x5) Dim Matrix_3(1 To 3, 1 To 5) As Double Gn gi tr 100 cho phn t ti hng th 2 ct th 3 Matrix_3(2,3)=100

Trong VB, mng c th c mt chiu hoc nhiu chiu, kch thc ca mng c xc nh da trn s chiu v bin trn, bin di ca mi chiu. Cc thnh phn trong mng l lin tc gia hai bin. Trong cc v d trn, cc mng c kch thc (hay s lng phn t) l khng thay i trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca chng trnh. Ngi ta gi loi mng ny l mng tnh v thng c dng cho nhng bi ton bit trc s phn t ca mng hay kch thc mng khng ln. Ngoi loi mng tnh ny, trong VB cn cho php nh ngha mt loi mng khc m kch thc (hay s lng phn t) ca n c th thit lp li ngay trong lc chng trnh ang hot ng, ngi ta gi loi mng ny l mng ng. Vi mng ng, ngi lp trnh khng cn bit s phn t ca mng trong lc lp trnh, s phn t ny s c thit lp trong qu trnh chng trnh hot ng da theo nhu cu ca tng bi ton c th. Khi mt mng ng, m cc phn t ca n c gn gi tr, cn thay i kch thc, s c hai tnh hung cn xt n: Ton b gi tr ban u (trc lc thay i kch thc mng) s b hy b, cc phn t mng mi (sau khi thay i kch thc) s nhn gi tr mc nh.
Khai bo mng A l mng ng Dim A() As Long Xc nh kch thc cho mng ng A: mng 1 chiu c 5 phn t Redim A(1 to 5) As Long Gn gi tr cho phn t ca mng A A(1) = 100: A(2) = 200 nh li kch thc cho mng A: mng hai chiu vi 3x3=9 phn t Redim A(1 to 3, 2 to 4) as Long

Sau dng cui cng ny, ton b gi tr ca mng A c (c A[1]=100 v A[2]=200) s b xa b v tt c cc phn t mi ca mng A (9 phn t) s nhn gi tr mc nh (thng c gn bng 0). Gi tr c ca cc phn t mng s c gi li khi c hai iu kin sau tha mn:

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S dng lnh ReDim vi t kha Preserve. S thay i kch thc mng ch c thc hin bin trn ca chiu cui cng ca mng, ngha l cc phn t cn gi li gi tr c ch s khng i ngay c khi mng c nh li kch thc.
Khai bo mng ng A Dim A() As Long Gn kch thc cho mng A ReDim A(1 To 3, 1 To 3) As Long Gn gi tr cho phn t ca mng A A(1,1) = 100: A(1,2) = 200 A(2,1) = 150: A(2,2) = 250 nh li kch thc cho mng A, gi li gi tr ban u ca cc phn t, lu n phm vi ca mng mi ReDim Preserve A(1 To 3, 1 To 5) As Long

Hnh III-8: Cc phn t c th gi li gi tr ban u v cc phm vi c th thay i kch thc ca mng ng

Trong v d trn, cc phn t ca mng A c gi li gi tr sau khi kch thc ca mng c thay i li. Lu , ta ch c th gi li gi tr ca mng ban u khi s m rng c thc hin ra bin cui cng ca n nh hnh trn.

5.5. Kiu chui (String)


Chui l mt hng bao gm cc k t lin tc nhau, cc k t y rt a dng: c th l ch s, ch ci, du cch (space), k hiu. S lng k t trong mt chui l rt ln (216 k t). Mc nh trong VB, cc bin hay tham s kiu chui c chiu di thay i ty theo gi tr d liu c gn cho n.
Dim S As String S=ABCD 1234 @#$%

to iu kin thun li cho ngi dng, bn trong VB c sn mt s hm lin quan n x l chui, v d nh ct chui, tch chui, ghp chui, tm kim, Cc hm c bn ny c trnh by phn sau trong gio trnh ny hoc c th tra cu ton b cc hm lin quan trong MSDN (Microsoft Developer Network) hoc Object Browser (th vin Strings) bng cch nhn phm F2 trong giao din lp trnh VBA IDE

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Hnh III-9: Thng tin v cc hm trong th vin lp trnh ca VBA c hin th trong Object Browser

5.6. Kiu thi gian (Date)


Dng lu tr v thao tc trn cc gi tr thi gian (ngy v gi). nh dng ngy v gi ph thuc vo cc thit lp v hin th trong h thng ca ngi dng. Khi chuyn t cc d liu kiu s sang kiu ngy thng, cc gi tr bn tri du phy chuyn thnh thng tin v ngy cn gi tr bn phi du phy s c chuyn thnh thng tin v gi.
Dim D As Date Dim S As String D = Now() S = "Ngay: " & Day(D) & " - Thang: " & Month(D) & " - Nam: " & Year(D) Debug.Print (S)

V d trn s hin th thng tin v thi gian (ngy thng nm) trong ca s Immediate ca VBA IDE.

5.7. Kiu Variant


Kiu Variant l mt kiu d liu c bit c th cha tt c cc loi d liu, ngoi tr kiu chui c chiu di c nh. Kiu Variant cng c th cha cc gi tr c bit nh Empty, Error, Nothing v Null. Tuy kiu d liu Variant c v tin dng nhng khi s dng mt cch qu thoi mi th nguy c gy li ca loi bin ny l rt ln, c bit khi thao tc vi cc ton t.
Dim V As Variant Gn bin V vi V = String Gn bin V vi V = 16 Gn bin V vi V = True Gn bin V vi V = #01/06/2007# mt chui mt s gi tr kiu logic mt d liu kiu thi gian

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S dng hm VarType(vVariant) s cho ta m ca kiu d liu hin ang lu tr trong bin Variant. Gi tr VarType 0-vbEmpty 1-vbNull 2-vbInteger 4-vbSingle 7-vbDate 8-vbString 9-vbObject 11-vbBoolean Ch thch
Khng c g trong variant Khng c d liu hp l trong variant Variant cha Integer Variant cha Single Variant cha Date/Time Variant cha String Variant cha mt Object Variant cha Boolean

5.8. Kiu t nh ngha (user-defined type)


Kiu t nh ngha l kiu d liu do ngi dng nh ngha, tng t nh kiu bn ghi (Record) trong ngn ng lp trnh Pascal hay kiu cu trc (Struct) trong ngn ng lp trnh C. Kiu t nh ngha bao gm nhiu trng d liu, mi trng d liu c th l cc kiu d liu c bn hoc cc kiu t nh ngha khc. V d, khi o ton c bng my kinh v c, vi mi im o ta cn lu li cc thng tin sau: K hiu TrM STT DT DG DD H V MT ngha
S hiu trm t my Th t ca im o S c dy trn S c dy gia S c dy di Gc bng Gc ng M t c im ca im o

Kiu gi tr
Integer Integer Double Double Double Double Double String

Vi mt chng trnh x l s liu o ton c, cch tt nht l qun l theo im o, v do mi im o l mt bin c kiu d liu ph hp vi bng trn. chnh l kiu d liu t nh ngha.
nh ngha kiu d liu cho im o ton c Type DiemDo TrM As Integer STT As Integer DT As Double DG As Double DD As Double H As Double V As Double MT As String End Type

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Sau khi nh ngha kiu d liu DiemDo xong, ta c th s dng n nh nhng kiu d liu thng thng khc.
Khai bo bin s dng kiu d liu t nh ngha Dim P1 As DiemDo Dim P_Array(1 to 1000) As DiemDo With P1 .TrM = 1 .STT = 1 .DT = 2130 .DG = 2120 .DD = 2110 .H = 130.5 .V = 78.25 .MT = Goc nha C4 End With P_Array(1) = P1

T kha: With End With dng trnh phi nhp li nhiu ln tn bin kiu d liu t nh ngha. Du chm ( . ) c s dng thao tc vi cc thnh phn bn trong ca bin c kiu d liu t nh ngha. V d sau l tng ng vi v d trn, nhng khng s dng cp t kha With End With, ch l du chm ( . ) lun c:
Khai bo bin s dng kiu d liu t nh ngha Dim P1 As DiemDo Dim P_Array(1 to 1000) As DiemDo P1.TrM = 1 P1.STT = 1 P1.DT = 2130 P1.DG = 2120 P1.DD = 2110 P1.H = 130.5 P1.V = 78.25 P1.MT = Goc nha C4 P_Array(1) = P1

5.9. Kiu lp (Class)


Kiu lp (Class) l mt m rng ca kiu d liu t nh ngha, s khc bit c bn y l trong kiu lp cn c nhng on chng trnh dng x l chnh nhng d liu trong n. D liu bn trong lp thng c gi l cc thuc tnh (Properties), cn nhng on chng trnh trong lp x l d liu ny thc cht l cc Hm / Th tc (Function / Sub) c nh ngha bn trong lp v thng c gi l cc Phng thc (Methods). Mt bin c kiu d liu l lp c gi l mt i tng (Object) v cch s dng cc Properties, Methods ca i tng ny tng t nh cch s dng cc thnh phn ca kiu d liu t nh ngha. Lp cn c xy dng trong Class Module hoc ta c th s dng li cc lp sn c t cc th vin lp trnh. Nh vy lp c th gm cc thnh phn sau: Cc thuc tnh (Property): l cc d liu m t trng thi ca bn thn i tng hoc cc quan h ca n vi cc i tng khc.V bn cht, thuc tnh l cc bin c khai bo trong lp . Kiu d liu ca cc thuc tnh c th l cc kiu d liu c bn hoc c th l mt lp khc (kiu Class).

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Cc phng thc (Method): m t hnh vi, chc nng ca i tng. V bn cht, phng thc l cc chng trnh con c xy dng bn trong lp v chng c nhim v x l cc d liu ca chnh lp . Cc s kin (Event): S kin gip cho lp c kh nng giao tip vi cc lp khc hoc vi mi trng ngoi. Trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny, cc vn lin quan n xy dng lp s khng c cp chi tit. Tuy nhin nu ai quan tm c th tm hiu thm trong gio trnh Lp trnh hng i tng trong xy dng ca b mn T ng ha thit k Cu ng.

6. Khai bo bin trong VB


Trong VB, mun s dng mt bin c th khng cn khai bo, tuy nhin cch lm ny ch nn dng khi vit cc chng trnh nh, cn i vi cc chng trnh ln, c nhiu m-un, th nn bt buc khai bo bin trc khi s dng (theo cch thit lp mc 2 ca chng ny). Khai bo bin, v thc cht, chnh l vic to m lnh (lp trnh) cho nn cc on m lnh khai bo bin c th t bt c thnh phn no trong d n VBA (m-un chun, m-un lp, v Userform). Ty theo nhu cu s dng bin m ngi ta gii hn phm vi s dng ca bin sao cho vic lp trnh c thun tin nht da trn nhng nguyn tc sau: Khi bin khai bo trong chng trnh con no th phm vi s dng ca n c gii hn trong chnh chng trnh con . Bin loi ny c gi l bin cc b.

Hnh III-10: Phm vi s dng ca bin c khai bo trong chng trnh con

Nu bin c khai bo cp m-un v bin c khai bo trong chng trnh con c tn trng nhau th bn trong chng trnh con, bin c s dng l bin c khai bo bn trong n. Ta xt v d sau:
Option Explicit Dim a As Double, b As Double Public Sub Test1() a = 100 : b = 200 End Sub Public Sub Test2() Dim a As Double, c As Double Test1 c = a + b Debug.Print "a = "; a; Debug.Print "b = "; b;

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Debug.Print "c = "; c; End Sub

Bin a v b c khai bo cp m-un, ngha l mi chng trnh con trong m-un ny u c th s dng v tc ng ln chng. Gi tr ca a v b c gn trong chng trnh con Test1. Trong chng trnh con Test2 mt bin a khc c khai bo (trng tn vi bin a ca mun), v gi tr khi to ca n bng 0. Kt qu chy chng trnh con Test2 nh sau:

Hnh III-11: Mc u tin trong s dng bin

S dng t kha Public xc nh phm vi s dng bin l trong ton b d n, ngha l t bt c ni u trong d n (m-un chun, m-un lp, v Userform) u c th s dng bin ny. Bin c khai bo vi t kha Public thng c gi l bin ton cc. Trong m-un no , nu mt bin c khai bo vi t kha Dim, th mc nh, bin l bin cc b, ngha l tng ng vi vic s dng t kha Private.
CH Khng s dng cc t kho Public,Private hay Friend cho khai bo d liu nm bn trong chng trnh con.

Hnh III-12: Phm vi s dng bin ton cc

mc rng hn, c th coi bin nh mt khi d liu ca chng trnh v mc ton cc c chia lm hai loi nh sau: Ton cc mc ng dng: Trong trng hp ng dng gm nhiu d n (multiprojects), nu trong mt m-un khng c khai bo la chn Option Private Module th tt c cc thnh phn d liu hay chng trnh c khai bo Public trong m-un c phm vi hot ng ton b ng dng ngha l chng cn c th c tham chiu t nhng d n khc trong ng dng.

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Ton cc mc d n: Trong trng hp ng dng gm nhiu d n (multi-projects), nu trong mt m-un c khai bo la chn Option Private Module th tt c cc thnh phn d liu hay chng trnh c khai bo Public trong m-un ch c phm vi hot ng trong ni b d n cha m-un m khng th c tham chiu t nhng d n khc trong ng dng.

Hnh III-13: Khai bo ty chn phm vi bin mc d n.

S dng t kha Private xc nh phm vi hot ng ca bin l trong ni b ca m-un , tt c cc chng trnh con hay bt c thnh phn no ca m-un ny u c th s dng bin loi ny nhng chng khng th truy cp c t nhng m-un hay Userform khc trong d n.

Hnh III-14: Phm vi s dng ca bin tng ng vi t kha Public v Private. CH Khi khai bo kiu d liu ngi dng t nh ngha hoc cc chng trnh con trong mt m-un, nu khng ch r phm vi hot ng th pham vi hot ng mc nh l Public. trnh cc nhm ln do khng nh phm vi hot ng mc nh, ngi dng nn ch r phm vi hot ng ca chng trnh hay d liu ngay khi khai bo.

Ngoi ra, trong cc m-un lp (Class Module) hoc m-un lnh ca UserForm cn c th s dng t kha Friend xc nh phm vi hot ng ca mt chng trnh con (phng thc). Khi s dng t kha ny, chng trnh con c th c truy xut t mi ni trong ni b d n (Project) cha n nhng khng th c truy xut trong nhng d n khc ca ng dng (khc vi khi dng t kha Public chng trnh con c th c truy xut t mi ni ca ng dng).
CH Cc khai bo d liu vi cc t kho trn c thc hin trong phn General ca mt m-un. Cc d liu cn c gi l d liu cp m-un (module level). Trong mi m-un, phn u tin (ca phn vit m lnh) c gi l phn General ca m-un . Theo quy c, cc thit lp cho m-un c t y v VBA IDE s t ng phn cch phn ny. Khng c gii hn v kch thc cho phn ny.

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Hnh III-15: Phn General trong m-un

6.1. Khai bo hng s


Hng s l mt loi bin c bit m gi tr ca n c xc nh ngay lc khai bo v lun khng thay i. Ta nn dng cch ny cho nhng hng s hay phi dng lp li trong chng trnh, v d nh hng s = 3.14159. Sau khi khai bo hng s ny:
Const Pi=3.14159

ta lun c th s dng gi tr 3.14159 bt c ch no trong chng trnh vi ci tn d nh hn l Pi. C php:


[Public/ Private] Const <tn_hng>=<gi_tr_hng_s>

Cc t kho Public hay Private xc nh phm vi hiu lc ca hng s, vi t kho Public, hng s ny c th s dng bt c u trong ng dng, cn vi t kho Private th hng s ny ch c th s dng bn trong m-un ni khai bo hng s . ngha ca hai t kha ny cng khng thay i cho tt c cc phn khc m c s dng chng.

6.2. Khai bo bin


C php:
Dim <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu>

Khi dng t kha Public hay Private nhm xc nh phm vi hiu lc ca bin thay cho t kha Dim trong khai bo bin th c php nh sau:
Public <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu>

Hay:
Private <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu>

6.3. Khai bo kiu t nh ngha


Trong VB c th khai bo cc kiu d liu theo nhu cu ca ngi s dng. C php khai bo nh sau:

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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC Type <Tn_ kiu> <tn_trng_1> as <Kiu_d_liu> <tn_trng_2> as <Kiu_d_liu> <tn_trng_n> as <Kiu_d_liu> End Type

Sau khi khai bo kiu t nh ngha, ngi dng c th s dng cc bin c kiu t nh ngha bng cch khai bo nh cc bin thng thng, vi <Kiu_d_liu> c thay bng <Tn_kiu>. truy cp ti mt trng ca bin kiu bn ghi, dng ton t (.) hoc dng cp t kha With End With.
CH Cc t kho Public hay Private nhm xc nh phm vi hot ng ca kiu d liu c khai bo. ng thi khai bo kiu ch c thc hin cp m-un (khng thc hin c trong cc chng trnh con). Khi khng ch r th phm vi hot ng th mc nh ca mt kiu d liu t nh ngha l Public.

6.4. Khai bo mng tnh


C php:
[Public/Private/Dim] <tn_mng> (<thng_s_v_chiu>) as <tn_kiu>

Cc thng s v chiu c th biu din qua cc v d sau:


Dim a(3 To 5) As Integer Mng 1 chiu vi cc ch s t 3 n 5

Dim A(3) As Long Mng 1 chiu vi ch s n 3 (mng 1 chiu c 4 phn t vi ch s t 0 n 3)

Dim A(2 To 4, 6) As Double Mng 2 chiu vi mt min ch s t 2 ti 4 v mt min c ch s t 0 n 6.


GI Cc t kho Public hay Private xc nh phm vi hot ng ca bin mng (trong trng hp mng c khai bo mc m-un). Cc qui nh v phm vi hot ng ca mng tng t vi bin thng thng - c trnh by phn trc.

6.5. Khai bo mng ng


C php:
[Public/ Private/ Dim] <tn_mng> () as <tn_kiu>

Trong khai bo trn khng cha cc thng s v chiu v thun ty ch l mt khai bo. Cc phn t ca mng cha c to ra (hay ni cch khc mng vn cha thc s c cp pht b nh) v vn cha sn sng s dng. Trc khi s dng mng ng hoc khi mun thay i kch thc ca mng, s dng lnh Redim. C php nh sau:

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GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG Redim <tn_mng> (<cc thng s v chiu>) as <tn kiu>

Ch rng <tn_kiu> phi ng nh khai bo ban u, cc thng s v chiu c th khc trc c v s chiu v kch thc ca tng chiu. Khi , cc d liu c trong mng khng cn na, thay vo l nhng phn t mi c khi to.

6.6. Khai bo, to v lm vic vi bin i tng


Khai bo v to bin i tng phi dng thm t kha New
Dim <tn_bin> as New <Kiu_d_liu>
<Kiu_d_liu> l lp (class) c nh ngha t trc.

Php gn i tng c thc hin vi t kha Set


Set <bin_i_tng> = <gi_tr>

Ch rng nu thc hin khai bo mt bin i tng nh thng thng (khng c t kha New) th bin thc s cha c to ra. Trong trng hp , ngi s dng phi to v gn i tng vi cc t kho tng ng l New v Set.
Dim <tn_bin> as <Kiu_d_liu> Set <tn_bin> = New <Kiu_d_liu>
CH Cu lnh Set khng phi l cu lnh khai bo, v vy n phi c vit trong mt chng trnh con no ch khng th nm trong phn General ca mt m-un.

Lm vic vi mt bin i tng tc l qu trnh thao tc vi i tng thng qua cc thuc tnh, phng thc v cc s kin ca i tng . truy cp ti cc thuc tnh v phng thc ca i tng ta s dng theo c php sau, ch n du chm ( . ) gia tn bin v tn thuc tnh hay tn phng thc:
<Tn_bin>.<Tn_thuc_tnh> <Tn_bin>.<Tn_phng_thc> <(tham_s_ca_phng_thc)>

7. Cc ton t v hm thng dng


7.1. Cc ton t
Ton t c s dng cho mc ch x l d liu. Ta s dng cc ton t thc hin tnh ton, so snh, gn v thc hin nhiu thao tc khc. Di y l danh sch v ngha ca mt s ton t thng dng: Ton t
Ton t gn = + Gn gi tr cho bin hoc thuc tnh Cng Ton t ton hc

M t

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* / \ Mod ^ Ton t logic Not And Or Xor Eqv = <> > >= < <= Tr v gi tr ph nh vi gi tr biu thc. Not(TRUE)=FALSE Ni logic hai biu thc. (TRUE And TRUE)=TRUE; cc trng hp khc cho kt qu bng FALSE (FALSE or FALSE)=FALSE; cc trng hp khc cho kt qu l TRUE Cho kt qu TRUE nu hai i s c cng gi tr; ngc li cho kt qu l FALSE So snh hai gi tr logic; cch thc x l tng t nh ton t Xor So snh bng Khc nhau Ln hn Ln hn hoc bng Nh hn Nh hn hoc bng Tr Nhn Chia Chia ly phn nguyn Chia ly phn d Lu tha

Ton t so snh

7.2. Cc hm ton hc
Cc hm ton hc c cha trong th vin Math (c th tra cu th vin ny bng Object Browser) v c nhim v thc hin cc php ton thng thng hay gp. Sau y l mt s hm thng dng: Hm
Abs(x) Exp(x) Log(x) Sqr(x) Cos(x), Sin(x), Tan(x) Atn(x) Fix(x) Int(x) Round(x,num) Val(str)

M t
Ly gi tr tuyt i Ly m c s t nhin Logarit c s t nhin Ly bnh phng Hm lng gic Hm lng gic ngc Ly phn nguyn (trc du phy). Fix(3.7)=3 Ly phn nguyn c lm trn. Int(3.7)=4 Lm trn s thc <x> n <num> ch s sau du phy Chuyn i chui <str> thnh gi tr kiu s

7.3. Cc hm chuyn i d liu


Chuyn i nh dng s liu l mt nhu cu thng gp trong lp trnh do cc ngn ng lp trnh lun i hi kiu d liu phi r rng v c nh cho tng bin nhm trnh pht sinh cc li sau ny. Vic chuyn i ny, nu trong trng hp thng thng , th VB s t ng thc

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hin. Nhng khi gp cc yu cu c bit th buc ngi dng phi s dng nhng hm chuyn i ph hp.
CH Vic chuyn i kiu d liu lun c th to ra li do khng th chuyn i c hoc pht sinh kt qu sai. Cho nn khi s dng cn ch n cc kh nng gy li ca vic chuyn i kiu d liu.

Cc hm ny c cha trong th vin Conversion (c th tra cu th vin ny bng Object Browser). Sau y l mt s hm thng dng: Hm
CBool(Expression) CByte(Expression) CInt(Expression) CLng(Expression) CDbl(Expression) CSng(Expression) CStr(Expression) Str(Number) Val(String As String)

M t
Chuyn i d liu sang kiu logic (Boolean) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu Byte Chuyn i d liu sang kiu nguyn (Integer) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu nguyn (Long) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu thc (Double) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu thc (Single) Chuyn i d liu sang kiu xu (String) Chuyn i d liu s sang kiu xu (String) Chuyn i d liu t String sang Double

V d:
Public Sub Test () Dim StrA as String Dim A as Double StrA=1234 A=Val(StrA) Kt qu A=1234 Debug.print A A=4567 StrA=Str(A) Kt qu StrA=4567 Debug.Print StrA End Sub
GI c th chy th cc on m lnh trn, trong VBA IDE, trc ht cn to ra mt m-un trong d n (nu cha c) sau to ra mt chng trnh con dng Sub v nhp on m lnh cn th vo chng trnh con ny. t con tr son tho m lnh bt c dng no trong chng trnh con v bm phm F5 chy chng trnh.

Kt qu nh sau:

GI Ca s Immediate l mt b phn trong VBA IDE, bt / tt ca s ny c thc hin trong menu View ca VBA IDE. Khi s dng lnh Debug.Print <tn_bin> th gi tr ca bin s c th hin trong ca s Immediate khi chng trnh hot ng v c lu li ngay c khi chng trnh kt thc. Ca s ny thng c dng vi mc ch g ri khi lp trnh. Khi ni dung trong ca s ny nhiu qu th ta c th xa bt bng cch chn vng cn xa v bm phm Delete.

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7.4. Cc hm x l chui
Cc hm loi ny c cha trong th vin Strings (c th tra cu th vin ny bng Object Browser). Sau y l mt s hm thng dng: Hm
Asc(x) Chr(x) Left(String, Length as Long) Mid(String, Start As Long, [Length]) Right(String, Length As Long) Split(String) Joint(StringArray) Len(String) Ucase(String) InStr([start, ]string1, string2[, compare])

M t
Tr v m ASCII ca k t u trong mt chui Chuyn i t m ASCII sang mt k t Trch d liu bn tri ca mt chui Trch d liu phn gia ca mt chui Trch d liu phn bn phi ca mt chui Tch mt chui di thnh mt mng gm nhiu chui nh hn Gp mt mng cc chui thnh mt chui duy nht Tr v di ca chui (s lng k t trong chui bao gm c k t trng) Hm thc hin i tt c cc k t trong chui thnh ch HOA. Tr v v tr bt u ca chui String2 trong chui String1.

V d:
Public Sub Test() Dim StrArDes() As String ' Mng cc chui c khai bo dng mng ng Dim StrScr As String 'Chui ban u StrScr = "Point1_23.5_4.5_44.8" StrArDes = Split(StrScr, "_") ' Tch chui StrScr thnh mt mng cc chui v a vo StrArDes, ' k t ngn cch l "_" ' Khi StrArDes(0)="Point1, StrArDes(1)="23.5" ' StrArDes(2)="4.5", StrArDes(3)="44.8" Debug.Print StrArDes(0), StrArDes(1), StrArDes(2), StrArDes(3) End Sub

Kt qu s nh sau:

Lu l du _ trong v d trn c th thay th bng bt c k t no.


CH Trong tt c cc ngn ng lp trnh, khi nim chui s v s l khc nhau. V d khi gn A=123 th gi tr ca A l mt chui k t gm 1, 2 v 3. Cn khi gn B=123 th gi tr ca B l mt trm hai mi ba. to ra mt chui c cha du nhy kp () bn trong n th cn s dng thm hai du nhy kp na. V d, trong biu thc sau: s = ABC 123 th gi tr ca bin s l: ABC123

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8. Cc cu trc iu khin
8.1. Cu trc iu kin
Cc t kha: If, Then, Else, ElseIf, End If C php:
If <biu_thc_iu_kin> then Khi_lnh End If

Din gii tin trnh ca cu trc iu kin nh sau: nu <biu_thc_iu_kin> l ng th chng trnh s thc hin <khi_lnh>, nu sai th chng trnh s thot khi cu trc lnh ny. S khi ca cu trc lnh kiu ny c th c biu din nh sau:

Dim A As Double Dim B As Double A = 20: B = 10 If A > B Then Debug.Print ("Hieu cua hai so A va B >0")

Kt qu nh sau:

GI Nu nh [khi_lnh] c th vit trn mt dng nh v d trn th khng dng t kha End If. phn tch nhiu lnh trn cng mt dng, s dng du hai chm (:) ngn cch gia cc lnh.

Ngoi cu trc c bn v trng hp ring trn, trong nhiu trng hp, ta buc phi x l khi <Biu_thc_iu_kin> tr v gi tr False (sai). gii quyt tnh hung ny ta s dng cu trc iu kin m rng nh sau:
If <biu_thc_iu_kin> Khi_lnh_1 Else Khi_lnh_2 End If

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Din gii tin trnh ca cu trc lnh ny nh sau: nu <biu_thc_iu_kin> l ng th chng trnh s thc hin <khi_lnh_1>, cn nu khng ng th chng trnh s thc hin <khi_lnh_2>. S khi ca cu trc lnh kiu ny c th c biu din nh sau:

Cc cu trc lnh iu kin c th c lng nhau th hin nhng thao tc phc tp hn bng cch s dng thm t kho ElseIf. Nh vy, cu trc iu kin c c php tng qut nh sau:
If <iu_kin_1> Then [Khi_lnh_1] [ElseIf <iu_kin_n> Then [khi_lnh_n] ... [Else [Khi_lnh_2]] End If

Trong khi cu trc ny, khi lnh [ElseIf <iu_kin_n> Then c th lp li nhiu ln tng ng vi nhiu iu kin khc nhau. Din gii cu trc ny nh sau: nu <iu_kin_1> l ng th thc hin [Khi_lnh_1] v thot khi khi cu trc ny, cn nu sai th s kim tra ln lt tng iu kin ca ElseIf xem c gi tr no ng khng, nu khng c gi tr no ng th thc hin [Khi_lnh_2] (sau t kha Else) v thot khi cu trc ny, cn nu gp mt gi tr ng u tin ca <iu_kin_n> no th khi lnh tng ng vi ElseIf ny s c thc hin v thot khi cu trc ny.
If (TheColorYouLike = vbRed) Then MsgBox "You 're a lucky person" ElseIf (TheColorYouLike = vbGreen) Then MsgBox "You 're a hopeful person" ElseIf (TheColorYouLike = vbBlue) Then MsgBox "You 're a brave person" ElseIf (TheColorYouLike = vbMagenta) Then MsgBox "You 're a sad person" Else MsgBox "You 're an average person" End If

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Ta xt v d trn: Nu TheColorYouLike = vbRed th s ch c thng bo: You 're a lucky person. Nu TheColorYouLike = vbBlue th s ch c thng bo: You 're a brave person. Nu TheColorYouLike khng thuc bt c gi tr no trong bng mu: vbRed, vbGreen, vbBlue, vbMagenta th s ch c thng bo: You 're an average person.

8.2. Cu trc la chn


Cu trc ny s dng khi ta mun thc hin mt s lnh no y tng ng vi tng gi tr ca biu thc kim tra. Cc t kho s dng trong cu trc ny: Select Case, Case, Case Else, End Select. C php ca cu trc la chn:
Select Case <biu_thc_kim_tra> [Case iu_kin_1 [khi_lnh_1]] ... [Case iu_kin_n [khi_lnh_n]] [Case Else [khi_lnh_else]] End Select

Din gii tin trnh ca cu trc la chn nh sau: Gi tr ca <biu_thc_kim_tra> s c so snh vi cc <iu_kin_i> nu gi tr ca <biu_thc_kim_tra> tho mn <iu_kin_i> th <khi_lnh_i> tng ng s c thc hin, sau chng trnh s thot khi cu trc la chn. Trong trng hp gi tr ca <biu_thc_kim_tra> khng tho mn tt c cc iu kin th <khi_lnh_else> s c thc hin nu c t kho Case Else, cn nu khng c t kho Case Else th chng trnh s thot khi khi lnh la chn ny m khng thc hin g c. V d s dng ElseIf trn c vit li vi cu trc la chn nh sau:
Select Case TheColorYouLike Case vbRed MsgBox "You 're a lucky person" Case vbGreen MsgBox "You 're a hopeful person" Case vbBlue MsgBox "You 're a brave person" Case vbMagenta MsgBox "You 're a sad person" Else MsgBox "You 're an average person" End Select

C th thy rng vi cch vit s dng cu trc la chn, on chng trnh trn d c hn nhiu so vi dng cu trc iu kin v ElseIf. S khi ca cu trc la chn c th c biu din nh sau:

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8.3. Vng lp xc nh
8.3.1. Vng lp theo bin m Thc hin lp mt khi lnh theo mt bin m vi s ln lp xc nh, v d nh khi ta cn tnh tng ca cc s nm gia hai s no . Cc t kha: For, to, Step, Next C php:
For <bin_m>=<Bt_u> To <Kt_Thc> [Step <bc_nhy>] [Khi_lnh] Next [<bin_m>]

Cu trc lp ny thc hin theo trnh t sau: Gn <Bin_m> bng gi tr <Bt_u> So snh <Bin_m> vi gi tr <Kt_thc>: Nu nh hn hoc bng: thc hin cc lnh bn trong [Khi_lnh] v t ng cng vo <Bin_m> mt gi tr bng <bc_nhy> nu c t kha Step, cn khng th cng thm 1 v quay li bc so snh <Bin_m> vi gi tr <Kt_thc>. Nu ln hn: kt thc khi lnh lp. V d sau tnh tng ca cc s t 1 n 10:
Dim i As Integer Dim Tong As Integer Tong = 0 For i = 1 To 10 Step 1 Tong = Tong + i Next Debug.Print ("Tong = " & Tong)

Kt qu nh sau:

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V d sau tnh tng ca cc s chn t 0 n 10:


Dim i As Integer Dim Tong As Integer Tong = 0 For i = 0 To 10 Step 2 Tong = Tong + i Next Debug.Print ("Tong = " & Tong)

Kt qu nh sau:

CH Khi gi tr ca <bc_nhy> l m (<0) th cu trc lp s thc hin trnh t m ngc, ngha l vai tr ca gi tr <bt_u> v <kt_thc> i ch cho nhau.

V d tnh tng ca cc s chn t 0 n 10 s dng vng lp m ngc:


Dim i As Integer Dim Tong As Integer Tong = 0 For i = 10 To 0 Step -2 Tong = Tong + i Next Debug.Print ("Tong = " & Tong)

Kt qu nh sau:

GI Nu nh mun thot khi vng lp xc nh FOR khi m s ln lp cha th ta s dng t kha Exit For.

V d sau s tnh tng ca cc s chn t 0 n 10, nhng s dng vng lp FOR ngay khi tng ln hn 20:
Dim i As Integer Dim Tong As Integer Tong = 0 For i = 10 To 0 Step -2

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Tong = Tong + i If Tong > 20 Then Exit For Next Debug.Print ("Tong = " & Tong)

Kt qu nh sau: (10 + 8 + 6 = 24)

8.3.2. Lp trong mt tp hp Trong trng hp mun thc hin cc khi lnh lp theo mt bin m chy trong mt tp hp m tp hp khng th xc nh c s lng hoc bc nhy th ngi dng c th dng vng lp trong tp hp (For Each Next). Tp hp y c th l mt tp i tng dng Collection hoc mt mng. Cc t kho s dng For, Each, In, Next C php:
For Each <bin_chy> In <tp_hp> [Khi_lnh] Next

Gii thch: <bin_chy> s nhn cc gi tr t phn t u tin n phn t cui cng trong <tp_hp>. ng vi mi gi tr ca <bin_chy>, khi lnh c thc hin mt ln.
CH Kiu ca <bin_chy> trong vng lp (For Each Next) s ph thuc vo kiu ca <tp_hp> m n duyt qua l kiu mng hay kiu tp i tng. i vi <tp_hp> l tp i tng th kiu d liu ca <bin_chy> c th l Variant, hoc i tng cng kiu vi tp i tng . i vi <tp_hp> l mng th kiu d liu ca <bin_chy> ch c th l Variant.

V d sau s thc hin tnh tch cc s trong mt mng 2 chiu vi vic dng vng lp trong tp hp. Kt qu s c hin th trong ca s Immediate.
Public Sub TestForEach() Dim a(0 To 2, 0 To 1) As Double Dim v As Variant Dim Tich As Double a(0, 0) = 1: a(1, 0) = 2: a(2, 0) = 3 a(0, 1) = 4: a(1, 1) = 5: a(2, 1) = 6 Tich = 1 Debug.Print "Cac phan tu trong mang" For Each v In a Debug.Print v Tich = Tich * v Next Debug.Print "Tich=" & Str(Tich) End Sub

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Kt qu nh sau:

8.4. Vng lp khng xc nh


Thc hin mt khi lnh vi s ln lp khng nh trc v ch kt thc qu trnh lp ny khi mt biu thc iu kin c tha mn (biu thc iu kin c gi tr Boolean: True hoc False). Ty thuc vo vic kim tra biu thc iu kin m ta s dng mt trong hai dng c php nh sau: Kiu1:LptrongkhibiuthciukinlTRUE
Do While <iu_kin> [Khi_lnh] Loop

Vi c php ny, [Khi_lnh] ch c thc hin khi <iu_kin> l ng. V d sau s m s ch s chn trong khong hai s A, B:
Dim i, A, B, SoChan As Integer A = 1: B = 10 i = A SoChan = 0 Do While i <= B If (i Mod 2) = 0 Then SoChan = SoChan + 1 i = i + 1 Loop Debug.Print ("So chu so chan = " & SoChan)

Kt qu nh sau:

Nu mun vng lp lun c t nht mt ln thi hnh khi lnh, s dng c php:
Do [Khi_lnh] Loop While <iu kin>

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Vi c php ny, [Khi_lnh] c thc hin t nht mt ln cho d <iu_kin> ng hay sai bi <iu_kin> c kim tra cui ca cu trc. Kiu2:LpchonkhiiukinlFALSE
Do Until <iu_kin> [Khi_lnh] Loop

Nu mun vng lp lun c t nht mt ln thi hnh khi lnh s dng c php:
Do [Khi_lnh] Loop Until <iu_kin>
CH Khi [Khi_lnh] c thc thi, nu nh trong [Khi_lnh] khng c cu lnh no tc ng ln <iu_kin> n nhn gi tr ngc li th vng lp ny s khng bao gi kt thc v lm cho ng dng b treo. thot khi tnh hung treo ny c nhiu cch v cch n gin nht l bm t hp phm Ctrl+Break quay tr li VBAIDE. C cch khc thot khi vng lp, ngoi vic thit lp <iu_kin> c gi tr ngc li, l s dng t kha Exit Do t trong [Khi_lnh].

9. Chng trnh con


V c bn, chng trnh con l mt khi cc cu lnh v chng c s dng lp li trong chng trnh chnh thng qua tn ca chng trnh con. Chng trnh con c bit hu ch khi thay th cc khi lnh lp nhau hoc cng thc thi mt chc nng tng t no . C hai loi chng trnh con chnh l Hm (Function) v Th tc (Sub). Ngoi ra, trong cc m-un lp (Class Module) cn c chng trnh con dng thuc tnh (Property), tuy nhin trong gio trnh ny s khng trnh by v loi chng trnh con ny m ngi c c th tham kho trong gio trnh mn Lp trnh hng i tng trong xy dng. C php tng qut ca mt chng trnh con nh sau: C php tng qut ca mt chng trnh con nh sau:
[Private|Friend|Public][Static]<Sub|Function|Property> Tn([cc_tham_s]) [Khi_lnh] End <Sub|Function|Property>

Trong phn thn chng trnh con c bc gia phn khai bo v phn kt thc (c t kha End). Cc t kha [Private|Public|Friend] xc nh phm vi hot ng ca chng trnh con. Khi nim phm vi ny cng tng t nh phm vi ca bin c trnh by phn trc. T kha [Static] xc nh cch thc cp pht b nh cho cc bin khai bo bn trong chng trnh con (s trnh by c th phn sau).
CH T kha Friend ch c s dng trong m-un lp hoc m-un lnh ca UserForm.

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9.1. Hm (Function)
L chng trnh con c tr v gi tr khi n c gi. C php khai bo nh sau:
[Private/Public/Friend][Static] Function <Tn_hm> ([Cc_tham_s]) as <kiu_d_liu> [Khi_lnh] End Function

V d: to hm tnh din tch ca hnh ch nht, vi hai tham s cn nhp vo l chiu rng v chiu di ca hnh ch nht.
Function Dien_Tich(Rong As Double, Dai As Double) as Double Dien_Tich=Rong*Dai End Function

9.2. Th tc (Sub)
L chng trnh con khng tr v gi tr khi c gi. C php khai bo nh sau:
[Private/Public/Friend][Static] Sub <Tn_hm> ([Cc_tham_s]) [Khi_lnh] End Sub

V d: to mt chng trnh con dng th tc c tnh nng nh phn trn c th vit m lnh nh sau:
Sub Dien_Tich(Rong as Double, Dai as Double, Dt as Double) Dt=Rong*Dai End Sub
CH Trong v d ny, v chng trnh con khng c gi tr tr v nn nhn v gi tr din tch phi b sung thm tham s Dt vo trong danh sch tham s ca chng trnh con.

9.3. Truyn tham s cho chng trnh con


Xt 2 chng trnh con c t trong cng mt m-un chun, thc hin vic gn v in gi tr ca bin nh sau: Mt chng trnh con n gin c to ra nh sau:
Public Sub Test(ByRef a As Long, b As Long, ByVal c As Long) a = 100: b = 200: c = 300 End Sub

Ch n khai bo bin a, b v c ca chng trnh con ny: Trc bin a l t kha ByRef. Trc bin b khng c t kha, ngha l s dng kiu mc nh ca VB. Trc bin c l t kha ByVal. Chng trnh con th hai c xy dng trn cng mt m-un vi chng trnh con trn nh sau:

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Public Sub CallTest() Dim va As Long, vb As Long, vc As Long va = 500: vb = 500: vc = 500 ' In gi tr ca bin trc khi gi chng trnh con th nht Debug.Print " Cac gia tri bien truoc khi goi chuong trinh con:" Debug.Print "va=" & Str(va) Debug.Print "vb=" & Str(vb) Debug.Print "vc=" & Str(vc) ' Gi chng trnh con th nht Test va, vb, vc ' In gi tr ca bin sau khi gi chng trnh con th nht Debug.Print " Cac gia tri bien sau khi goi chuong trinh con:" Debug.Print "va=" & Str(va) Debug.Print "vb=" & Str(vb) Debug.Print "vc=" & Str(vc) End Sub

Trong chng trnh con th 2 c li gi n chng trnh con th nht thc hin thay i gi tr ca cc bin. Kt qu khi thc thi chng trnh con th 2 nh sau:

Qua kt qu trn c th thy rng: Gi tr ca bin c th b thay i hoc khng b thay i khi chng c truyn vo chng trnh con l ph thuc vo cch nh ngha tham s trong chng trnh con . Bin a trong Sub Test c khai bo vi t kha ByRef v khi truyn bin v tr ny (bin va trong CallTest) th gi tr ca bin ban u b thay i tng ng vi cc tc ng trong chng trnh con. Bin b trong Sub Test c khai bo mc nh (khng c t kha no pha trc n) v khi truyn bin v tr ny (bin vb trong CallTest) th gi tr ca bin ban u b thay i tng ng vi cc tc ng trong chng trnh con. Bin c trong Sub Test c khai bo vi t kha ByVal v khi truyn bin v tr ny (bin vc trong CallTest) th gi tr ca bin ban u khng b thay i cho d trong chng trnh con bin ny b tc ng. Qua v d trn c th thy rng vic truyn tham s cho chng trnh con c th c phn lm hai trng hp v c t tn l truyn tham s theo tham chiu v truyn tham s theo tham tr. 9.3.1. Truyn tham s theo tham chiu Khi truyn mt bin vo tham s theo kiu tham chiu, a ch ca bin s c truyn cho chng trnh con. Do , bt k cu lnh no ca chng trnh con tc ng ln tham s s nh hng trc tip ln bin c truyn tng ng, ngha l khi chng trnh con kt thc, gi tr ca bin c truyn theo kiu ny s b thay i do chng trnh con. Truyn tham s theo

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kiu tham chiu l mc nh trong VB, ngi dng cng c th ch r vic truyn theo tham chiu bng cch thm t kho ByRef vo trc khai bo tham s. 9.3.2. Truyn tham s theo tham tr Khi truyn mt bin vo tham s theo kiu tham tr, bn sao gi tr ca bin s c truyn cho cho chng trnh con. Do , nu trong chng trnh con c cc cu lnh tc ng ln tham s th ch bn sao b nh hng v bin truyn vo s khng b thay i, ngha l sau khi chng trnh con kt thc, gi tr ca bin vn c gi nguyn nh ban u. xc nh cch thc truyn d liu cho mt tham s theo kiu tham tr, thm t kho ByVal vo trc khai bo tham s. Trong Sub Test trn, a v b l hai tham s c truyn theo kiu tham chiu cn c c truyn theo kiu tham tr. 9.3.3. Tham s tu chn. Tham s tu chn l tham s c th c hoc c b qua khi gi chng trnh con. Cc tham s tu chn c khai bo vi t kho Optional v trong mt chng trnh con, cc khai bo ca cc tham s tu chn lun phi nm cui danh sch tham s c khai bo. V d: vit chng trnh con tnh ton din tch ca mt ct ch nht c khot l (nh hnh di) vi yu cu sau: Tnh din tch mt ct vi cc thng s v chiu rng w, chiu cao h v bn knh r ca l khot. Trong trng hp thiu thng s v bn knh r, ch tnh din tch mt ct ch nht v b qua l khot.

Di y l mt chng trnh con c s dng tham s tu chn:


Public Function DT(w As Double, h As Double, Optional r As Variant) If Not IsMissing(r) Then If (2 * r <= w) And (2 * r <= h) Then DT = w * h - pi * r ^ 2 Else MsgBox " Co loi, lo khoet vuot ra ngoai hinh" DT = "Error" End If Else DT = w * h End If End Function

Sau khi to m lnh trn, nu mun tnh din tch cho mt ct vi w =100, h =200, r =20 c th gi hm nh sau: DT(100,200,20) tnh din tch c xt n khot l vi bn knh l 20, hoc DT(100,200) tnh din ca hnh ch nht (khng c l).

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CH bit c mt tham s tu chn c b b qua khi gi chng trnh con hay khng, dng hm IsMissing(tham_s_tu_chn) v ng thi tham s tu chn bt buc phi c kiu d liu l Variant (v hm IsMissing ch c hiu lc i vi cc bin kiu Variant). Hm ny tr v TRUE nu tham s b b qua, FALSE nu tham s c mt.

9.3.4. Danh sch tham s vi s lng tham s tu . Visual Basic 6.0 cho php to mt chng trnh con vi danh sch tham s tu (ngha l s lng cc tham s c th thay i khi gi chng trnh con) thng qua vic t t kho ParamArray trc danh sch tham s. Khi danh sch tham s l tu chn v c dng mt mng kiu Variant. V d: vit mt hm tnh tng ca tt c cc s truyn vo vi s lng s c truyn l tu . M lnh tham kho nh sau:
Public Function TinhTong(ParamArray ds()) Dim So As Variant Dim Tong As Variant Tong = 0 For Each So In ds Tong = Tong + So Next TinhTong = Tong End Function

Khi :
TinhTong(100,200,-200) cho kt qu l 100 TinhTong(2,300) cho kt qu l 302

9.3.5. Hm c gi tr tr v l kiu mng. khai bo mt hm tr v mng, thm cp k t ( ) sau khai bo hm


[Private/Public] Function <Tn_hm> ([danh sch tham s]) as _ <kiu_d_liu> () [Khi_lnh] End Function

V d: vit chng trnh con sp xp cc phn t trong mng mt chiu v tr v mt mng c th t tng dn. M lnh tham kho nh sau:
Public Function Mang_tangdan(Mang_bandau() As Double) As Double() Dim Lb As Long, Ub As Long ' bien dau va cuoi cua mang Dim i As Long, j As Long Lb = LBound(Mang_bandau): Ub = UBound(Mang_bandau) Dim Mang_tamthoi() As Double Khai bao mot mang tam thoi Mang_tamthoi = Mang_bandau Dim Tg As Double For i = Lb To Ub - 1 For j = i + 1 To Ub If Mang_tamthoi(i) > Mang_tamthoi(j) Then Tg = Mang_tamthoi(i) Mang_tamthoi(i) = Mang_tamthoi(j)

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Mang_tamthoi(j) = Tg End If Next Next Mang_tangdan = Mang_tamthoi Erase Mang_tamthoi ' Huy mang tam thoi End Function

Chng trnh th nghim hm trn:


Public Sub test() Dim a(2 To 6) As Double a(2) = 1: a(3) = 6: a(4) = 0.5: a(5) = 2.3: a(6) = 4 Dim b() As Double b = Mang_tangdan(a) Goi ham da viet Dim so As Variant Debug.Print "Cac phan tu cua mang ban dau:" For Each so In a Debug.Print so Next Debug.Print "Cac phan tu cua mang sau khi sap xep:" For Each so In b Debug.Print so Next End Sub

Kt qu nh sau:

9.4. Bin trong chng trnh con


Nh trnh by phn trc, bin trong chng trnh con lun c tnh cht cc b. Tuy nhin hnh thc cp pht b nh cho bin th c th khc nhau. Tu vo tng trng hp c th: Trng hp: trong phn khai bo ca chng trnh con khng s dng t kha Static Vi cc bin c khai bo bnh thng vi t kho Dim: mi ln chng trnh con c gi, bin s c to v cp pht b nh. Khi chng trnh con kt thc, b nh dnh cho bin c gii phng. Do , gi tr ca bin sau mi phin lm vic ca chng trnh con s khng c lu tr. Vi cc bin c khai bo vi t kho Static: bin s c khi to mt ln khi m-un cha chng trnh con c np vo trong b nh v s tn ti trong b nh cng vi m-un . V

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vy, gi tr ca bin sau mi phin lm vic ca chng trnh con s c lu tr. Cc bin kiu ny c gi l bin tnh (Static) V d: trong chng trnh con StVariable di y c hai bin a phng, stA l bin tnh v B l bin thng thng.
Public Sub StVariable() Static stA As Long Dim B As Long B = B + 1 stA = stA + 1 Debug.Print "Lan chay " & Str(stA), "stA=" & Str(stA), "B=" & Str(B) End Sub

Kt qu sau 2 ln chy chng trnh con trn nh sau:

Giithch Ngay khi c khai bo, tt c cc bin u c t ng khi to gi tr ban u, nu kiu d liu ca bin l dng s th gi tr khi to bng 0, cn nu kiu d liu ca bin l chui th gi tr khi to mc nh l chui rng. Trong chng trnh trn, ngay trc khi kt thc ln chy u tin, gi tr ca cc bin nh sau: Bin B = 1. Bin stA = 1. Khi kt thc ln chy th nht, bin B (bin thng thng) s c gii phng, cn bin stA (bin tnh) vn c lu gi tr (=1) ca n li trong b nh. Do n ln chy th hai, bin B c to mi s nhn gi tr l B=B+1=0+1=1, cn bin stA do vn tn ti t ln trc nn gi tr ca n l stA=stA+1=1+1=2. Trng hp: trong khai bo ca chng trnh con c s dng t kha Static Khi tt c cc bin khai bo trong chng trnh con s l cc bin tnh. V d: trong chng trnh con StPro di y s dng khai bo Static u chng trnh.
Public Static Sub StPro() Dim a As Long Dim b As Long a = a + 1 b = b + 1 a = a + b Debug.Print "Lan chay " & Str(b) Debug.Print " ", "a=" & Str(a), "b=" & Str(b) End Sub

Kt qu sau 2 ln chy chng trnh con nh sau:

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CH Cc bin tnh thng c s dng khi mun lu tr kt qu nhng ln chy ca chng trnh con. Ch rng d bin trong chng trnh con l bin thng thng hay bin tnh th vn lun mang tnh cht cc b.

9.5. Cch thc gi chng trnh con.


Vi trng hp d n (Project) gm nhiu thnh phn (cc m-un chun, cc UserForm,) c cha m lnh, ngha l c th xy dng hoc c nhu cu s dng chng trnh con, th trong cng mt m-un, khng c php xy dng hai chng trnh con trng tn nhau, nhng quy nh ny khng p dng cho cc m-un khc nhau, ngha l c th tn ti hai chng trnh con c tn ging ht nhau hai m-un khc nhau. Trong trng hp trng tn ny, khi mun s dng chng trnh con no th phi ch r ni cha n, v tt nht, khi s dng bt c chng trnh con no ca m-un khc th nn ch r c tn m-un . Gichngtrnhcondnghm(Function) Khi gi chng trnh con dng hm (Function), danh sch tham s phi c t trong cp k t ( ) sau tn chng trnh con.
<Tn_m-un>.<Tn_hm>(<danh_sch_tham_s>)
CH M-un y c th l mt m-un chun (Module), UserForm hoc mt i tng m ngi dng ang xt. Danh sch tham s phi c truyn theo ng th t nh phn khai bo chng trnh con.

V d: m-un chun mdlMatcat cha hm TinhDTHH(h,b) th c php gi hm l:


mdlMatcat.TinhDTHH(ph,pb)

vi ph, pb l nhng bin c truyn vo trong hm. Gichngtrnhcondngthtc(Sub) Khi gi chng trnh con dng th tc (Sub), danh sch tham s t tip sau tn th tc v k t trng, cc tham s khng cn t trong cp k t ( ).
<Tn_m-un>.<Tn_th tc> <danh_sch_tham_s>

V d: trong m-un chun mdlDAH cha th tc TinhDTDAH(S) th c php gi th tc l:


mdlDAH.TinhDTDAH pS

vi pS l nhng bin c truyn vo trong th tc. Gichngtrnhconviccthamsgntheotn Trong cch gi chng trnh con theo kiu thng thng nh trn, danh sch tham s truyn vo phi ng th t nh trong phn khai bo ca chng trnh con . Ngoi ra, VB cn cho

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php gi chng trnh con vi trt t tham s tu m vn m bo s truyn tham s chnh xc thng qua tn ca tham s. V d, vi hm DT(w,h,r) phn trn th hai cch gi sau l tng ng:
DT (100,200,30) DT (r:=30, w:=100, h:=200)

Trong dng th nht, lun c s ngm hiu trnh t cc tham s l: w,h,r, y chnh l trnh t khi nh ngha hm DT. Cn dng th 2, trnh t theo nh ngha ca hm DT khng c ngha na bi c s ch r: Tn bin := Gi tr cn gn. Ch n k hiu ( := ) v trnh t bt k ca cc tham s. Vic s dng tham s gn theo tn khi gi chng trnh con c bit tin li khi chng trnh con c nhiu tham s tu chn v ngi dng khng c nh s dng ht cc tham s .

9.6. Thot khi chng trnh con.


thot khi hm s dng lnh Exit Function thot khi th tc s dng lnh Exit Sub Ngay khi gp hai hm ny trong thn ca chng trnh con, ton b cc dng lnh pha sau n s b b qua v chng trnh s thot ngay khi chng trnh con .

10. T chc cc chng trnh con theo h thng cc m-un chun


Vi vic thit k h thng theo phng php cu trc ha, ton b chng trnh thng c chia thnh cc khi chng trnh nh hn, mi khi chng trnh m nhn mt chc nng chung no . Tip theo, d dng cho vic xy dng chng trnh, cc chc nng chung li c chia thnh cc phn nh hn na, v lp li cho n khi no mi phn ny c th minh ha bng mt chng trnh con. Trong lp trnh VBA, cc khi chc nng thng c t chc thnh cc m-un chun (Module). Trong m-un chun s bao gm cc chng trnh con (hm v th tc) phn nh s chi tit ho cho cc khi chc nng ny. Ngoi ra, trong m-un chun ngi dng c th khai bo cc kiu d liu t nh ngha, cc bin dng chung, cc hng s, V d: xy dng mt chng trnh kim ton mt ct ct BTCT, c th xy dng cc mun v cc chng trnh con theo hnh v di y di y

Hinh_Hoc
(Module)
TinhDTHH_MCatBT TinhDTHH_MCatCT TinhDTHH_TinhDoi

Tinh_Duyet
(Module)
LapTH_TaiTrong TTGH_CuongDo TTGH_SuDung

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Hnh III-16: T chc d n theo cu trc chc nng

11. Lm vic vi UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin


11.1. Cc vn chung
Trong mt d n VBA, cc m-un chun cho php xy dng cc khi chng trnh x l d liu hoc cc khai bo v d liu. S giao tip nhp-xut d liu gia ngi dng v chng trnh c th c thc hin thng qua giao din ca ng dng nn. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng hp giao din nhp-xut d liu ca ng dng nn cha th p ng c nhu cu tng tc d liu mt cch chi tit cng nh tin li cho ngi s dng, v khi , cn to ra cc giao din nhp-xut ring thng qua vic s dng cc UserForm trong d n VBA. Ni cch khc, giao tip gia ngi s dng chng trnh vi chng trnh vit bng VBA c gi l giao din ca chng trnh v cch xy dng giao din nh sau: S dng ngay ng dng nn lm giao din, cch ny s trnh by c th trong cc chng sau.

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S dng UserForm. Kt hp c hai phng n trn. Cc UserForm thc cht l mu cc hp thoi (ca s) c to ra theo yu cu ca ngi dng. Trn mt UserForm lun cha nhng thnh phn phc v cho nhu cu tng tc gia ngi dng v chng trnh: nhp cc d liu cn thit, ra lnh x l, la chn d liu theo tnh hung, hin th kt qu x l mt cch trc quan, Nhng thnh phn c gi l cc iu khin (Control).
iu khin la chn d liu iu khin cho php nhp d liu dng vn bn

iu khin cho php ngi dng ra lnh thng qua vic kch chut.

iu khin cho php chn hnh nh minh ho.

toraUserForm,lmtheotrnhtsau: 1. Xc nh s cn thit phi to giao din nhp-xut d liu ring: Giao din do ng dng nn cung cp khng hoc khng thch hp cho vic nhp d liu hoc xut kt qu ca chng trnh. 2. Xc nh cch thc v trnh t tng tc ca ngi s dng trn giao din: c th b tr cc iu khin sao cho thun tin i vi ngi dng, v d nh theo thi quen iu khin ca a s ngi s dng l t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. 3. Xc nh s lng UserForm cn phi to cho qu trnh nhp d liu cng nh vic hin th kt qu: ch nn s dng va v phn theo ch ca cng vic, v d nn phn tch giao din nhp d liu vi giao din trnh by kt qu v cc iu khin (nt bm) khc. 4. Xc nh cc loi d liu cn nhp vo, cc d liu theo tnh hung v cc minh ho bng hnh nh km theo gii thch r cho ngi s dng ngha ca cc thng s cn c nhp vo. Cn c vo cc loi d liu cn nhp trn xc nh cc thnh phn iu khin ph hp v a vo UserForm tng ng. Cn ch rng, cc iu khin, ngoi vic p ng yu cu v mt chc nng, chng cng cn c trnh by v gii thch mt cch d hiu v c tnh thm m.

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Hnh III-17: ngha cc loi d liu cn nhp vo c minh ha bng hnh nh.

5. La chn cc iu khin phc v cho vic xc nhn d liu sau khi nhp xong hoc ra lnh cho qu trnh x l cc d liu ny bt u thc hin. Thng thng cc iu khin ny l h thng cc nt bm (Button) xc nhn cc d liu nhp xong, yu cu bt u x l hoc hy b cc d liu nhp.

Hnh III-18: B tr cc iu khin trn UserForm.

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6. La chn hnh thc hin th kt qu t la chn cc thnh phn iu khin ph hp, v d nh kt qu tnh ton l s hoc hnh v th cn chn iu khin thch hp trnh by.

Hnh III-19: Trnh by kt qu bng iu khin h tr vn bn v hnh nh.

7. Vit m lnh cho cc thnh phn iu khin. M lnh ny s c lu tr trong phn code ca UserForm. 11.1.1. To UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trong VBA IDE Trong VBA IDE, UserForm c to ra bng cch chn trnh n Insert UserForm Sau khi to UserForm, ta c th thm cc thnh phn iu khin vo UserForm bng cch la chn iu khin cn dng t hp cng c iu khin (Control Toolbox) v thc hin thao tc ko/th vo v tr thch hp UserForm. Kch thc ca iu khin c th thay i mt cch d dng nh thao tc ko chut vng bin ca chng.

iu khin c la chn trn Control Toolbox

iu khin c to bng cch ko/th vo UserForm

Thng thng trong hp cng c mc nh ca VBA IDE ch c cc thnh phn iu khin chun ca VB, cc iu khin ny p ng c hu ht cc nhu cu c bn v thit k giao din. Tuy nhin ngi dng c th b sung nhng thnh phn iu khin khc vo hp cng c trn bng cch s dng Additional Controls c sn trn hp cng c (hin th bng cch nhn chut phi vo hp cng c). Vi mi my tnh khc nhau th ni dung cc iu khin c th b sung l khc nhau bi chng phc thuc vo cc th vin lp trnh c ci t trn my tnh .

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Hnh III-20: B sung thm iu khin cho hp cng c (Toolbox) ca VBA IDE.

11.1.2. Cc thuc tnh ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. Cc thuc tnh (Properties) l cc thng s quy nh c im, tnh cht cng nh trng thi ca UserForm hay cc iu khin, v d mu nn ca mt iu khin c quy nh bi thuc tnh BackColor. Nhng thuc tnh ny c th c thay i trong lc thit k UserForm hoc lc chng trnh ang chy. Tuy nhin mt s thuc tnh khng cho php thay i m ch cho php ngi dng bit c gi tr ca n (thuc tnh ch c Read Only). Trong qu trnh thit k UserForm, khi ta dng chut chn bt c thnh phn no trn UserForm (k c chnh UserForm) th cc thuc tnh ca n s c hin th tng ng trong ca s Properties ca VBA IDE.

Hnh III-21: Thnh phn iu khin v v tr hin th cc thuc tnh ca n.

Mt s thuc tnh c bn ca UserForm v cc iu khin:

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Thuc tnh
Name

Gii thch
Th hin tn ca UserForm hay iu khin. y l thuc tnh rt quan trng, l yu t xc nh iu khin khi lp trnh. Thuc tnh ny ch c thay i lc thit k giao din (trong ca s Properties ca VBA IDE). Gi tr kiu Long th hin mu nn ca UserForm hay iu khin. Gi tr kiu String th hin tiu ca UserForm hay iu khin. Gi tr kiu logic (Boolean) xc nh trng thi lm vic ca iu khin, gi tr bng True ng vi trng thi hot ng, gi tr bng False ng vi trng thi khng hot ng (iu khin coi nh b v hiu ho v thng c hin th m i trn UserForm). Gi tr kiu logic (Boolean) xc nh trng thi hin th ca iu khin, gi tr bng True ng vi s hin th iu khin, gi tr bng False ng vi s n iu khin. Th hin kiu v c ch hin th trn UserForm hoc iu khin. Th hin hnh nh trn nn UserForm hoc iu khin. Gi tr kiu String th hin ch thch v iu khin khi chut di chuyn qua (Tooltip) trong lc chng trnh hot ng. Th hin biu tng con tr chut hin th trn iu khin. Th hin loi con tr chut hin th trn nt lnh.

BackColor Caption Enable

Visible Font Picture ControlTipText MouseIcon MousePointer

CI Ngoi ra, ng vi mi loi iu khin c th cn c thm nhiu thuc tnh khc hoc khng c mt s cc thuc tnh c lit k trn. Ngi dng c th tm hiu cc thuc tnh ny trong Object Browser hoc trong Help (chn iu khin v bm F1) ca VBA IDE.

Vic thay i thuc tnh ca cc iu khin c th c thc hin bng hai cch: 1. Cch 1: Thay i trc tip trong qu trnh thit k: chn iu khin v thay i gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong ca s Properties ca VBA IDE. Cch ny trc quan v d thc hin i vi a s cc thuc tnh ca hu ht cc iu khin. V d: thay i tiu cho mt UserForm di y, kch chut chn UserForm sau nhp tn ca tiu vo phn Caption ca ca s Properties.

Hnh III-22: Thay i gi tr thuc tnh trong khi thit k UserForm.

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2. Cch 2: Thay i trong lc chng trnh ang chy: v thc cht, cc thuc tnh chnh l d liu ca cc thnh phn iu khin (thng gi chung cc iu khin ny l i tng) hay chnh l cc bin c nh ngha ring cho iu khin cho nn ta c th s dng php gn thng thng thay i gi tr cho mt s thuc tnh. C php thc hin nh sau:
<Tn_iu_khin>.<Tn_thuc_tnh> = gi tr thuc tnh <Tn_UserForm>.<Tn_thuc_tnh> = gi tr thuc tnh
GI Tn_iu_khin hay Tn_UserForm y chnh l gi tr thuc tnh Name ca iu khin c t khi thit k. Khi vit m lnh trong mt UserForm th c th thay vic dng tn ca UserForm bng t kho Me.

V d, ng vi UserForm c tn l UserForm1 nh trn, c th thay i tiu ca n bng m lnh nh sau:


UserForm1.Caption = Cua so chinh

11.1.3. Cc phng thc ca UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin. Cc phng thc c th xem chng l nhng chng trnh con c bit, chng ch lm vic vi cc d liu ca iu khin v tng tc ln chnh iu khin . phng thc hot ng, cn phi gi n (tng t nh gi chng trnh con) bng m lnh khi lp trnh. C php gi phng thc ca mt iu khin hay UserForm cng tng t nh vi bin i tng:
<Tn_iu_khin>.<Tn_phng_thc> <(tham_s_ca_phng_thc)> <Tn_UserForm>.<Tn_phng_thc> <(tham_s_ca_phng_thc)>

V d: mun hin th UserForm1 nh trn, gi phng thc Show ca n vi m lnh nh sau:


UserForm1.Show

Trong phm vi ca gio trnh, khng th lit k tt c cc phng thc ca cc iu khin. Trong phn sau s trnh by mt s cc phng thc c bn ca mt s loi iu khin thng dng. bit chi tit v nhng phng thc khc, c th tra cu trong Object Browser hoc trong Help ca VBA IDE 11.1.4. Cc s kin trn giao din. Cc s kin trn UserForm hoc cc iu khin c pht sinh khi c mt hot ng no xy ra thng c pht sinh t pha ngi dng (s kin cng c th c pht sinh mt cch gin tip t qu trnh thc hin mt phng thc no ).V d, khi ngi dng r chut trn b mt UserForm s pht sinh s kin MouseMove, khi ngi dng kch chut trn UserForm s pht sinh s kin Click. i cng vi s kin cn c th tc s kin: l chng trnh c thi hnh khi s kin xy ra. Th tc s kin cho php ngi lp trnh x l cc tng tc ca ngi dng trn giao din bng cch vit cc m lnh trong th tc s kin. vit m lnh cho mt th tc s kin trn mt UserForm, vo ca s m lnh ca UserForm (nhy p chut vo UserForm), chn iu khin v loi s kin tng ng. Sau vit m lnh vo trong th tc s kin c to ra.

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Chn i tng

Chn s kin

Th tc s kin gn vi i tng c pht sinh Mt s s kin c bn ca UserForm v cc iu khin: S kin


Click DblClick KeyPress KeyUp KeyDown MouseMove MouseUp MouseDown

Gii thch
xy ra khi ngi dng kch chut trn UserForm hoc trn iu khin xy ra khi ngi dng kch p chut trn UserForm hoc trn iu khin xy ra khi ngi dng nhn mt phm xy ra khi ngi dng nh mt phm (sau khi nhn xung) xy ra khi ngi dng nhn mt phm (nhng cha nh ra) xy ra khi ngi dng r chut ngang qua mt iu khin hoc trn UserForm xy ra khi ngi dng nh phm chut (sau khi nhn chut) xy ra khi ngi dng nhn phm chut (nhng cha nh ra)

11.1.5. V d To mt UserForm v vit m lnh khi kch chut vo UserForm s hin th s ln kch chut trn tiu ca n ng thi i mu nn ca UserForm theo tnh hung: nu s ln kch chut l chn th mu en, l l th mu trng. Cc thao tc nh sau: 1. Thm UserForm vo trong d n bng cch chn Insert UserForm. 2. t tn UserForm l usfCuaso1 trong thuc tnh Name ca ca s Properties; t tiu xut pht ca UserForm l Cua so chinh trong thuc tnh Caption ca ca s Properties.

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3. Vit m lnh cho s kin Click ca UserForm (hin th ca s lnh ca UserForm bng cch nhy p chut vo UserForm, chn UserForm v s kin Click). M lnh cho th tc s kin Click nh sau:
Private Sub UserForm_Click() Static numClick As Long numClick = numClick + 1 If numClick Mod 2 = 0 Then Me.BackColor = vbBlack Else Me.BackColor = vbWhite End If usfCuaso1.Caption = "Number of Click: " & Str(numClick) End Sub
GI Trong on m trn, vbBlack l hng s tng ng vi mu en, vbWhite l hng s tng ng vi mu trng. Hai hng s ny c nh ngha sn trong VB.

11.2. Lm vic vi UserForm


Cc nguyn tc lm vic vi UserForm nh thit lp v thay i thuc tnh, gi cc phng thc hay x l cc s kin c trnh by phn trc. Di y ch gii thiu mt s phng thc khc ca UserForm. Hin th UserForm: thc hin phng thc Show
Tn_UserForm.Show [vbModal/ vbModeless]

Nu dng vbModal (hoc 1): hp thoi (UserForm) s hin th dng Modal tc l lun tip nhn tng tc ngi dng vi hp thoi, ngi dng ch c th chuyn hng tng tc sang ni khc khi ng hp thoi. y l kiu hin th mc nh ca hp thoi. Nu dng vbModeless (hoc 0): hp thoi vn c hin th nhng ngi dng c th chuyn hng tng tc sang ni khc m khng cn ng hp thoi. n UserForm: gi phng thc Hide
Tn_UserForm.Hide

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Quay li trng thi trc lnh cui cng c thc hin trn UserForm: thc hin phng thc UndoAction
Tn_UserForm.UndoAction

Tr li trng thi trc khi thc hin Undo: thc hin phng thc RedoAction
Tn_UserForm.RedoAction
CH Vi chng trnh s dng nhiu UserForm, trnh nhm ln trong khi s dng chng trnh, ch nn hin th UserForm cn dng cn nhng UserForm khc th n i. Trc khi gi phng thc Show ca UserForm cn hin th, phi n UserForm khng dng n bng phng thc Hide ca n.

Vd To mt UserForm vi cc iu khin nh hnh di y:

Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. Thm mt UserForm vo d n. 2. Chn vo UserForm va to, chn biu tng trong hp cng c iu khin (Control Toolbox). Sau , r th chut trn UserForm to mt hp vn bn (TextBox). trong hp cng c iu khin, r th 3. Tip tc chn UserForm trn, chn biu tng chut to mt nt lnh (Command Button), t tn (thuc tnh Name) ca nt lnh l cmdUndo, t tiu (thuc tnh Caption) ca nt lnh l Undo. 4. Tng t nh trn to nt lnh cmdRedo vi tiu Redo. 5. Vit cc th tc s kin Click cho cc nt lnh trn nh sau:
Private Sub cmdRedo_Click() Me.RedoAction End Sub Private Sub cmdUndo_Click() Me.UndoAction End Sub

Sau , chn UserForm v nhn phm F5 chy chng trnh. Nhp mt dng vn bn vo trong hp vn bn. Kch chut vo nt Undo, sau l nt Redo v theo di kt qu.

11.3. Cc iu khin thng dng


Theo mc nh, trn Toolbox c sn mt s iu khin thng dng trong th Control, nhng iu khin ny p ng c hu ht nhu cu thit k giao din thng thng trn UserForm.

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Trong nhng phn trc nhc nhiu n vic s dng cc iu khin trn Toolbox nhng cha c tnh h thng v vy phn ny s trnh by nhng ni dung c bn c th s dng mt cch hiu qu cc iu khin ny. 2 6 5 1

Hnh III-23: Cc iu khin c bn theo mc nh trong VBA IDE

Ntlnh(CommandButton)

Command Button thng c dng thc hin mt quyt nh no t pha ngi dng (thng qua vic kch chut vo Command Button hoc nhn Enter). Command Button nn c thuc tnh Caption (tiu ) v Picture (hnh nh) phn nh ng tnh nng m n m nhn. S kin hay c gi khi s dng Command Button l s kin Click hoc DblClick (kch p chut). thay i v tr ca Command Button trong khi chy chng trnh, s dng phng thc Move
Tn_Command Button.Move [Left ], [Top], [Width], [Height]

Trong cc tham s th hin v tr gc tri trn (left, top) v kch thc (Width, Height) mi ca Command Button sau khi di chuyn. thit lp trng thi nhn lnh (nhn tiu im focus), s dng phng thc
SetFocus Tn_Command Button.SetFocus

Cc phng thc Move v SetFocus nh trn khng ch p dng i vi Command Button, m cn c p dng vi a s cc iu khin khc. Hpvnbn(TextBox)

TextBox c dng nhp d liu dng vn bn (text) v n c iu khin bng cch thit lp nhng thuc tnh hay s kin hoc s dng cc phng thc ph hp. Di y l mt s thnh phn chnh dng iu khin TextBox: Cc thuc tnh dng thit lp cch thc hin th cho TextBox Thuc tnh
Text TextAlign MaxLength

M t
Ni dung vn bn cha trong iu khin. Cch thc hin th vn bn trong iu khin Qui nh di ti a ca vn bn trong iu khin (Nu t MaxLength=0, di ca vn bn l tu )

Ghi ch
Kiu String Tham kho Object Browser Kiu Long

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MultiLine ScrollBars Hin th nhiu dng hay mt dng Hin th thanh cun ngang hay dc nu ni dung vn bn ln hn kch thc ca iu khin Kiu Boolean Tham kho Object Browser

Cc phng thc h tr vic nhp vn bn vo TextBox Phng thc


Copy Cut Paste

M t
Chp ni dung c nh du trong iu khin vo b nh m Di chuyn ni dung c nh du trong iu khin vo b nh m Chp ni dung t b nh m vo iu khin

Ghi ch
Tham kho trong Object Browser hoc Help

Cc s kin: thng dng x l khi c tc ng ln TextBox, thng s dng hai s kin l: KeyPress v Change. S kin, v bn cht l mt chng trnh con dng Sub v c t ng gi ra tng ng vi tc ng no ln TextBox, v d nh bm phm hay thay i ni dung. S kin Change c gi khi ni dung vn bn trong TextBox b thay i. Cn s kin KeyPress c gi khi c mt phm c nhn khi con tr ang nm trong iu khin. S kin KeyPress c mt tham s l KeyAscii. Tham s ny c kiu Integer v cha m ASCII ca phm c nhn ( bit m ASCII ca cc phm, tham kho KeyCodeConstants trong Object Browser). Nhn(Label)

Label thng c s dng hin th mt vn bn ngn gn trn UserForm hoc dng km vi mt iu khin no trn UserForm vi mc ch l gii thch nh s dng cho iu khin . Ni dung vn bn trong Label c thit lp hoc thay i thng qua thuc tnh Caption ca n. Tng tc vi thuc tnh Caption ca Label cng tng t nh i vi thuc tnh Caption ca tt c cc iu khin khc v c trnh by cc phn trc.
iu khin Label gii thch cho d liu trong hp vn bn di

iu khin Label hin th kt qu dng vn bn ngn

Hpnhdu(CheckBox)

CheckBox thng c s dng la chn thng tin ph hp trong mt danh sch cc thng tin lin quan c lit k hoc dng b sung ni dung cho mt d liu no . thit lp hay c trng thi ca CheckBox (c chn hay khng c chn), s dng thuc tnh Value. Thuc tnh ny c kiu Boolean, nu gi tr ca n l True th c ngha l CheckBox c chn, gi tr l False ngha l CheckBox khng c chn. V d: to giao din nhp d liu v tnh tng cc s t 1 n n vi ty chn bng CheckBox nh sau:

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Nu khng chn CheckBox (khng nh du) th tnh tng ca cc s t 1 n n. Nu chn CheckBox (nh du) th ch tnh tng cc s chn trong khong t 1 n n. Thit k UserForm vi cc thnh phn nh hnh di y:
Label Name: lblSo TextBox Name: txtSo

CheckBox Name: chkChonsochan

Command Button Name: cmdTinh

Label Name: lbKetqua

M lnh cho th tc s kin Click cho nt lnh cmdTinh nh sau:


Private Sub cmdTinh_Click() Dim i As Long Dim so As Long so = CLng(txtSo.Text) ' chuyen doi du lieu tu txtSo vao bien so Dim tong As Double tong = 0 Dim buocnhay As Long ' buoc nhay cua bien chay If chkChonsochan.Value Then xet lua chon chi tinh tong so chan buocnhay = 2 Else buocnhay = 1 End If For i = 0 To so Step buocnhay tong = tong + i Next lblKetqua.Caption = "Ket qua: " & Str(tong) hien thi ket qua End Sub

Nttuchn(OptionButton)

OptionButton thng c dng yu cu ngi dng chn mt trong cc thng tin c lit k sn. to nhm cc OptionButton, ta c th t chng trong mt iu khin khung (Frame) hoc t chng trn UserForm.

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Hai OptionButton phc v cho vic la chn loi hnh d n. Ngi dng ch c th chn mt trong hai iu khin ny.

thit lp trng thi chn hay khng chn cho OptionButton, s dng thuc tnh Value, thuc tnh ny c kiu Boolean. Nu gi tr ca n l True th c ngha l OptionButton c chn, cn nu gi tr l False th OptionButton khng c chn. V d m lnh sau tng ng vi vic ngi dng chn OptionButton tn l optDAmoi
optDAmoi.Value=True

Hpdanhsch(ListBox)

ListBox cho php lit k mt danh sch cc gi tr ngi dng c th quan st v la chn mt hoc mt vi gi tr trong danh sch ny. Mi gi tr trong ListBox lun c ch s (Index) v ni dung (Text). Thuc tnh: Thuc tnh
List ListCount ListIndex Text Selected(i)

M t
Tr v danh sch cc gi tr trong iu khin Tr v s lng cc gi tr trong danh sch Tr v ch s ca gi tr c chn trong danh sch Tr v ni dung ca gi tr c chn Kim tra xem phn gi tr i c c chn hay khng.

Ghi ch
Tham kho Object Browser Kiu Long Kiu Variant Kiu String Kiu Boolean

Phng thc: Phng thc


AddItem RemoveItem Clear

M t
Thm mt gi tr vo trong danh sch Xo mt gi tr khi danh sch Xo ton b danh sch

Ghi ch
Tham kho trong hoc Help Object Browser

V d: to UserForm vi ListBox nh hnh di:

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UserForm: usfMc

ListBox: lstDsMc

Yu cu: khi chng trnh hot ng, trong ListBox s c mt danh sch cc mt ct c thng k ra.

M lnh cho s kin Initialize (s kin ny c t ng gi khi chng trnh np UserForm vo b nh ca my tnh) ca UserForm nh sau:
Private Sub UserForm_Initialize() lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat dau", 0 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat L/4", 1 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat L/2", 2 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat 3L/4", 3 lstDsMc.AddItem "Mat cat cuoi", 4 End Sub
GI Phng thc AddItem c hai tham s u l tham s tu chn: tham s th nht l ni dung ca phn t, tham s th hai l v tr chn phn t trong danh sch.

Kt qu chy chng trnh nh sau:

bit ngi dng la chn phn t no trong ListBox, vit m lnh cho s kin Click ca ListBox nh sau:
Private Sub lstDsMc_Click() Hin th gi tr c chn ln tiu ca UserForm Me.Caption = lstDsMc.Text End Sub

Kt qu khi ngi dng chn mt gi tr trong ListBox:

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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC

Hpdanhschthp(ComboBox)

Tng t nh ListBox, nhng danh sch cc gi tr c th hin theo kiu hin ra y khi ngi dng kch chut vo. Ngoi ra iu khin ny cn cho php ngi dng nhp gi tr cn tm vo, iu ny gip cho vic la chn c nhanh hn khi ngi dng bit tn gi tr cn chn trong danh sch v chiu di ca danh sch li qu ln.

Cc thuc tnh v phng thc ca ComboBox tng t nh ListBox. Khung(Frame)

Frame cho php nhm cc iu khin trn UserForm li theo ch , gip cho vic trnh by trn UserForm c r rng v gip cho ngi dng d s dng chng trnh. Frame cn c dng tp hp cc OptionButton thnh mt nhm. Khi to nhm iu khin trong Frame, nn to Frame trc ri mi to cc iu khin thnh phn trong n (khi cc iu khin to sau s c gn v trong Frame).

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Frame nhm cc iu khin phc v vic nhp d liu cho cc nhm vt liu khc nhau.

Hnhnh(Image)

Image cho php hin th hnh nh trn mt vng ca UserForm. S dng iu khin ny gip cho vic minh ha d liu cn nhp tr nn r rng v d hnh dung. chn hnh nh vo trong iu khin, s dng thuc tnh Picture ca n.

12. Cc hp thoi thng dng


12.1. Hp thng ip (Message Box MsgBox)
MsgBox c s dng nhc nh, thng bo hoc cnh bo ngi dng. MsgBox c th c gi theo kiu th tc (khng c gi tr tr v), hoc theo kiu hm (gi tr tr v l nt lnh c ngi dng chn). C php gi MsgBox nh sau: Dng th tc:
MsgBox Prompt, [Buttons], [Title]

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Dng hm
MsgBox(Prompt, [Buttons], [Title])

(Gi tr tr v ca hm c kiu VbMsgBoxResult tham kho trong Object Browser) Tham s


Prompt Buttons Title

M t
Kiu String. Ni dung dng nhc trong MsgBox. Kiu VbMsgBoxStyle (tham kho trong Object Browser). Kiu hin th biu tng v nt lnh trong MsgBox. Kiu String. Ni dung dng tiu ca MsgBox.

V d: MsgBox c gi vi m lnh sau:


MsgBox "Bn c mun thot khi chng trnh khng", vbCritical Or _ vbYesNo, "Thot khi chng trnh"

Title Prompt Buttons

12.2. Hp nhp d liu (Input Box InputBox)


InputBox c s dng nhm yu cu ngi dng nhp mt chui (String) theo gi ca dng nhc (Prompt) v tiu (Title) trn . InputBox c gi theo dng hm vi gi tr tr v l chui d liu m ngi dng nhp. C php gi InputBox thng thng nh sau:
InputBox(Prompt, [Title], [Default], [XPos], [YPos])

Tham s
Prompt Title Default XPos, YPos

M t
Kiu String. Ni dung dng nhc. Kiu String. Ni dung tiu . Kiu Variant. Gi tr mc nh hin th trong InputBox. Kiu Double. To gc tri trn ca InputBox khi hin th ra mn hnh.

on m sau s minh ho cch thc gi InputBox:


Dim LngSodiemMax As Long LngSodiemMax = _ Val(InputBox("Nhp s lng im ti a (s nguyn dng)", _ "S im ti a", "100000"))

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Nu ngi dng bm nt OK th gi tr tr v ca hm InputBox l mt chui c gi tr 100000, cn nu bm nt Cancel th gi tr tr v l mt chui rng.

12.3. Hp thoi da trn iu khin Common Dialog.


iu khin Common Dialog cho php hin th cc hp thoi sau: Hp thoi Open, Save: phc v thao tc m v ghi tp tin mt cch trc quan. Hp thoi Color: phc v thao tc la chn mu. Hp thoi Font: phc v thao tc la chn font ch. Hp thoi Print: phc v thao tc in n. a iu khin ny vo trong hp cng c iu khin (Control Toolbox) chn menu Tools Additional Controls, sau chn Microsoft Common Dialog Control.

Cc thuc tnh ca iu khin Common Dialog. Thuc tnh


DialogTitle FileName FileTitle Filter

M t
Tiu ca hp thoi Tr v ng dn v tn ca file c chn - Hp thoi Open, Save. Tr v tn ca file c chn (khng cha ng dn) - Hp thoi Open, Save. M t cc kiu file s c hin th trong hp thoi - Hp thoi Open, Save.

Ghi ch
Kiu String Kiu String Kiu String Kiu String

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FilterIndex DefaultExt Kiu file mc nh s c hin th trong hp thoi - Hp thoi Open, Save. Phn m rng mc nh c gn trong hp thoi (khi ngi dng khng chn m nhp text vo trong phn tn file) - hp thoi Open, Save. ng dn khi to trong hp thoi - Hp thoi Open, Save Qui nh c pht sinh li hay khng khi ngi dng chn nt Cancel trong hp thoi. Tr v mu c chn trong hp thoi Hp thoi Color Kiu Integer Kiu String

InitDir CancelError Color

Kiu String Kiu Boolean Tham kho Object Browser

Cc phng thc ca iu khin Common Dialog. Phng thc


ShowOpen ShowSave ShowColor ShowFont ShowPrinter

M t
Hin th hp thoi m file (Open) Hin th hp thoi ghi file (Save) Hin th hp thoi chn mu (Color) Hin th hp thoi chn font ch (Font) Hin th hp thoi in n (Printer)

Ghi ch
Tham kho trong Object Browser hoc Help

V d: Xy dng UserForm gm cc iu khin nh hnh di: Label Name: lbPath

Common Dialog Name: cmDlg Command Button Command Button Name: cmdOpen Yu cu: Ngi dng bm nt Open Path ly v ng dn ca mt file sau hin th n trn iu khin lbPath. Ngi dng chn nt Select Color i mu ca UserForm. M lnh tham kho nh sau: M lnh vi th tc s kin Click ca cmdOpen
Private Sub cmdOpen_Click() Dim strPath As String ' Xau luu tru duong dan cua file duoc chon Dim strFilter As String ' Xau bieu dien cac kieu file hien thi strFilter = "App(*.exe)|*.exe|Text(*.txt)|*.txt|All files (*.*)|*.*" With cmDlg .DialogTitle = "Chon file" .InitDir = "C:\Program Files" ' duong dan mac dinh

Name: cmdColor

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.Filter = strFilter .ShowOpen strPath = .Filename ' lay ve ten day du cua file duoc chon End With lbPath.Caption = strPath End Sub

M lnh vi th tc s kin Click ca cmdColor


Private Sub cmdColor_Click() Dim lngColor As Long bien luu tru mau duoc chon With cmDlg .ShowColor lngColor = .color lay ve mau nguoi dung chon trong hop thoai End With Me.BackColor = lngColor End Sub

13. Lp trnh x l tp tin


X l tp tin l mt nhu cu khng th thiu khi xy dng phn mm ng dng, bi hu ht cc loi thng tin trn my tnh u c lu tr trong cc tp tin khc nhau. Trong cc phn mm ng dng ang c s dng, d liu u vo ca chng c cung cp di hai hnh thc: Nhp trc tip t bn phm bi ngi s dng: cch ny ch ph hp i vi lng s liu khng nhiu. Nhp t tp tin d liu, v d nh dng c bn s ( thit k ng t trn my tnh) th s liu v cc im o ton c kh nhiu (c th l vi nghn im o) v thng c cung cp di dng cc tp tin vn bn. Vic nhp d liu t tp tin lm cho mc t ng ha c nng cao hn, cho php cc phn mm ng dng c th kt ni c vi nhau thng qua hnh thc truyn d liu. Ngoi ra, lu li thng tin hay kt qu sau mi phin lm vic vi phn mm ng dng, th vic s dng tp tin lm ni lu tr l ph bin nht. Cc s liu nhp vo cng nh cc kt qu tnh ton ca phn mm s c lu li vo mt hay nhiu tp tin v chng s c gi li trong phin lm vic tip theo. c th xy dng chng trnh c kh nng nhp/xut d liu t tp tin, th ngi lp trnh cn phi nm c cc ni dung sau: Kiu ca tp tin: l cch thc t chc d liu trong tp tin . Hin nay c v s cc nh dng cho tp tin bi ngi dng c th t do nh ngha. Kiu nh dng ph bin nht dng trao i d liu l tp tin vn bn (thng c phn m rng l TXT, CSV). Vi nh dng ny ta c th xem ni dung ca tp tin bng cc chng trnh son tho n gin nh Notepad.exe ca Windows. Thao tc ln tp tin: l nhng thao tc nhm bin i ni dung hoc chnh tp tin cho ph hp vi mc ch ca ngi dng. Nhng thao tc ny c thc hin theo mt trnh t nht nh vi cc chng trnh con chuyn trch cho tng nhim v. Cc thao tc c bn bao gm: c d liu (Input) t tp tin vo trong chng trnh. Ghi d liu (Output) t chng trnh ra tp tin. Tm kim d liu trong tp tin: c d liu c chn lc.

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To mi tp tin: to ra tp tin trn a ghi d liu ln n. Xa tp tin khi khng cn dng n n na. Di chuyn v tr (Move) ca tp tin t ni ny n ni khc. To bn sao (Copy) cho tp tin: to mt tp tin th hai ging ht tp tin gc v ni dung nhng tn hoc v tr lu tr ca tp tin bn sao phi khc so vi tp tin gc.

13.1. Cc hnh thc truy cp tp tin


Truy cp tp tin bao gm cc thao tc c v ghi d liu. Cch thc truy cp bao gm: Truy cp kiu tun t (Sequential): Qu trnh c v ghi d liu vi tp tin theo cc khi d liu lin tc t u n cui tp tin. Cc khi d liu lin tc c th l cc k t, cc s, mu tin, chui, dng vn bn,Cc khi ny c phn cch nhau trong tp tin bng k t du phy (,) hoc k t xung dng. V d, mun c dng d liu th n trong mt tp tin vn bn c m dng (m>n), khng th ngay lp tc truy cp ti dng th n m phi ln lt c t dng hin ti (l dng vn bn m con tr c d liu ang ) ti dng th n. Kiu truy cp tun t thng p dng vi cc tp tin vn bn (text file).

Hnh III-24: Truy cp kiu tun t khi c tp tin vn bn.

Truy cp kiu ngu nhin (Random): Qu trnh c v ghi d liu vi tp tin c thc hin da trn cc mu tin c kch thc xc nh (n v o lng mu tin l Byte). Vic truy xut n mt mu tin l tu , khng cn tun theo trnh t m theo th t ca mu tin trong tp tin. Qu trnh truy cp ngu nhin thng c p dng cho cc tp tin trong d liu c t chc theo cc khi c cu trc (cc mu tin). Truy cp kiu nh phn (Binary): Qu trnh c v ghi d liu vi tp tin c thc hin theo cc khi khng ging nhau v kch thc. Qu trnh truy cp nh phn thng p dng cho cc tp tin c cu trc khng c nh v d liu c th c xc nh thng qua cc byte d liu c c vo. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny, tp tin vn bn v cc thao tc ln n, c trnh by chi tit bi tnh ph bin v hu dng ca loi tp tin ny khi lm vic vi cc phn mm ng dng trong ngnh xy dng cng trnh giao thng. vic thao tc vi cc tp tin c thun li, VB cung cp sn hai phng php c bn:

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S dng cc hm c sn thao tc trc tip ln tp tin (dng cc hm I/O). S dng mt s iu khin thao tc gin tip ln tp tin (dng i tng FSO).

13.2. X l d liu trong tp tin vi cc hm I/O:


Cc hm I/O (Input/Output) dng truy xut cc tp tin, trnh t nh sau: 1. M tp tin: l yu cu bt buc phi thc hin trc khi c hay ghi d liu vo tp tin. 2. Thc hin cc thao tc vi tp tin: c hoc ghi d liu vo tp tin. 3. ng tp tin: bt buc phi thc hin khi kt thc cc thao tc vi tp tin. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny ch trnh by cc thao tc theo kiu tun t vi tp tin, cc kiu truy cp khc c th tm trong cc ti liu tham kho ghi cui gio trnh ny hoc trong Help Online ca VBA IDE. 13.2.1. M tp tin: C php:
Open <ng dn> For [Kiu thao tc] as <filenumber> [Len=Buffersize]

Trong :
<ng dn>: l mt gi tr kiu String dng xc nh ng dn ca tp tin (v tr

ca n trn a).
<Kiu thao tc>: cch thc thao tc vi tp tin, tham s ny c th nhn mt trong

cc gi tr sau:
Input: c d liu t tp tin, khng gy li th tp tin ny phi c sn trn a. Output: ghi d liu vo tp tin vi hai im cn lu :

Nu tp tin l c sn th ton b d liu bn trong n s b xa sch trc khi d liu mi c ghi vo (ghi ln nhng d liu c). Vic ny s lm my i nhng d liu ban u. Nu tp tin cha tn ti, mt tp tin mi s c to ra vi tn v v tr ca tp tin c xc nh trong <ng dn>.
Append: ghi d liu vo cui tp tin c (ghi thm, ni vo nhng d liu c). <filenumber>: l mt gi tr kiu Integer i din cho tp tin . Sau ny, khi thao

tc vi tp tin ny, th gi tr ny s l i din. iu ny rt hu ch khi lm vic ng thi vi nhiu tp tin ang m, lc , ghi hay c d liu vi tp tin no, ta ch vic a vo gi tr ca <filenumber> tng ng trong cc lnh c/ghi d liu.
[Len = Buffersize]: ch ra s k t trong vng m khi sao chp d liu gia tp

tin v chng trnh. y l mt gi tr ty chn. V d: Khi trn a C khng c tp tin File1.txt th cu lnh sau s to mi v m sn tp tin ny ghi d liu:
Open C:\file1.txt For Output as 1

13.2.2. c d liu t tp tin: Sau khi tp tin c m bng lnh Open vi kiu l Input, n sn sng cho vic c d liu bn trong n. D liu c th c theo nhng cch thc sau:

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cdliutheotngdng Khi nim dng d liu trong tp tin khc so vi khi nim dng ch trn trang giy. Dng d liu c th cha rt nhiu k t (c di hu nh khng hn ch) v mt dng c coi l kt thc ti ni c cha k hiu xung dng (vbCrLf bao gm hai k t c s hiu 13 v 10). C php c mt dng t tp tin nh sau:
Line Input #<filenumber>, <strVar>

Cu lnh ny c d liu t dng hin ti ca tp tin c m (c ch s l <filenumber>) v gn d liu c c cho bin strVar (bin ny c kiu String). Cu lnh Line Input # s t ng nhn dng dng d liu thng qua k hiu xung dng (tuy nhin n khng a k hiu xung dng vo bin strVar). Sau lnh Line Input #, v tr con tr c d liu s c t ng chuyn xung dng tip theo.
CH Ngay khi m tp tin c, con tr c d liu s c t ng t dng u tin trong tp tin.

V d: Mt tp tin vn bn c ng dn C:\file1.txt vi ni dung nh sau:

M lnh sau s c ni dung ca 3 dng d liu u tin trong tp tin:


Dim strRe1 As String, strRe2 As String, strre3 As String Open C:\file1.txt For Input As 1 Line Input #1, strRe1 Line Input #1, strRe2 Line Input #1, strRe3 Debug.Print strRe1, strRe2, strre3 Close 1

Kt qu thc hin ca on m lnh trn nh sau:

CH Khi kt thc thao tc vi tp tin th cn phi ng chng li, nu khng thng tin trong c th mt hoc ngi khc khng truy cp vo tp tin c.

cmtdanhschccchuitheoktphncch c mt danh sch cc chui theo k t phn cch l du phy (,) hoc k hiu xung dng (vbCrLf) vi c php sau:

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GIOTRNHTNGHOTHITKCUNG Input # <filenumber>, <danh sch cc bin>

Cu lnh ny c khi d liu t v tr hin ti ca con tr c d liu trong tp tin c ch s <filenumber>. D liu c c s c gn vo cho <danh sch cc bin> (mi bin trong danh sch ny u c kiu d liu l String). S khi d liu c c s ph thuc vo s bin c trong <danh sch cc bin>. Khi d liu c nhn dng da vo du phy ( , ) hoc k hiu xung dng (vbCrLf). Sau lnh Input #n, v tr con tr c d liu s c t ng chuyn sang khi d liu tip theo.
CH c d liu bng lnh Input #n thng c dng vi tp tin m d liu ca n c to ra bi lnh Write #n.

V d: Vi tp tin vn bn C:\file1.txt nh trn, vi cc m lnh sau:


Dim strRe1 As String, strRe2 As String, strRe3 As String Open C:\file1.txt For Input As 1 Input #1, strRe1, strRe2, strRe3 Debug.Print strRe1, strRe2, strRe3 Close 1

Ta nhn c kt qu nh hnh di:

Nu lnh c d liu c gi khi v tr con tr c d liu cui tp tin th s xy ra li. trnh li ny cn phi kim tra v tr ca con tr c d liu, xem n c cui tp tin hay khng. Hm EOF (Filenumber) (c kiu Boolean) c dng cho mc ch ny, n s tr v gi tr True nu v tr con tr c d liu ang cui tp tin, v ngc li s tr v gi tr False. V d sau s c ton b d liu trong tp tin C:\File1.txt:
Dim strRe As String Open "C:\file1.txt" For Input As #1 Do While Not EOF(1) Input #1, strRe Debug.Print strRe Loop Close #1

13.2.3. Ghi d liu vo tp tin: Thao tc ghi d liu vo tp tin c thc hin sau khi tp tin m ghi vi hai kiu ghi d liu l ghi ln d liu ban u (vi thng s Output) hay ghi ni vo sau cc d liu ban u (vi thng s Append). Vi Output: ton b ni dung ban u ca tp tin s b xa v con tr ghi d liu s c t v tr u tin. Nu tp tin cha c th n s c t ng to ra theo tn v v tr ca ng dn trong lnh Open. Vi Append: vic ghi c thc hin ni tip vo tp tin hin ti, v tr bt u ghi mc nh l cui tp tin. GhidliuvilnhPrint #n C php nh sau:

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CHNGIII:CBNVNGNNGLPTRNHVISUALBASIC Print # <filenumber>, [outputlist]

Trong :
filenumber: ch s ca tp tin. outputlist: danh sch cc gi tr cn ghi, cc gi tr trong danh sch ny c phn tch nhau bi du ( ; ). Nu outputlist kt thc bng du (;) con tr ghi d liu s

chuyn sang v tr k tip. Ngc li, nu cui danh sch trng th con tr ghi d liu s chuyn sang dng k tip. Cc thnh phn d liu trong outputlist s c ghi lin tc vo tp tin, ngi dng c th thm cc khong trng bng lnh Spc(n) hoc cc du tab bng lnh Tab(n)(vi n l s k t cn thm vo). V d: chng trnh sau s ghi d liu vo tp tin C:\file1.txt bng lnh Print #
Sub FilePrint() Open "C:\file1.txt" For Output As 1 Dim Ax As Double, Ay As Double Dim Bx As Double, By As Double Ax = 100: Ay = 100 Bx = 200: By = 200 Print #1, "Diem A: "; Ax; Print #1, Ay Print #1, "Diem B: "; Bx; Print #1, By Close 1 End Sub

Kt qu nh sau:

GhidliuvilnhWrite # C php nh sau:


Write #filenumber, [outputlist]

Trong :
filenumber: ch s ca tp tin. outputlist: danh sch cc gi tr cn ghi, cc gi tr trong danh sch c phn tch nhau bi du ( , ). Nu outputlist kt thc bng du ( ; ) con tr ghi d liu s

chuyn sang v tr k tip. Ngc li, nu cui danh sch trng th con tr ghi d liu s chuyn sang dng k tip. Cc thnh phn d liu trong outputlist s c ghi lin tc vo tp tin v du phy ( , ) s c t ng thm vo gia hai gi tr trong tp tin. V d: chng trnh con sau s ghi d liu vo tp tin C:\file2.txt:
Sub FileWrite() Open "C:\file2.txt" For Output As 1 Dim Ax As Double, Ay As Double

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Dim Bx As Double, By As Double Ax = 100: Ay = 100 Bx = 200: By = 200 Write #1, "Diem A: ", Ax; Write Write Write Close End Sub #1, Ay #1, "Diem B: ", Bx; #1, By 1

Kt qu nh sau:

13.2.4. ng tp tin Sau khi thao tc c/ghi d liu ln tp tin ta cn phi ng chng li bng lnh Close theo c php sau:
Close <filenumber>
CH Trong tt c cc v d c v ghi d liu trn u c lnh ng tp tin sau khi kt thc cc thao tc c/ghi.

13.3. X l d liu trong tp tin theo m hnh FSO (File System Object)
Cc thao tc vi tp tin phn trn ch bao gm hai loi c bn nht l c d liu t tp tin v ghi thng tin ln tp tin, cn nhng thao tc khc, thng xuyn c s dng, nh: la chn tp tin, sao chp, di chuyn, xa, tuy c th thc hin c t nhng lnh c/ghi c bn trn nhng kh rc ri. V vy, to thun li cho ngi dng, VB cung cp nhng chc nng ny thng qua m hnh FSO. y l mt tp hp cc lp i tng, m nhim v ca chng l cung cp cho ngi dng hu ht cc cng c thao tc vi tp tin. Cc lp i tng theo m hnh FSO l mt dng b sung cho VBA v c cung cp di dng th vin lp trnh vi tn gi Microsoft Scripting Runtime. s dng th vin ny trong VBA IDE cn thc hin thao tc sau: trong VBAIDE chn trnh n Tools References nh du chn Microsoft Scripting Runtime Chn OK

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Hnh III-25: S dng th vin lp trnh Microsoft Scripting Runtime. CH Khi thao tc vi tp tin, m hnh FSO ch h tr cch thc truy cp tun t.

Cc lp (class) chnh trong m hnh FSO: Tn lp


FileSystemObject Drive Folder File TextStream

M t
i tng qun l trong m hnh FSO i tng a i tng th mc i tng tp tin i tng lung d liu (dng text) phc v vic thao tc vi d liu trong tp tin

Ghi ch
Tham kho Object Browser Help. trong hoc

Cc phng thc chnh ca lp FileSystemObject phc v cho thao tc tp tin Tn phng thc
CopyFile DeleteFile MoveFile FileExists CreateTextFile GetFile OpenTextFile

M t
Sao chp tp tin Xo tp tin Di chuyn tp tin Kim tra s lm vic ca tp tin To tp tin mi (dng text) Nhn v mt tp tin c M mt tp tin dng text lm vic

Ghi ch
Tham kho Object Browser Tham kho Object Browser Tr v gi tr Boolean Tr v i tng kiu TextStream Tr v i tng kiu File Tr v i tng kiu TextStream

Cc phng thc ca lp TextStream Tn phng M t thc


Read c mt xu d liu trong tp tin

Ghi ch
Tr v d liu kiu String

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ReadLine ReadAll Skip SkipLine Write WriteLine WriteBlankLines Close c mt dng d liu trong tp tin c ton b d liu trong tp tin B qua mt xu d liu trong tp tin B qua mt dng d liu trong tp tin Ghi mt xu d liu vo trong tp tin Ghi mt xu d liu thnh mt dng trong tp tin Chn mt dng trng vo trong tp tin ng lung d liu. Tr v d liu kiu String Tr v d liu kiu String Tr v i tng kiu TextStream

TrnhtlmvicvidliucatptintheomhnhFSO 1. To i tng <FSO> thuc lp FileSystemObject nhm qun l tp tin, th mc hoc a theo c php sau:
Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject

Hoc:
Set FSO = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")

Trong : <FSO> l tn ca i tng (chnh l tn bin), m da vo n ta s thao tc vi tp tin. 2. To i tng <TxtStr> thuc lp TextStream nhm phc v cho vic thao tc vi d liu trong tp tin theo c php sau:
Dim TxtStr As New TextStream

3. Thao tc vi d liu vi i tng TxtStr. 4. ng lung d liu kt thc thao tc theo c php sau
TxtStr.Close
CH Hai cch khai bo bin i tng sau l tng ng nhau: Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject V: Dim FSO As FileSystemObject Set FSO = New FileSystemObject

13.3.1. To tp tin mi S dng phng thc CreateTextFile to tp tin mi v m sn n cho cc thao tc c/ghi. C php nh sau:
Set TxtStr=FSO.CreateTextFile(FileName,[Overwrite],[Unicode])

Trong :

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FileName: tn ca tp tin cn to, kiu String, phi bao gm y ng dn xc

nh v tr ca tp tin, nu ch c tn tp tin th tp tin ny s c to vo th mc mc nh.


[Overwrite]: la chn c ghi hay khng trong trng hp tp tin c. Tham s ny l tu chn v c kiu l Boolean, gi tr mc nh l True (cho php ghi ). Nu t tham s ny l False v tp tin c th s pht sinh li v lm dng chng trnh. [Unicode]: la chn c s dng bng m Unicode trong tp tin hay khng. Tham s ny l tu chn v c kiu l Boolean, gi tr mc nh l False.

V d sau s to ra tp tin Test.txt trong a C, nu tp tin ny c, n s b ghi ln, ngha l cc thng tin c s b xa ht:
Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject Dim TxtStr As TextStream Set TxtStr=FSO.CreateTextFile(C:\Test.txt,True,True)

13.3.2. M tp tin c thao tc Khi mun lm vic vi mt tp tin c (c/ghi), s dng c php sau:
Set TxtStrObj=FSO.OpenTextFile(FileName,[IOMode],[Create],[Format])

Trong :
FileName: Tn v v tr ca tp tin (kiu String). [IOMode]: Kiu thao tc vi tp tin. Tham s ny l tu chn, c th nhn mt trong 3 gi tr sau: ForAppending (hoc 8): thm d liu vo cui tp tin c. ForReading (hoc 1): c d liu t tp tin. y l gi tr mc nh ca tham s. ForWriting (hoc 2): ghi d liu vo tp tin. [Create]: Ty chn c to tp tin hay khng trong trng hp tp tin cha tn ti. N c kiu l Boolean, gi tr mc nh l False. [Format]: tham s tu chn, ch cch m tp tin theo nh dng. Tham s ny c th

nhn mt trong 3 gi tr sau:


TristateUseDefault (hoc -2): m tp tin theo nh dng chun ca h thng. TristateTrue (hoc -1): m tp tin vi nh dng Unicode. TristateFalse (hoc 0): m tp tin vi nh dng theo chun ASCII. y l gi

tr mc nh ca tham s. Trong qu trnh c d liu t tp tin, phi lun chc chn rng v tr con tr c d liu khng cui tp tin bi iu ny s lm pht sinh li. kim tra xem v tr con tr c d liu cui tp tin cha, dng thuc tnh AtEndOfStream ca lp TextStream. Thuc tnh ny tr v gi tr True nu cui, tr v false nu cha. V d: on chng trnh sau s c ni dung ca tp tin C:\file1.txt v in ra ca s Immediate.
Sub FSOReadFile() Dim FSO As New FileSystemObject

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Dim TxtStr As TextStream Dim StrTemp As String If FSO.FileExists("C:\file1.txt") Then Set TxtStr = FSO.OpenTextFile("C:\file1.txt", ForReading) Do While Not (TxtStr.AtEndOfStream) StrTemp = TxtStr.ReadLine Debug.Print StrTemp Loop TxtStr.Close Else MsgBox "Tap tin khng co hoac Duong dan sai",vbCritical,"Thong bao" End If End Sub

Kt qu thc thi on chng trnh trn nh sau:

Tp tin

Kt qu

Nhng thao tc khc nh Copy, Move, Delete hay lm vic vi th mc khng c cp trong gio trnh ny, tuy nhin ngi c c th tm hiu trong cc ti liu tham kho nu cui gio trnh ny hoc trong Help Online ca VBA IDE.

14. G ri v by li trong VBAIDE


Trong qu trnh xy dng mt d n phn mm, vic gp cc li l khng th trnh khi. V vy, vic tm v x l li l iu tt yu. Trnh t ca cng vic ny nh sau: 1. Tm v phn loi li. 2. Tm kim v tr m lnh pht sinh li. 3. Sa li. 4. Ngn chn li c th xy ra trong tng lai (by li).

14.1. Phn loi li trong lp trnh


Cc li c th c phn loi nh sau: Li c php (Syntax Error): l cc li pht sinh do vit m lnh sai quy tc. V d: t tn bin trng t kho, vit sai t kho, Tuy nhin trong VBA IDE, cc li c php c hn ch rt nhiu nh cc tnh nng pht sinh m lnh t ng, gi m lnh hoc t ng kim tra c php ca m lnh. Mt chng trnh ch chy khi khng cn li c php. Li khi chy chng trnh (Runtime Error): l cc li pht sinh trong khi chng trnh ang chy. y l mt loi li m nguyn nhn gy li rt a dng cho nn vic pht hin v sa cha li loi ny kh kh khn. V d nh li do trn b nh, cc ti nguyn m chng trnh cn s dng khng c trong h thng, Cc li thc thi thng dn ti s chm dt hot ng ca chng trnh, thm ch ca ton b h thng.

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Li do gii thut: l cc li xy ra do thut ton hoc do vic ci t v s dng cc thut ton cha ng. Cc li gii thut thng dn ti kt qu x l ca chng trnh b sai, trong nhiu trng hp cc li gii thut cng c th l nguyn nhn lm pht sinh cc li thc thi. VBA IDE khng th pht hin c cc li loi ny m phi do ngi lp trnh hoc ngi s dng chng trnh mi tm ra c. V vy, y l loi li kh pht hin v khc phc nht.

14.2. G ri trong lp trnh


Cc li c php c th c khc phc kh d dng do ngi lp trnh c thng bo ca trnh bin dch ngay trong qu trnh vit m lnh (tham kho thm mc Cc tr gip v c php trong qu trnh vit m lnh trang 25 v Tnh nng gi nh v t hon thin m lnh trang 26). Ngoi ra, cng c mt s li v c php m VBA IDE khng th pht hin ngay lc vit m lnh c, vi nhng trng hp ny, thng thng ngay trc khi chng trnh c thc thi, VBA IDE s bo li vi ngi dng. Do cc li c php rt d dng c pht hin nn phn ny s tp trung vo cc tnh nng dng pht hin li thc thi v li gii thut. 14.2.1. Pht hin li lc thc thi i vi cc li pht sinh lc thc thi chng trnh, VBA IDE s t ng dng chng trnh v hin th thng bo li, sau cho php ngi dng la chn kt thc chng trnh hoc tip tc g ri chng trnh. hiu r hn tnh nng ny, nhp on m lnh sau vo m-un chun ca VBA IDE
Sub VDLoiThucThi() Dim i As Integer i = InputBox("Nhap so nguyen: ", "VD loi thuc thi") MsgBox i End Sub

on m lnh trn s hin th hp thoi InputBox ngi dng nhp mt s nguyn, sau hin th kt qu va c nhp vo thng qua hm MsgBox. Thc thi chng trnh con ny, sau trong hp thoi va hin th, nhp vo mt chui k t l s nguyn, v d l 123, sau nhn OK mt hp thoi khc s hin th kt qu va nhp. Tip tc thc thi chng trnh mt ln na, ln ny nhp mt chui k t khng phi l s nguyn, v d l ABC, sau chn OK. VBA IDE s hin th thng bo li nh sau:

Hnh III-26: Thng bo li pht sinh lc thc thi chng trnh.

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Trong ca s thng bo li c hin th M li v M t li ngi dng c th tra cu, khc phc li. Trong v d ny, l li s 13, li Type missmatch Khng ph hp kiu d liu. Nu ngi dng chn nt lnh End chng trnh s kt thc thc thi. Nu ngi dng chn nt lnh Debug, chng trnh s dng li ngay ti dng lnh lm pht sinh li trn. VBA IDE s hin th ca s m lnh v nh du dng lnh ni pht sinh ra li thc thi.

Hnh III-27: VBA IDE nh du dng lnh lm pht sinh li thc thi.

Nh c iu ny m ngi lp trnh c th r c nguyn nhn pht sinh li v ni lm pht sinh li thc thi, t c c hng khc phc hp l. 14.2.2. Cc phng php thc thi m lnh Trong cc trnh bin dch hin i ni chung v VBAIDE ni ring, ngi dng c h tr rt nhiu thng qua cc tnh nng g ri nh bin dch theo tng bc, theo cc im dng, hin th cc kt qu trung gian. Tu thuc vo mc ch m ngi lp trnh c th s dng mt phng php ph hp hoc c th s dng phi hp gia cc phng php. Cc phng php thc thi m lnh c th c truy cp thng qua trnh n Debug ca VBAIDE: Chytngbc(StepInto) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: F8.

Chng trnh c dch theo tng dng lnh. Mi khi ngi lp trnh nhn F8 th chng trnh s thc thi mt dng lnh, c nh th cho n khi kt thc chng trnh. Nu ti mt dng lnh c li gi n chng trnh con khc th khi tip tc thc hin vi Step Into, con tr bin dch s c nhy n dng u tin ca chng trnh con c gi. Chytngbcvikhilnh(StepOver) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: SHIFT+F8.

Phng php ny tng t nh chy tng bc (Step Into) nhng vic thc thi mt chng trnh con c coi nh thc thi mt dng lnh. V vy nu trong chng trnh hin ti c mt li gi chng trnh con th chng trnh con s c thc thi nh mt lnh v do con tr bin dch sau s nhy ti dng lnh tip theo ca chng trnh con hin ti. Chyrangoichngtrnhcon(StepOut) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: CTRL+SHIFT+F8.

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Nu con tr bin dch ang trong mt chng trnh con, th lnh bin dch Step Out s dch ton b cc lnh cn li trong chng trnh con v a con tr lnh ti v tr tip sau v tr c li gi chng trnh con. Chytivtrcontrchut(RuntoCursor) Nt lnh: . Phm tt: CTRL+F8.

Chy t v tr con tr bin dch hin ti ti v tr c con tr son tho. Phng php ny thng c dng khi ngi lp trnh mun thc thi qua ton b nhng khi lnh lp n dng lnh m mnh cn quan tm. Toimdng(Breakpoint)khichychngtrnh Nt lnh: . Phm tt: F9.

Vi phng php ny, khi ngi lp trnh thc thi chng trnh, trnh bin dch s dng li ti cc v tr dng lnh tng ng c nh du trc. to im dng cho mt dng lnh, a con tr son tho chn dng lnh tng ng v nhn phm F9.

V tr con tr bin dch hin ti

im dng (Break point)

Nu mun xo im dng cho mt dng lnh, a con tr son tho n dng lnh c im dng v nhn phm F9. Nu mun xo ht tt c cc im dng to, nhn phm tt CTRL+SHIFT+F9. 14.2.3. Ca s tr gip g ri Ngoi vic g ri s dng cc phng php thc thi chng trnh, VBAIDE cn h tr ngi lp trnh cc cng c dng th nghim cc dng lnh v kim sot cc bin trong chng trnh. y l cng c rt hu ch gip ngi lp trnh c th theo di v t pht hin ra li trong chng trnh, nht l cc li pht sinh do gii thut. Castrunggian(ImmediateWindow). hin th ca s trung gian, trong VBAIDE chn trnh n View hoc s dng phm tt CTRL+G: Immediate window,

Hnh III-28: Ca s trung gian.

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Vi ca s trung gian, ngi dng c th: G mt dng lnh vo v nhn ENTER thc thi dng lnh trc tip t ca s trung gian. Hin th gi tr ca biu thc ln ca s trong qu rnh g ri. hin th gi tr ca biu thc, trong ca s trung gian g ?Biu_Thc ri nhn phm ENTER. Ngi lp trnh c th in gi tr ca biu thc ra ca s trung gian t m lnh chng trnh s dng c php:
Debug. Print <danh_sch_cc_biu_thc>

Thay i gi tr ca mt bin trong khi chy chng trnh t ca s trung gian. Chng hn nh trong chng trnh ang thc thi c bin a, ngi lp trnh c th thay i gi tr ca bin a thnh 5 bng cch g a=5 trong ca s trung gian v nhn phm ENTER. Castheodi(WatchWindow). hin th ca s theo di, trong VBA IDE chn trnh n View Watch Window.

Hnh III-29: Ca s theo di.

Ca s ny thng c s dng theo di s bin i ca cc bin hoc cc biu thc trong qu trnh m lnh c thc thi. Ngoi ra, trong ca s theo di, ngi lp trnh c th thay i gi tr cho bin trong lc ang thc thi chng trnh. Cn lu l gi tr ca bin/biu thc cn theo di ch c hin th khi trnh bin dch ang thc thi mt dng lnh nm trong phm vi hiu lc ca bin/biu thc . V d nh bin a trong chng trnh con VD1 ch hin th gi tr trong ca s theo di khi trnh bin dch ang thc thi mt dng lnh nm trong chng trnh con VD1 . thm mt biu thc vo trong danh sch cc biu thc ang c theo di ca ca s Watch, thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Trong VBA IDE, chn trnh n Debug Add Watch hin th hp thoi Add Watch. 2. Nhp biu thc cn theo di trong mc Expression. 3. Chn tn m-un v tn ca chng trnh con, ni c cha bin/biu thc cn theo di trong mc Module v Procedure. 4. Nhn ENTER hoc chn OK thm vo ca s theo di.
GI khng phi thc hin cc bc v , trc khi hin th ca s theo di, cn nh du chn bin/biu thc s c theo di. Khi , cc mc Expression, Module v Procedure s c t ng in cc gi tr tng ng.

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Hnh III-30: Thm biu thc vo ca s theo di.

14.3. By li trong VBAIDE


Nh cp trn, khi gp phi nhng li pht sinh lc thc thi chng trnh s gy ra nhng kt qu khng th tin on c hoc chng trnh s dng li v s hin th thng bo li rt phc tp. Nu ng v pha ngi s dng chng trnh th nhng hp thoi nh vy thng gy ra s lng tng khi s dng chng trnh. trnh nhng hin tng nh vy, ngi lp trnh cn phi thc hin cc k thut by li trong khi vit chng trnh. By li thc cht l vit cc on m lnh chn cc thng bo li mc nh ca h thng v hng dn chng trnh cch thc x l li chn c. Cc on chng trnh x l li cn c gi l b x l li (error-handler). VBA c cung cp cc cu lnh nhm gip ngi lp trnh thc hin by li trong chng trnh ca mnh. 14.3.1. Cu lnh On Error Cu lnh On Error s thc bt ch by li trong chng trnh v xc nh ni s thc hin x l cc li khi li xy ra. tt ch by li, ngi lp trnh cng dng chnh cu lnh ny. Cc dng c php ca cu lnh ny nh sau: C php
On Error GoTo <Label>

M t
Bt ch by li. Khi c li xy ra, chng trnh s c t ng nhy n dng lnh c nhn <Label> tip tc thc thi m lnh. y chnh l ni cha b x l li ca chng trnh. Cn lu l phn m lnh c nhn <Label> phi nm trong cng mt chng trnh vi cu lnh On Error. Khi dng by li kiu ny, trc nhn <Label> thng c lnh Exit Sub hoc Exit Function (tu thuc chng trnh con c by li) nhm trnh thc thi b x l li trong trng hp li khng xy ra.

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On Error Resume Next Bt ch by li. Khi c li xy ra, chng trnh s t ng nhy n dng lnh ngay sau dng lnh gy li tip tc thc thi m lnh. Cu lnh ny thng c s dng khi c cu lnh truy xut n mt i tng no . nm r li pht sinh, cu lnh ny thng c s dng kt hp vi i tng Error (xem thm mc i tng Err trang 96) Tt ch by li. Khi thc hin dng lnh ny, cc li pht sinh trc s c xo v ng thi k t sau dng lnh ny, cc li s khng c chn li v x l na, v nh vy chng trnh c th ngng hot ng nu c li thc thi xy ra.

On Error GoTo 0

Khi s dng cu lnh On Error GoTo <Label>, ngay trc nhn <Label> thng c lnh Exit Sub hoc Exit Function (tu thuc chng trnh con c by li) nhm trnh thc thi b x l li trong trng hp li khng xy ra. V vy, khun mu ca cc chng trnh c b x l li c th c tham kho thao on m lnh sau:
Sub InitializeMatrix(Var1, Var2, Var3, Var4) On Error GoTo B_x_l_li . . . Exit Sub B_x_l_li: . . . Resume Next End Sub

on chng trnh sau y s thc hin truy xut n mt tp, sau ng tp li. Nu trong qu trnh thao tc c li xy ra, chng trnh s c t ng nhy n dng lnh pha sau nhn lbErr hin th thng bo v li xy ra cho ngi s dng.
Sub SolveErrorExample() On Error GoTo lbErr Open "C:\fileABC.txt" For Input As 1 Close 1 Exit Sub lbErr: MsgBox "Loi xay ra: " & Err.Description, vbCritical, "Thong bao loi" End Sub

Khi thc thi chng trnh, trong trng hp tp C:\fileABC.txt khng tn ti, ngi dng s nhn c thng bo li nh sau:

Hnh III-31: Thng bo li do ngi dng t to

14.3.2. i tng Err i tng Err cha tt c cc thng tin v li thc thi ca chng trnh. i tng ny thng c s dng cng vi cu lnh On Error Resume Next. Nh c i tng Err m ngi lp trnh c th bit r c cc thng tin v li xy ra c hng x l thch hp.

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i tng Err c nhiu phng thc v thuc tnh khc nhau phc v cho vic x l li. Trong , nhng thuc tnh v phng thc c s dng nhiu nht bao gm: Description, Number v Clear. ThuctnhNumber Thuc tnh Number tr v s hiu ca li thc thi. y cng l thuc tnh mc nh ca i tng Err, ngha l hai biu thc Err.Number v Err l tng ng nhau, u tr v s hiu ca li thc thi. Trong trng hp khng c li xy ra, thuc tnh ny tr v gi tr 0. ThuctnhDescription Thuc tnh Description tr v chui k t m t thng tin ngn gn v li thc thi xy ra. Thng thng, khi li xy ra, nn t nht l hin th thng bo li cho ngi dng bng cch s dng hm MsgBox kt hp vi thuc tnh Description. Trong trng hp khng c li xy ra, thuc tnh ny tr v chui k t rng . PhngthcClear Phng thc Clear s xo tt c cc thuc tnh ca i tng Err, c ngha l sau khi thc thi phng thc Clear, i tng Err s c tr v trng thi nh khi khng c li xy ra. Phng thc ny thng c gi sau khi tin hnh x l xong cc li thc thi. V d sau s minh ho cch thc s dng i tng Err. Trong v d ny c thc hin php chia cho 0, v vy chng trnh s lm pht sinh li thc thi. Nh c cu lnh On Error GoTo out nn khi c li, chng trnh s t ng nhy n cu lnh sau nhn out. V vy cc cu lnh sau cu lnh lm pht sinh li nh MsgBox x v Exit Sub s khng bao gi c thc hin. on m lnh sau nhn out thc hin nhim v thng bo cho ngi dng s hiu li v m t v li
Sub test() On Error GoTo out Dim x, y x = 1 / y ' Dng lnh ny lm pht sinh li chia cho 0 MsgBox x Exit Sub out: ' Hin th thng bo li cho ngi dng MsgBox Ma loi: & Err.Number MsgBox Err.Description End Sub

14.3.3. Hm Error Hm Error tr v chui k t cha m t v li tng ng ca mt s hiu li. C php ca hm nh sau:
Error[(errornumber)]

Tham s errornumber l tham s tu chn, l s nguyn cha s hiu ca mt li no . Nu errornumber l mt li hp l nhng cha c nh ngha, hm Error s tr v chui Application-defined or object-defined error.. Nu errornumber l mt s khng hp l th s lm pht sinh li. Nu tham s errornumber b b qua, hm Error s tr v m t ca li thc thi gn nht.

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V d sau s hin th m t li tng ng ca cc s hiu li trong ca s trung gian.


Sub VD_Error() Dim ErrNumber For ErrNumber = 61 To 64 ' Lp qua cc gi tr 61 - 64. Debug.Print Error(ErrNumber) ' In m t li trong ca s trung gian. Next ErrNumber End Sub

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CHNG IV: LP TRNH TRN MICROSOFT EXCEL


1. Tng quan v Microsoft Excel
1.1. Kh nng ca Excel
Microsoft Excel l mt phn mm chuyn x l bng tnh ca hng phn mm ni ting Microsoft. Excel thc s l mt cng c rt mnh m phc v cng tc tnh ton, lp bng biu Vi cc bi ton t n gin n phc tp, ta u c th s dng Excel gii quyt mt cch d dng vi rt nhiu tnh nng sn c: Kh nng t chc d liu mnh m vi h thng cc , vng d liu, cc bng tnh; Kh nng x l d liu nh truy vn, lc, tnh ton vi h thng rt phong ph cc hm c bn cng nh cc hm chc nng chuyn bit; Kh nng lp bo co vi cch t chc bng biu v h thng biu tng i hon chnh; Kh nng in n vi nhiu la chn khc nhau. Vi cch t chc ging nh bng tnh thng thng, Excel l mt phn mm bng tnh trc quan v rt d s dng. Chnh bi iu ny khin cho Excel l mt trong nhng phn mm c s dng ph bin nht.

1.2. Giao din ca Excel


Giao din l ni m ngi dng tng tc vi chng trnh v mt giao din hp l l giao din quen thuc vi ngi dng. Do chuyn v bng tnh, nn giao din ca Excel (nh hnh di) c thit k da trn s m phng ca cu trc bng tnh thng thng.

Hnh IV-1: Giao din chnh ca Excel.

Cc thnh phn chnh trong giao din ca Excel bao gm:

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1. Thanh trnh n l ni cha cc lnh dng gi n cc chc nng ca chng trnh. H thng thanh trnh n c truy cp bng chut, v trong mt s lnh ph bin cn c th s dng t hp phm (v d lu bng tnh c th bm phm Ctrl+S). 2. Thanh cng c c rt nhiu thanh cng c khc nhau, mi thanh cng c cha cc nt lnh trc quan hoc cc la chn dng thc hin mt nhm chc nng no trong chng trnh. Hay ni cch khc, mt lnh c th c gi t thanh cng c hoc t thanh trnh n. 3. Thanh cng thc bao gm cha a ch ca hin hnh v cha ni dung ca hin hnh. Ti y ta c th xem c cng thc trong mt no trong khi vn cha kt qu ca cng thc . 4. Workbook l mt tp ti liu ca Excel. Mi Workbook c th cha nhiu bng tnh (Worksheet) v cc d liu m rng khc. Ti mi thi im ch c mt worksheet hin hnh v ta ch c th lm vic vi worksheet ny. 5. Worksheet l loi ti liu chnh trong tp ti liu ca Excel, mi worksheet cha cc tnh (cell) c t chc thnh cc hng v ct.

1.3. Kh nng m rng ca Excel


Vi hng trm hm v rt nhiu lnh c sn trong Excel khin cho n l mt chng trnh x l bng tnh rt mnh, c th gii quyt hu ht cc bi ton t n gin n phc tp. Tuy vy, vic lp trnh m rng trn Excel vn lun c cp n, khng nhng ch vi mc ch l lp trnh to thm nhng tnh nng mi cho Excel m cn kt hp cc tnh nng sn c ca chng trnh Excel gii quyt nhng vn mang tnh chuyn bit ho cao. B chng trnh D Ton l mt v d c th cho vic lp trnh m rng trn Excel. Cc bi ton chuyn bit v tnh ton d ton cng trnh c gii quyt mt cch d dng da trn s kt hp gia cc hm c sn trong Excel v mt s tnh nng mi v c s d liu. Vic lp trnh m rng Excel c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng n gin v hiu qu nht c th k n nhng cch sau: Lp trnh m rng thng qua mi trng lp trnh VBAIDE c tch hp sn trong Excel. Theo cch ny, ngi dng s s dng ngn ng lp trnh VB lp trnh m rng Excel. Cc ng dng c to ra theo cch ny gn lin vi tp ti liu ca Excel (Workbook). Lp trnh m rng thng qua b cng c lp trnh Visual Studio Tools for Office (VSTO) trong b cng c pht trin phn mm Microsoft Visual Studio. Theo cch ny, ngi s dng c th lp trnh to ra cc ng dng chuyn nghip dng Add-in (ng dng b sung trong Excel) bng cc ngn ng c h tr trong Microsoft Visual Studio. ng dng m rng dng ny c lu tr tch bit vi tp ti liu ca Excel nn rt d dng phn phi. Vi nhng u im vn c ca VBA v cng vi kh nng sn c ca Excel, hu ht cc bi ton trong lnh vc thit k cng trnh giao thng u c th gii quyt c thng qua vic lp trnh m rng Excel. V vy, trong ton b ti liu ny, vic lp trnh m rng Excel s c cp n theo cch da trn mi trng lp trnh VBAIDE. khi ng VBAIDE, t ca s chnh ca Excel, chn trnh n Tools Macro Visual Basic Editor, hoc c th s dng t hp phm ALT+F11.

2. Macro
Cch tt nht lm quen vi vic lp trnh trn Excel chnh l s dng Macro v tm hiu cch thc hot ng ca n.

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2.1. Macro l g?
Khi lm vic trong Excel, i lc gp phi nhng tnh hung m ngi s dng phi lp i lp li rt nhiu thao tc thc hin cc nhim v tng t nhau, v d nh thng xuyn phi nh dng d liu thnh mt kiu bng ging nhau. iu ny rt d dn n s nhm chn trong cng vic. Do , khi thit k Excel, Microsoft a ra khi nim Macro c th gi gn tt c cc thao tc y vo mt thao tc duy nht. Macro l tp hp cc lnh v hm c lu tr trong mt m-un m lnh ca VBA nhm thc hin mt nhim v no . Macro c th c to bng cch: Excel s t ghi li thao tc ca ngi dng khi lm vic trn n (Macro dng kch bn) v khi gi Macro ny, Excel s t ng lp li ton b cc thao tc trn; Ngi dng t vit cc on m lnh thc hin cc thao tc tng ng. Sau khi c to ra, mi khi thc thi Macro, tt c cc thao tc c lu trong Macro s c thc hin t ng. V thc cht, Macro l mt chng trnh con dng th tc (Sub) vi t kho Public. Tuy nhin, khc vi cc th tc khc, Macro l th tc khng c tham s. Chnh v vy, tt c cc th tc vi t kho Public v khng c tham s u c xem l Macro v s c hin th trong trnh qun l Macro ca Excel (cch gi: chn trnh n Tools Macro Macros hoc bm Alt+F8). Trong cc khai bo chng trnh con trong v d sau, ta s thy c cch nh ngha mt Macro:
Sub Macro() Macro Public Sub Macro () Macro Private Sub Macro() Th tc vi t kho Private, khng phi Macro Sub Macro(Input as Double) Th tc c tham s, khng phi Macro Public Function Macro() as Double Hm, khng phi Macro

2.2. To Macro
2.2.1. To Macro theo kch bn y l cch to Macro d dng nht, theo cch ny, ngi s dng s chun b trc tt c cc thao tc s thc hin (xy dng mt kich bn), sau yu cu Excel bt u ghi Macro, ngi dng s ln lt thc hin cc thao tc theo kch bn, Excel s ghi nhn cc thao tc v t ng chuyn tng thao tc thnh cc on m lnh VBA tng ng, on m lnh ny s c lu li trong tp XLS v mc nh l trong Module1.
CH Nu trong qu trnh thu Macro, ngi s dng thc hin khng ng theo kch bn d nh (b li) v c thm nhng thao tc sa li cc li , th ton b nhng thao tc pht sinh ny cng s c ghi nhn nh l mt phn ca Macro.

V d sau s tin hnh thu Macro c nhim v nh dng mt bng d liu vi nh dng nh sau: Tiu Ni dung Ni dung Tiu Ni dung Ni dung Tiu Ni dung Ni dung Tiu Ni dung Ni dung

ToMacrotheokchbndngnhdngbngdliu:

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1. Chn vng d liu cn nh dng, v d vng A1:D5. 2. Trong trnh n Tools, chn Macro Record New Macro hin th hp thoi Record Macro.

Hnh IV-2: Hp thoi Record Macro.

3. Trong mc Macro name, nhp tn ca Macro, v d l Macro1. 4. Nu mun thc thi Macro bng cch nhn phm tt, nhp mt ch ci thng thng vo Shortcut Key. Sau , thc thi Macro, ta ch cn nhn t hp phm CTRL+Ch ci (vi ch vit thng) hoc CTRL+SHIFT+Ch ci (vi ch vit hoa). Ch ci t lm phm tt khng c php l s hay cc k t c bit nh @ hoc #. Nu phm tt ny trng vi cc phm tt c th nhng phm tt c s b v hiu ho. 5. Trong mc Store Macro In, chn ni s lu tr Macro. Nu munMacro c th s dng c ngay cho mi bng tnh mi khi s dng Excel, th chn mc Personal Macro Workbook. Trong v d ny, chn This Workbook.
CH Nu ngi dng to mt Macro kh hu dng v mun dng li nhiu ln th nn chn lu Macro trong Personal Macro Workbook. Tp bng tnh ny l mt tp bng tnh n c tn l Personal.xls, c lu trong th mc Xlstart. Mi khi khi ng Excel, tp bng tnh ny s c t ng ti ln nhng ch n. Mc nh, tp Personal.xls khng tn ti cho n khi ngi dng to Macro v Macro c lu vo Personal Macro Workbook (chn trong Store Macro In ca hp thoi Record Macro).

6. Nhp cc thng tin vo mc Description nu cn m t thm v Macro ny. 7. Chn OK.


CH Trong qu trnh to Macro kch bn, nu mun lu a ch tng i so vi , chn vo biu

hin hnh, ta lm nh sau: trn thanh cng c Stop Recording

. K t thi im y, a ch s c lu tng i so vi tng Relative Reference hin hnh cho n khi thot khi Excel hoc chn mt ln na vo biu tng Relative Reference .

8. Thc hin cc thao tc m sau ny s c lp li khi Macro kch bn thc thi. a. nh dng cc ng k cho bng d liu: Chn trnh n Format Cells th Border nh dng cc ng k cho bng d liu. Chn

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b. nh dng dng tiu ca bng d liu: Chn dng u tin ca bng d liu Chn trnh n Format Cells Chn th Font chn Font Style l Bold Chn th Partern Chn mu xm. 9. Trn thanh cng c Stop Recording, nhn chut vo biu tng Stop Recording hon thnh vic to Macro theo kch bn.

Sau khi kt thc qu trnh to Macro theo kch bn, Excel s t ng pht sinh mt on m lnh nh sau:
Sub Macro1() ' Tn Macro ' ' Macro1 Macro ' Macro recorded 6/10/2007 by TTH ' ' Keyboard Shortcut: Ctrl+Shift+L Phm tt ca Macro ' Selection.Borders(xlDiagonalDown).LineStyle = xlNone Selection.Borders(xlDiagonalUp).LineStyle = xlNone With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeLeft) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeTop) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeBottom) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlEdgeRight) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlMedium .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlInsideVertical) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlThin .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Borders(xlInsideHorizontal) .LineStyle = xlContinuous .Weight = xlThin .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With ActiveWindow.SmallScroll Down:=-6 Range("A1:D1").Select ' La chn hng tiu With Selection.Font ' Phng ch cho hng tiu .Name = "Arial" .FontStyle = "Bold" .Size = 10 .Strikethrough = False .Superscript = False .Subscript = False .OutlineFont = False .Shadow = False

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.Underline = xlUnderlineStyleNone .ColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With With Selection.Interior .ColorIndex = 48 .Pattern = xlSolid .PatternColorIndex = xlAutomatic End With End Sub

' T mu cho hng tiu

' Kt thc Macro

on m trn c thm vo mt vi dng ghi ch lm r hn tng phn ca Macro, mi ghi ch bt u bng du ' . 2.2.2. To Macro s dng VBA Trong thc t, Macro kch bn khng th p ng c mi nhu cu, thng thng n ch p ng tt nhng yu cu v thao tc c bn khi tng tc vi Excel. khc phc nhc im ny, ngi dng c th vit cc on m lnh ring vi VBA to ra cc Macro c kh nng p ng c nhu cu ca mnh. Nh vy, ngoi cch to Macro theo kch bn, cn c th to Macro bng cch lp trnh trong VBAIDE. V d sau minh ho cch thc to mt Macro s dng VBA. Mc ich ca Macro l nh dng li phng ch cho vng ang c la chn trong bng tnh: thay i tn phng ch thnh Time News Roman, kiu ch thnh Italic, kch c ch 11. ToMacrosdngVBAIDE 1. Trong mn hnh chnh ca Excel, chn trnh n Tools Macro Visual Basic Editor. 2. Trong mn hnh ca VBAIDE va c hin th, chn trnh n Insert Module. 3. Nhp on m lnh sau:
Sub Dinh_dang() With Selection.Font .Name = "Times New Roman" .FontStyle = "Italic" .Size = 11 End With End Sub

4. Sau khi nhp xong on m lnh, chn trnh n File Close and Return to Microsoft Excel tr v mn hnh chnh ca Excel.
CH Mi Macro u c mt tn ring v tn ny l duy nht trong mt ti liu Excel (Workbook).

2.3. Qun l Macro


Nhm to iu kin thun li cho ngi s dng trong khi lm vic vi Macro, Excel tch hp sn mt trnh qun l Macro. hin th trnh qun l Macro, chn trnh n Tools Macro Macros hoc nhn t hp phm ALT+F8.

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Hnh IV-3: Trnh qun l Macro

Trong ca s Macro, cc Macro c to theo kch bn hoc bng VBAIDE c trong phin lm vic hin ti ca Excel s c hin th trong mt danh sch. Tt c cc thao tc qun l Macro s c thc hin d dng thng qua trnh qun l ny. bt u mt thao tc no , trc ht cn phi chn Macro tng ng c trong danh sch: thc thi Macro (chy Macro): kch chut vo nt Run. hiu chnh Macro: kch chut vo nt Edit, ca s lnh trong VBAIDE cha cc m lnh ca Macro c chn s c hin th ngi s dng c thay i m lnh trong Macro . xo Macro: kch chut vo nt Delete, Macro c chn s c xo c trong danh sch Macro v m lnh ca Macro . Kch chut vo nt Options s hin th hp thoi la chn, cho php ngi s dng thit lp li phm tt hoc thay i m t cho Macro c chn.

Hnh IV-4: Hp thoi Macro Options.

2.4. S dng Macro


Vic s dng cc Macro c to, thc cht l thc thi on m lnh to nn Macro . C nhiu cch khc nhau chy mt Macro: Thc thi bng cch bm phm tt gn cho Macro;

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Thc thi Macro theo cch thng qua trnh qun l Macro; Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE; Thc thi bng cch nhn chut vo mt nt lnh hay mt iu khin ho m c gn tr ti Macro cn thc hin; Thc thi bng cch nhn chut vo mt i tng ho m c gn tr ti Macro; Thc thi thng qua nt lnh trn thanh cng c; Thc thi thng qua mc trn thanh trnh n. Chi tit v cc cch thc thi Macro xin tm hiu thm trong ti liu Microsoft Office Excel Help c ci t sn cng Excel. y ch trnh by cch thc thi Macro theo mt s cch thng thng. 2.4.1. Thc thi Macro bng phm tt Trong qu trnh to Macro theo kch bn, ngi s dng c th gn mt phm tt cho Macro . V thc thi Macro, ngi dng ch cn nhn t hp phm tt gn cho Macro. Trong v d phn To Macro theo kch bn trang 101, Macro c gn mt t hp phm tt l CTRL+SHIFT+L, do vy, thc thi Macro ny, ngi s dng ch cn chn vng d liu nh dng bng, sau nhn t hp phm CTRL+SHIFT+L. i vi Macro c to bng cch s dng VBAIDE, ngi dng ch c th to phm tt cho Macro thng qua trnh qun l Macro. Chi tit tham kho phn Qun l Macro trang 104. 2.4.2. Thc thi Macro thng qua trnh qun l Macro Chi tit tham kho phn Qun l Macro trang 104. 2.4.3. Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE Cch thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE rt thch hp khi ngi s dng mun th nghim ngay Macro trong qu trnh xy dng n. thc thi Macro no trong VBAIDE, cn thc hin nh sau: 1. Trong ca s m lnh ca VBAIDE, t con tr vo gia khi Sub End Sub. 2. Nhn phm F5 hoc chn biu tng trn thanh cng c.

Hnh IV-5: Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE

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Trong trng hp ngi s dng khng t con tr gia, mt danh sch cc Macro s c hin ra ngi dng la chn Macro cn thc thi.

2.5. Hiu chnh Macro


Khi Macro c to ra cha p ng nhu cu th ngi s dng c th thay i, b sung m lnh cho Macro . Qu trnh hiu chnh Macro c thc hin thng qua VBAIDE. hiu chnh Macro, ta c th dng trnh qun l Macro (xem mc Qun l Macro trang 104) hoc truy cp trc tip trong VBAIDE. V bn cht, vic hiu chnh (sa i) Macro tng ng nh viclp trnh xy dng nn Macro .

2.6. Vn an ton khi s dng Macro


Do Macro l nhng on m lnh c th t ng thc thi v nhng on m lnh ny c th gy nguy him cho my tnh ca ngi dng (dng Macro Virus). Chnh v vy, Excel s dng c ch bo v chng li nguy c ly nhim virus thng qua Macro. C ch ny c th c iu chnh thng qua cc mc an ninh khc nhau: Very High High Medium Low
GI Mc an ninh ca Excel c th c thit lp bng cch chn trnh n Tools Macro Security

Thng thng, khi s dng Excel vi cc tp bng tnh c cha Macro, nn t mc an ninh Medium. mc ny, Excel s yu cu ngi dng xc thc xem cc on m lnh trong tp bng tnh c phi t ngun tin cy hay khng.

Hnh IV-6: Hp thoi cnh bo an ninh ca Excel

Nu ngi dng chn Enable Macros, cc Macro cha trong workbook s c php thc thi. Nu ngi dng chn Disable Macros, cc Macro cha trong workbook vn tn ti trong workbook nhng khng th thc thi c.

3. Xy dng hm mi trong Excel


3.1. Khi nim v hm trong Excel
Hm l nhng cng thc c nh ngha sn trong Excel thc hin tnh ton da trn cc s liu u vo, gi l tham s, theo mt trnh t c lp trnh sn nhm thc hin cc php tnh t n gin n phc tp.

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hiu r hn v cu trc ca mt hm, ta tm hiu v hm ROUND c sn trong Excel, l hm dng lm trn s:

1. Cu trc. Mt hm bt u bng du bng =, tip sau l tn hm, du ngoc n (, danh sch cc tham s cch nhau bng du phy , v cui cng l du ngoc n ). 2. Tn hm. n phm SHIFT+F3 hin th danh sch tt c cc hm trong Excel. 3. Cc tham s. Tham s c th l s, ch, gi tr logic nh TRUE hoc FALSE, mng, gi tr li nh #NA, hoc tham chiu n mt khc. Tham s truyn vo phi c kiu thch hp vi kiu ca tng tham s tng ng ca hm. Tham s truyn vo c th l mt hng s, cng thc, hoc l mt hm bt k. 4. Ch thch hm. Ch thch hm dng th hin cu trc v danh sch cc tham s ca hm, hin ln khi ta nhp vo tn hm. Ch thch hm ch xut hin i vi nhng hm c xy dng sn trong Excel.

3.2. To hm mi bng VBA


3.2.1. Ti sao phi dng hm? Trong qu trnh tnh ton vi cc bng tnh, ngi ta thy rng lun tn ti mt nhu cu: gi tr trong mt no s c tnh da vo hai yu t: Tnh theo mt hoc nhiu cng thc hoc theo mt trnh t logic no . Vic tnh ton cn phi da trn nhng thng s bn ngoi khc. Nu i chiu hai yu t trn vi cu trc ca mt hm ( mc trc) ta c th thy rng nhu cu trn ch c th c gii quyt mt cch tha ng vi vic s dng hm. Hn na, khi s dng hm, vic s dng lp cho nhiu hoc hiu chnh ni dung tnh ton sau ny u rt thun tin so vi vic khng dng hm (tnh trc tip trong ). Chnh bi u im ny m hng lot hm c Excel xy dng sn v phn loi theo nhm to thun tin cho ngi dng. Mt cu hi t ra l vi hn 300 hm c sn trong Excel cng vi cc hm c sn trong VBA, ti sao li cn phi to ra hm mi? Cu tr li rt n gin: n gin ho cng vic. Vi mt cht sng to, ngi dng c th to thm cc hm mi phc v cho nhng nhu cu ca mnh. Khng phi lc no cc hm c sn cng c th gii quyt c cng vic ca ngi dng, hoc c th gii quyt c nhng phi thng qua rt nhiu hm khc nhau hoc thc hin theo mt cch rt phc tp. Thay vo , ngi dng c th to ra mt hm mi m nhn nhim v ny. Hm mi ny c th c cch thc tnh ton hon mi, hoc cng c th ch l vic tp hp li cc hm sn c to thnh mt hm n gin hn. Cng n gin, cng d hiu, d nh v d s dng. Ly v d nh trong Excel, c cung cp mt b cng c c tn l Lookup. B cng c ny cho php ngi s dng tin hnh tra bng 2 chiu mt cch d dng. Nhng vic tra bng v ni suy khng th thc hin c nh b cng c ny. V th, xy dng mt hm mi dng tra bng v ni suy 2 chiu s l mt cng c tt phc v cho qu trnh tnh ton, nht l i vi ngnh cng trnh. Excel cho php xy dng cc hm mi bng VBA, v c bit, vic s dng cc hm mi ny khng khc g so vi vic s dng cc hm c sn ca Excel. Hm mi lun mang c tnh:

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Tr v mt gi tr no , tng t nh hm c sn trong Excel; Hm mi c th s dng nh mt chng trnh con trong VBA, ngha l n va c th s dng trong bng tnh (trong cc ), ng thi c th s dng trong cc chng trnh vit bng VBA. 3.2.2. Cu trc hm Thc cht, hm l mt chng trnh con dng Function. Khc vi Macro, hm l chng trnh con c gi tr tr v v c th c tham s. Khi to hm mi, ngi s dng cn phi tun th theo dng thc khai bo nh sau:
[Public/Private] Function Tn_hm([DSch_tham_s])[as kiu_d_liu] [Cu_lnh] [Tn_hm = biu_thc] [Exit Function] [Cu_lnh] [Tn_hm = biu_thc] End Function

Trong :
Public: (tu chn) l t kho biu th phm vi ca hm, hm c th c s dng bt k u trong tt c cc d n VBA hin c. Khi c t kho Public, tn hm s c hin th trong danh sch hm ca Excel. Private: (tu chn) l t kho biu th phm vi ca hm, hm ch c th c s dng

bn trong m-un c cha hm . Khi c t kho Private, tn hm s khng c hin th trong danh sch hm ca Excel, nhng ngi s dng vn c th dng hm ny trong bng tnh mt cch bnh thng.
CH Nu khng khai bo phm vi cho hm (t kho Public/Private), th mc nh, hm s c phm vi l Public.

Function: (bt buc) l t kho bo hiu bt u mt hm. Tn_hm: (bt buc) l tn ca hm, cch t tn hm tng t nh cch t tn ca bin. Tn_hm s c s dng nh l bin trong ton b hm, khi hm kt thc gi tr tr v ca hm chnh l gi tr gn cho bin Tn_hm cui cng. Danh_sch_tham_s: (tu chn) l danh sch cc tham s u vo ca hm. Cc tham

s c phn cch vi nhau bng du phy.


Kiu_d_liu: (tu chn) quy nh kiu gi tr tr v ca hm. Nu khng quy nh

kiu d liu, hm s c kiu d liu mc nh l Variant.


Exit Function: (tu chn) l cu lnh dng kt thc hm ngay lp tc (cho d pha sau cu lnh ny vn cn cc khi lnh khc). End Function: (bt buc) l t kho bo hiu kt thc mt hm.

3.2.3. To hm mi minh ho r hn cch thc to hm mi, ly v d to mt hm rt n gin: hm tnh din tch hnh ch nht. Hm ny c tn l Dien_tich, vi hai tham s u vo l chiu rng v chiu cao. Kiu d liu ca cc tham s l kiu s thc v gi tr tr v ca hm cng l kiu s thc. to mt hm mi, thc hin theo cc bc sau:

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1. Khi ng VBAIDE. Trong trnh n Tools, chn mc Macro Visual Basic Editor; 2. Trong trnh n Insert, chn mc Module to mt m-un mi, ni s cha hm do ngi dng nh ngha. 3. Trong trnh n Insert, chn mc Procedure hin th hp thoi Add Procedure. Sau in tn hm vo mc Name, chn kiu chng trnh con l Function v phm vi l Public. Cui cng chn OK;

Hnh IV-7: Hp thoi Add Procedure.

4. Chng trnh s t ng pht sinh on m lnh nh sau:


Public Function Dien_Tich() End Function

5. Thay on m lnh trn bng on m lnh sau:


Public Function Dien_Tich(Rong As Double, Cao As Double) As Double Hm tnh din tch hnh ch nht Dien_Tich = Rong * Cao End Function

6. Trong trnh n File, chn mc Close and Return to Microsoft Excel quay tr v mn hnh chnh ca Excel; 7. Lc ny, hm m ta va xy dng, c tn l Dien_Tich, c th c s dng bnh thng nh cc hm khc ca Excel.

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Hnh IV-8: S dng hm mi trong Excel. CH Cc bc to hm mi cng tng t nh cc bc to Macro phn trc. Tuy nhin, do hm cn phi c gi tr tr v nn khi khai bo kiu chng trnh con cho hm, ngi dng cn phi chn l Function (khc vi khi to Macro, phi chn l Sub).

Thng thng, vi yu cu tnh ton trn khng nht thit phi to hm mi, y ch l mt on v d rt n gin nhm minh ho cch thc to hm v cu trc ca hm. hiu r hn v hm, ta cng xem li on m trn:
Public Function Dien_Tich(Rong As Double, Cao As Double) As Double Hm tnh din tch hnh ch nht Dien_Tich = Rong * Cao End Function

dng u tin, c bt u bng t kho Public, do vy tn hm s c hin th trong danh sch hm trong Excel (c hin th khi nhp du bng vo v bm phm Shift+F3). Tip sau l t kho Function (ch khng phi l Sub nh Macro) v tn hm, Dien_Tich. Hm c hai tham s, nm gia hai du ngoc n, l Rong v Cao, v u c kiu s thc. T kho As Double cui xc nh kiu tr v ca hm Dien_Tich l kiu s thc. dng th 2, n gin ch l mt dng ch thch v c bt u bng du phy trn (). dng th 3, gi tr ca hm c tnh da trn hai tham s u vo l Rong v Cao. Hm c kt thc bng cu lnh End Function.
CH Khi xy dng hm mi, cn phi ch s khc bit gia hm gi t cc chng trnh con trong VBA v hm s dng trong bng tnh. Cc hm s dng trong bng tnh mang tnh b ng, tc l khng th thao tc trn cc vng d liu hoc thay i ni dung no trong bng tnh. Nu ngi dng c to mt hm m trong c thay i nh dng ca mt , nh mu nn chng hn, th nhng hm nh vy s khng thc hin c, v hm s lun tr v gi tr li. Nh vy, khi to hm mi cn ghi nh: Hm ch n gin l tr v mt gi tr no ; Hm khng th thc hin thao tc lm thay i i tng.

3.3. Hm tr v li
Trong mt s trng hp, hm c th s phi tr v mt gi tr li no . lm r hn iu ny, ly v d hm phn loi sinh vin.
Function PhanLoai(DiemTB) As String If (DiemTB >= 5) Then PhanLoai = "Do"

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Exit Function End If If (DiemTB < 5) Then PhanLoai = "Truot" Exit Function End If End Function

Hm ny ly tham s u vo phn loi l im trung bnh ca sinh vin thng qua bin DiemTB vi thang im 10. Hm s tr v gi tr kiu chui: nu im trung bnh ln hn hoc bng 5, v ngc li l Trt. Tuy nhin, vi nhng trng hp im trung bnh, v mt l do no , c nhp vo gi tr nh hn 0 hoc ln hn 10 th hm vn tr v thng bo Trt hoc . Nh vy l khng hp l. Trong nhng trng hp , cn phi tr v thng bo cho ngi s dng bit l khng th p dng hm vi im trung bnh nh vy. Nh vy, hm s c thay i li nh sau:
Function PhanLoai(DiemTB) As String If (DiemTB < 0) Or (DiemTB > 10) Then PhanLoai = #N/A Exit Function End If If (DiemTB >= 5) Then PhanLoai = "Do" Exit Function End If If (DiemTB < 5) Then PhanLoai = "Truot" Exit Function End If End Function

V nh vy, k t lc ny, mi khi v tnh nhp cc gi tr im khng thch hp, hm s tr v mt thng bo li l #N/A. Mc d trng rt ging li trong Excel, nhng thc cht y vn ch l mt chui thng thng. tr v gi tr li thc s, VBA cung cp thm mt hm tn l CVErr, hm ny s chuyn i mt s thnh mt gi tr li tng ng. Vi gi tr li thc s nh th, tt c nhng hm c tham chiu cha gi tr li cng s tr v gi tr li tng t. V nh vy, ngi dng ch cn thay i cu lnh PhanLoai = #N/A bng cu lnh PhanLoai = CVErr(xlErrNA). Cn lu l kiu tr v ca hm CVErr l kiu Variant, do vy cng cn phi thay i kiu gi tr tr v ca hm l Variant. Hm s c hiu chnh li nh sau:
Function PhanLoai(DiemTB) As Variant If (DiemTB < 0) Or (DiemTB > 10) Then PhanLoai = CVErr(xlErrNA) Exit Function End If If (DiemTB >= 5) Then PhanLoai = "Do" Exit Function End If

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If (DiemTB < 5) Then PhanLoai = "Truot" Exit Function End If End Function
CH s dng hm tr v thng bo li, ngha l c s dng hm CVErr, ngi dng phi khai bo kiu d liu tr v ca hm l kiu Variant.

V nh vy, mi khi gi tr u vo khng ng, hm s tr v gi tr li, gip ngi s dng c th nhn ra v sa li kp thi.

Hnh IV-9: Hm tr v li

Trong on m lnh trn, tr v thng bo li #N/A th tham s ca hm CVErr phi l hng s xlErrNA. C rt nhiu gi tr li khc nhau, mi gi tr li c mt hng s tng ng. Bng di y s lit k mt s gi tr li cng nh cc hng s tng ng trong VBA. Gi tr li
#DIV/0! #N/A #NAME?

Hng s
xlErrDiv0 xlErrNA xlErrName

Gii thch
Cng thc c chia mt s cho 0. Li ny cng pht sinh khi chia cho mt trng. Li ny biu th d liu khng c. Hm c tn m Excel khng th nhn dng c. Thng xy ra khi nhp tn hm sai, hoc thay i tn hm nhng cha cp nht trong bng tnh. Gi tr rng, chng hn nh tm giao ca hai vng khng giao nhau. C vn vi gi tr no . V d nh ngi dng nhp vo s m, trong khi ch chp nhn s dng. Tham chiu n khng tn ti. iu ny thng xy ra khi b xo khi bng tnh. Hm c cha tham s hoc cng thc khng ph hp v kiu d liu

#NULL! #NUM! #REF! #VALUE!

xlErrNull xlErrNum xlErrRef xlErrValue

4. Add-in v Phn phi cc ng dng m rng


Mt tnh nng rt hu ch cho ngi lp trnh trong Excel l kh nng to Add-In. Phn ny s trnh by nhng li ch khi s dng Add-In, cch thc to v s dng Add-In.

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4.1. Khi nim v Add-In


Add-In l mt chng trnh gn thm vo Excel nhm b sung thm tnh nng cho Excel. Thng thng, cc tp cha Add-In c phn m rng l XLA v c cu trc tng t nh cc workbook ca Excel. So vi cc ng dng trong tp XLS ca Excel, vic s dng Add-In c mt s u im sau: n gin ho vic s dng hm. i vi cc hm lu trong Add-In, khi s dng khng cn phi thm tn workbook pha trc tn hm. Ly v d nh ngi dng to mt hm c tn l MOVAVG trong workbook c tn l Newfuncs.xls. Khi mun s dng hm trong mt workbook khc, ngi dng phi s dng hm vi cch thc nh sau: =Newfuncs.xls!MOVAVG(A1:A50) Nhng nu hm c lu trong mt Add-In ang c m trong Excel, ngi dng khng cn phi thm tn Add-In hay tn workbook trc tn hm na, ch n gin l s dng tn hm m thi: =MOVAVG(A1:A50) n gin ho qu trnh m ng dng. Mi Add-In sau khi c ci t s c t ng m mi khi bt u khi ng chng trnh Excel. Hn na, hp thoi cnh bo an ninh ca Excel s khng xut hin (xem mc Khi Macro c to ra cha p ng nhu cu th ngi s dng c th thay i, b sung m lnh cho Macro . Qu trnh hiu chnh Macro c thc hin thng qua VBAIDE. hiu chnh Macro, ta c th dng trnh qun l Macro (xem mc Qun l Macro trang 104) hoc truy cp trc tip trong VBAIDE. V bn cht, vic hiu chnh (sa i) Macro tng ng nh viclp trnh xy dng nn Macro . Vn an ton khi s dng Macro trang 107), trnh gy ra s lng tng cho nhng ngi dng cha c kinh nghim. Trnh gy ra s bi ri cho ngi dng bi ton b d liu trong cc Sheet ca tp AddIn c che du, nh vy, vi ngi dng t kinh nghim, h s khng phi thc mc hay cm thy kh hiu khi khng nhn thy nhng d liu ny. Ngn chn vic truy cp vo m lnh. Khi phn phi ng dng dng Add-In c t ch bo mt bng mt khu, ngi dng khng th xem hoc thay i m lnh ca ng dng. iu ny trnh c vic sao chp m lnh ca chng trnh.

4.2. Trnh qun l Add-In


Vic qun l cc Add-In trong Excel c thc hin rt n gin thng qua trnh qun l AddIn. hin th trnh qun l Add-In, chn trnh n Tools Add-Ins

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Hnh IV-10: Trnh qun l Add-In

ti/d b Add-In trong Excel: kch chut vo hp kim bn tri tn ca Add-In. m mt Add-In: chn nt lnh Browse Chn Add-In cn m.

GI Thng thng, tp Add-In s c phn m rng l XLA v c lu tr trong th mc %UserProfile%\Application Data\Microsoft\AddIns.

4.3. To Add-In
Nhn chung, vic to Add-In c thc hin rt d dng bng cch chuyn t workbook thng thng sang dng Add-In. ng nhin, khng phi workbook no cng thch hp chuyn thnh Add-In. Nhn chung, workbook thch hp nht chuyn thnh Add-In l workbook c cha m lnh. Mt workbook nu ch cha worksheet th c th s khng th s dng c khi chuyn thnh Add-In, bi l tt c cc sheet trong workbook s b n i khi c chuyn thnh Add-In. Vic to Add-In t mt workbook thng thng c thc hin rt d dng theo cc bc sau: 1. Vit m lnh cho workbook nh bnh thng, m bo tt c cc m lnh u c th thc hin bnh thng m khng c li xy ra. Nn nh l to giao din sao cho ngi dng c th truy cp v s dng c cc tnh nng trong Add-In. Mt cch thc hin vic ny l to mt trnh n mi cho Add-In, trong y c cha cc mc trnh n tng ng vi cc tnh nng ca ng dng. Chi tit v cch to trnh n, xem mc To trnh n tu bin trang 174. 2. Kim tra ng dng bng cch thc thi khi ang kch hot mt workbook khc. iu ny m phng c tnh hung nh khi workbook c chuyn thnh Add-In, bi l bn thn Add-In khng hin th cc sheet m lc ny tt c cc thao tc u thc hin trn cc sheet ca workbook khc. 3. Nu khng mun ngi khc xem c m lnh ca ng dng th thc hin bc ny: t mt khu bo v. Kch hot VBAIDE chn workbook tng ng trong ca s Project. Chn trnh n Tools xxx Properties (xxx l tn D n VBA), sau chn th

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Protection. Tch vo Lock project for viewing, v nhp vo mt khu (2 ln) OK.

chn

Hnh IV-11: Hp thoi Project Properties

4. Kch hot li Excel, chn trnh n File Properties, sau chn th Summary. Nhp vo cc thng tin cho Add-In hin th trong trnh qun l Add-In. Mc Title s l tn ca Add-In, nu khng nhp vo mc ny, tn ca Add-In s l tn tp Add-In. Mc Comments s l phn m t v Add-In. 5. Chn trnh n File Save As 6. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn Microsoft Excel add-in (*.xla) trong mc Save as type.

Hnh IV-12: Hp thoi Save As

7. Chn Save. Mt bn sao ca workbook c lu (vi phn m rng l *.xla), v tp XLS cha workbook vn cn gi nguyn trong Excel.

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CH Mt workbook khi c chuyn thnh Add-In phi c t nht mt worksheet. Chng hn nh khi mt workbook ch cha Chart Sheet hoc Dialog Sheet, th la chn Microsoft Excel add-in (*.xla) s khng xut hin trong mc Save as type trong hp thoi Save As. La chn ny ch xut hin khi c mt worksheet c chn lc chn trnh n File Save As.

Sau khi to Add-In, nn lu gi li workbook ngun (dng XLS) c th hiu chnh hay cp nht m lnh v cc d liu khc sau ny. Cn phi lm iu ny v tp Add-In khng th chuyn i ngc li thnh workbook.

4.4. Phn phi v Ci t Add-In


Vic phn phi cc Add-In c thc hin rt n gin, ch cn sao chp tp *.xla n cc my khc, sau ci t cc Add-In thng qua trnh qun l Add-In trong Excel. ci t Add-In, thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Trong Excel, chn trnh n Tools Add-Ins hin th trnh qun l Add-In chn OK. Tn ca 2. Chn nt Browse, sau tr n tp Add-In cn ci t trong Excel Add-In s c hin th trong trnh qun l Add-In.

3. Chn OK ln na chp nhn ci t Add-In. Gi y, ngi dng c th s dng tt c cc tnh nng c trong Add-In va c ci t.

5. H thng cc i tng trong Excel


im khc bit ca lp trnh trn Excel so vi vic lp trnh trn cc ng dng nn khc chnh l vic thc hin cc thao tc nhm tc ng trc tip n cc thnh phn trong Excel thng qua cng c lp trnh. V vy, c th to ra cc ng dng trn nn Excel, ngi dng cn phi hiu r thnh phn cng nh cch thao tc trn cc thnh phn ca Excel.

5.1. M hnh i tng trong Excel


to ci nhn tng quan cho ngi lp trnh, Microsoft cung cp m hnh i tng s dng trong Excel. Nh c m hnh i tng ny m ngi lp trnh c th hiu r cu trc h thng i tng trong Excel, tm c ng i tng khi cn thc hin mt thao tc no . M hnh i tng y c trnh by trong ti liu hng dn ca Excel hoc trong cc ti liu tham kho cui gio trnh ny. y ch cp n mt s i tng thng c s dng trong lp trnh trn Excel.

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Application

Workbooks

Workbook

Worksheets Rows Worksheet Columns Range Ch gii: Tp i tng i tng

Cells

Mi i tng (Object), cng ging nh mt vt th, u c nhng tnh cht v nhng hnh vi c trng cho chng v c thng nht gi l thnh phn ca i tng. Trong lp trnh, tnh cht ca i tng c biu din thng qua khi nim thuc tnh (properties), cn hnh vi c biu din thng qua khi nim phng thc (methods). Chng hn nh i tng Application, l i tng th hin cho Excel, c thuc tnh Caption cha tiu ca Excel v phng thc Quit dng thot khi Excel. truy cp n cc thnh phn (phng thc, thuc tnh, ) ca i tng, ta s dng du chm ( . ), v d sau thc hin phng thc Quit thot khi Excel nh cp trn:
i tng Th nh ph n

Application.Quit
Du chm

Cutrcphncpitng i tng Application (chnh l ng dng Excel) cha nhiu i tng khc, chng hn nh: Workbooks (tp i tng cha tt c cc i tng Workbook ti liu Excel) Windows (tp i tng cha tt c cc i tng Window - cc ca s trong Excel) AddIns (tp i tng cha tt c cc i tng Add-in) Tp i tng Workbooks cha tt c cc i tng Workbook ang m, v mi i tng Workbook li cha cc i tng khc nh: Worksheets (tp i tng cha cc i tng Worksheet) Charts (tp i tng cha cc i tng Chart) n lt mnh, cc i tng trn cng c th cha nhiu i tng khc na. Mt i tng Worksheet trong tp i tng Worksheets c th cha cc i tng khc, chng hn nh:

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ChartObjects (tp i tng cha tt c i tng ChartObject biu trong Excel) Range PageSetup C nh vy, ngi lp trnh c th truy cp n tng thnh phn ca Excel thng qua h thng phn cp cc i tng trong Excel. TpitngCollection Mt khi nim rt quan trng trong lp trnh VBA l khi nim tp i tng (hay Collection). Tp i tng l mt nhm cc i tng cng lp vi nhau (v ng nhin, bn thn tp i tng cng l mt i tng). Chng hn nh tp i tng Workbooks cha tt c cc i tng Workbook ang c m hay tp i tng Worksheets cha tt c cc Worksheet trong mt Workbook no . Ngi lp trnh c th thao tc trn ton b cc i tng c trong tp i tng hoc c th trn mt i tng ring l trong tp i tng . tham chiu n mt i tng ring l trong tp i tng, c th s dng tn ca i tng theo cch sau:
Worksheets(Sheet1)

Nu Sheet1 l sheet u tin trong tp i tng Worksheet, th ta cn c th tham chiu da trn s th t ca Sheet1 theo cch sau:
Worksheets(1)

Tng t, tham chiu n Sheet th 2 trong tp i tng Worksheets, ta c th s dng lnh: Worksheets(2). Mi tp i tng c cc phng thc dng thao tc trn chnh tp i tng . Cc phng thc ny rt khc nhau trn cc tp i tng khc nhau. V vy, ngi lp trnh c th s dng Object Browser tm hiu v cc phng thc trong tp i tng.

5.2. Mt s i tng c bn trong Excel


H thng i tng trong Excel rt a dng v tng ng dng biu din cc thnh phn trong Excel. Phn ny s gii thiu chi tit v cc i tng v tp i tng chnh trong Excel cng vi cc phng thc/thuc tnh ca chng thng qua cc m lnh tng ng. 5.2.1. i tng Application i tng Application chnh l ng dng Excel m ngi dng ang lm vic trn , mi ln chy Excel s c mt i tng Application c to ra. Application l i tng cao nht (i tng gc) trong cy i tng ca Excel. Vic truy cp n cc i tng khc, cn phi c thc hin thng qua i tng Application. i tng Application c cha nhiu thit lp cho ng dng (chng hn nh cc la chn trong trnh n Tools Options) v rt nhiu i tng trong ng dng (chng hn nh cc ti liu ang c m - Workbooks, hay bng tnh hin hnh -ActiveSheet). Vic to mi mt i tng Application tng ng vi vic khi ng Excel, do , khi ng Excel t mi trng lp trnh khc, ngi lp trnh phi vit on m lnh to mi mt i tng Application. on m lnh sau s khi ng Excel t chng trnh ngoi (v d nh khi lp trnh trn VB) v m mt workbook trong Excel:
Dim xl As Excel.Application Set xl = New Excel.Application xl.Workbooks.Open "newbook.xls" Khi ng Excel M mt Workbook

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Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh thng c s dng trong i tng Application. ActiveCell Thuc tnh ActiveCell th hin cho hin thnh trong bng tnh Excel. Kiu d liu ca ActiveCell l kiu Range. Ngi dng c th truy cp n a ch ca hin hnh bng cch truy cp thm vo mt cp na trong cy phn cp i tng, l thuc tnh Address:
MsgBox Application.ActiveCell.Address

on m trn hin th a ch ca hin hnh theo dng a ch tuyt i, chng hn nh $A$6. Cn lu l thuc tnh Address ch tr v a ch ca , ch khng phi a ch y bao gm c tn sheet v workbook. ActivePrinter Thuc tnh ActivePrinter cha tn ca my in hin hnh. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ActivePrinter l kiu String. on m sau hin th tn ca my in hin hnh:
MsgBox Application.ActivePrinter

Thuc tnh ny rt c ch khi thng bo cho ngi dng bit v my in hin hnh trc khi in mt bng tnh no . ActiveSheet Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng sheet ang hin hnh trong Excel. Cng cn ch rng trong Excel c nhiu loi sheet khc nhau nh Worksheet (loi hay dng nht), Chartsheet, chi tit xem thm mc i tng Workbook trang 123. on m sau s dng hm TypeName, hm tr v kiu d liu ca bin, t bit c kiu ca sheet hin hnh:
MsgBox TypeName(Application.ActiveSheet)

ActiveWindow Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng cha ca s hin hnh, nu khng ca s no c m th s tr v gi tr Nothing. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Window. on m sau s thu nh ca s hin hnh thng qua thuc tnh WindowState:
Application.ActiveWindow.WindowState = xlMinimized

ActiveWorkbook

Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng cha workbook nm trong ca s hin hnh (tp XLS ang lm vic), nu khng c ca s no c m hoc ca s l ca s khng cha workbook (nh ca s Info, Clipboard,...) th s tr v gi tr Nothing. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Workbook. on m lnh sau s hin th nn ca workbook hin hnh:
MsgBox Application.ActiveWorkbook.Name

Thuc tnh ActiveWorkbook v ActiveWindow rt d nhm ln vi nhau. Thot nhn, mi workbook cng ging nh mt ca s trong Excel, nhng thc cht khng phi vy. r hn s khc bit gia workbook v ca s, ta to thm mt ca s mi bng cch chn trnh n Window New Window. Ca s mi c to c ni dung ging nh ca s ban u, nhng ngi dng c th la chn nhng vng khc nhau trn hai ca s (mc d c hai ca s u l

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th hin ca cng mt workbook). V nh vy, mi mt workbook c th c hin th trn nhiu ca s khc nhau, nhng mi mt ca s ch hin th c mt workbook m thi. AddIns L tp i tng cha tt c cc add-in c ti vo trong Excel. on m lnh sau s ln lt hin th tn ca tt c cc add-in, bao gm c ng dn:
Sub Hien_thi_Add_in() Dim MyAddin As AddIn For Each MyAddin In Application.AddIns MsgBox MyAddin.FullName Next MyAddin End Sub

Calculate L phng thc thc hin qu trnh tnh ton li trn ton b sheet, ging nh khi nhn phm F9.
Application.Calculate

Calculation L thuc tnh dng thit lp ch thc hin tnh ton trong chng trnh Excel. Cc gi tr c th gn cho thuc tnh ny l xlCalculationAutomatic (tnh t ng), xlCalculationManual (tnh th cng) v xlCalculationSemiautomatic (tnh bn t ng tnh t ng ngoi tr phn bng). V d on m sau chuyn ch tnh thnh bn t ng:
Application.Calculation= xlCalculationSemiautomatic

iu ny tng ng vi vic chn trnh n Tools Options, chn th Calculation v chn la chn Automatic except tables. Ch tnh mc nh trong Excel l ch tnh t ng. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng bng tnh c khi lng tnh ton ln, nu ch tnh t ng th mi ln thay i s liu l mt ln thc hin tnh ton. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, nn chuyn sang ch th cng, sau tin hnh thay i s liu tnh ton. Sau khi thay i xong cc s liu th mi tin hnh tnh ton mt ln cui. Caption L thuc tnh dng cha tiu ca chng trnh Excel. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l String. on m sau s thay i tiu ca chng trnh Excel:
Application.Caption = "Chuong Trinh EXCEL"

V y l kt qu thc thi on m trn

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Mun thit lp li gi tr mc nh (Microsoft Excel), ch cn gn gi tr ca Caption= ColumnsvRows L hai tp i tng th hin tt c cc ct v cc hng trong sheet hin hnh, ta c th s dng truy cp mt ct hoc mt hng no . on m sau s chn ton b ct C:
Application.Columns(3).Select

Cn on m sau s chn ton b hng th 9:


Application.Rows(9).Select

Dialogs Dialogs l tp i tng cha tt c cc hp thoi c nh ngha sn trong Excel. Chi tit v tp i tng ny, tham kho mc Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs trang 166. Help Phng thc ny hin th tp tr gip do ngi dng ch nh.
Application.Help "C:\Program Files\" & _ "Microsoft Office\OFFICE11\1033\VBAXL10.CHM"

Nu khng ch ra tp tr gip, phng thc ny s hin th tp tr gip mc nh trong Excel. Quit Phng thc ny s ng chng trnh Excel li, ging nh khi la chn trnh n File Exit. Chng trnh s nhc ngi dng lu li cc tp cha c lu.
Application.Quit

RecentFiles RecentFiles l tp i tng lu gi nhng tp m sau cng nht trong Excel. Mi i tng trong tp i tng RecentFiles c kiu d liu l RecentFile. V d sau s hin th ln lt tn ca cc tp m sau cng nht trong Excel:
Public Sub RecentFile() Dim myRecentFile As RecentFile For Each myRecentFile In Application.RecentFiles MsgBox myRecentFile.Path Next myRecentFile End Sub

Selection Thuc tnh ny th hin cho i tng ang c chn trong Excel. Kiu d liu tr v ca thuc tnh ny tu thuc vo i tng c chn. Nu i tng chn l cc , biu , hoc mt ng thng th kiu d liu tr v tng ng s l Range, ChartArea, Line... V vy khi lp trnh, cn phi ch kim tra kiu d liu tr v ca thuc tnh ny c cc thao tc hp l, trnh li xy ra khi thc thi chng trnh. V d sau s hin th a ch ca cc ang c chn trong Excel:

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Dim mySelection As Variant Set mySelection = Selection If TypeName(mySelection) = "Range" Then Kim liu MsgBox mySelection.Address Else MsgBox "i tng c chn khng phi kiu Range" End If

tra

kiu

Sheets Sheets l tp i tng cha tt c cc sheet c trong workbook hin hnh, gm c 4 loi sheet: worksheet, chart sheet, macro sheet v dialog sheet. on macro sau s hin th tn v kiu ca tt c cc sheet c trong workbook hin hnh:
Sub Sheets() Dim mySheet As Variant For Each mySheet In Application.Sheets MsgBox mySheet.Name & " - " & TypeName(mySheet) Next mySheet End Sub

ThisWorkbook Thuc tnh ny tr v i tng th hin cho workbook hin hnh, ni ang thc hin macro. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Workbook. Undo Phng thc ny s khi phc li cc thao tc trc trong Excel. Thao tc ny tng t nh khi chn trnh n Edit Undo trong Excel.
Application.Undo
CH Khi truy cp n mt i tng thuc mt i tng khc, nu khng ch r tham chiu i tng th i c tham chiu s l i tng hin hnh. V d nh nu mun truy cp vo A1 ca Sheet1 ca workbook hin hnh, thay v s dng cu lnh ActiveWorkbook.Worksheets(Sheet1).Range(A1) ch cn dng cu lnh Worksheets(Sheet1).Range(A1). Hoc nu s dng cu lnh Range(A1).Select th A1 ca sheet hin hnh s c chn.

5.2.2. i tng Workbook Workbook l mt i tng ph bin trong Excel. Hu ht tt c cc thao tc trn Excel u c thc hin trn mt workbook no . Trong mi phin lm vic ca Excel c th c rt nhiu workbook c m, v vic truy cp n mt workbook no s c thc hin thng qua tp i tng Workbooks, da trn tn hoc ch s ca cc workbook, ch s ny ph thuc vo trnh t m/to workbook. Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh cn c th truy xut n workbook hin hnh thng qua i tng ActiveWorkbook. to mi mt workbook, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Workbooks:
Workbooks.Add To mi mt Workbook

Mi workbook trong Excel c th cha nhiu sheet khc nhau (tu thuc vo dung lng b nh). C 4 loi sheet khc nhau:

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Worksheet: y l loi sheet ph bin nht, l loi sheet thc hin vic tnh ton v thao tc chnh trong Excel. Mi sheet bao gm 256 ct v 65536 hng to thnh h thng cc cha d liu. Ngoi ra, trn mi worksheet cn th cha cc i tng khc nh biu , cc i tng ho, cc iu khin, Chart sheet: mi chart sheet thng ch cha mt biu . Thng thng, ngi dng thch s dng biu nhng trong worksheet hn l s dng biu trong mt chart sheet ring bit. Tuy nhin, chart sheet li gip cho vic b tr v in n biu thc hin d dng hn XLM macro sheets (cn gi l MS Excel 4 macro sheet, l loi sheet li thi, nhng vn cn h tr): dng cha cc macro XLM. XLM macro sheet cng c cha cc d liu nhng ch hin th cng thc ch khng hin th kt qu tnh. Dialog sheets ( li thi, nhng vn cn h tr): l ni cha cc hp thoi tu bin do ngi dng t to (ging nh Userform trong VBA). Cc phng thc v thuc tnh thng c s dng ca i tng workbook: Activate Phng thc ny s kch hot mt workbook trong tp i tng Workbooks thnh workbook hin hnh, v sheet hin hnh ca workbook s c kch hot lm sheet hin hnh trong Excel. kch hot workbook c tn Book1 lm workbook hin hnh, thc hin nh sau:
Workbooks(Book1).Activate

Cn kch hot workbook u tin trong Excel, thc hin nh sau:


Workbooks(1).Activate

ActiveSheet Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n sheet hin hnh ca workbook. Trong mi phin lm vic ca Excel, s lng Workbook c m l khng hn ch, mi workbook ny u c mt sheet hin hnh, ngha l khi ta chn lm vic vi workbook th con tr s nm trong sheet ny. Kiu d liu tr v ca thuc tnh ny tu thuc vo kiu sheet hin hnh (mt trong 4 loi). Trong i tng Application cng c thuc tnh ActiveSheet, nhng thuc tnh ny l sheet hin hnh ca workbook hin hnh, ngha l ni c con tr ang hot ng, nh vy, nu workbook ny l hin hnh th thuc tnh ActiveSheet ca i tng Application v ca i tng Workbook l nh nhau. on m lnh sau hin th tn ca sheet hin hnh ca workbook tn l Book1:
MsgBox Workbooks(Book1).ActiveSheet.Name

Close Phng thc ny s ng workbook li, tng t nh khi s dng trnh n File Close trong Excel. Ngoi ra cn c cc tham s tu chn khc phc v cho vic lu tr tp.
Workbooks(Book1).Close ([SaveChanges],[Filename])

Trong ngha ca cc tham s nh sau:

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SaveChanges: tham s tu chn. Bng TRUE nu mun lu tt c cc thay i, v bng FALSE nu ch mun ng workbook m khng lu. Nu b qua, tu chn ny th

phng thc ny s ging hon ton nh khi ta chn trnh n File Close.
Filename: tham s tu chn. S lu tp vi tn cha trong Filename.

PrintOut Phng thc ny s in sheet hin hnh ca workbook ra my in.


Workbooks(1).PrintOut

Phng thc ny cn c rt nhiu tham s khc na, tt c u l tham s tu chn:


From: s th t trang bt u in, nu b qua th s in t u. To: s th t trang cui cng c in, nu b qua th s in n trang cui cng. Copies: s bn sao khi in ra, nu b qua th ch in mt bn. Preview: nu bng TRUE, Excel s hin th ca s xem trc khi in. Nu bng FALSE,

hoc b qua, th s in trc tip.


ActivePrinter: thit lp tn cho my in hin hnh. PrintToFile: nu bng TRUE s in ra tp. Trong trng hp , nu khng gn gi tr cho tham s PrToFileName, Excel s hin th hp thoi ngi dng nhp vo tn tp. Collate: nu bng TRUE v s bn sao ln hn 1, Excel s sp xp cc bn in thnh tng

tp hon thin.
PrToFileName: nu tham s PrinToFile gn bng TRUE th tham s ny s thit lp tn

tp in ra. PrintPreview Phng thc ny s hin th ch xem trc khi in cho sheet hin hnh ca workbook tham chiu.
Workbooks(1).PrintPreview

SavevSaveAs Cc phng thc ny s lu workbook v thng c dng trc khi ng workbook. Phng thc Save s lu nhng thay i vo chnh workbook . Cn phng thc SaveAs s lu workbook ra mt tp mi. on m sau s lu workbook c tn Book1 v sau lu workbook c tn l Book3 vi tn mi l MyFile.xls:
Workbooks(Book1).Save Workbooks(Book3).SaveAs C:\MyFile.xls

Saved Thuc tnh ny tr v gi tr TRUE nu workbook c lu, v ngc li l FALSE. on m sau s hin th trng thi lu ca workbook:
MsgBox Workbooks(1).Saved

Sheets

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Tp i tng Sheets ca workbook cng ging nh tp i tng Sheets ca i tng Application (xem li mc Sheets trang 123). Tuy nhin, tp i tng sheets ca workbook tham chiu trc tip n cc sheet trong workbook , cn tp i tng sheets ca i tng Application li tham chiu n cc sheet trong workbook hin hnh. Windows Windows l tp i tng cha tt c cc ca s c trong i tng Workbook. Chi tit v tp i tng Windows, xem thm mc i tng Window trang 126. Worksheets Worksheets l tp i tng cha tt c cc worksheet c trong i tng Workbook. Chi tit v tp i tng Worksheets, xem thm mc i tng Worksheet trang 128. 5.2.3. i tng Window i tng Window th hin cho mt ca s bn trong ng dng Excel. Nh c cp, i tng Window rt d nhm ln vi i tng Workbook. Thot nhn, mi workbook cng ging nh mt ca s trong Excel, nhng thc cht khng phi vy. r hn s khc bit gia i tng workbook v i tng window, ta to thm mt ca s mi bng cch chn trnh n Window New Window. Ca s mi c to c ni dung ging nh ca s ban u, nhng ngi dng c th lm vic trn hai ca s ny ging nh khi lm vic trn 2 workbook ring bit (mc d c hai ca s u l th hin ca cng mt workbook). ng nhin, s thay i ca s ny s c t ng cp nhp trong cc ca s cn li. V nh vy, mi mt workbook c th c th hin bng nhiu ca s khc nhau, nhng mi mt ca s ch th hin c mt workbook m thi. truy xut n mt i tng trong tp i tng Windows, ngi dng c th truy cp theo tn hoc theo th t ca ca s. truy xut n ca s c tiu l Book1 (l dng ch xut hin trn thanh tiu ca ca s), ta s dng cu trc sau:
Windows(Book1)

truy xut n ca s th 2 trong tp i tng Windows, ta s dng cu trc sau:


Windows(2)

S th t ca mt ca s l khng c nh m thay i tu theo s ca s hin th v s thay i ca ca s hin hnh. Ca s hin hnh lun c th t l l. Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh thng s dng trong i tng Window: Activate,ActivateNextvActivatePrevious Cc phng thc ny dng kch hot mt ca s no trong tp i tng Windows. Activate, ActivateNext v ActivatePrevious dng kch hot ca s c ch nh, ca s tip theo v ca s trc ca ca s c ch nh. on m sau s kch hot ca s tn l Book1, sau s kch hot ca s nm pha trc ca ca s Book1.
Windows("Book1").Activate Windows("Book1").ActivatePrevious

ActiveCell Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n hin hnh, l c con tr ang hot ng, trong i tng Window. on m sau s hin th a ch ca hin hnh trong ca s th 2 trong tp i tng Windows:

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MsgBox Windows(2).ActiveCell.Address

ActiveSheet Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n sheet hin hnh ca workbook ang xt. Caption Thuc tnh ny cha ni dung ghi trn thanh tiu ca ca s. on m sau s thay i dng tiu ca ca s hin hnh:
ActiveWindow.Caption = MyWindow

Close Close l hm thc hin ng ca s ang xt. Hm ny tr v gi tr TRUE nu ng c ca s, v tr v gi tr FALSE nu ca s khng c ng. Hm ny cng cha cc tham s tu chn khc, chi tit xem thm phng thc Close ca i tng Workbook trang 124. Ccthuctnhvhinth i tng Window c cha nhiu thuc tnh thit lp cc la chn v hin th trong ca s nh sau: Thuc tnh
DisplayFormulas DisplayGridlines DisplayHeadings DisplayHorizontalScrollBar DisplayOutline DisplayRightToLeft DisplayVerticalScrollBar DisplayWorkbookTabs DisplayZeros

Gii thch
TRUE: tt c cc s hin th cng thc ch khng phi gi tr TRUE: hin th cc ng li bn trong ca s TRUE: hin th thanh th hin v tr ca ct v hng TRUE: hin th thanh cun ngang TRUE: hin th thanh th hin Outline TRUE: hin th trt t ct tng dn t phi sang tri. Mc nh l FALSE TRUE: hin th thanh cun ng TRUE: hin th th cha cc sheet trong workbook FALSE: cc c gi tr bng 0 s khng hin th

on m sau s n i th cha cc sheet trong workbook hin hnh:


ActiveWindow.DisplayWorkbookTabs = False

NewWindow Phng thc ny s to mt ca s mi da trn ca s ang c tham chiu ging nh khi chn trnh n Window New Window trong Excel vy.
ActiveWindow.NewWindow

RangeSelection

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Thuc tnh ny tham chiu n vng ang c chn trong ca s c tham chiu. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Range. on m sau s hin th a ch ca vng c chn trong ca s hin hnh:
MsgBox ActiveWindow.RangeSelection.Address

Gi tr hin th c th dng a ch tuyt i ca mt - $C$3, hoc mt vng chn $B$10:$D$12. SelectedSheets SelectedSheets l tp i tng cha tt c cc sheet ang c ngi dng la chn. Kiu d liu ca thuc tnh ny l Sheets, v th tt c cc thao tc trn tp i tng SelectedSheets cng ging nh trn tp i tng Sheets WindowState Thuc tnh ny lu tr trng thi ca i tng Window. C 3 trng thi ca i tng Window nh sau: Trng thi i tng Window
Ca s c phng i ton mn hnh Ca s c thu nh Ca s trng thi thng thng

Gi tr ca thuc tnh
xlMaximized xlMinimized xlNormal

on m sau s thu nh ca s hin hnh:


ActiveWindow.WindowState = xlMinimized

Zoom Thuc tnh ny dng thit lp ch phng i cho cho ca s, ging nh khi ta s dng trnh n View Zoom trong Excel. on m sau s phng i ca s hin hnh ln 120%:
ActiveWindow.Zoom = 120
GI Trong Excel, thu/phng ca s, ch cn nhn phm CTRL + cun phm gia ca chut.

5.2.4. i tng Worksheet i tng Worksheet th hin cho mt worksheet trong mt workbook. y l i tng rt ph bin trong excel, hu ht cc thao tc u c tin hnh trong mt worksheet.
CH Worksheet ch l mt trong nhiu dng sheet ca mt workbook. Chi tit v cc loi sheet trong Excel, xem thm mc i tng Workbook trang 123.

Trong cy phn cp i tng, i tng Worksheet nm sau tp i tng Worksheets ca i tng Workbook. V vy, cc i tng Worksheet u c truy cp thng qua tp i tng Worksheets. Tng t nh i vi i tng Window, mi i tng Worksheet u c truy cp thng qua tp i tng Worksheets bng tn ca worksheet hoc theo th t ca n. Mt cch khc bit th t ca worksheet, l xem th t xut hin trn th cha cc sheet trong bng tnh.

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Hnh IV-13: Th t ca Worksheet

Trong minh ho trn, v tr th 2 l ca Chart sheet nn khng c tnh trong th t ca cc worksheet. to mt worksheet mi, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Worksheets.
Worksheets.Add

Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh ph bin trong i tng worksheet. Calculate Phng thc ny thc hin qu trnh tnh ton cho ton b worksheet c tham chiu (xem thm mc Calculation trang 121):
Worksheets(Sheet1).Calculate

Comments L tp i tng cha tt c cc ch thch1 c trong worksheet ang c tham chiu. Kiu d liu tr v l kiu Comment. on m sau s hin th ni dung ca tt c cc ch thch c trong sheet hin hnh:
Dim myComment As Comment For Each myComment In Worksheets(Sheet1).Comments MsgBox myComment.Text Next myComment

Delete Phng thc ny s xo worksheet c tham chiu, ging nh khi chn trnh n Edit Delete Sheet trong Excel. on m sau s xo worksheet tn l Sheet3:
Worksheets(Sheet3).Delete

Name Thuc tnh ny tr v tn ca worksheet ging nh c hin th trn th cha cc sheet trong workbook. PrintOutvPrintPreview Nhng phng thc ny dng thc hin in hoc xem trc khi in mt worksheet. Chi tit v cc tham s cho phng thc PrintOut, xem li mc i tng Workbook - PrintOut trang 125.

Ch thch l mt on vn bn gn thm vo mt no . on vn bn ny c hin ln mi khi ngi dng di chut trn . no c ch thch th s c thm biu tng hnh tam gic mu gc trn bn phi ca . to ch thch cho mt , chn trnh n Insert Comment trong Excel.

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Worksheets(Sheet2).PrintOut PrintPreview:=True trc Worksheets(Sheet3).PrintPreview in In, Xem c trc xem khi

ProtectvUnprotect Phng thc Protect s bt ch bo v cho worksheet ging nh khi chn t trnh n Tools Protection Protect Sheet trong Excel. Nu cn to mt khu yu cu ngi dng nhp mi khi tt ch bo v, ngi dng c th nhp thm vo tham s chui k t cha mt khu trong phng thc Protect
Worksheets(Sheet2).Protect Worksheets(Sheet2).Protect Password:="Excel" Bt ch bo v Bo v, c mt khu

Phng thc Unprotect s tt ch bo v ca worksheet. i vi nhng worksheet c bo v bng mt khu, cn phi truyn thm tham s l chui k t cha mt khu tt ch bo v; nu khng truyn tham s mt khu, mt hp thoi s c hin ln ngi s dng nhp vo mt khu.
Worksheets(Sheet2).Unprotect Password:="Excel" Tt ch bo v

Range y l thuc tnh rt quan trng trong lp trnh trn Excel. Thuc tnh ny s c trnh by r hn trong mc i tng Range trang 131. Select Phng thc ny s chn worksheet tham chiu lm worksheet hin hnh, tng t nh khi chn worksheet trn th cha cc sheet ca workbook.
Worksheets(Sheet2).Select Chn Sheet2 lm sheet hin hnh

SetBackgroundPicture Phng thc ny s chn mt nh lm nh nn cho worksheet, ging nh khi chn trnh n Format Sheet Background trong Excel. Tham s bt buc phi nhp vo l tn tp ho dng lm nh nn, bao gm c ng dn y . Nu mun xo nh nn, ch cn nhp tham s tn tp ho bng rng.
Worksheets(Sheet1).SetBackgroundPicture "C:\MyPicture.jpg" Worksheets(Sheet1).SetBackgroundPicture "" Xo nn nh

Visible Thuc tnh ny thit lp s hin th ca worksheet, bng TRUE nu worksheet c hin th. Vic thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh ny cng tng t nh khi chn t trnh n Format Sheet Hide/Unhide trong Excel.
Worksheets(Sheet1).Visible = False Worksheets(Sheet1).Visible = True n Sheet1 Hin th li Sheet1

NamettnchomtvngdliutrongWorksheet

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S dng thuc tnh Name t tn cho vng d liu cn thao tc theo cch sau:
Dim a As Worksheet Set a = Worksheets("Sheet1") a.Names.Add "ABC", "=$A$1:$D$5"
CH Nu tn c t c th vng d liu c s c nh ngha li theo phm vi mi. Nu vng d liu khn c du $ th n s t ng tnh tin theo v tr ca hin hnh.

5.2.5. i tng Range i tng Range tham chiu n mt hoc mt vng d liu trn bng tnh. y l i tng ph bin nht trong Excel, bi hu ht cc tng tc vi Excel u c thc hin da trn cc v vng d liu. Vi i tng Range, ngi lp trnh khng ch tc ng ln mt ring l m cn c th tc ng ln nhiu cng mt lc. ThamchiunitngRange Vic tham chiu n i tng Range c thc hin da trn a ch ca cc v c thc hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau. lm r hn cch thc tham chiu, cc v d sau s thc hin gn gi tr cho vng d liu c tham chiu. tham chiu n mt no , ch cn nhp a ch ca . a ch ca c th l kiu a ch tng i, hoc tuyt i. V d sau s tham chiu n B2:
ActiveSheet.Range("B2").Value = 9 hoc c th gn trc tip nh sau: ActiveSheet.Range("B2") = 9

Trong trng hp nu ngi dng c mt vng d liu c t tn, ngi lp trnh c th tham chiu n vng d liu thng qua tn ca vng d liu. Gi s trong Sheet1 c mt vng d liu t A2 n B3 c t tn l Input, th cch tham chiu nh sau:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("SoLieu") = 9

Trng hp nu mun tham chiu n mt vng d liu, ngi lp trnh c th da trn a ch ca hai , gc trn bn tri v gc i bn phi. V d sau s tham chiu n vng d liu t B2 n C3 theo nhiu cch khc nhau:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2:C3") = 9 Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2.C3") = 9 Cch th nht Cch th hai

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Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B2", "C3") = 9 Cch th ba

Hoc thay v s dng i tng Range, c th dng trc tip du ngoc vung ([ ]). iu ny tng ng vi khi tham chiu s dng i tng Range:
Worksheets("Sheet1").[B2:C3] = 9 Worksheets("Sheet1").[B2.C3] = 9 Cch th nht Cch th hai

Nu mun tham chiu n mt vng d liu l giao ca cc vng d liu, s dng du cch gia cc vng d liu. V d sau s tham chiu n vng d liu l giao ca hai vng d liu l A1:C3 v B2:D4, vng c tham chiu thc s l vng B2:C3
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:C3 B2:D4") = 9

Nu mun tham chiu n mt vng d liu l hp ca cc vng d liu khc nhau, s dng du phy ngn cch gia cc vng d liu. V d sau s tham chiu n vng d liu l hp ca cc vng d liu A1:B2, D3 v vng A4:C4
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:B2,D3,A4.D4") = 9

Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Range: Activate Phng thc ny dng chuyn mt thnh hin hnh. Nu vng d liu l nhiu hn mt th ch c mt c chn lm hin hnh, l gc trn bn tri. Cn lu l phng thc ny ch c gi thnh cng nu vng d liu nm trn worksheet hin hnh. V vy, mun kch hot mt vng d liu trn mt worksheet no , cn phi chuyn worksheet thnh worksheet hin hnh.
Worksheets(Sheet1).Activate Range(A3:B5).Activate

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AddCommentvClearComments Phng thc AddComment cho php thm ch thch vo vng c tham chiu. Vng d liu ny ch c php l mt , v phi cha c ch thch, nu khng s lm pht sinh li. Cn phng thc ClearComments cho php xo tt c cc ch thch ca cc vng d liu. Khc vi phng thc AddComment, phng thc ny c th l mt vng bt k.
Range("A1:C3").ClearComments Range("B2").AddComment "Chu thich moi" Xo ch thch vng A1:C3 Thm ch thch B2

Address Thuc tnh ny tr v a ch ca vng d liu c tham chiu. V d sau s hin th mt vng d liu c t tn l SoLieu trong Sheet1:
MsgBox Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("SoLieu").Address

BorderAround Phng thc ny thc hin v ng bin xung quanh vng d liu c tham chiu. Ngi lp trnh c th thit lp kiu ng, b dy nt v v mu ca ng.
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:D4").BorderAround _ LineStyle:=xlDashDot, ColorIndex:=3, Weight:=xlThick

Calculate Phng thc ny thc hin tnh ton cho vng d liu c tham chiu, p dng trong trng hp ch tnh trong Excel c thit lp thnh tnh ton th cng (Manual). Cells Cells l tp i tng tham chiu n tt c cc nm trong vng d liu c tham chiu. Chi tit xem thm mc Tp i tng Cells trang 135. Clear,ClearContentsvClearFormats Phng thc Clear xo tt c nhng g c trong vng d liu c tham chiu: ni dung, nh dng, ch thch Phng thc ClearContents ch xo ni dung c lu tr trong vng d liu. Cn phng thc ClearFormats ch xo nh dng ca cc trong vng d liu. Sau khi xo nh dng, cc s c nh dng mc nh trong Excel.
Worksheets(Sheet2).Range(A1:C3).Clear Worksheets(Sheet2).Range(A1:C3).ClearContents Worksheets(Sheet2).Range(A1:C3).ClearFormats Xo tt c Xo ni dung Xo nh dng

ColumnvRow Hai phng thc ny tr v s th t ca ct v hng ca u tin ca vng d liu c tham chiu.
MsgBox Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B3:D12").Column 2 MsgBox Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("B3:D12").Row 3 Hin th gi tr Hin th gi tr

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ColumnsvRows Thuc tnh Columns v Rows thc cht l tp i tng kiu Range cha cc ct v cc hng nm trong phm vi vng d liu c tham chiu. V d sau s dng vng lp For Each Next i mu v in s th t ct vo cc ct trong vng d liu c tham chiu.
Public Sub VD_Columns() Dim myColumns As Range For Each myColumns In Range("B3:C4,E2:F6").Columns myColumns.Interior.Color = RGB(0, 255, 0) i mu myColumns.Value = myColumns.Column in s ct Next myColumns End Sub

th

GI C th s dng tp i tng Columns v Rows truy cp n c mt hng hay mt ct no trong worksheet. V d sau s in gi tr 9 vo tt c cc trong ct C v cc trong hng 3: Worksheets("Sheet1").Columns("C") = 9 Worksheets("Sheet1").Rows("3") = 9

ColumnWidthvRowHeight Thuc tnh ny dng thit lp chiu rng ca ct v chiu cao ca hng ca vng d liu c tham chiu.
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("B2:C4").ColumnWidth = 15 Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("B2:C4").RowHeight = 15

Offset Hm Offset tnh tin vng d liu theo s hng v s ct c xc nh trong cc thng s u vo ca hm Offset. Gi tr tr v ca hm ny chnh l vng d liu sau khi c tnh tin. Cu trc ca hm Offset l: Offsett(s_hng, s_ct). S_hng nu l s dng l tnh tin xung di, s_ct nu l s dng l tnh tin sang phi. V d sau s tnh tin vng d liu ln trn 2 hng v sang phi 3 ct:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A4:B5").Offset(-2, 3).Value = 9

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Replace Phng thc ny dng thay th mt chui k t bng mt chui k t khc. V d sau s thay th t SIN bng COS:
Worksheets("Sheet2").Range("A1.C5").Replace "SIN", "COS"

Phng thc ny cng c nhiu tham s khc na thit lp ch tm kim vo thay th nh trt t tm kim, phn bit ch hoa ch thng, Chi tit xem trong hng dn i km ca Excel. Select Phng thc ny s la chn vng d liu c tham chiu, ging nh khi s dng chut la chn mt vng d liu trong worksheet. Cng ging nh phng thc Activate, vng d liu c tham chiu phi nm trong worksheet hin hnh, nu khng s lm pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. V d sau s chn vng d liu B2:C3 trong worksheet hin hnh:
Range(B2:C3).Select

Value Thuc tnh ny cha gi tr ca vng d liu. Cn phi lu rng khi c gi tr ca vng d liu th vng d liu bt buc phi l mt n nht, cn khi gn gi tr th vng d liu c th l mt hoc mt vng d liu gm nhiu v trong trng hp tt c cc u c cng mt gi tr.
MsgBox Range("A1").Value Range("B2:C3").Value = 9 c v hin th gi tr A1 Gn gi tr cho vng d liu B2:C3

GI Trong khi lm vic vi i tng Range, i tng tham chiu n mt vng d liu, cn lu nhng im sau: Vic thao tc vi Excel bng m lnh khng cn phi thc hin la chn vng d liu, v th nn hn ch s dng cc phng thc nh Activate hoc Select. Trong trng hp bt buc phi s dng cc phng thc ny, cn phi kch hot worksheet c cha vng d liu lm worksheet hin hnh bng phng thc Activate ca worksheet . Nn s dng cc vng d liu c t tn, chng hn nh nn s dng Range(KetQua) thay v s dng Range(D45). V khi s dng Range(D45), nu ngi dng chn thm mt hng pha trn hng 45 th a ch ca cn tham chiu s thay i, v cn phi thay i m lnh thnh Range(D46). Nhng nu s dng vng d liu c t tn th khng cn phi thay i m lnh. Excel cho php la chn cc vng d liu ri rc bt k. Trong khi s dng Excel, c th thc hin bng cch gi phm CRTL khi chn vng d liu.

5.2.6. Tp i tng Cells

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Tp i tng Cells l tp i tng cha tt c cc nm trong vng c tham chiu. Tp i tng Cells l mt thuc tnh ca i tng worksheet v cng l mt thuc tnh ca i tng Range. Khi truy cp thng qua i tng worksheet, tp i tng Cells tham chiu n tt c cc ca worksheet . Khi truy cp thng qua i tng Range, tp i tng Cells ch tham chiu n cc nm trong vng d liu. Thc cht, mi thnh phn cu thnh nn tp i tng Cells l mt , c kiu d liu l Range nn tt c cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Range u c trong tp i tng Cells. Xem thm mc i tng Range trang 131 bit chi tit v i tng Range. tham chiu n mt no thng qua tp i tng Cells, c th s dng cu trc sau:
object.Cells(ch_s_hng, ch_s_ct) object.Cells(ch_s_) object.Cells

Object l i tng c cha thuc tnh Cells, c th l i tng kiu Worksheet hoc kiu Range. Cc tham s ch_s_hng v ch_s_ct l ch s tng i trong phm vi ca vng d liu c tham chiu. Ch_s_ l s th t ca trong tp i tng Cells, s th t c nh s theo tng hng, t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. Xt on m sau:
Worksheets(Sheet1).Range("B2:E4").Cells(2, 3).Value = 9

on m trn s dng cch th nht gn gi tr 9 cho mt nm trong vng B2:E4. Object y chnh l i tng kiu Range, v vy tp i tng Cells l tp i tng cha cc trong vng B2:E4. Ch s hng v ct s c tnh tng i so vi u tin ca vng d liu, l B2. V vy, Cells(1,1) l u tin ca vng d liu, cn Cells(2,3) tng ng vi D3. Xt on m th 2:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells(257).Value = 9

on m trn s dng cch thc 2 tham chiu n mt trong worksheet. Object y chnh l i tng Worksheet, v vy tp i tng Cells l tp i tng cha tt c cc c trong worksheet. u tin A1 s c th t l 1, cc cn li c nh s t tri sang phi v sau t trn xung di. Mt worksheet l mt vng d liu c 65536 hng v 256 ct nn thc 256 l cui cng ca hng th nht, IV1; cn th 257 s l u tin ca hng th 2, A2.

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Xt on m th 3:
Worksheets("Sheet1").Cells.Clear

on m trn s dng cch th 3 tham chiu n cc . Theo , tt c cc u c tham chiu v s u c x l ging nhau. Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh cn c th tham chiu n tng trong tp i tng Cells bng cch thc hin cu lnh lp For Each Next. V d sau s thc hin tnh tng tt c cc nm trong vng d liu c tham chiu:
Sub VD_Cells() Dim myCell As Range Dim Tong As Double Tong = 0 For Each myCell In Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A2.C4").Cells Tong = Tong + myCell.Value Tnh tng Next myCell MsgBox Tong Hin th kt qu End Sub

6. S kin ca cc i tng trong Excel


Khi ngi dng thc hin mt thao tc no trong chng trnh, Excel s lm sinh mt s kin tng ng vi cc thao tc , chng hn nh cc s kin khi m hoc lu workbook. Nh c cc s kin m ngi lp trnh c th vit m lnh thc hin mt s thao tc mi khi s kin xy ra (cn gi l b x l s kin event handler). Nhng hp thng bo nh Would you like to save changes? khi ta ng bng tnh m cha lu d liu l minh ho r nht vic s dng cc s kin trong Excel. Thc cht, mi b x l s kin l mt chng trnh con dng th tc. Khi s kin xy ra, chng trnh con tng ng s c t ng thc thi. Excel c kh nng gim st nhiu loi s kin khc nhau. Cc s kin c th c phn loi nh sau: S kin ca Workbook (s kin mc Workbook): cc s kin xy ra trong mt workbook no . Chng hn nh cc s kin Open (khi m hoc to workbook), BeforeSave (trc khi lu workbook), NewSheet (mt sheet mi va c thm), S kin ca Worksheet (s kin mc Worksheet): cc s kin xy ra trong mt worksheet no . V d nh cc s kin Change (khi mt trong sheet b thay i), SelectionChange (ngi dng chuyn sang vng c chn khc), Calculate (khi mt worksheet c tnh ton li), S kin ca i tng Chart: cc s kin xy ra trn mt i tng chart no . Chng hn nh cc s kin Select (khi mt i tng Chart c chn), s kin SeriesChange (khi c mt gi tr no trong chui s liu b thay i). S kin ca ng dng Excel (s kin mc ng dng): cc s kin xy ra bn trong chng trnh Excel. Cc s kin ny bao gm NewWorkbook (khi mt workbook mi c to), WorkbookBeforeClose (trc khi ng mt workbook no ), SheetChange (khi mt no trong workbook b thay i). Cc s kin trong UserForm: l cc s kin xy ra trong UserForm hoc trong mt i tng nm trn UserForm. V d nh UserForm c s kin Initialize (xy ra trc khi UserForm c hin th), hoc i tng CommandButton trn UserForm c s kin Click (xy ra khi ngi dng kch chut vo nt lnh).

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Cc s kin khng gn vi i tng: nhm s kin ny c hai s kin rt hu dng: s kin OnTime v s kin OnKey. Nhng s kin ny c cch thc hot ng khng ging nh nhng s kin khc. C mt s thao tc trong Excel c th lm xy ra nhiu s kin khc nhau. V d nh khi ngi dng chn mt worksheet mi vo trong workbook s lm pht sinh cc s kin mc ng dng nh sau: S kin WorkbookNewSheet: xy ra khi to mi worksheet. S kin SheetDeactivate: xy ra khi worksheet hin hnh khng cn hin hnh na. S kin SheetActivate: xy ra khi worksheet va mi c to c chuyn thnh worksheet hin hnh.

6.1. To b x l s kin cho mt s kin


Nhng ngi mi lp trnh VBA thng khng bit ni no to b x l s kin, hoc b x l s kin c to ra nhng li khng hot ng c. Nguyn nhn l do chng trnh con cha cc b x l s kin khng c t ng v tr. c th hot ng ng nh mong mun, cc b x l s kin ca tng i tng phi c t trong m-un m lnh tng ng ca i tng . V d sau s minh ho cch to b x l s kin cho s kin Worksheet_Change ca Sheet 1 (l s kin pht sinh khi ngi dng thay i gi tr ca mt no trong Sheet 1). Tobxlskin 1. Trong ca s Project ca VBAIDE, kch p chut ln i tng Sheet1 hin th ca s m lnh cho i tng Sheet1.

2. Trong ca s m lnh va hin th, chn danh sch gc trn bn tri v chn mc Worksheet chn danh sch gc trn bn phi v chn mc Change.

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3. VBAIDE s t ng pht sinh on m lnh sau:


Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) End Sub

Chng trnh con dng th tc trn chnh l b x l s kin cho s kin Change ca i tng Sheet1. Ngi lp trnh c th vit m lnh thc hin cc thao tc cn thit mi khi s kin xy ra. on m sau s hin th hp thoi thng bo a ch ca b thay i ni dung:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) MsgBox( b thay i: & Target.Address) End Sub

Mi b x l s kin u c cc tham s ring. ngha v s lng cc tham s ph thuc vo tng loi s kin. hiu r thm v cc tham s ca mi s kin, tham kho thm trong ti liu tr gip ca VBA trong Excel.
CH Excel cn cho php ngi dng tt cc s kin trong ng dng, khi , cc b x l s kin s khng c thc thi mi khi ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc tng ng na. tt cc s kin, ch cn gn thuc tnh EnableEvents ca i tng bng FALSE (Application.EnableEvents=FALSE). V ngc li, bt li cc s kin, EnableEvents bng TRUE ch cn gn thuc tnh (Application.EnableEvents=TRUE)

6.2. S kin trong Workbook


Cc s kin mc workbook xy ra trong mt workbook no . Cc b x l s kin ca i tng workbook c lu trong m-un m lnh ca workbook tng ng. Di y l danh sch cc s kin trong workbook: S kin
Activate AddinInstall AddinUninstall BeforeClose BeforePrint BeforeSave Deactivate

Thao tc lm pht sinh s kin


Workbook c chn lm workbook hin hnh Workbook c ci t lm Add-In Workbook b g ci t, khng cn l Add-In na Ngay trc khi workbook b ng li Ngay trc khi workbook c in hoc xem trc khi in Ngay trc khi lu workbook Workbook khng cn hin hnh

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NewSheet Open SheetActivate SheetBeforeDoubleClick SheetBeforeRightClick SheetCalculate SheetChange SheetDeactivate SheetSelectionChange WindowActivate WindowDeactivate WindowResize Mt worksheet va c to trong workbook M workbook Mt sheet no c chn lm sheet hin hnh Ngi dng kch p chut trn sheet no . S kin ny xy ra ngay trc khi kch p. Ngay trc khi ngi dng kch phi chut trn sheet Khi trn workshet c thc hin tnh ton no Khi worksheet b thay i Khi mt worksheet no khng cn l sheet hin hnh na Khi ngi dng thay i vng la chn trn worksheet Khi mt ca s c chn l ca s hin hnh Khi mt ca s khng cn l ca s hin hnh Khi mt ca s b thay i kch thc

SkinOpen Mt trong nhng s kin ph bin nht trong Workbook chnh l s kin Open. S kin ny c kch hot mi khi workbook (hoc add-in) c m, v s kch hot b x l s kin tng ng c tn l Workbook_Open. Bn trong th tc ny, ngi lp trnh c th thc hin nhiu thao tc khc nhau, chng hn nh cc thao tc ph bin sau: Hin th mt thng bo cho mng M mt workbook khc Thit lp, to thanh trnh n hoc thanh cng c Kch hot mt sheet hoc mt no Kim tra cc iu kin cn thit khc. Chng hn nh kim tra xem add-in cn thit cho hot ng ca workbook c ci t hay cha Khun mu ca b x l s kin Open nh sau:
Private Sub Workbook_Open() M lnh s c t y End Sub

Di y l mt v d n gin ca th tc Workbook_Open. Chng trnh c s dng hm Weekday ca VBA xc nh mt ngy trong tun. Nu l ngy th 6, mt hp thng bo s xut hin, nhc nh ngi dng thc hin sao lu workbook hng tun. Nu khng phi l th 6, th s khng c g xy ra c.
Private Sub Workbook_Open() Dim strThongBao As String If Weekday(Now) = vbFriday Then strThongBao = "Hm nay l th Su. strThongBao = strThongBao & "Nh phi sao lu workbook hng tun! " MsgBox strThongBao, vbInformation End If End Sub

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SkinBeforeClose S kin BeforeClose xy ra trc khi mt workbook chun b ng. S kin ny thng c dng kt hp vi s kin Open. Ly v d nh, c th s dng s kin Open to trnh n tu bin cho workbook, sau s dng s kin BeforeClose xo trnh n trc khi workbook c ng. V nh vy, theo cch ny, workbook lun c mt trnh n tu bin m khng lm nh hng n chng trnh Excel ni chung. Khun mu ca b x l s kin BeforeClose nh sau:
Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) M lnh s c t y End Sub

Tham s
Cancel

Gii thch
Mc nh, tham s ny bng FALSE khi xy ra s kin. Nu trong b x l s kin c gn gi tr cho tham s Cancel=TRUE th Excel s dng qu trnh ng workbook li, workbook s vn cn c m trong Excel.

V d sau s minh ho cch thao tc vi s kin BeforeClose. V d ny s kim tra xem khi s kin BeforeClose xy ra, workbook c lu hay cha. Nu cha lu s hin th mt hp thoi yu cu ngi dng la chn cc phng n: lu khng lu quay tr li workbook (khng ng workbook na bng cch gn tham s Cancel = TRUE):
Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) Dim Msg As String Dim Ans As Integer If Not (Me.Saved) Then Msg = "Bn c mun lu workbook: " Msg = Msg & Me.Name & "khng ?" Ans = MsgBox(Msg, vbQuestion + vbYesNoCancel) Select Case Ans Case vbYes Me.Save Case vbNo Me.Saved = True Case vbCancel Cancel = True End Select End If End Sub

Trong on m trn, khi ngi dng chn Yes th s thc hin phng thc Save c trong i tng workbook. Khi ngi dng chn No th s gn thuc tnh Saved ca i tng workbook thnh TRUE, iu ny s lm cho Excel ngh l workbook c lu, nhng thc cht l khng thc hin thao tc lu workbook. Khi ngi dng chn Cancel th tham s Cancel s c gn bng TRUE, khi Excel s khng ng workbook li.

6.3. S kin trong Worksheet


S kin mc worksheet xy ra bn trong mt worksheet no . Vic x l tt cc s kin mc worksheet s gip ng dng m rng hot ng hiu qu v chuyn nghip hn. Di y l mt s s kin trong worksheet: S kin Thao tc lm pht sinh s kin

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Activate BeforeDoubleClick BeforeRightClick Calculate Change Deactivate FollowHyperlink SelectionChange Worksheet c chn lm worksheet hin hnh Ngi dng kch p chut trn sheet. S kin ny xy ra ngay trc khi kch p. Ngay trc khi ngi dng kch phi chut trn sheet Khi trn workshet c thc hin tnh ton no Khi mt no trong worksheet b thay i Worksheet khng cn hin hnh Ngi dng kch chut vo mt siu lin kt trong worksheet Khi ngi dng thay i vng la chn trn worksheet

Cn phi lu l m lnh ca cc b x l s kin ca worksheet phi c t trong m-un m lnh ca worksheet tng ng. SkinChange S kin Change xy ra khi c mt no trong worksheet b thay i. S kin ny s khng xy ra khi qu trnh t ng tnh ton ca Excel lm thay i gi tr ca , hoc khi chn mt i tng vo trong worksheet. Khun mu ca b x l s kin Change nh sau:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) M lnh s c t y End Sub

Tham s
Target

Gii thch
Tham s kiu Range, l /vng d liu b thay i

Khi th tc Worksheet_Change c thc thi (ngha l khi s kin xy ra), th tc ny s nhn c mt i tng kiu Range c truyn thng qua tham s Target. i tng ny c th l mt hoc mt vng d liu b thay i. V d sau s hin th mt hp thng bo th hin a ch ca b thay i (a ch ca i tng Target):
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Excel.Range) MsgBox Vng d liu & Target.Address & thay i. End Sub

c th hiu r hn cc loi thao tc lm pht sinh s kin Change ca workshet, nhp on m trn vo trong m-un m lnh ca worksheet. Sau khi nhp xong on m lnh trn, quay tr li Excel v thc hin thay i worksheet bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Mi khi s kin Change xy ra, mt hp thng bo s c hin ln thng bo a ch ca vng d liu b tc ng. Khi thc hin theo cch nh vy, ta c th tnh c pht hin ra nhiu iu th v v s kin ny. Mt s thao tc lm pht sinh s kin, nhng mt s thao tc khc li khng nh th: Thay i nh dng ca khng lm pht sinh s kin Change nh mong i, nhng nu s dng trnh n Edit Clear Formats th li lm pht sinh s kin ny. Thm, hiu chnh hoc xo ch thch ca cc khng lm pht sinh s kin Change. Nhn phm DEL trn bn phm s lm pht sinh s kin Change (mc d hin ti ang l mt trng).

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Nhng b thay i khi s dng cc lnh ca Excel c th c hoc khng lm pht sinh s kin ny. V d, chn trnh n Data Form v Data Sort khng lm pht sinh s kin. Nhng nu chn trnh n Tools Spelling v Edit Replace th li lm pht sinh s kin ny. Nu trong cc chng trnh con ca VBA c lm thay i mt no th s lm pht sinh s kin Change. R rng, s kin Change kh phc tp v c th c tnh cht khc nhau tu theo tng phin bn ca Excel. Tuy nhin, s kin ny li rt hu ch, c bit l nhng ng dng quan trng, i hi cn phi c s kim tra, gim st n gi tr ca tng . S kin Change pht sinh khi c mt no b thay i, nhng thng thng ngi lp trnh ch cn quan tm n mt vng no trong worksheet m thi. V d sau s thc hin gim st mt vng d liu c tn l SoLieu trong worksheet. Nu ngi dng lm thay i gi tr bt k no trong vng ny, chng trnh s xut hin thng bo cho ngi dng:
Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) Dim VRange As Range Set VRange = Range("SoLieu") If Not Intersect(Target, VRange) Is Nothing Then MsgBox " thay i nm trong vng d liu: SoLieu." End If End Sub

V d trn s dng bin kiu Range c tn l VRange, th hin cho vng d liu cn gim st s thay i (l vng d liu c tn l SoLieu). Th tc ny cn s dng hm Intersect ca VBA, l hm tm giao ca hai vng d liu, kim tra xem vng d liu Target (c truyn qua tham s ca s kin) c nm trong vng d liu VRange hay khng. Hm Intersect tr v gi tr Nothing c ngha l hai vng d liu khng c no chung nhau. Do c s dng ton t Not nn biu thc Not Intersect(Target, VRange) Is Nothing s tr v gi tr TRUE nu hai vng d liu c t nht mt chung nhau. V vy, nu vng d liu b thay i c chung no vi vng d liu tn l SoLieu th chng trnh s hin th hp thng bo. Cc trng hp khc, th tc s t kt thc v khng c g xy ra c.

6.4. S kin trong UserForm


Cc s kin trn UserForm pht sinh khi c mt hot ng no xy ra thng c pht sinh t pha ngi dng (s kin cng c th c pht sinh mt cch gin tip t qu trnh thc hin mt phng thc no ). Tham kho mc Lm vic vi UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trang 60 bit thm chi tit. Di y l danh sch cc s kin trong UserForm: S kin
Activate Click DblClick Deactivate Initialize KeyDown KeyPress KeyUp Layout

Xy ra khi
UserForm c chn l hin hnh. Ngi dng kch chut vo UserForm. Ngi dng kch p chut vo UserForm. UserForm khng cn l ca s hin hnh. UserForm c to ra. Ngi dng nhn mt phm (nhng cha th ra). Ngi dng nhn v th mt phm. Ngi dng th mt phm (sau khi nhn xung). Thay i kch thc hoc v tr ca UserForm.

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MouseDown MouseMove MouseUp QueryClose Resize Terminate Ngi dng kch chut (nhng cha th nt chut). Chut c di chuyn trn UserForm. Ngi dng th mt nt chut (sau khi kch chut). Trc khi UserForm b ng. Thay i kch thc ca UserForm. UserForm b hu (UnLoad).

6.5. S kin khng gn vi i tng


Cc s kin c cp u c gn vi mt i tng no . Phn ny s gii thiu mt s kin khng gn vi i tng no c rt hay dng, l s kin v OnKey. S kin ny s c truy cp thng qua i tng Application. SkinOnKey Trong khi ngi dng ang lm vic trn bng tnh, Excel lun gim st nhng g ngi dng g vo t bn phm. V vy, ngi lp trnh c th thit lp phm tt (hoc t hp phm tt) khi ngi dng nhn phm tt th s t ng thc thi mt th tc mong mun. ci t cho s kin OnKey, s dng phng thc OnKey c trong i tng Application. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
expression.OnKey Key, Procedure

Tham s
expression Key Procedure

Gii thch
Biu thc tr v i tng kiu Application Chui k t i din cho phm hoc t hp phm c nhn Tham s tu chn kiu Variant, l chui k t cha tn ca th tc s c thc thi khi ngi dng nhn phm. Nu gi tr ca tham s ny l (chui rng) th s khng c g xy ra khi ngi dng nhn phm c. Nu tham s Procedure c b qua, th phm tng ng vi tham s Key s c thit lp li gi tr mc nh ca Excel, tt c cc th tc c gn cho phm s khng cn hiu lc na.

Cn lu l, tham s Key c th l mt phm hoc mt t hp phm kt hp vi cc phm ALT, CTRL hoc SHIFT, Mi phm s c i din bng mt k t hoc chui k t, chng hn nh a i din cho phm a, hay {ENTER} i din cho phm ENTER. xc nh cc phm khng hin th trn mn hnh khi ngi dng nhn phm tng ng (chng hn nh phm TAB hoc phm ENTER) cn phi s dng cc gi tr c nh ngha sn. Di y l danh sch cc m phm c bit . Mi m phm tng ng vi mt phm trn bn phm. Phm
BACKSPACE BREAK CAPS LOCK CLEAR DELETE hoc DEL MI TN XUNG END

M phm
{BACKSPACE} hoc {BS} {BREAK} {CAPSLOCK} {CLEAR} {DELETE} hoc {DEL} {DOWN} {END}

ENTER ENTER (phm s) ESC F1 n F15 HELP HOME

~ (du ng) {ENTER} {ESCAPE} hoc {ESC} {F1} n {F15} {HELP} {HOME}

Phm

M phm

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INS MI TN TRI NUM LOCK PAGE DOWN PAGE UP RETURN MI TN PHI {INSERT} {LEFT} {NUMLOCK} {PGDN} {PGUP} {RETURN} {RIGHT} SCROLL LOCK TAB MI TN LN SHIFT CTRL ALT {SCROLLLOCK} {TAB} {UP} + (du cng) ^ (du m) % (phn trm)

s dng t hp phm, ch cn gn tham s Key bng hp ca tt c cc phm n. V d nh nu cn gn s kin cho t hp phm CTRL+Phm cng, gn tham s Key= ^{+}; hoc vi t hp phm SHIFT+CTRL+Mi tn phi, gn tham s Key= +^{RIGHT}. V d sau s x l s kin OnKey ci t li chc nng ca phm PgUp v phm PgDn. Sau khi thc thi th tc Setup_ConKey, nu ngi dng nhn phm PgDn, Excel s thc thi th tc DgDn_Sub, cn nu ngi dng nhn phm PgUp, Excel s thc thi th tc PgUp_Sub. V kt qu s l: khi ngi dng nhn phm PgDn s di chuyn con tr xung hai hng, cn khi nhn phm PgUp s di chuyn con tr ln hai hng.
Sub Setup_OnKey() Application.OnKey "{PgDn}", "PgDn_Sub" Application.OnKey "{PgUp}", "PgUp_Sub" End Sub Sub PgDn_Sub() On Error Resume Next ActiveCell.Offset(2, 0).Activate End Sub Sub PgUp_Sub() On Error Resume Next ActiveCell.Offset(-2, 0).Activate End Sub

V d ny c s dng cu lnh On Error Resume Next b qua cc li c th pht sinh. Chng hn nh nu hin hnh ang hng u tin, nu c gng di chuyn ln trn s lm pht sinh li. Hoc nu sheet hin hnh khng phi l worksheet m l chartsheet th cng lm pht sinh li v khng c hin hnh no trn chartsheet c. xo s kin OnKey cho mt phm no y, cn phi thc thi li phng thc OnKey m khng c tham s Procedure. Thao tc ny s tr v chc nng mc nh cho phm c gn:
Sub Cancel_OnKey() Application.OnKey {PgDn} Application.OnKey {PgUp} End Sub

Mc d bng cch ny, ngi lp trnh c th gn phm tt cho mt Macro bt k, tuy nhin tt nht l nn s dng trnh qun l Macro gn phm tt cho Macro (xem thm mc Qun l Macro trang 104)

7. Cc thao tc c bn trong Excel


Phn ny s gii thiu cc on m thc hin nhng thao tc c bn trong Excel.

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7.1. iu khin Excel


Cc thao tc lin quan n vic iu khin chng trnh Excel u c thc hin thng qua i tng Application, i tng cp cao nht trong cy phn cp i tng trong Excel. 7.1.1. Thot khi Excel S dng phng thc c trong i tng Application thot khi Excel. Thng thng, nu c workbook no cha c lu, Excel s hin th hp thoi nhc ngi dng lu workbook. Tuy nhin, ngi lp trnh c th thay i cch ng x trn bng mt s cch sau: Lu tt c cc workbook trc khi thot Gn thuc tnh Saved ca workbook trc khi thot Gn thuc tnh DisplayAlerts bng FALSE V d sau s lu tt c cc workbook ang m trong Excel m khng cn hin th thng bo cho ngi dng:
Sub QuitSaveAll( ) Dim wb As Workbook For Each wb In Workbooks wb.Save Next Application.Quit End Sub

Ngc li, on m sau s thot khi Excel m khng lu cc workbook:


Sub QuitSaveNone() Dim wb As Workbook For Each wb In Workbooks ' nh du coi nh cc workbook c lu ' nhng thc cht, cc workbook vn cha c lu wb.Saved = True Next Application.Quit End Sub

Hoc c th s dng on m sau:


Sub QuitSaveNone() ' Tt tt c cc thng bo, hp thoi Application.DisplayAlerts = False Application.Quit End Sub

Cch thot khi Excel s dng thuc tnh Saved hoc DisplayAlerts s c th lm mt tt c nhng thay i cha c lu. V th cng c th s dng mt cch khc, l s dng phng thc SaveWorkspace lu trng thi lm vic ca Excel ca trc lc thot vo tp .xlw, v khi m tp ny, trng thi lm vic ca Excel ti thi im s c khi phc li. on m sau s lu ton b trng thi lm vic vo tp Resume.xlw:
Sub QuitWithResume() Application.SaveWorkspace "C:\Resume.xlw" Application.Quit End Sub

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7.1.2. Kho tng tc ngi dng Trong mt s trng hp, trnh ngi dng thot khi Excel khi ang thc hin mt s bc tnh ton mt nhiu thi gian, cn phi gii hn tng tc gia ngi dng v chng trnh Excel. i tng Application c mt s phng thc/thuc tnh thc hin iu ny: Gn thuc tnh DisplayAlerts bng FALSE n cc hp thoi Excel khi ang thc thi m lnh. Gn thuc tnh Interactive bng FALSE ngi dng hon ton khng th tng tc c vi Excel. Gn thuc tnh ScreenUpdating bng FALSE tt qu trnh cp nht li mn hnh, lm n i nhng thay i din ra trong lc thc thi m lnh. Nhng cch trn u cn phi thc hin u on m lnh v phi thc hin li cui ca on m lnh thit lp li cc gi tr mc nh, nu khng s lm kho hon ton chng trnh Excel. V d sau minh ho cch tm thi kho tng tc ngi dng khi thc hin cc on m lnh mt nhiu thi gian:
Sub Khoa_nguoi_dung() Dim cel As Range ' Chuyn con tr chut thnh biu tng ch. Application.Cursor = xlWait ' Tt tng tc ngi dng v vic cp nht mn hnh. Application.Interactive = False Application.ScreenUpdating = False ' on m lnh m phng vic tnh ton mt nhiu thi gian. For Each cel In [a1:iv999] cel.Select Next ' Khi phc li trng thi ban u. Application.Interactive = True Application.ScreenUpdating = True Application.Cursor = xlDefault [a1].Select End Sub

Mt li im na ca vic gn thuc tnh ScreenUpdating bng FALSE l vic on m lnh s thc thi vi tc nhanh hn v Excel khng cn phi cp nht li mn hnh khi tin hnh chn tng trong vng d liu t A1:IV999. Nhng cn lu phi khi phc li cc gi tr mc nh trc khi kt thc m lnh.
GI Gn thuc tnh ScreenUpdating bng FALSE trong khi thc khi cc on m lnh c lin quan n vic hin th trn mn hnh, chng hn nh i mu nn cho vng d liu , s lm tng tc thc thi ca m lnh

7.1.3. Thao tc vi ca s i tng Application c tp i tng Windows cho php m, sp xp, thay i kch thc v ng cc ca s bn trong Excel. Chng hn nh on m sau to thm mt ca s mi v sau xp chng cc ca s bn trong workbook hin hnh:
Sub OpenCascadeWindows() ActiveWindow.NewWindow Application.Windows.Arrange xlArrangeStyleCascade, True End Sub

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Ngi lp trnh c th ng, thay i trng thi ca ca s s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh c trong i tng Window. V d sau s ng ca s c to ra v d trc v khi phc li trng thi ca ca s ban u trong Excel:
Sub CloseMaximize() ActiveWindow.Close ng ca s hin hnh ActiveWindow.WindowState = xlMaximized End Sub

Vic ng ca s cui cng ca Workbook tng ng vi vic ng workbook .


CH Trong cng mt workbook c th c nhiu ca s con, tt c cc ca s con u c ni dung ging nhau v u l mt th hin ca workbook. Chi tit, xem li mc i tng Window trang 126.

iu khin ca s chnh ca Excel, s dng cc thuc tnh WindowState v DisplayFullScreen c trong i tng Application. on m sau s thc hin thay i trng thi ca s chnh ca Excel, gia cc thi thi s c mt thng bo:
Sub ChangeExcelWindowState() Application.WindowState = xlMaximized MsgBox "Trang thai phong dai" Application.WindowState = xlMinimized MsgBox "Trang thai thu nho" Application.WindowState = xlNormal MsgBox "Trang thai thong thuong" Application.DisplayFullScreen = True MsgBox "Trang thai toan man hinh" Application.DisplayFullScreen = False MsgBox "Trang thai thong thuong" End Sub Phng i ca s Thu nh ca s Trng thi thng thng Xem ton mn hnh Trng thi bnh thng

7.1.4. Khi ng Excel t chng trnh khc Thng thng, khi s dng VBA trong Excel, chng trnh Excel c khi ng sn v ngi lp trnh khng cn quan tm n cc thao tc khi ng chng trnh Excel. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng lc cn khi ng chng trnh Excel t chng trnh khc, chng hn nh khi mun xut d liu tnh ton sang Excel chng hn. Lc , cn phi lp trnh khi ng Excel, hay ni theo cch n gin hn, l to i tng Application cha ng dng Excel. thc hin c vic ny, cn phi thc hin cc bc sau: 1. Tham chiu n vi th vin m rng ca chng trnh Excel. 2. Vit m lnh thc hin vic khi ng chng trnh Excel (to i tng Application ca Excel). Di y s trnh by cch thc khi ng chng trnh Excel t VBA trong AutoCAD. ThamchiuthvinmrngcachngtrnhExcel 1. Khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD nhn t hp phm ALT+F11. Khi ng VBAIDE trong AutoCAD bng cch

2. Chn trnh n Tools References hin th hp thoi References dng tham chiu n th vin m rng. 3. Trong danh sch cc th vin c sn, chn Microsoft Excel 11.0 Object Library Chn OK. Nh vy l d n VBA trong AutoCAD c tham chiu n th vin m rng ca

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Excel, ngha l ngi lp trnh c th truy cp n m hnh i tng ca Excel ngay t bn trong VBA ca AutoCAD

Hnh IV-14: Hp thoi References trong VBAIDE ca AutoCAD. CH Tu tng phin bn chng trnh Excel ang c s dng m tn ca th vin m rng Excel c th khc nhau.

VitmlnhkhingchngtrnhExcel 4. Trong VBAIDE ca AutoCAD, chn trnh n Insert chun. Module to mi mt m-un

5. Trong ca s m lnh ca m-un chun, nhp on m lnh dng khi ng chng trnh Excel nh sau:
Sub ConnectToExcel() Dim App As Excel.Application On Error Resume Next Set App = GetObject(, "Excel.Application") Kim tra xem Excel c khi ng cha Nu cha s tin hnh to i tng Application If Err Then Err.Clear Set App = CreateObject("Excel.Application") If Err Then MsgBox Err.Description Exit Sub End If End If Hin th ca s chnh ca Excel App.Visible = True MsgBox "Now running " + App.Name + _ " version " + App.Version ====== Kt thc vic khi ng chng trnh Excel ======

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Bt u thc hin cc thao tc trong Excel ging nh khi thc hin trong mi trng VBA ca Excel Dim WBook As Workbook, WSheet As Worksheet Set WBook = App.Workbooks.Add Set WSheet = WBook.Worksheets(1) WSheet.Range("A1") = "Vi du ket noi voi Excel" WBook.SaveAs "C:\Test.xls" WBook.Close Set WBook = Nothing Set WSheet = Nothing End Sub

6. Thc thi Macro: ConnectToExcel nh trn, chng trnh Excel s c khi ng To mt Worksheet mi Lu thnh tp c tn Test.xls nm trong th mc gc ca a C:\ Thot khi chng trnh Excel.

7.2. Lm vic vi Workbook


7.2.1. To mi, m, lu v ng workbook Tomiworkbook to mi workbook, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Workbooks:
Dim wb As Workbook Set wb = Application.Workbooks.Add

Mworkbook m mt workbook c, s dng phng thc Open c trong tp i tng Workbooks:


Dim wb As Workbook Set wb = Application.Workbooks.Open("C:\MyBook.xls")

Nu tham s tn tp ch c tn m khng bao gm ng dn, Excel s tm tp trong th mc hin hnh. Nu tp khng tn ti th s lm pht sinh li trong Excel. Luworkbook lu workbook, s dng phng thc Save v SaveAs c trong i tng Workbook. Th mc mc nh lu trong Excel c th c thit lp thng qua thuc tnh DefaultFilePath ca i tng Application, thng thng th mc mc nh l th mc My Documents. V d sau s lu workbook mi to vo th mc My Documents vi tn l NewWorkbook.xls:
ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs "NewWorkbook"

Phng thc SaveAs thch hp khi lu workbook ln u tin, hoc khi mun lu workbook thnh mt workbook c tn khc. Cn phng thc Save s lu workbook v gi nguyn tn hin ti ca workbook. ngworkbook ng workbook, s dng phng thc Close c trong i tng workbook. Phng thc ny khng t ng lu workbook, nhng khi c s thay i no cha lu, Excel s hin th hp thoi SaveChanges trc khi ng workbook. Ngi lp trnh c th tt hp thoi ny bng cch truyn thm tham s vo cho phng thc thc Close:
ThisWorkbook.Close True

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on m s lu tt c cc thay i v sau ng workbook hin hnh. ng m khng lu nhng thay i ca workbook, s dng on m sau:
ThisWorkbook.Close False

ng tt c cc workbook, s dng phng thc Close c trong tp i tng Workbooks. Tuy nhin phng thc ny khng c tham s, v vy hp thoi SaveChanges s xut hin khi c workbook no cha c lu.
Sub TestCloseAll() Workbooks.Close End Sub

7.3. Lm vic vi Worksheet


7.3.1. To mi, xo v i tn worksheet Tomiworksheet to mi Worksheet, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Worksheets hoc tp i tng Sheets.
Sub Tao_moi_worksheet() Dim ws1 As Worksheet Dim ws2 As Worksheet Thm mt worksheet vo trc worksheet hin hnh Set ws1 = Worksheets.Add Thm mt worksheet khc vo sau sheet cui cng ca workbook Set ws2 = Sheets.Add(After:=Sheets(Sheets.Count), Type:=xlWorksheet) End Sub

Do tp i tng Sheets bao gm nhiu loi sheet khc nhau nn khi thm worksheet s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Sheets, cn phi xc nh r loi sheet s c thm vo. Xoworksheet xo worksheet, s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng worksheet. V d sau s xo worksheet c tn l Sheet1.
Sub Xoa_worksheet() Dim mySheet As Worksheet Set mySheet = Worksheets("Sheet1") Application.DisplayAlerts = False mySheet.Delete Application.DisplayAlerts = True End Sub

Khi s dng phng thc Delete xo worksheet, Excel s hin th hp thng bo xc nhn thao tc xo worksheet. V vy, khi chc chn xo worksheet phi tt ht tt c cc thng bo bng cch gn thuc tnh DisplayAlerts bng FALSE, v cng nn nh l phi tr v cc gi tr mc nh trc khi kt thc chng trnh. itnworksheet Vic i tn worksheet c thc hin mt cch d dng, ch cn thay i thuc tnh Name c trong i tng worksheet. on m sau s i tn Sheet2 thnh MySheet:

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Worksheets("Sheet2").Name = "MySheet"

7.4. Lm vic vi Range v Cells


7.4.1. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu duyt qua tng trong vng d liu, s dng vng lp For Each Next duyt qua tng i tng trong tp i tng Cells. Trnh t duyt l theo s th t ca : duyt t tri sang phi l t trn xung di. V d sau s duyt qua tng trong vng d liu A1:D3, in s vo tng theo th t c duyt. Thng qua v d ny, ta s hiu r hn v trnh t duyt cc trong vng d liu:
Sub Duyet_O() Dim myCell As Range Dim i As Integer i = 0 For Each myCell In Range("A1:D3").Cells Cc thao tc x l nm y V d: in s th t duyt vo tng i = i + 1 myCell.Value = i Next myCell End Sub

7.4.2. Duyt qua tng trong vng d liu theo hng v ct Qu trnh duyt theo hng hoc ct c thc hin s dng vng lp For EachNext trn cc tp i tng Rows, Columns v Cells. i tng thnh phn trong cc tp i tng ny u c kiu l Range. V d sau s tnh tng tng ct ca vng d liu c tham chiu v in gi tr tng ny vo ngay pha di tng ct.
1. Sub Duyet_O_Theo_Cot() 2. Dim myCell As Range 3. Dim myColumn As Range 4. Dim Tong As Double 5. For Each myColumn In Range("A1:D3").Columns 6. Tong = 0 7. For Each myCell In myColumn.Cells 8. Tong = Tong + Val(myCell.Value) 9. Next myCell 10. myColumn.Cells(myColumn.Rows.Count + 1, 1) = Tong 11. Next myColumn 12. End Sub

Dng th 5 l vng lp cho php duyt qua tng ct trong vng d liu A1:D3. Mi ct li l mt vng d liu, v th li tip tc duyt qua tng trong vng d liu , iu ny c thc hin dng th 7. Dng th 10 dng gn gi tr tng tnh c ca mi vo di cng ca ct.

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7.4.3. Vng c cha d liu Thuc tnh UsedRange UsedRange l mt thuc tnh rt hu dng ca i tng Worksheet. Thuc tnh ny tr v vng d liu l hnh ch nht bao ca tt c cc c cha d liu. Gc trn bn tri ca hnh ch nht l u tin c cha d liu, cn gc di bn phi ca hnh ch nht l cui cng c cha d liu. Cc c cha d liu c hiu l nhng c cha thng tin nh: gi tr, nh dng v ch thch. Hnh sau minh ho r hn v thuc tnh UsedRange.

Mc d trong vng d liu tr v ca thuc tnh UsedRange c cha c nhng khng c d liu, nhng nh vy l hiu qu v tit kim thi gian hn l so vi vic duyt qua tt c cc trong worksheet. V d sau s duyt qua tt c cc c cha d liu v chn nhng c gi tr m trn worksheet hin hnh:
Sub Su_dung_UsedRange( ) Dim cel As Range, str As String For Each cel In ActiveSheet.UsedRange If cel.Value < 0 Then str = str & cel.Address & "," Next If str <> "" Then str= Left(str, Len(str) - 1) ActiveSheet.Range(str).Select End If End Sub

V d trn ly v a ch ca tt c cc c gi tr m v s dng du , ngn cch gia a ch ca cc ly hp ca tt c cc (xem thm mc Tham chiu n i tng Range trang 131). Sau khi kt thc vng lp, chui str s c kiu l $A$1,$D$5, nn dng lnh If cui cng s ct k t cui cng ca chui str chuyn v dng thc a ch ng $A$1,$D$5. Cu lnh Len(str) tr v chiu di ca chui k t str. Cn cu lnh Left(str,n) tr v n k t nm bn tri ca chui k t str.

7.5. Lm vic vi biu


Tnh nng biu trong Excel kh n tng. Mt biu c th th hin nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau trong Excel. Excel h tr hn 100 loi biu khc nhau v ngi dng c th iu khin hu nh tt c cc thnh phn trong biu bi l, mi thnh phn trong biu chnh l mt i tng vi cc phng thc v thuc tnh khc nhau. V vy, vic lp trnh vi biu

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l khng d, nhng mt khi hiu r cy phn cp i tng th kt qu s n tng hn rt nhiu. Tu theo v tr m biu trong Excel c phn thnh 2 loi sau: Biu nhng ChartObject: l dng biu nm bn trong mt worksheet. Trong mt worksheet c th cha nhiu biu nhng khc nhau v cc biu ny c th c truy xut thng qua tp i tng ChartObjects c trong i tng worksheet. Biu c lp ChartSheet: l dng biu nm trong mt sheet ring bit, gi l chartsheet. Mi mt chartsheet ch c th cha mt biu dng ny m thi. Biu dng ny c th c truy xut thng qua tp i tng Charts c trong i tng workbook. Biu , d l dng nhng hay c lp, u c cng mt kiu d liu l Chart. Hn na, trong hu ht cc bng tnh, cc biu thng c nhng trong worksheet tin cho vic trnh by. Chnh v vy, ni dung trong gio trnh ny ch tp trung thao tc i vi biu nhng. 7.5.1. To mi biu Cch nhanh nht to biu bng m lnh l s dng phng thc ChartWizard ca i tng Chart. Vi phng thc ny, ngi lp trnh c th to c biu ch trong 2 bc: 1. To mi i tng Chart, s dng phng thc Add. 2. Gi phng thc ChartWizard ca i tng Chart va c to. Phng thc ChartWizard c rt nhiu tham s khc nhau, tt c u l tham s tu chn.
ChartWizard(Source, Gallery, Format, PlotBy, CategoryLabels, SeriesLabels, HasLegend, Title, CategoryTitle, ValueTitle, ExtraTitle)

Tham s
Source Gallery

Gii thch
Vng d liu cha s liu u vo cho biu Dng biu , c th l mt trong nhng gi tr sau: xlArea, xlBar, xlColumn, xlLine, xlPie, xlRadar, xlXYScatter, xlCombination, xl3DArea, xl3DBar, xl3DColumn, xl3DLine, xl3DPie, xl3DSurface, xlDoughnut, xlDefaultAutoFormat. nh dng t ng. Gi tr t 110 tu thuc vo loi biu . Nu b qua tham s ny, Excel s t chn gi tr mc nh da trn dng biu v s liu u vo. Xc nh xem s liu cho tng chui s liu l theo ct hay hng, c th l xlRows hoc xlColumns. S nguyn xc nh s hng hoc ct bn trong vng d liu u vo s lm CategoryLabels. S nguyn xc nh s hng hoc ct bn trong vng d liu u vo s lm SeriesLabels. Bng TRUE th biu s c thm phn ch gii. Tiu ca biu Tiu ca trc ngang Tiu ca trc ng Tiu trc i vi biu 3D hoc tiu ca trc gi tr th 2 ca biu 2D

Format

PlotBy CategoryLabels SeriesLabels HasLegend Title CategoryTitle ValueTitle ExtraTitle

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V d sau to mt biu trong mt chartsheet nm sau worksheet hin hnh, sau s dng phng thc ChartWizard to biu da trn vng d liu c tn l SoLieu. Ni dung ca vng d liu nh sau: Mt Hng A 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
20.0 21.0 24.0 25.0 23.0 23.5 25.0

Mt hng B
35.0 35.5 36.0 37.0 36.5 37.0 38.0

Sub ChartWizard() Dim ws As Worksheet, chrt As Chart Set ws = ActiveSheet ' To mi chartsheet, nm sau worksheet hin hnh. Set chrt = Charts.Add(, ws) ' t tn cho chartsheet. chrt.Name = "Bieu Do Gia" ' To biu s dng phng thc ChartWizard. chrt.ChartWizard ws.[SoLieu], xlLine, , xlColumns, 1, 1, True, _ "Bieu Do Gia Hang Nam", "Nam", "Gia" End Sub

7.5.2. Thm mt chui s liu vo biu c Cc s liu c v trong biu c lu tr trong tp i tng SeriesCollection. Mi hng hoc ct d liu c lu tr trong mt i tng Series tng ng v mi s liu trong mt i tng Series c lu tr trong i tng Point.

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Ngi lp trnh c th thm chui s liu vo mt biu c bng cch gi phng thc Add ca tp i tng SeriesCollection. Phng thc Add c nhng tham s sau: Tham s
Source Rowcol SeriesLabels

Gii thch
Vng d liu cha d liu ca chui s liu mi hoc c th l mng s liu Xc nh xem chui s liu b tr theo dng ct hay dng hng, c th l xlRows hoc xlColumns. Gi tr ny s b b qua nu Source l mt mng s liu. Nu Source l vng d liu th gi tr ny s l TRUE nu hng hoc ct u tin ca vng d liu cha tn ca chui s liu, nu khng th gn gi tr ny bng FALSE. Gi tr ny s b b qua nu Source l mt mng s liu. Nu Source l vng d liu th gi tr ny s l TRUE nu hng hoc ct u tin ca vng d liu cha gi tr lm CategoryLabels ca chui s liu, nu khng th gn gi tr ny bng FALSE. Nu CategoryLabels l TRUE v Replace l TRUE, th gi tr CategoryLabels ca biu hin ti s c thay mi. Nu Replace l FALSE th CategoryLabels ca biu hin ti s c gi nguyn. Mc nh l gi tr FALSE.

CategoryLabels

Replace

V d sau s thm mt chui s liu mi vo biu c to v d trc, v chuyn dng biu thnh dng ct .
Sub AddNewSeries() Dim chrt As Chart, sc As SeriesCollection, sr As Series ' Ly li biu theo tn biu . Set chrt = Charts("Bieu Do Gia") ' Ly tp i tng SeriesCollection. Set sc = chrt.SeriesCollection ' Thm chui s liu mi. sc.Add [ThemSoLieu], xlColumns, True, False, False ' Ly chui s liu cui trong tp i tng SeriesCollection ' chnh l chui s liu mi b sung. Set sr = sc(sc.Count) ' i dng biu cho chui s liu mi. sr.ChartType = xlColumnClustered End Sub

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7.6. S dng cc hm c sn trong Excel


Ngi lp trnh c th tn dng cc hm c sn ca Excel trong khi lp trnh trn VBA thng qua i tng WorksheetFunction. i tng ny l mt thuc tnh ca i tng gc Application. V d sau s tm gi tr nh nht trn vng d liu A1:A10 bng cch s dng hm Min ca Excel:
Set myRange = Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1:C10") answer = Application.WorksheetFunction.Min(myRange) MsgBox answer

8. Giao din ngi dng


Khi xy dng chng trnh, ngi khc c th dng c, ngi lp trnh cn phi c bit ch n giao din ngi dng. Giao din ngi dng c hiu l cch thc m ngi s dng s tng tc vi chng trnh bng cch nhn nt bm, chn mt trnh n, nhn phm, chn trn thanh cng c, Khi xy dng cc ng dng, cn phi lun ghi nh rng mc ch xy dng chng trnh l cho ngi dng cui s dng. Ngi lp trnh thng c kinh nghim s dng my tnh hn ngi dng, cho nn, vi mt giao din no th i vi ngi lp trnh l d s dng trong khi , i vi ngi s dng li rt kh dng. Khi mt chng trnh c trin khai xy dng da trn VBA ca Excel th hp l nht l nn hng n vic s dng nhng tnh nng sn c ca chnh Excel lm giao din, c nh vy ta mi tn dng c mt trong nhng th mnh ca Excel, l giao din thn thin, n gin v hiu qu. Vi nh hng thit k giao din nh vy, ta nn s dng h thng trnh n, thanh cng c v chnh bng tnh lm giao din chnh cho ng dng ca mnh. Nh vy trong Excel, ngi dng c th s dng nhng tnh nng c cung cp sn thit k giao din cho chng trnh ca mnh v sau y l mt s phng n thit k giao din nn s dng khi lp trnh VBA trong Excel: S dng iu khin nhng trc tip trn worksheet chng hn nh ListBox hoc CommandButton; S dng cc hp thoi thng dng c sn trong Excel; To cc hp thoi tu bin (chnh l vic s dng UserForm); Tu bin trnh n; Tu bin thanh cng c; Tu bin phm tt.

8.1. iu khin nhng trong Worksheet


iu khin nhng trong Worksheet, hay cn gi l iu khin ActiveX, l nhng iu khin c th chn trc tip vo trong worksheet, lin kt trc tip vi d liu trong cc worksheet m khng cn thm mt on m lnh no khc. ng nhin, nu cn th ngi lp trnh c th thm cc on m lnh x l cc tnh hung khc cho tng iu khin. Thanh cng c Toolbox s gip cho ngi dng thc hin thit k giao din kiu ny.

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Hnh IV-15: Bng tnh s dng iu khin nhng trong worksheet.

hin th thanh cng c Control Toolbox, chn trnh n View Toolbars Control Toolbox. Trn thanh cng c ny, cn ch n 3 biu tng u tin phc v cho qu trnh thit k cc iu khin trong worksheet: Design Mode : khi biu tng ny c hin sng ( ), tc l cc iu khin ang trong ch thit k. ch ny, ngi lp trnh c th chn cc iu khin, thay i cc thuc tnh ca chng Khi biu tng ny ch thng thng, tc l cc iu khin ang trong ch thc thi. ch ny, cc iu khin s trng thi s dng. Properties : nhn chut vo biu tng ny s hin th ca s Properties, lit k tt c cc thuc tnh ca iu khin c chn. Thng qua ca s ny, ngi lp trnh c th thay i tng thuc tnh lin quan n iu khin c chn. : nhn chut vo biu tng ny s hin th ca s m lnh tng ng vi View Code iu khin c chn. Trn thanh cng c Control Toolbox cn c nhiu biu tng khc na, mi biu tng tng ng vi mt iu khin. V c bn, cc iu khin ny tng ng vi cc iu khin c trnh by phn trc (tham kho mc Cc iu khin thng dng trang 69). 8.1.1. iu khin Spin Button Spin button, , l mt nt bm gn vi mt no trong worksheet. tng gi tr trong , ngi dng s bm vo mi tn ln, cn gim gi tr, ngi dng s bm vo mi tn xung. Spin button thch hp khi mun hn ch s liu nhp vo nm trong mt gii hn no . Cc thuc tnh c bn ca Spin button: Thuc tnh
Name LinkedCell Max

M t
Kiu String. Tn ca iu khin Kiu String. a ch ca s lin kt trc tip vi iu khin Kiu Integer. Gi tr ln nht c th t c

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Min SmallChange Value Kiu Integer. Gi tr nh nht c th t c Kiu Integer. S gia mi khi ngi dng nhn vo mi tn ln hoc xung Kiu Integer. Gi tr hin thi ca iu khin, cng l gi tr s hin th trong lin kt trc tip vi iu khin

8.1.2. iu khin ComboBox Combo Box, , s dng ngi dng la chn mt phn t trong danh sch xung. iu khin ny thng c s dng khi ngi lp trnh mun ngi s dng ch c th chn c nhng phn t c nh trc, trnh nhng sai st trong qu trnh nhp d liu, chng hn nh ch cho php ngi dng chn mt trong cc loi mc ca b tng m chng trnh h tr. Thng thng ta nn t Combo Box trng ln m n lin kt. Cc thuc tnh c bn ca Combo Box: Thuc tnh
Name LinkedCell ListFillRange ColumnCount BoundColumn

M t
Kiu String. Tn ca iu khin Kiu String. a ch ca lin kt trc tip vi Combo Box. Gi tr ca Combo Box chnh l gi tr ca c lin kt. Kiu String. a ch ca vng d liu cu thnh danh sch cc phn t trong Combo Box. Mi mt hng ca vng d liu l mt phn t trong danh sch . Kiu Integer. S ct s c hin th trong danh sch x xung ca Combo Box. Mc nh ColumnCount=1. Kiu Integer. S th t ct trong vng d liu, l ct m gi tr ca ct s c gn cho thuc tnh Value ca Combo Box khi mt phn t trong Combo Box c chn. Kiu Boolean. Nu bng FALSE, khng hin th phn tiu ca ct trong danh sch x xung. Nu bng TRUE, hin th tiu ca ct trong danh sch x xung, v hng d liu nm ngay pha trn ListFillRange s c ly lm tiu ca ct. B rng ca ct, tnh bng pt. Nu c nhiu ct th b rng ca mi ct s c cch nhau bng du chm phy (;). V d 60:80 Kiu Integer. Nu bng 0, ngi dng c th nhp d liu trc tip vo Combo Box hoc chn t danh sch. Nu bng 1, ngi dng ch c th nhp d liu bng cch chn t danh sch. Kiu String. L on vn bn/d liu c hin th trong Combox. Kiu Variant. L gi tr thc t ca phn t c chn trong Combo Box. Gi tr ca thuc tnh Value ny chnh l gi tr ca c lin kt vi Combo Box thng qua thuc tnh LinkedCell.

ColumnHeads

ColumnWidths Style

Text Value

ToComboBoxcnhiuct V d sau s lm r ngha ca cc thuc tnh trn thng qua vic to mt Combo Box c nhiu ct. Combo Box s hin th cc cp ng thit k, v khi la chn mt cp ng, gi tr vn tc thit k tng ng s c gn cho . Trnh t thc hin nh sau: 1. To mi Combo Box trn worksheet, di chuyn n v tr thch hp. 2. Chn kiu cho Combo Box bng cch gn thuc tnh Style bng 1, ngha l ngi dng ch c th la chn t danh sch x xung. 3. Gn gi tr cho cc thuc tnh LinkedCell bng C11 l s cha gi tr vn tc thit k c chn. Gn gi tr ListFillRange bng F2:G7 l vng d liu cha bng cc gi tr

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cp ng v vn tc thit k. Thng thng vng d liu ny s c lu tr trong mt worksheet khc hoc mt ni m ngi dng khng nhn thy c trnh gy ra s lng tng cho ngi dng. 4. hin th c nhiu ct, gn gi tr thuc tnh ColumnCount bng 2. Do gi tr cn lin kt l gi tr vn tc thit k, tc l gi tr nm ct th 2 ca vng d liu, do vy cn phi gn thuc tnh BoundColumn bng 2. 5. hin th tiu cho danh sch x xung, gn gi tr ColumnHeads bng TRUE.

Hnh IV-16: Combo Box c nhiu ct.

8.1.3. iu khin Command Button iu khin Command Button, , thng c s dng khi cn ngi dng thc hin mt quyt nh no thng qua vic kch chut vo nt lnh hoc nhn Enter ti nt lnh. Chi tit v cc thuc tnh ca iu khin ny c trong phn lm vic vi Userform v cc iu khin phn trc. ci t m lnh tng ng khi ngi dng kch chut vo nt lnh, s dng s kin Click c trong iu khin Command Button. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: 1. Khi ng VBAIDE bng cch nhn phm ALT+F11. 2. Trong ca s Project, kch p chut vo worksheet c cha iu khin Command Button hin th ca s m lnh ca worksheet . 3. Trong danh sch x xung General gc trn bn tri, chn iu khin c tn cn thm s kin, tn ny chnh l gi tr ca thuc tnh Name m ta gn cho iu khin . 4. Trong danh sch x xung Declarations gc trn bn phi, chn s kin cn ci t m lnh. 5. VBAIDE s t ng chn on m lnh khi to cho s kin. G on m lnh cn chn vo v tr con tr ang hot ng.

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Hnh IV-17: Cc bc thm s kin cho iu khin Command Button.

on m lnh sau s lm hin th hp thng bo khi ngi dng kch chut vo CommandButton1:
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click() MsgBox "Ban vua nhan vao nut lenh nay" End Sub

8.2. Cc hp thoi thng dng


Hp thoi l mt trong nhng thnh phn hay dng n nht khi thit k giao din, do , ngoi vic s dng nhng iu khin thit k hp thoi trn Userform c cp phn trc, hoc s dng chnh nhng hp thoi n gin ca VB nh hm InputBox hoc MsgBox th ngi dng c th s dng nhng hp thoi c Excel cung cp v ta s thy rng trong nhiu trng hp, nhng hp thoi ny rt tin dng. Di y l mt s hp thoi c trng trong Excel.
GI Tham kho mc Cc hp thoi thng dng trang 76 bit thm chi tit v cc hp thoi c bn thng c s dng.

8.2.1. Hp thoi InputBox ca Excel Hm InputBox S dng hp thoi InputBox (thay v s dng hp thoi InputBox) c nhiu u im: nh c kiu d liu tr v; Ngi s dng c th la chn mt vng d liu trc tip trn worksheet bng cch s dng chut; Vic kim tra d liu nhp vo c thc hin t ng. C php ca hm InputBox ny nh sau:
Application.InputBox(prompt, title, default, left, top, helpFile, context, type)

Hu ht cc tham s u l tham s tu chn, ch c tham s prompt l bt buc phi nhp vo. ngha ca cc tham s nh sau: Tham s
prompt title default

Gii thch
on vn bn s hin th trong hp thoi Tiu ca hp thoi InputBox Gi tr mc nh. Nu ngi dng khng nhp g c, hm s tr v gi tr mc nh ny.

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left, top helpFile, context type To gc trn bn tri ca hp thoi. Tn tp tr gip v ch cn hin th M xc nh kiu tr v ca hm.

Bng sau th hin cc loi m xc nh kiu tr v ca hm: M


0 1 2 4 8 16 64

Kiu gi tr tr v l
Cng thc S Chui Boolean (True hoc False) i tng kiu Range. Tham chiu n mt vng d liu Gi tr li, chng hn nh #NA Mng gi tr

Hm InputBox ca Excel c s dng kh linh hot. Hm ny c th cho php c nhiu hn mt kiu gi tr tr v bng cch cng cc loi m thch hp. V d nh mun hp thoi InputBox cho php nhp vo c s v chui, c th nhp tham s type bng 3 (tc l 1+2, hay S cng chui). Cn nu gn tham s type bng 8 th ngi dng c th t nhp vo a ch ca vng d liu trong hp thoi, hoc cng c th chn vng d liu trn worksheet bng chut. V d sau, th tc EraseRange, s dng hm InputBox ngi dng la chn mt vng d liu xo. Ngi dng c th nhp vo a ch ca vng d liu hoc cng c th chn bng cch dng chut. Hm InputBox vi tham s type bng 8 s tr v i tng kiu Range (ch t kho Set trc hm InputBox, v lc ny hm s tr v i tng ch khng phi l mt gi tr n thun). Vng d liu ny s c xo i bng phng thc Clear. Gi tr mc nh c hin th trong hp thoi InputBox l a ch ca vng c chn hin hnh. Cu lnh On Error nhm mc ch s thot khi th tc khi c li xy ra.
Sub EraseRange() Dim UserRange As Range Dim DefaultRange As String DefaultRange = Selection.Address On Error GoTo Canceled Set UserRange = Application.InputBox _ (Prompt:=Vng d liu cn xo:, _ Title:= Xo vng d liu, _ Default:=DefaultRange, _ Type:=8) UserRange.Clear UserRange.Select Canceled: End Sub

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Mt li im na ca vic s dng hm inputBox ca Excel chnh l vic t ng thc hin kim tra gi tr nhp vo. Trong v d trn, nu ngi dng nhp vo gi tr khng phi l a ch ca mt vng d liu, Excel s hin th mt hp thng bo v nhc ngi dng nhp li d liu.

8.2.2. Hp thoi Open Hm GetOpenFilename Trong mt s chng trnh, khi cn nhp vo tn tp no , ta c th s dng hp thoi InputBox yu cu ngi s dng nhp vo tn tp t bn phm. Tuy nhin cch ny c th pht sinh li do ngi dng nhp vo mt tn tp khng tn ti (c th do g phm sai hoc khng nh chnh xc tn tp). Mt cch tt hn lm vic ny chnh l s dng phng thc GetOpenFilename ca i tng Application. Phng thc ny s hin th hp thoi Open (ging nh khi chn trnh n File Open) nhng ch tr v tn tp c chn m khng m mt tp no c. Ngi dng ch vic chn tp bng cc cng c trc quan c sn trong hp thoi. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau (tt c cc tham s u l tham s tu chn):
GetOpenFilename(FileFilter,FilterIndex,Title,ButtonText,MultiSelect)

Tham s
FileFilter FilterIndex Title ButtonText MultiSelect

Gii thch
Chui cha b lc tp. S th t ca b lc tp mc nh. Tiu ca hp thoi, gi tr mc nh l Open. Khng s dng. Nu bng TRUE, ngi dng c th chn nhiu tp cng mt lc. Mc nh l FALSE.

Tham s FileFilter quy nh cc phn t s c hin th trong danh sch xung File of type ca hp thoi. Mi phn t tng ng vi mt loi tp no . Phn t l mt cp gi tr

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gm tn s c hin th trong danh sch v phn m rng ca loi tp tng ng. Nu khng gn gi tr cho tham s ny, gi tr mc nh s l:
All Files (*.*),*.*

Ch phn u ca chui ny (phn nm pha trc du phy - All Files (*.*)) l on vn bn s c hin th trong danh sch. Cn phn th hai ca chui (phn nm sau du phy *.*) chnh l phn m rng ca tp s c hin th. V d sau minh ho cch to mt chui cha trong bin Filt c th dng truyn vo tham s FileFilter ca phng thc GetOpenFilename. Nh trong trng hp ny, ngi dng c th chn 2 loi tp (v mt la chn cho tt c cc tp).
Filt = Text Files (*.txt),*.txt, & _ Comma Separated Files (*.csv),*.csv, & _ All Files (*.*),*.*

V d sau s nhc ngi dng chn mt tp, sau s hin th tn tp c chn.


Sub GetImportFileName() Dim Filt As String Dim FilterIndex As Integer Dim Title As String Dim FileName As String ' Gn b lc tp Filt = "Text Files (*.txt),*.txt," & _ "Comma Separated Files (*.csv),*.csv," & _ "All Files (*.*),*.*" ' Hin th cc tp *.csv l mc nh FilterIndex = 2 ' Gn tiu cho hp thoi Title = "Chon tep" ' Ly tn tp FileName = Application.GetOpenFilename _ (FileFilter:=Filt, _ FilterIndex:=FilterIndex, _ Title:=Title) ' Thot nu nhn nt Cancel If FileName = "False" Then MsgBox "Khong tep nao duoc chon." Exit Sub End If ' Hin th tn tp y MsgBox "Ban vua chon tep: " & FileName End Sub

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Hnh IV-18: Hp thoi Open

8.2.3. Hp thoi Save As Hm GetSaveAsFilename Phng thc GetSaveAsFilename cng tng t nh phng thc GetOpenFileName. Phng thc ny s hin th hp thoi Save As, cho php ngi dng chn hoc ch nh tp lu, sau s tr v tn tp y nhng khng thc hin thao tc lu no c. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
GetSaveAsFilename(InitialFilename,FileFilter,FilterIndex,Title,Button Text)

Tham s
InitialFilename FileFilter FilterIndex Title ButtonText

Gii thch
Xc nh tn tp gi ban u Chui cha b lc tp. S th t ca b lc tp mc nh. Tiu ca hp thoi, gi tr mc nh l Save As. Khng s dng.

V d sau s hin th hp thoi Save As ngi dng nhp vo tn tp, sau s hin th tn tp c la chn.
Sub SaveAs() Dim fileSaveName As String

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fileSaveName = Application.GetSaveAsFilename( _ InitialFileName:="TenTep", _ FileFilter:="Excel Workbook (*.xls), *.xls", _ Title:="Luu tap tin") If fileSaveName <> "False" Then MsgBox "Save as " & fileSaveName End If End Sub

8.2.4. Hp thoi chn th mc i tng FileDialog Nu cn ngi dng chn mt th mc thc hin thao tc no , c th thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng n gin nht vn l s dng i tng FileDialog. V d sau hin th mt hp thoi cho php ngi dng chn th mc. Sau hin th tn th mc bng cch s dng hp thoi MsgBox. Tn tp s c truy cp thng qua thuc tnh SelectedItems ca i tng FileDialog.
Sub GetAFolder() With Application.FileDialog(msoFileDialogFolderPicker) .InitialFileName = Application.DefaultFilePath & \ .Title = Please select a location for the backup .Show If .SelectedItems.Count = 0 Then MsgBox Canceled Else MsgBox .SelectedItems(1) End If End With End Sub

i tng FileDialog cho php ch nh th mc ban u bng cch gn gi tr cho thuc tnh InitialFileName. Trong v d trn s dng th mc mc nh ca Excel lm th mc ban u. 8.2.5. Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs Tp i tng Dialogs ca i tng Application bao gm 258 phn t th hin hu ht cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel. Mi hp thoi c mt hng s c nh ngha trc gip ngi dng c th xc nh c hp thoi cn hin th mt cch d dng. Chng hn nh khi mun hin th hp thoi GoTo ca Excel, s dng hng s xlDialogFormulaGoto. S dng phng thc Show hin th cc hp thoi. V d sau s hin th hp thoi Go To ca Excel.
Application.Dialogs(xlDialogFormulaGoto).Show

Ngi lp trnh cn c th vit m lnh kim tra cch thc ng hp thoi. Trong v d sau, bin Result s tr v TRUE nu ngi dng kch chut vo nt OK, v FALSE nu kch chut vo nt Cancel hoc nhn phm ESC.
Result = Application.Dialogs(xlDialogFormulaGoto).Show

Cn phi lu rng, tnh nng ny khng c trnh by r rng trong cc ti liu tr gip ca Excel. Cc ti liu tr gip cho phn ny rt s lc, khng cp n mt s tht: cc hp thoi hin th khi gi bng VBA khng hon ton ging nh khi gi thng qua trnh n trong

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Excel. Chnh v vy, chng c cch no khc ngoi vic th nghim kim tra hot ng ca cc hp thoi.
CH Cc hp thoi hin th khi gi bng VBA khng hon ton ging nh khi gi thng qua trnh n trong Excel.

Trong trng hp ca hp thoi Go To, khi hin th bng VBA, nt Special b m i, khng hon ton ging nh khi chn t trnh n Edit Go To.

Ngoi ra, cn c mt vn khc na, l vic khng th hin th c cc hp thoi c nhiu th khc nhau. Ly v d vi hp thoi Format Cell, khng c cch no hin th y hp thoi ny vi nhiu th khc nhau t VBA, thay vo , ch c th hin th mt th ti mt thi im. on m sau ch hin th c th Alignment ca hp thoi Format Cells:
Application.Dialogs(xlDialogAlignment).Show

hin th cc th khc trong hp thoi Format Cells, phi s dng ring l cc hng s xlDialogFormatNumber, xlDialogBorder, c nh ngha trc nh: xlDialogCellProtection, xlDialogPatterns, hoc xlDialogFontProperties.

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C rt nhiu hng s c nh ngha trc tng ng vi mt hp thoi trong Excel. Danh sch y cc hng s ny c th c tra cu vi Object Browser: 1. Trong m un m lnh VBAIDE, nhn F2 khi ng Object Browser. 2. Trong ca s Object Browser, chn Excel danh sch pha trn. 3. Trong danh sch th 2, g vo xlDialog. 4. Kch chut vo biu tng hnh ng nhm.
CH Hin th mt hp thoi khng ng ng cnh s lm pht sinh li. V d nh khi ang chn mt chui s liu trong mt biu m li hin th hp thoi Fonts (hng s xlDialogFontProperties) th s xut hin thng bo li bi v hp thoi ny xut hin trong tnh hung ny l khng thch hp.

Di y l danh s mt s hng s hay c s dng: Hng s


xlDialogOpen xlDialogSaveAs xlDialogPageSetup xlDialogPrint xlDialogPrinterSetup

M t
Hp thoi Open Hp thoi Save As Hp thoi Page Setup Hp thoi Print Hp thoi Printer Setup

GI Cc hng s tng ng khi s dng tp i tng Dialogs c bt u bng xlDialog v tip theo l tn ca hp thoi (vit lin nhau). Trong VBAIDE, g xlDialog sau nhn CTRL+Space hin th ca s gi m lnh, trong s c danh sch y cc hng s lin quan.

8.2.6. Thc thi mc trnh n Excel t VBA

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Mt cch khc na hin th cc hp thoi mc nh l thc thi trc tip thng qua trnh n. iu ny cng tng ng nh khi s dng chut chn mt mc trnh n trong thanh trnh n ca Excel. on m lnh sau tng ng vi vic ngi dng chn trnh n Edit Go To trc tip trong Excel:
Application.CommandBars(Worksheet Menu Bar). _ Controls(Edit).Controls(Go To...).Execute

Cu lnh trn, khi thc thi s hin th hp thoi Go To. Cn ch rng, on vn bn nm trong du ngoc phi ging ht nh nhng g hin th trn thanh trnh n (bao gm c du ba chm sau ch Go To). Vic thc thi mc trnh n nh th ny c thc hin kh n gin, hn na cn khc phc c nhc im khng hin th hp thoi c nhiu th nh cp phn Cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel Tp i tng Dialogs trang 166. V d sau s hin th hp thoi Format Cells vi y cc th nh dng.
Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar"). _ Controls("Format").Controls("Cells...").Execute

Ngoi ra, theo cch ny, ngi lp trnh c th thc thi bt k mt mc trnh n no c trong thanh trnh n ca Excel.

8.3. Hp thoi tu bin UserForm


Khi cc hp thoi mc nh trong Excel khng p ng c nhu cu, ngi lp trnh Excel c th to ra cc hp thoi tu bin ca ring mnh thng qua cc UserForm. Vi kh nng tu bin cao, ngi lp trnh c th s dng UserForm v cc iu khin trn to ra nhng hp thoi vi nhiu tnh nng hn, ph hp hn vi nhu cu thc t hn. Vic to cc hp thoi tu bin c thc hin d dng v hn na vi kh nng ca mnh, ngi lp trnh c th to ra cc hp thoi trng chng khc g hp thoi ca chng trnh Excel. Hp thoi tu bin c to ra da trn UserForm thng qua VBAIDE. Thng thng, c th to hp thoi tu bin theo cc bc sau: 1. To mi mt UserForm vo trong d n VBA ca Workbook. 2. Vit th tc hin th UserForm. Th tc ny phi c t trong mt m-un ca VBA (ch khng phi t trong m-un ca UserForm) 3. Chn thm cc iu khin cn thit trn UserForm. 4. iu chnh cc iu khin va thm. 5. Vit m lnh cho cc s kin tng ng ca cc iu khin (nu cn). Cc th tc ny phi c t trong m-un ca chnh UserForm . Sau khi thc hin xong cc bc trn, mi khi cn hin th hp thoi tu bin, ch cn thc thi th tc to bc 2. 8.3.1. To mi UserForm to mi UserForm, khi ng VBAIDE (nhn phm ALT+F11), chn d n ng vi workbook cn thm Userform, sau chn trnh n Insert UserForm. Cc UserForm s c t ng t tn UserForm1, UserForm2,... Ngi lp trnh c th thay i tn ca UserForm d dng nhn dng UserForm thng qua ca s Properties (chn UserForm v nhn phm F4 hin th ca s Properties).

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Mi mt workbook c th cha nhiu UserForm khc nhau, mi UserForm chnh l mt hp thoi tu bin. 8.3.2. Hin th UserForm hin th UserForm, s dng phng thc Show ca i tng UserForm. Phng thc ny c c php nh sau:
object.Show modal

Trong : object: l i tng kiu UserForm; modal: l tham s tu chn, xc nh kiu hin th ca UserForm. Modal c th l mt trong hai gi tr vbModal hoc vbModeless. Nu l vbModal, ngi dng phi ng UserForm mi c th tip tc thao tc vi Excel. Nu l vbModeless, ngi dng vn c th va thao tc trn UserForm, va thao tc trn Excel. Mc nh l gi tr vbModal. on m sau s hin th UserForm c tn l UserForm1 ch Modal:
UserForm1.Show

Ngoi ra, cn c mt k thut khc hin th UserForm: s dng phng thc Add ca tp i tng UserForm, sau s dng phng thc Show hin th UserForm. Phng thc ny thch hp khi trong d n c nhiu UserForm v ngi c th ch nh s xut hin ca mt UserForm bt k. on m sau s hin th UserForm c tn l UserForm1:
MyForm = UserForm1 UserForms.Add(MyForm).Show
CH Th tc hin th hp thoi tu bin (UserForm) phi c t trong mt mun chun ca VBA (ch khng phi t trong m-un ca UserForm).

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VBA cn c lnh Load. Lnh ny ch ti UserForm vo trong b nh m khng hin th cho n khi s dng phng thc Show ca UserForm . ti UserForm1 vo b nh, thc hin nh sau:
Load UserForm1

Khi c mt UserForm tng i phc tp (c nhiu thnh phn iu khin cng vi nhiu d liu bn trong ), nu s dng lnh Load ti UserForm vo b nh th UserForm s c hin th nhanh hn khi s dng phng thc Show. Tuy nhin, trong i a s cc trng hp, ch cn s dng phng thc Show, bi l phng thc ny cng t ng thc hin lnh Load (nu UserForm cha c ti vo b nh) ngay trc khi hin th Userform. Mt khi c hin th, UserForm s lun tn ti trn mn hnh cho n khi ngi dng ng n li. V vy, thng thng, ngi lp trnh s to thm mt nt lnh (Command Button) trn UserFrom thc hin th tc ng UserForm. Th tc ny c th s dng lnh Unload d b UserForm khi b nh ca my tnh, hoc s dng phng thc Hide ca i tng UserForm tm thi n UserForm. on m sau s ng ca s UserForm1:
UserForm1.Hide

Hoc c th s dng on m sau ng ca s UserForm1:


Unload UserForm1

Phng thc Hide ch tm thi n UserForm, bn thn UserForm vn cn trong b nh, cc thuc tnh ca UserFrom vn c th c truy cp bnh thng. Cn lnh Unload th s g b UserForm ra khi b nh, lc ny cc thuc tnh ca UserForm s khng th truy cp c na. 8.3.3. Cc iu khin trn UserForm Ngi lp trnh c th dng rt nhiu loi iu khin khc nhau ln UserForm. Thng tin chi tit, xem li mc Lm vic vi UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trang 60. Di y ch trnh by thm mt iu khin ring ca Excel, iu khin RefEdit. iu khin RefEdit cho php ngi dng la chn mt vng d liu bng cch nhp a ch hoc nhp tn vng d liu hoc s dng chut chn trc tip trong worksheet. Khi ngi dng kch chut vo biu tng nh gc phi ca iu khin, hp thoi s tm thi c n i v mt ca s nh ngi dng chn vng d liu s c hin ln, ging ht nh cc hp thoi mc nh ca Excel.

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Hnh IV-19: iu khin RefEdit

iu khin RefEdit cng tng t nh iu khin Textbox, v vy c th tham kho thm v iu khin TextBox bit thng tin v cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca iu khin RefEdit. Khi thc hin cc thao tc s dng RefEdit, cn ghi nh nhng im sau: iu khin RefEdit tr v chui cha a ch ca vng d liu. Sau , c th chuyn chui thnh i tng kiu Range s dng on m tng t nh sau:
Dim UserRange As Range Set UserRange = Range(RefEdit1.Text)

Nn khi to gi tr ban u cho iu khin RefEdit bng a ch ca vng d liu hin hnh. lm c nh vy, trong s kin UserForm_Initialize ca UserForm cn thm on m lnh tng t nh sau:
RefEdit1.Text = ActiveWindow.Selection.Address

ng bao gi ngh rng RefEdit lun tr v a ch ng. Bi l khng phi ch c mi cch chn vng d liu bng chut, ngi dng cn c th g v hiu chnh a ch hin th trn iu khin RefEdit. V vy, phi lun kim tra tnh ng n ca a ch vng d liu. on m sau minh ho cch kim tra li ny. Nu vng d liu nhp vo khng ng, mt hp thng bo s hin ln, v cho php ngi dng nhp li:
On Error Resume Next Set UserRange = Range(RefEdit1.Text) If Err <> 0 Then MsgBox Invalid range selected RefEdit1.SetFocus Exit Sub End If On Error GoTo 0

Ngi dng c th chn mt sheet khc trn th cha cc sheet khi ang chn vng d liu. V vy, khng nn gi s rng vng d liu c chn s nm trn sheet hin hnh. Tuy nhin, nu ngi dng chn mt sheet khc, a ch ca vng d liu s c t ng thm vo mt tin t l tn ca sheet c chn. Chng hn nh:
Sheet2!$A$1:$C$4

Nu ch cn ly a ch ca mt trong vng d liu m ngi dng chn, ngi lp trnh c th chn ra mt gc trn bn tri ca vng d liu bng cch s dng on m lnh nh sau:
Set OneCell = Range(RefEdit1.Text).Range(A1)
GI ngi dng chn mt vng d liu no , c th s dng hp thoi InputBox ca Excel, xem thm mc Hp thoi InputBox ca Excel Hm InputBox trang 161.

8.4. Thao tc trn thanh trnh n


Hu ht cc chng trnh chy trong h iu hnh Windows u c h thng thanh trnh n bi tnh tin dng v h thng ca n. Thng qua thanh trnh n, cc chc nng ca chng trnh c t chc v lit k gip ngi s dng c th d dng truy cp n tng tnh nng ca chng trnh mt cch c h thng.

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i vi cc ng dng m rng vit bng VBA, vic thc thi mt Macro no u c thc hin thng qua trnh qun l Macro hoc c thc thi trc tip trong VBAIDE. iu ny gy ra nhiu kh khn cho nhng ngi dng v lm gim tnh chuyn nghip ca ng dng. Thay vo , vi mt s on m lnh n gin, ngi lp trnh c th t xy dng h thng trnh n, to nn mt giao din ngi dng c tnh hiu qu cao cho ng dng m rng ca mnh. Excel c hai h thng thanh trnh n tng ng vi kiu sheet c chn l Worksheet hay Chartsheet. Thanh trnh n th nht, c tn l Worksheet Menu Bar, c hin th khi sheet c chn l Worksheet hoc khi ng tt c cc Workbook. y l thanh trnh n mc nh ca Excel. Thanh trnh n th hai, c tn l Chart Menu Bar, c hin th khi sheet c chn l Chart sheet hoc ngi dng ang chn mt i tng Chart nhng trong Worksheet.

Hnh IV-20: Thanh trnh n trong Excel.

8.4.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n trong Excel c th c th hin thng qua s hnh cy nh sau:

Menu Bar: L hng ch nm trn cng, ngay pha di thanh tiu ca ng dng Excel. Nh cp, tu vo tng ng cnh m thanh Menu Bar c th l Worksheet Menu Bar hoc Chart Menu Bar. Menu: L mt thnh phn trong h thng trnh n ca Excel, khi ngi dng kch chut vo mt Menu th mt danh sch cc MenuItem s hin ra.

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Menu Item: l mt thnh phn ca Menu xut hin khi ngi dng kch chut vo menu. Mi Menu Item s thc hin mt tc v trong chng trnh khi ngi dng kch chut ln Menu Item . Ngoi ra, trong h thng menu ca Excel cn c khi nim Separator Bar, l mt ng gch ngang phn cch gia cc Menu Item dng nhm cc Menu Item c lin quan vi mt mc tiu no . Cc Menu c th lng vo nhau theo nhiu cp khc nhau. Mt Menu cng c th l MenuItem nm trong mt Menu khc. Chng hn nh Menu View ca Excel c MenuItem tn l Toolbars, v n lt mnh, Toolbars cng chnh l mt Menu, c cha cc MenuItem khc nh: Standard, Formatting, Hnh sau s minh ho r hn v cu trc ca h thng trnh n trong Excel.

Hnh IV-21: H thng thanh trnh n

8.4.2. To trnh n tu bin Ngi lp trnh c th d dng thm v hiu chnh h thng trnh n trong Excel thng qua cc on m lnh bng VBA theo cc bc sau: 1. Phc tho trnh n cn to v cc chc nng tng ng. 2. Vit m lnh cho tng MenuItem. Mi on m lnh ny c cha trong mt chng trnh con dng Sub. 3. Tham chiu n Menu Bar, ni cn to trnh n tu bin. 4. To Menu v MenuItem. 5. Gn cc on m lnh tng ng to bc 2 cho tng Menu Item. tham chiu n Menu Bar, c th s dng on m sau:
Dim mnuBar as CommandBar Set mnuBar = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar")

to Menu v MenuItem, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Controls. Thc cht, phng thc ny s thm mt iu khin vo trong tp i tng Controls ca i tng

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gc, ni s cha Menu v MenuItem. C php ca phng thc Add nh sau (tt c cc tham s u l tham s tu chn):
object.Add(Type, Id, Parameter, Before, Temporary)

Tham s
Object Type

M t
i tng cha, ni cha cc i tng s c thm vo bng phng thc Add. Xc nh kiu i tng s c thm vo trong tp i tng Controls ca i tng Object. Tham s Type c th bng mt trong cc gi tr sau: - Nu mun to Menu: gn Type= msoControlPopup - Nu mun to Menu Item: gn Type= msoControlButton

Id Parameter Before Temporary

S nguyn xc nh iu khin c xy dng sn. Trong trng hp ny, khi cn to mt i tng mi, c th gn tham s ny bng 1 hoc b trng. Vi Menu tu bin, tham s ny c th c dng gi thng tin n cc th tc trong Visual Basic. Thng thng, tham s ny c b trng. Mt s xc nh v tr xut hin ca i tng mi c thm vo. Nu tham s ny c b trng, i tng mi s c thm vo v tr cui cng. Nu bng TRUE, i tng ch xut hin tm thi. Ngha l i tng s c xo i khi thot khi chng trnh. Gi tr mc nh ca tham s ny l False.

Kiu gi tr tr v ca phng thc Add l i tng kiu CommandBarControl, hoc c th l mt trong cc kiu d liu sau, tu thuc vo gi tr ca tham s Type: Nu Type= msoControlPopup: kiu gi tr tr v l CommandBarPopup. Nu Type= msoControlButton: kiu gi tr tr v l CommandBarButton. Phng thc Add ch to cc i tng trng trn h thng thanh trnh n. V vy, ngi lp trnh cn phi gn thm cc thuc tnh khc cho nhng i tng mi ny. Di y l danh sch cc thuc tnh ca i tng kiu CommandBarControl: Thuc tch
BeginGroup BuiltIn Caption Enabled FaceID Id OnAction ShortcutText

M t
Nu gn bng TRUE, pha trc iu khin s xut hin Separator Bar ngn cch cc nhm trnh n. y l thuc tch ch c. Tr v gi tr TRUE nu iu khin ny l iu khin c xy dng sn trong Excel. Chui vn bn s c hin th trn trnh n. Nu bng TRUE, ngi dng c th kch chut ln i tng. Nu bng FALSE, ngi dng s khng th kch chut, v iu khin s c mu xm. S nguyn th hin cho hnh nh s c hin th bn cnh on vn bn c hin th trn thanh trnh n. y l thuc tnh ch c. L m s xc nh cc trnh n c nh ngha trc trong Excel. (Ch p dng vi CommandBarButton) Tn ca th tc VBA s c thc thi khi ngi dng kch chut vo MenuItem. (Ch p dng vi CommandBarButton) on vn bn hin th phn phm tt cho MenuItem .

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State ToolTipText Type (Ch p dng vi CommandBarButton) Xc nh trng thi ca MenuItem: c c nhn hay khng. on vn bn s hin th khi ngi dng tr chut ngay pha trn iu khin. y l thuc tnh ch c. S nguyn xc nh kiu ca iu khin

Thng thng, sau khi to mi Menu v MenuItem cn gn cc thuc tnh sau: Caption OnAction FaceID Di y l mt v d minh ho cc bc to mi mt Menu trong thanh trnh n Worksheet Menu Bar Vd:ToMenumi 1. Phc tho cu trc ca Menu nh sau:

2. Vit m lnh cho tng MenuItem


M LNH CHO MENUITEM2: TINH TONG Sub Macro1() MsgBox "Ban da chon MenuItem: Tinh Tong" End Sub M LNH CHO MENUITEM3: TINH TICH Sub Macro2() MsgBox "Ban da chon MenuItem: Tinh Tich" End Sub M LNH CHO MENUITEM6: LUA CHON 1 Sub Macro3() MsgBox "Ban da chon MenuItem: Lua chon 1" End Sub M LNH CHO MENUITEM7: LUA CHON 2 Sub Macro4() MsgBox "Ban da chon MenuItem: Lua chon 2" End Sub

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3. To h thng Menu v gn m lnh cho tng MenuItem


Sub TaoMenu() Dim cb As CommandBar Dim cpop As CommandBarPopup Dim cpop2 As CommandBarPopup Dim cbtn As CommandBarButton ' LY THAM CHIU N THANH TRNH N Set cb = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar") ' TO MENU1: VI DU MENU (CommandBarPopup). Set cpop = cb.Controls.Add(Type:=msoControlPopup, Temporary:=True) cpop.Caption = "&Vi du Menu" ' TO MENUITEM2: TINH TONG (CommandBarButton). ' (thm MenuItem vo MENU1) Set cbtn = cpop.Controls.Add(msoControlButton, , , , True) ' Gn thuc tnh cho MenuItem. cbtn.Caption = "Tinh Tong" Gn tiu cbtn.OnAction = "Macro1" Gn m lnh ' TO MENUITEM3: TINH TICH (CommandBarButton). Set cbtn = cpop.Controls.Add(msoControlButton, , , , True) cbtn.Caption = "Tinh Tich" cbtn.OnAction = "Macro2" ' TO MENU4: MENU CAP 2 (CommandBarPopup). ' y l MenuItem bt u mt nhm trnh n khc Set cpop2 = cpop.Controls.Add(msoControlPopup, , , , True) cpop2.Caption = "Menu Cap 2" ' Thm SeparatorBar vo pha trc Menu ny. cpop2.BeginGroup = True ' TO MENUITEM5: LUA CHON 1 (CommandBarButton). Set cbtn = cpop2.Controls.Add(msoControlButton, , , , True) cbtn.Caption = "Lua chon &1" cbtn.OnAction = "Macro3" ' TO MENUITEM6: LUA CHON 2 (CommandBarButton). Set cbtn = cpop2.Controls.Add(msoControlButton, , , , True) cbtn.Caption = "Lua chon &2" cbtn.OnAction = "Macro4" End Sub

Trong cc cu lnh to h thng trnh n nh trn, tham s Temporary ca phng thc Add u c gn bng True, v vy, khi ngi dng thot khi Excel th cc h thng trnh n va thm vo s c t ng xo i. 8.4.3. Xo trnh n tu bin Khi ngi dng ch ng workbook m khng ng Excel, trnh n va c thm vo vn cn c hin th trn h thng thanh trnh n ca Excel hoc ngi dng lm vic vi mt workbook khc m khng cn n nhng tnh nng trong trnh n. Nh vy, c nhng lc cn phi xo trnh n va c thm vo. thc hin iu ny, c th s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng kiu CommandBarControl hoc CommandBarPopup hoc CommandBarButton. on m lnh sau thc hin xo trnh n Vi du Menu c to ra v d trn.

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Sub XoaMenu() Dim cb As CommandBar Dim cbp As CommandBarPopup Ly tham chiu n thanh trnh n Set cb = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar") On Error Resume Next Tham chiu n trnh n Vi du Menu Set cbp = cb.Controls("Vi du Menu") If Not IsNull(cbp) Then cbp.Delete End If End Sub

Ngoi ra, thay v xo trnh n va to ra, ngi lp trnh c th thit lp li trng thi ban u ca h thng thanh trnh n trong Excel thng qua phng thc Reset. Sau khi s dng phng thc ny, tt c cc trnh n do ngi dng to ra s c xo i, v h thng thanh trnh n s tr v trng thi mc nh.
Sub ResetMenu() Dim cb As CommandBar Dim cbp As CommandBarPopup Ly tham chiu n thanh trnh n Set cb = Application.CommandBars("Worksheet Menu Bar") cbp.Reset End Sub

Trong hu ht cc trng hp, ngi lp trnh s to trnh n lc m workbook, v s xo trnh n khi ng workbook v ta c th thc hin t ng qu trnh ny thng qua vic x l s kin lin quan n vic m v ng Workbook. Trong s kin Workbook_Open, gi n th tc thc hin vic to trnh n, cn trong s kin Workbook_BeforeClose, gi n th tc thc hin vic xo trnh n.
S KIN Workbook_Open Private Sub Workbook_Open() Gi th tc thc hin vic to trnh n TaoMenu End Sub S KIN Workbook_BeforeClose Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) Gi th tc thc hin vic xo trnh n XoaMenu End Sub

8.4.4. Gn phm tt cho Menu Item Gn phm tt cho Menu Item thc cht l gn phm tt cho Macro tng ng vi Menu Item (l Macro c gn cho Menu Item thng qua thuc tnh OnAction). B sung on m lnh sau vo cui th tc TaoMenu v d trc gn phm tt l CTRL+SHIFT+T cho Menu Item Tinh Tong:
To phm tt cho MenuItem Application.MacroOptions _ Macro:="Macro1", _ HasShortcutKey:=True, _ ShortcutKey:="T"

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Trong khi to h thng trnh n Vi du Menu v d trc, Menu Item Tinh Tong c thuc tnh OnAction c gn bng Macro1. Do gn phm tt cho Menu Item ny, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin thng qua vic gn phm tt cho Macro c tn l Macro1.

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CHNG V: LP TRNH TRN AUTOCAD


1. Tng quan v AutoCAD
1.1. Kh nng ca AutoCAD
AutoCAD l mt phn mm h tr to bn v k thut c dng ph bin nht hin nay. y l sn phm ca hng Autodesk v c pht trin lin tc trong nhiu nm nay, iu ny th hin vic cp nht hng nm ca cc phin bn AutoCAD. Vi AutoCAD, ngi dng c th d dng to ra bn v k thut dng 2 chiu v dng m hnh ba chiu cho cc vt th vi nhiu cch th hin khc nhau nh dng khung li hoc dng vt th c nh hnh di.

Hnh v trong AutoCAD c t chc ch yu theo dng vector v chun lu tr dng DWG c bit n nh l chun lu tr hnh v dng vector hiu qu nht th gii. to s thun li ti a cho ngi dng, AutoCAD c thit k vi cu trc v tnh nng rt hp l: Khng gian to bn v c chia thnh hai loi: Khng gian m hnh (Model), l ni m ngi dng c th v hay dng m hnh ca bt c vt th no m khng cn quan tm n gii hn v kch thc ca i tng, ca bn v cng nh t l trnh by. Khng gian trnh by hay cn gi l khng gian in (Layout), l ni m ngi dng c th v hay dng m hnh nh khng gian m hnh, nhng y khng phi l mc ch chnh ca khng gian in. Mc ch chnh ca khng gian in l gip cho ngi dng c th biu din hoc trnh by bn v theo tng ca mnh da trn m hnh c dng (hay c v) trong khng gian m hnh. Trong khng gian in, vi s lng khng hn ch, ngi dng c th d dng to ra nhng bn in c t l khc nhau, cch b tr, sp t khc nhau t mt m hnh v ny. Hnh di l m hnh ca vt th c xy dng trong khng gian m hnh.

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Vi m hnh ny, khi s dng khng gian in (Layout), ta c th to ra mt bn trnh by kh n tng nh hnh sau:

Thao tc to bn v c thc hin thng qua cc lnh trong thanh trnh n, thanh cng c, v c bit l thng qua dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Vi hng trm lnh sn c, cng vi cch thc hin lnh a dng, cho nn ngi dng c th lm quen v s dng AutoCAD trong mt thi gian ngn. Hnh v trong AutoCAD, cho d n gin hay phc tp n my, u c to nn t nhng i tng hnh hc c bn. V nhng i tng hnh hc c bn ny li c mt h thng cc i tng phi hnh hc khc trong AutoCAD h tr vic to ra chng. Vi cch t chc cc i tng hnh hc theo lp (Layer), AutoCAD cho php ngi dng t chc bn v, cho d phc tp n my, thnh tng lp theo nhng ch khc nhau, khin cho vic qun l v thao tc vi bn v tr nn d dng hn. Cc tin ch v in bn v khin cho vic in n tr nn n gin v chuyn nghip. Khi nhng tnh nng sn c ca AutoCAD khng p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng th ngi dng c th s dng kh nng cho php lp trnh m rng ca AutoCAD b sung thm hay to mi nhng tnh nng chuyn bit cho AutoCAD nhm p ng c nhu cu c nhn.

1.2. Giao din ca AutoCAD


Giao din ca AutoCAD, v c bn, l mt giao din ha kh linh hot, bao gm vng v v cc thnh phn tr gip cho cc thao tc v. Cc lnh ca AutoCAD c th c thc hin t thanh trnh n, t thanh cng c v t dng lnh trong giao din chnh (nh hnh di). Vi cch thit k tng tc trc quan, ngi dng c th la chn hay nh v mt cch linh hot cc i tng trn bn v, gip cho vic v c nhanh v chnh xc. Trong thanh trnh n v thanh cng c, cc lnh c t chc theo nhm chc nng v ngi dng c th t do thm bt hay thay i cc thnh phn trong cc thanh ny thng qua cc thit lp ty chn trong Customize (bm phm phi chut trn thanh cng c) hoc iu chnh ni dung tp ACAD.MNU ca AutoCAD. Khng gian v v khng gian in (vi hai khi nim tng ng trong phn sau l ModelSpace v PaperSpace) c t chc c lp v cho php

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tham chiu, cng vi vic cho php ngi dng to i tng hnh hc trong c hai khng gian ny khin cho vic t chc bn v t hiu qu cao.

Vi cc lnh, khi c gi t dng lnh, ta c th nh ngha li tn ca chng thun tin cho vic s dng ca c nhn v d nh.

1.3. Kh nng m rng ca AutoCAD


Mc d AutoCAD c thit k vi cu trc rt linh hot, giao din thn thin v d s dng, rt nhiu i tng hnh hc v phi hc sn c, hng trm lnh h tr to bn v v iu khin AutoCAD c sn khin cho vic s dng AutoCAD nhanh, d v hiu qu cao, nhng ngay t nhng phin bn u tin, AutoCAD c thit k vi kin trc m, ngha l n cho php ngi dng t pht trin thm nhng phn mm mi chy trn AutoCAD, b sung nhng tnh nng mi cho AutoCAD vi mc ch gip ngi dng c th bin AutoCAD thnh mt cng c lm vic chuyn dng vi hiu sut cao. Bn trong AutoCAD, t phin bn 2000 (R15), tch hp sn hai cng c lp trnh m rng cho AutoCAD l AutoLISP v VBA. Bn cnh , nu nh ngi dng c nhu cu xy dng nhng phn mm i hi can thip su vo AutoCAD, th ObjectARX l mt la chn ph hp. Vi ObjectARX, ngi dng c th s dng ngn ng C++ trong b cng c lp trnh Visual Studio ca Microsoft, mt b cng c lp trnh c coi l mnh v thn thin nht hin nay, xy dng phn mm. Nh vy ta c th lp trnh m rng AutoCAD vi cc cng c sau: AutoLISP v Visual LISP: l cng c lp trnh n gin vi ngn ng lp trnh l AutoLISP v mi trng lp trnh Visual LISP. Mt chng trnh vit bng AutoLISP c lu tr c lp trn tp vn bn v c gi vo AutoCAD khi cn dng n bng mt lnh ring. Do c th ring ca ngn ng lp trnh, AutoLISP ch thch hp cho vic xy dng nhng chng trnh dng tin ch vi quy m nh v khng i hi nhng k thut hay thut ton phc tp. VB v VBAIDE: thng c gi l VBA, l cng c lp trnh c tch hp sn trong AutoCAD trn c s ngn ng v mi trng lp trnh ca Visual Basic. Chng trnh VBA c th c lu tr c lp hay nhng vo bn v. Do xut pht t Visual Basic nn VBA trong AutoCAD l mt cng c lp trnh mnh, d pht trin v hiu sut cao. Tuy

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nhin, cng nh AutoLISP, vi VBA, ngi dng khng th can thip su vo bn trong AutoCAD, v d nh khng th b sung thm vo AutoCAD mt i tng hnh hc hoc phi hnh hc mi. ObjectARX v VC++: thng c gi l ObjectARX, thc cht y l mt th vin lp trnh cho VC++, vi th vin ny, ngi dng c th s dng VC++ to ra cc chng trnh m khng c bt k s hn ch no trong vic tng tc vi AutoCAD. Chng trnh s c bin dch thnh dng ARX (chnh l DLL) v khi cn s dng th ngi dng c th gi chng vo trong AutoCAD bng mt lnh ring. Qua kinh nghim trin khai cc d n phn mm trn AutoCAD, c th thy rng hu ht cc nhu cu tnh ton v t ng to bn v thng thng u c th thc hin mt cch d dng v nhanh chng bng VBA v AutoLISP, v vy, trong khun kh ca gio trnh ny, ni dung lp trnh m rng AutoCAD bng VBA c t l trng tm bi tnh hiu qu ca n. Bn cnh , khai thc tt nht AutoCAD, th vic kt hp VBA vi AutoLISP thc hin mt d n phn mm l mt la chn hay, do , trong gio trnh ny cng cp n mt phn s kt hp ny. Cn i vi ObjectARX, nhng ai quan tm c th xem trong gio trnh mn hc Lp trnh trn ng dng nn.

2. Qun l d n VBA trong AutoCAD


2.1. D n VBA trong AutoCAD
Khng ging nh trong Excel, ch c mt loi d n VBA nhng ngay trong tp bng tnh XLS, cc d n VBA trong AutoCAD c phn thnh 2 loi sau: D n nhng (Embedded Project): l d n VBA c lu tr trong tp DWG cng vi cc thng tin khc ca bn v trong AutoCAD. D n nhng c mt s c im sau: Khng th ng hoc m cc bn v AutoCAD bi d n loi ny c thit lp l ch lm vic bn trong bn v cha n. Khi s dng d n nhng, ngi dng khng cn phi nh ni lu tr d n, khng cn phi thc hin ti d n vo AutoCAD mi khi cn s dng cc chc nng c trong d n bi tt c cc thao tc u c thc hin t ng khi m bn v c cha d n nhng. Cc chc nng c lp trnh trong d n VBA nhng ch c hiu lc i vi bn v cha n, v nh vy, khi mun s dng cc chc nng ny cho nhng bn v khc, ngi s dng buc phi sao chp d n VBA sang cc tp bn v ny. D n c lp (Global Project): l d n c lu tch bit trong mt tp c phn m rng l *.DVB v khng ph thuc vo mt bn v no c. D n VBA c lp c mt s c im sau: s dng mt tnh nng no trong d n VBA c lp, ngi s dng phi ti d n vo AutoCAD. D n VBA c lp c kh nng lm vic linh hot hn, c kh nng ng hoc m bn v bt k hay c th tc ng ln tt c cc bn v ang m trong phin lm vic ca AutoCAD. Vi d n c lp, vic phn phi v chia s m lnh c thc hin d dng hn so vi loi d n nhng. D n c lp cng rt thch hp lu tr, tp hp thnh b th vin s dng trong tt c cc bn v. Li im ln nht ca d n nhng l kh nng t ng ti d n mi khi m bn v. Tuy nhin, vic s dng d n nhng cng n cha nhiu im bt li, chng hn nh kch thc ca tp bn v c cha d n nhng s tng ln do phi cha thm c phn d n VBA; hoc khi mun hiu chnh d n VBA, ngi lp trnh phi tm li tt c cc tp bn v c cha d n nhng thay i cho tng tp mt, mt cng vic nhm chn!

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Tuy khng c c kh nng t ng ti vo nh d n nhng, nhng loi d n c lp thng c s dng nhiu hn bi cc thao tc ti mt d n VBA vo trong AutoCAD thng rt n gin v nhanh chng. Ch c mt im lu l khi lm vic vi bn v nhiu my tnh khc nhau th cn phi mang theo c tp bn v ln tp d n VBA c lp, cn vi d n VBA nhng th ta ch cn mang theo tp bn v l . Cu trc ca mt d n VBA trong AutoCAD cng tng t nh trong Excel. Ngoi cc thnh phn nh UserForm, m-un chun, m-un lp, d n VBA trong AutoCAD cn c mt thnh phn khc l: AutoCAD Objects Cc i tng ca AutoCAD. Trong thnh phn ny c cha m-un ThisDrawing, y chnh l mt i tng i din cho bn v hin hnh ca AutoCAD. Nh vy trong mt d n VBA ca AutoCAD c 4 thnh phn c th cha m lnh l: Userform, m-un chun, m-un ThisDrawing v m-un lp.

Hnh V-1: Thnh phn AutoCAD Objects v m-un ThisDrawing ca d n VBA trong AutoCAD

2.2. Trnh qun l d n VBA


Vi AutoCAD, qu trnh qun l cc d n VBA c thc hin rt d dng thng qua trnh qun l d n VBA VBA Manager. hin th ca s VBA Manager, chn trnh n Tool Macro VBA Manager (hoc gi lnh VBAMAN t dng lnh ca AutoCAD).

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Hnh V-2: Trnh qun l d n VBA VBA Manager.

ngha ca tng thnh phn trong ca s VBA Manager: 1. Danh sch cc bn v hin c trong AutoCAD (s dng n danh sch ny khi mun nhng mt d n no vo trong mt bn v hoc tch d n ra khi bn v ). 2. Danh sch cc d n VBA hin ang c ti trong VBAIDE. Cc d n VBA, khi c ti vo VBAIDE (cc d n c trong danh sch) th ngi dng c th s dng cc tnh nng c trong d n, hiu chnh d n v to thm cc tnh nng mi khi cn. 3. To mt d n VBA mi, mc nh, d n VBA mi c to l d n c lp 4. Lu d n VBA vi tn khc (ch c hiu lc vi cc d n c lp). D n c lu vi tn khc ny l d n c chn trong danh sch . 5. Ti mt d n c lp vo VBAIDE. Ngi dng s c yu cu chn mt tp d n VBA (*.DVB) ti vo VBAIDE. 6. ng d n c lp khi VBAIDE. Ngi dng khng th truy cp n cc thnh phn trong d n na (tuy nhin tp cha d n vn cn tn ti trong my tnh). 7. Nhng mt d n VBA vo mt bn v nh trc. Bn v c nh trc chnh l bn v c la chn trong danh sch . 8. Tch d n nhng ra khi bn v c la chn trong danh sch (ch c hiu lc khi bn v c cha d n nhng). Khi chn nt ny, ngi dng s c yu cu lu d n c tch ra thnh mt d n c lp. Nu khng lu, d n s c xo khi tp bn v. 9. Hin th trnh qun l Macro trong AutoCAD. 10. Hin th VBAIDE, l ni s thc hin qu trnh thit k m lnh v giao din ca chng trnh. 2.2.1. To mi, M v Lu d n VBA

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tomidnVBA 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Chn nt lnh New. Mc nh, d n mi c to s l mt d n c lp, c tn l ACADProject. Sau khi to mi d n, ta c th nhng d n vo mt bn v no hoc c th lu ra mt tp ring thnh d n c lp tu thuc vo mc ch s dng. Ngoi ra ngi dng c th s dng lnh VBANEW t dng lnh ca AutoCAD to mi d n VBA. m/tidnVBA 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Chn nt lnh Load Hin th hp thoi m d n VBA

Hnh V-3: Hp thoi m d n VBA.

3. Chn d n cn m v chn Open. Ngoi ra ngi dng c th s dng lnh VBALOAD t dng lnh ca AutoCAD ti d n VBA. ludnVBA 1. Khi ng VBAIDE (nhn phm ALT+F11 hoc chn trnh n Tools Visual Basic Editor). 2. Chn d n cn lu trong ca s Project. 3. Chn trnh n File Save xxx (trong xxx l tn tp cha d n) 2.2.2. Nhng v tch d n VBA nhngdnclpvomtbnv 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Trong mc Drawing, chn bn v cn nhng d n vo. 3. Trong mc Projects, chn d n cn nhng vo bn v. Macro

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4. Chn nt lnh Embed. Sau khi ngi dng nhng d n vo bn v, VBAIDE s sao chp ton b d n c lp v nhng vo bn v AutoCAD, ngha l ti thi im c hai d n VBA ging nhau cng tn ti, mt l d n c lp v mt l d n nhng trong bn v. tchdnnhngkhimtbnv 1. M ca s VBA Manager. 2. Trong mc Drawing, chn bn v c cha d n cn tch. 3. Chn nt lnh Extract. 4. Nu cn lu li d n, chn nt lnh Yes hp thoi xut hin sau , nu khng c th chn No.

2.3. Qun l d n VBA t dng lnh


AutoCAD c cung cp mt s cu lnh lin quan n vic qun l d n VBA v thc thi Macro trong VBA. Di y l danh sch cc cu lnh c lin quan: Lnh
VBAIDE VBAMAN VBANEW VBALOAD -VBALOAD VBAUNLOAD VBARUN -VBARUN

Gii thch
M VBAIDE. Nu cha c d n no c m, AutoCAD s t to mt d n lp mi, sau mi hin th VBAIDE. Hin th trnh qun l d n VBA VBA Manager, qua ngi dng c th thc hin cc thao tc trn d n VBA. To mi d n c lp. Ti tp d n VBA (tp *.dvb) vo trong VBAIDE. Hp thoi m d n VBA s c hin th ngi dng la chn tp d n cn m. Ti tp d n VBA vo trong VBAIDE nh lnh VBALOAD, nhng khng hin th hp thoi, ngi dng phi nhp tn tp t dng lnh ca AutoCAD ng d n VBA ang c m trong VBAIDE. Trn dng lnh AutoCAD xut hin du nhc, nhc ngi dng nhp tn tp cha d n cn ng. Thc thi Macro. AutoCAD s hin th mt hp thoi cho ngi dng chn Macro cn thc thi. Thc thi Macro t dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Ngi dng phi nhp tn ca Macro cn thc thi ngay trn dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Nu c nhiu Macro trng tn trong cc m-un khc nhau, s dng c php: <tn_m_un.tn_Macro>. Thc thi mt biu thc/cu lnh ca VBA t dng lnh ca AutoCAD.

VBASTMT

Khi kt hp cch qun l d n VBA bng dng lnh ca AutoCAD vi ngn ng lp trnh AutoLISP th ta c th gi mt d n VBA hay s dng mt chc nng ca d n VBA bng mt chng trnh AutoLISP.

3. Macro
3.1. Khi nim Macro trong AutoCAD
Cng tng t nh trong Excel, khi nim v Macro cng c a vo trong AutoCAD nh l mt cng c gip cho ngi dng c th thc hin nhanh hn cng vic ca mnh nh kh nng t ng thc hin ca AutoCAD thng qua Macro, m thc cht l mt chng trnh VBA. Trong AutoCAD, c l Macro th chng trnh ny phi tha mn ng thi cc quy nh sau: L mt chng trnh con dng Sub;

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C phm vi l Public; t trong m-un chun hoc m-un ThisDrawing. Lu rng tn ca Macro cng chnh l tn ca chng trnh con ny. Trong Excel, cc tnh nng ca ng dng m rng c th c th hin dng Macro ( thc thi mt tc v no ) hoc dng hm (khi mun thc hin tnh ton, thao tc c tr v gi tr). Cn trong AutoCAD, vi c tnh s dng ch yu l cc thao tc trn bn v nn cc tnh nng ca ng dng m rng c th hin ch yu thng qua Macro, hm ch c s dng ni b bn trong cc m-un ca d n VBA.

3.2. To mi v Hiu chnh Macro


Trong AutoCAD, do khng c kh nng to Macro dng kch bn nh trong Excel (m lnh ca Macro c t ng sinh ra cn c vo s ghi li thao tc ca ngi dng trn Excel), nn to mi hay hiu chnh Macro trong AutoCAD, ngi dng phi vit m lnh cho Macro trc tip trong VBAIDE. Nh cp, bn cht ca Macro chnh l mt chng trnh con dng Sub trong VBA, nn to mi mt Macro, ngi dng c th trc tip vo VBAIDE v to ra mt chng trnh con tha mn cc quy nh lin quan n Macro trong mc Error! Reference source not found.. AutoCAD s t ng nhn din tt c cc chng trnh con ph hp vi cc quy nh ny v xem chng l cc Macro. Tuy nhin, ngi lp trnh cn c th thc hin to mt Macro mi thng qua giao din hp thoi Macros. ToMacrothngquahpthoiMacros 1. M hp thoi Macros bng cch chn trnh n Tools Macro Macros (hoc s dng lnh VBARUN t dng lnh AutoCAD, hoc nhn phm tt ALT+F8)

Hnh V-4: Hp thoi Macros

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2. Trong mc Macros in, chn ni s cha Macro t danh sch th xung. 3. Trong mc Macro name, nhp tn Macro cn to. 4. Chn Create to Macro mi. Nu ngi dng cha chn ni cha Macro bc AutoCAD s hin th hp thoi yu cu ngi dng chn ni cha Macro. ,

Hnh V-5: La chn ni cha Macro

5. Mn hnh ca VBAIDE s c t ng hin ln, v con tr chut c t ngay v tr ci t m lnh cho Macro mi. Lc ny ta c th bt u vit m lnh cho Macro mi. 6. Trong mn hnh ca VBAIDE chn trnh n File Close and Return to AutoCAD tr v mn hnh ca AutoCAD sau khi hon thnh vic vit m lnh cho Macro.
GI Trong AutoCAD, hin th hp thoi Macros, ngi lp trnh c th s dng phm tt l ALT+F8; cn chuyn i qua li gia mn hnh AutoCAD v VBAIDE, ngi lp trnh c th s dng phm tt l ALT+F11.

HiuchnhMacro 1. M hp thoi Macros. 2. Chn Macro cn hiu chnh trong danh sch cc Macro. 3. Chn Edit AutoCAD s hin th VBAIDE v chuyn con tr vo v tr cha m lnh ca Macro bt u hiu chnh Macro. Tt nhin ngi dng c th hiu chnh bt c Macro no m khng cn s dng hp thoi Macros. Ngi dng ch cn khi ng VBAIDE v tm chng trnh con tng ng vi Macro cn hiu chnh, m lnh ca chng trnh con ny cng chnh l m lnh ca Macro, do , hiu chnh chng trnh con ny cng chnh l hiu chnh Macro.

3.3. Thc thi Macro


Sau khi vit m lnh cho Macro, ngi dng c th thc thi Macro trc tip trong VBAIDE (tham kho mc Thc thi Macro trc tip t VBAIDE trang 106). Ngoi ra, cng c th thc thi Macro thng qua hp thoi Macros, hoc thc thi Macro t dng lnh AutoCAD. thcthiMacrothngquahpthoiMacros 1. M hp thoi Macros.

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2. Chn Macro cn thc thi trong danh sch cc Macro. 3. Chn Run AutoCAD s thc thi Macro c chn.

thcthiMacrotdnglnhAutoCAD 1. Ti dng lnh AutoCAD, g lnh VBARUN nhn phm ENTER.

2. AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp tn Macro: Macro name: Nhp tn Macro v nhn phm ENTER. Nu c nhiu Macro trng tn nm trong cc m-un khc nhau, cn s dng cu trc <Tn_m-un.Tn_Macro> chn ng Macro cn thc thi.

3.4. nh ngha lnh mi bng AutoLISP


C th ni, mt trong nhng im mnh ca AutoCAD chnh l ca s dng lnh. Thng qua ca s dng lnh ny, mi thao tc i vi bn v u c th c thc hin mt cch nhanh chng bng bn phm vi h thng cc lnh c nh ngha sn. thc hin mt chc nng mi c to ra bng cch lp trnh trong VBA, hay ni cch khc l thc thi mt Macro, r rng phi thc hin qua kh nhiu bc. Cho nn, to ra s thun tin cho ngi s dng, nn nh ngha lnh mi, m qua ngi s dng c th thc thi Macro ch vi mt lnh n gin, ging nh khi cn v ng thng, ta ch cn s dng lnh line dng lnh AutoCAD. S kt hp vi AutoLISP l mt gii php tt v d dng thc hin mc tiu ny. Vi VBA, ngi dng c th to Macro thc hin mt thao tc no . Cn vi AutoLISP, ngi dng c th nh ngha mt lnh mi thc thi Macro c to trong d n VBA. Hay ni cch khc, AutoLISP l chic cu ni nhm to s lin kt gia dng lnh AutoCAD v Macro trong d n VBA. Tuy nhin, nu ch c lu trong nhng tp d n VBA v tp AutoLISP thng thng th nhng lnh ch c hiu lc khi ngi dng ti ng thi d n VBA v tp AutoLISP vo trong AutoCAD. V vy, khi mun cc lnh mi ny c hiu lc ngay khi s dng AutoCAD (ngha l ngi s dng khng cn phi lm thm bt c mt thao tc no khc, ch cn khi ng AutoCAD l c th dng c ngay cc lnh ny) th ngi lp trnh s phi lu d n VBA thnh tp c tn l ACAD.DVB v tp AutoLISP s c lu vi tn l ACAD.LSP, v c hai tp ny phi c lu vo th mc ci t ca AutoCAD (v d i vi AutoCAD 2002, nu ci t thng thng, th th mc ci t ca AutoCAD trong Windows s l: C:\Program Files\AutoCAD 2002). y l hai tp s c t ng ti ln ngay sau khi khi ng AutoCAD, v vic cn li ca ngi dng l s dng tt c nhng tnh nng c trong cc tp ny. Di y l mt v d n gin to lnh mi trong AutoCAD: chng trnh (Macro) HelloWorld. M t ni dung chng trnh (Macro): Macro ny s hin th hp thoi yu cu ngi s dng nhp vo mt thng ip, sau thng ip ny s c v trn khng gian m hnh ca AutoCAD. thc thi Macro ny, ta ch cn g lnh Hello trong dng lnh AutoCAD. V y s l lnh mi trong AutoCAD, n lun sn sng hot ng ngay sau khi AutoCAD khi ng xong. TolnhmitrongAutoCADbngAutoLISPvVBA 3.4.1. To d n mi Cc bc sau s to mt d n mi v lu trong th mc ci t ca AutoCAD vi tn l ACAD.DVB. 1. Khi ng AutoCAD.

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2. M ca s VBA Manager (lnh VBAMAN). 3. Chn New. 4. Chn d n VBA va c to trong danh sch cc d n, sau chn Save As 5. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn th mc ci t ca AutoCAD trong mc Save in; cn trong mc File name nhp vo ACAD.DVB. 6. Chn Save lu d n v quay v ca s VBA Manager. 3.4.2. To v th nghim Macro HelloWorld 7. Trong ca s VBA Manager, chn Macros hin th hp thoi Macros. 8. Chn d n ACAD.DVB trong mc Macros in:

9. Trong mc Macro name, nhp vo tn Macro l HelloWorld

10. Chn Create. Mn hnh VBAIDE s c hin th, trong ca s m lnh, con tr s c t v tr ca Macro va c to. Ta s thy c on m lnh c to sn nh sau:
Sub HelloWorld() End Sub

11. Thay on m lnh trn bng on m lnh sau:


Sub HelloWorld() Dim strMsg As String strMsg = InputBox("Nhap thong diep chao mung", "HelloWorld") Dim objText As AcadText Dim pInsert(0 To 2) As Double pInsert(0) = 50: pInsert(1) = 100: pInsert(2) = 0 Set objText = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddText(strMsg, pInsert, 2.5) ZoomExtents End Sub

12. t con tr vo gia hai dng Sub HelloWorld() v End Sub, sau nhn phm F5 thc thi th Macro. Mt hp thoi nh s hin ln yu cu ngi dng nhp vo mt thng ip Nhp vo thng ip v nhn OK Thng ip va nhp s c v trn khng gian m hnh ca AutoCAD.

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13. Trong mn hnh ca VBAIDE, chn trnh n File Save lu tp d n ACAD.DVB. Tip tc chn trnh n File Close and Return to AutoCAD tr v AutoCAD. 3.4.3. To lnh mi bng AutoLISP Cc bc tip sau s tin hnh to mt tp ACAD.LSP mi, khai bo mt lnh mi trong AutoCAD thng qua AutoLISP v lnh s thc thi Macro HelloWorld va c to.
CH Nu trong th mc ci t ca AutoCAD c tp ACAD.LSP, ch cn sao chp on m bc 15 v thm vo cui tp ACAD.LSP c.

14. Khi ng chng trnh son tho vn bn, v d nh chng trnh Notepad c sn trong Windows. Trong Windows, chn trnh n Start Run. Trong hp thoi Run, nhp notepad sau nhn OK khi ng trnh son tho vn bn Notepad. 15. Trong chng trnh Notepad, nhp vo on khai bo sau:
(defun C:Hello() (command "-vbarun" "HelloWorld") )

Trong Hello l lnh c khai bo ng k s dng trong AutoCAD. Cn HelloWorld l tn Macro to ra trong VBA cc bc trc. 16. Chn trnh n File Save. Trong hp thoi Save As, chn thc mc ci t ca AutoCAD trong mc Save in, trong mc File name nhp vo ACAD.LSP Chn Save. 17. Thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD (nu ang thao tc trn AutoCAD). Khi ng li chng trnh AutoCAD. Trong dng lnh ca AutoCAD, g lnh Hello. Tht bt ng, mt hp thoi yu cu ngi dng nhp thng ip cho mng xut hin - Macro HelloWorld c thc thi. Nh vy, bng cch s dng VBA kt hp vi AutoLISP, ngi lp trnh c th to thm rt nhiu lnh mi trong AutoCAD mt cch d dng. hiu hn v AutoLISP, c th c thm ti liu hng dn c sn trong AutoCAD.

4. H thng i tng trong AutoCAD


4.1. M hnh i tng trong AutoCAD
AutoCAD c to thnh t nhiu thnh phn khc nhau v chng lun c mt mi lin h cht ch c quy nh t trc theo mt cu trc nht nh. Nu ch s dng AutoCAD vi cc lnh c sn v (mc thng thng) th ngi dng khng cn bit n cu trc ny, i vi h, kh nng v mc tin dng ca cc lnh ny mi l quan trng. Nhng khi s dng AutoCAD nh l mt ng dng nn lp trnh, th lc ny c nhiu khi nim phi c hiu theo cch khc, thit thc cho vic lp trnh. AutoCAD c coi nh l mt i tng c cu thnh t nhng i tng khc, nhng i tng con ny, theo cch hiu thng thng, chnh l cc thnh phn ca AutoCAD. Trong tng i tng con , c th c nhiu i tng cp thp hn na, hay ni cch khc, mt i tng c th bao gm nhiu i tng con vi cc cp khc nhau. Cc i tng ny c t chc cht ch theo mt cu trc c nh, v da vo cu trc t chc i tng ny, AutoCAD cho ngi dng ci nhn tng quan v cu to ca n cng nh ch cho ngi dng bit cn phi lm nh th no tc ng ln mt i tng c th (hay thnh phn) ca n. Thng thng cu trc ny c gi l m hnh i tng trong AutoCAD v c biu din di dng cu trc cy phn nhnh. Vi cu trc ny, ngi dng c th d dng truy cp n i tng mnh cn thao tc bng cch tra cu theo nhnh ca i tng .

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Mi i tng trong cu trc trn s tng ng vi mt thnh phn ca AutoCAD, v d nh i tng Preferences s tng ng vi hp thoi sau trong AutoCAD:

Nhng thao tc bng m lnh tc ng ln i tng Preferences s tng ng vi vic ngi dng thao tc trc tip ln hp thoi Options t trong AutoCAD. Nh vy c th thy rng, lp trnh tt trn AutoCAD, ngi dng, trc ht, phi quen thuc v thao tc thnh tho trn cc thnh phn (hay i tng) ca AutoCAD. Trong AutoCAD, c rt nhiu loi i tng khc nhau, chng hn nh: Cc i tng hnh hc: line, arc, text, dimension Thit lp v nh dng: linetype, dimension style Cu trc t chc: layer, group, block i tng lin quan n hin th bn v: view, viewport, V ngay c bn v v bn thn chng trnh AutoCAD cng c xem l i tng. M hnh i tng ca AutoCAD trong VBA c th hin di dng cu trc cy phn cp, trong i tng gc l Application, chnh l phin bn AutoCAD ang chy. Nh c m hnh i tng m ngi lp trnh c th bit c mt i tng c th cho php truy cp n nhng i tng no cp tip theo. Di y l m hnh i tng rt gn trong AutoCAD dng cho vic lp trnh bng VBA. M hnh i tng y c th tham kho trong ti liu ActiveX and VBA Developer's Guide i km AutoCAD.

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Application Preferences Documents Document ModelSpace PaperSpace PViewPort DimStyles Layers Layouts Linetypes TextStyles SelectionSets Plot Utility MenuGroups Hnh V-6: M hnh i tng trong AutoCAD. DimStyle Layer Layout Linetype TextStyle SelectionSet Point Polyline Ray Text Arc Circle Hatch Line MText

Ch gii: Tp i tng i tng

Mi i tng (Object), cng ging nh mt vt th, u c nhng tnh cht v nhng hnh vi c trng cho n. Trong lp trnh, tnh cht ca i tng c biu din thng qua khi nim thuc tnh, cn hnh vi c biu din thng qua khi nim phng thc. Chng hn nh i tng Application, l i tng th hin cho chng trnh AutoCAD, c thuc tnh Caption cha tiu ca chng trnh AutoCAD v phng thc Quit dng thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD. truy cp n cc thnh phn (phng thc, thuc tnh, ) ca i tng, ta s dng quy tc du chm (.):
<Tn i tng>.<Tn phng thc/Thuc tnh>

Cc i tng c nhng im chung nhau cn c th c nhm li v c biu din thng qua tp i tng (collection). Mi mt tp i tng c cc phng thc v thuc tnh ring ngi dng tc ng ln n nh: thm i tng tp i tng bng phng thc Add (ng vi hu ht cc loi tp i tng), thuc tnh Count dng m s i tng trong tp i tng, phng thc Item s dng truy cp bt k i tng no trong tp i tng.

4.2. Mt s i tng chnh trong AutoCAD


4.2.1. i tng Application i tng Application l i tng th hin cho mt phin lm vic ca AutoCAD, i tng ny s c t ng to ra mi khi khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD. Tt c cc thnh phn v thao tc thc hin trong ca s chnh ca chng trnh AutoCAD u c th hin thng qua cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Application. V d, i tng Application c thuc tnh Preferences tr v i tng Preferences. i tng ny cho php truy cp n cc

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cu hnh bn trong ca hp thoi Option. Cc thuc tnh khc ca i tng Application cho php truy cp n cc d liu ring ca chng trnh chng hn nh tn v phin bn chng trnh, kch thc, v tr ca ca s ... . Cc phng thc ca i tng Application s thc hin cc thao tc nh: to mi, m, ng bn v hay thot khi AutoCAD. i tng Application l i tng gc trong m hnh i tng ca AutoCAD. T i tng Application, ta c th truy xut n bt k i tng no, chng hn nh i tng Application c cc lin kt n bn v AutoCAD thng qua tp i tng Documents, cc trnh n v thanh cng c AutoCAD thng qua tp i tng MenuBar v MenuGroups, v VBAIDE thng qua mt thuc tnh gi l VBE.

Hnh V-7: Cc thnh phn ca i tng Application.

i tng Application l i tng ton cc. iu ny c ngha l tt c cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Application lun c hiu lc trong VBAIDE, tc l khi truy cp n cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca i tng Application u khng cn c tin t Application trc nn hai cu m lnh di y u c tc dng nh nhau l thng bo ni dung thanh tiu ca ng dng AutoCAD ang chy:
MsgBox Application.Caption MsgBox Caption

Thng bo c th xut hin nh hnh di:

4.2.2. i tng Document i tng Document, thc cht l mt bn v AutoCAD ang c m, thuc tp i tng Documents (tng ng vi tt c cc bn v ang c m), cho nn n cha tt c cc i tng hnh hc v phi hnh hc trong mt bn v AutoCAD cng nh cha hu ht cc i tng (hay thnh phn) khc ca bn v nh Views hay Viewports. truy cp n cc i tng ca mt bn v ta cn phi thng qua i tng Document tng ng vi bn v . Nh trong m hnh i tng trn, cc i tng hnh hc (ng thng, hnh trn, cung, ) c truy cp thng qua tp i tng ModelSpace v PaperSpace, cn cc i tng phi hnh hc (layer, linetype, text style, ) c truy cp thng qua tp i tng c tn tng ng, chng hn nh Layers, Linetypes, TextStyles.

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Trong mi d n VBA, ThisDrawing l mt i tng kiu Document v lun c sn. Vi i tng ThisDrawing ny, ngi dng khng cn phi khai bo hoc gn gi tr cho i tng ny m c th truy cp c ngay do n lun tn ti trong d n VBA. ThisDrawing tham chiu n bn v hin hnh trong AutoCAD, ngha l nhng tc ng ln i tng ny s tng ng vi vic tc ng ln bn v hin hnh trong AutoCAD. Mt i tng tng

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ng vi ThisDrawing chnh l i tng ActiveDocument, i tng ny cng l mt thuc tnh ca i tng Application. hin th tn bn v hin hnh trong AutoCAD ta c th truy cp theo nhng cch sau (t m-un ThisDrawing ca d n VBA):
MsgBox Name MsgBox ThisDrawing.Name MsgBox Application.ActiveDocument.Name

4.2.3. Tp i tng AutoCAD t chc hu ht cc i tng vo trong tp i tng, v d nh tt c cc i tng hnh hc, cho d khc nhau v loi i tng, u c t trong tp i tng ModelSpace, PaperSpace v Block. truy cp vo mt i tng no ta phi thng qua tp i tng cha n. Mi mt tp i tng c mt phng thc dng thm i tng vo bn thn tp i tng v hu ht cc tp i tng u s dng phng thc Add thc hin nhim v ny. Ch rng, trong AutoCAD, khi thm cc i tng hnh hc vo tp i tng lin quan (nh ModelSpace v PaperSpace) th phng thc dng thc hin nhim v ny c tn l Add<Tn i tng>, v d thm vo mt ng thng (Line) ta s dng phng thc AddLine. Trong khi , i vi cc i tng khc, v d nh cc i tng phi hnh hc nh Layer chng hn, th phng thc ca tp i tng Layers dng thm mt i tng vo trong tp i tng li c tn l Add. Cch thc thm i tng vo tp i tng:
ModelSpace.AddLine (P1, P2) Layers.Add ("ABC")

Cc tp i tng c nhng phng thc v thuc tnh ging nhau dng thao tc vi chng cng nh vi cc i tng bn trong chng. V d thuc tnh Count dng truy cp b m s i tng c trong tp i tng. Phng thc Item s dng truy cp bt k i tng no trong tp i tng. on m sau s hin th s i tng hnh hc hin c trong bn v v tn ca i tng hnh hc u tin:
MsgBox ModelSpace.Count MsgBox ModelSpace.Item(0).ObjectName

4.2.4. i tng phi hnh hc Cc i tng phi hnh hc l nhng i tng khng th nhn thy c, chng c s dng trong AutoCAD thit lp cc thuc tnh cho i tng hnh hc. Nhng i tng phi hnh hc hay gp l: Layer, Linetype, DimStyle, ... Cc i tng phi hnh hc thng c cha trong cc tp i tng c tn tng ng, v d nh Layers, Linetypes, DimStyles, Cch thc to ra mt i tng phi hnh hc l s dng phng thc Add ca i tng tp i tng tng ng. V d sau s to ra mt Layer mi c tn l ABC:
Layers.Add ("ABC")

hiu chnh v truy vn cc i tng phi hnh hc, s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh ring trong tng i tng tng ng. V d sau s thay i mu ca Layer ABC thnh mu :

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Layers("ABC").Color = acRed

Mi loi i tng phi ho u c cc phng thc thit lp v gi li d liu m rng (xdata) v xo bn thn i tng. V d sau s xa lp ABC:
Layers("ABC").Delete

Cch thc thao tc trn cc i tng phi hnh hc s c trnh by c th phn Cc thao tc c bn trong AutoCAD trang 200. 4.2.5. i tng hnh hc i tng hnh hc hay cn gi l thc th, l nhng i tng hu hnh cu thnh bn v ca AutoCAD, mt s i tng in hnh loi ny l: ng thng (Line), hnh trn (Circle), . to nhng i tng ny, ta s dng phng thc Add<Tn thc th> ca tp i tng tng ng. hiu chnh hoc truy vn cc i tng, ta s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh ca bn thn tng i tng. Mi i tng hnh hc u c cc thuc tnh cho php hiu chnh i tng nh Copy, Erase, Move, Mirror . Lu rng, nhng thuc tnh ny s tc ng ln i tng tng t nh khi ta s dng cc lnh tng ng trong AutoCAD hiu chnh i tng. Nhng i tng hnh hc cn c cc phng thc xc lp v gi li cc d liu m rng (xdata), la chn v cp nht, ly hnh bao ca i tng. Trong cc i tng hnh hc u c cc thuc tnh in hnh nh Layer, Linetype, Color, v Handle cng nh nhng thuc tnh ring bit, ph thuc vo loi i tng, chng hn nh Center, Radius, v Area. Di y l cc phng thc v thuc tnh c trong hu ht cc i tng hnh hc. Ccphngthccaitnghnhhc Phng thc
ArrayPolar ArrayRectangular Copy GetBoundingBox Highlight IntersectWith

Gii thch
Nhn bn dng cc i tng c chn (ging nh lnh array) da trn s i tng cn nhn bn, gc quay cn to i tng v tm ca cung trn. Nhn bn dng ch nht i tng c chn (ging nh lnh array) da trn s hng, s ct, s tng v cc khong cc tng ng. Sao chp i tng c chn. i tng mi c to s c v tr trng vi i tng gc. Phng thc ny tr v to hai im cu thnh hnh ch nht bao i tng c chn. nh trng thi ca i tng: c ang c chn hay khng. Tr v to cc im m i tng c chn giao vi cc i tng khc. Ngi lp trnh cng c th thit lp cc ch khc nhau trong qu trnh tm giao vi cc i tng khc. Ly i xng i tng qua mt ng thng i qua hai im do ngi dng nh ra. Di chuyn i tng c chn theo vector xc nh bng hai im do ngi dng nh ra. Xoay i tng quanh mt im. Co gin i tng c chn theo mt t l nht nh vi mt im c s cho trc. Cp nht i tng trn mn hnh bn v.

Mirror Move Rotate ScaleEntity Update

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Ccthuctnhcaitnghnhhc Thuc tnh


Color Layer Linetype LinetypeScale Lineweight Visible

Gii thch
Xc nh mu cho i tng. Gi tr mu c th nhp l s nguyn t 0 n 256 hoc theo cc hng s c nh ngha trc trong VBA. Xc nh lp cho i tng c chn. Xc nh kiu ng cho i tng c chn. Xc nh t l kiu ng cho i tng c chn. Xc nh b dy nt v ca i tng c chn. Xc nh tnh nhn thy ca i tng trong bn v.

5. Cc thao tc c bn trong AutoCAD


5.1. iu khin AutoCAD
5.1.1. To mi, M, Lu v ng bn v Nhng thao tc ny c thc hin thng qua vic truy cp n tp i tng Documents v i tng Document. to mt bn v mi, hoc m mt bn v c, ta phi s dng cc phng thc trong tp i tng Documents. Phng thc Add s to mt bn v mi v thm bn v vo tp i tng Documents. Phng thc Open s m mt bn v c v cng s thm bn v vo tp i tng Documents. Ngoi ra cn c phng thc Close trong tp i tng Documents dng ng tt cc cc bn v ang m trong phin lm vic ca AutoCAD. lu, nhp hoc xut mt bn v, ta s dng cc phng thc ca i tng Document: Save, Save As, Import v Export. Mbnv m bn v, s dng phng thc Open c trong tp i tng Documents. Bn v va c m s c chuyn thnh bn v hin hnh. C php ca phng thc Open nh sau:
object.Open Name[, ReadOnly]

Object y l tp i tng Documents hoc mt i tng c kiu l Document. ngha ca cc tham s nh sau: Tham s
Name ReadOnly

Gii thch
L chui k t cha ng dn y n tp bn v cn m. L tham s tu chn. Nu gn tham s ny bng TRUE, bn v c m ra vi thuc tnh ch c, ngha l ngi dng khng th lu bn v. Gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh ny l FALSE.

V d sau s dng phng thc Open m mt bn v c. Khi thc hnh, cn thay i tn bn v hoc ng dn cho bin dwgName ch n mt bn v hin c trong my tnh.
Sub OpenDrawing() Dim dwgName As String dwgName = "C:\Program Files\AutoCAD 2002\Sample\campus.dwg" On Error Resume Next Application.Documents.Open dwgName M bn v

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If Err.Description <> "" Then li MsgBox "File " & dwgName & " does not exist." Err.Clear End If End Sub Thng bo khi c

Tobnvmi to bn v mi, s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Documents. Gi tr tr v ca phng thc ny l mt i tng kiu Document cha bn v va c to. C php ca phng thc Open nh sau:
Set RetVal = Documents.Add([TemplateName])

Tham s
TemplateName

Gii thch
Tham s tu chn. L chui k t cha ng dn y n tp bn v mu (tp *.dwt). Nu khng nhp tham s ny, AutoCAD s to bn v da trn tp bn v mu mc nh (thng c tn l Acad.dwt). i tng kiu Document cha bn v va mi to.

RetVal

V d sau s dng phng thc Add to mt bn v mi da trn tp bn v mu mc nh.


Sub NewDrawing() Dim docObj As AcadDocument Set docObj =Documents.Add End Sub

To bn v mi

Lubnv lu bn v, c th s dng phng thc Save (lu bn v vi tn hin hnh) hoc SaveAs (lu bn v vi tn khc). C php ca cc phng thc trn nh sau:
Object.Save Object.SaveAs FileName[, FileType]

Tham s
Object FileName

Gii thch
i tng kiu Document, l bn v s c lu. L chui k t cha tn tp s c lu (bao gm c ng dn y ). Nu khng ch ra ng dn y , tp bn v s c lu vo th mc hot ng ca AutoCAD (thng thng l C:\Program Files\AutoCAD 2002).

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FileType Tham s tu chn, l hng s xc nh kiu tp bn v s c lu. Cc hng s c th l: acR14_DWG acR14_DXF acR15_DWG acR15_DXF : tp AutoCAD Release14/LT97 DWG (*.dwg) : tp AutoCAD Release14/LT97 DXF (*.dxf) : tp AutoCAD 2000 DWG (*.dwg) : tp AutoCAD 2000 DXF (*.dxf)

acR15_Template: tp AutoCAD 2000 Drawing Template File (*.dwt) acNative : tp bn v c lu vi kiu tp mi nht ng vi phin bn AutoCAD hin hnh. Trong AutoCAD 2002, gi tr ny tng ng vi hng s acR15_DWG.

V d sau s lu bn v hin hnh s dng tn tp sn c ng thi cng lu bn v vi mt tn khc.


Sub SaveActiveDrawing() Lu bn v hin hnh s dng tn tp sn c ThisDrawing.Save Lu bn v s dng tn khc ThisDrawing.SaveAs "MyDrawing.dwg" End Sub

Thng thng, trc khi thot khi phin lm vic ca AutoCAD hoc trc khi ng bn v, ngi lp trnh thng mun kim tra xem bn v c lu i hay cha. lm c vic ny, c th s dng thuc tnh Saved c trong i tng cha bn v (i tng Document tng ng). V d sau s kim tra xem bn v c lu hay cha v s hi ngi dng xem c ng lu bn v hay khng, nu khng ng , s thot khi chng trnh. Nu ng , s s dng phng thc Save lu bn v hin hnh.
Sub TestIfSaved() If Not (ThisDrawing.Saved) Then If MsgBox("Do you wish to save this drawing?", _ vbYesNo) = vbYes Then ThisDrawing.Save End If End If End Sub

ngbnv ng bn v, s dng phng thc Close c trong i tng Document. C php ca phng thc Close nh sau:
object.Close([SaveChanges][, FileName])

Tham s
object SaveChanges

Gii thch
i tng kiu Document, l i tng cha bn v cn ng. Tham s tu chn, xc nh xem c cn phi lu bn v li trc khi ng hay khng. Nu bng TRUE, s lu bn v, ngc li l FALSE. Gi tr mc nh ca tham s ny l TRUE.

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FileName Tham s tu chn, xc nh tn ca bn v s c lu trong trng hp bn v cha c lu ln no.

Trong trng hp cha c s thay i trong bn v, cc tham s trn c b qua v phng thc Close ch n gin l ng bn v ang c tham chiu. Nu c s thay i trong bn v, tham s SaveChanges s xc nh xem bn v c c lu hay khng: Nu SaveChanges bng TRUE v bn v cha c lu ln no, tham s FileName s c dng lm tn tp lu bn v. Nu khng c tham s FileName, bn v c lu vi tn mc nh trong th mc hin hnh ca AutoCAD. Trong trng hp bn v c lu trc , tham s FileName s b b qua. Nu SaveChanges bng FALSE, bn v s c ng m khng c lu. V d sau s hi ngi dng c mun ng bn v hay khng, sau kim tra xem tp c lu ln u cha, tip mi thc s ng bn v li s dng phng thc Close c trong i tng bn v hin hnh.
Sub CloseDrawing() If MsgBox("Bn c mun ng bn v: " & ThisDrawing.WindowTitle, _ vbYesNo + vbQuestion) = vbYes Then If ThisDrawing.FullName <> "" Then ThisDrawing.Close SaveChanges:=True ng bn v hin hnh Else MsgBox(ThisDrawing.Name & " cha c lu nn khng th ng!") End If End If End Sub

Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh c th s dng phng thc Close c trong tp i tng Documents ng tt c cc bn v hin ang c trong phin lm vic hin hnh ca AutoCAD. Phng thc ny thc hin tng t nh khi s dng phng thc Close cho tng i tng bn v vi tham s SaveChanges c gn bng TRUE. Do khng kim sot c qu trnh ng ca tng bn v nn phng thc Close ca tp i tng Documents nn hn ch s dng. 5.1.2. Khi ng v thot khi chng trnh AutoCAD KhingchngtrnhAutoCAD Do c thc thi bn trong AutoCAD nn cc chng trnh vit bng VBA trong AutoCAD khng cn phi thc hin thao tc khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD. Tuy nhin, khi ngi dng vit m lnh t cc ng dng nn khc, chng hn nh vit chng trnh bng VBA trong Excel, th cn thit phi vit m lnh khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD. Thc cht ca on m lnh ny l to ra i tng Application. Vic khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD t mt chng trnh ngoi cng cn phi thc hin cc thao tc tng t nh khi khi ng chng trnh Excel t chng trnh ngoi (tham kho mc Khi ng Excel t chng trnh khc trang 148). y, ngi dng s phi tham chiu n th vin m rng ca AutoCAD vi tn l AutoCAD 2000 Object Library. Vi cc phin bn ca chng trnh AutoCAD khc nhau th tn th vin m rng c th khc nhau.

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Hnh V-8: Hp thoi References trong VBAIDE ca Excel.

on m lnh sau s khi ng chng trnh AutoCAD t VBA trong Excel.


Sub ConnectToAcad() Dim acadApp As AcadApplication On Error Resume Next Set acadApp = GetObject(, "AutoCAD.Application") If Err Then Err.Clear Set acadApp = CreateObject("AutoCAD.Application") If Err Then MsgBox Err.Description Exit Sub End If End If acadApp.Visible = True ====== Ht on chng trnh khi ng AutoCAD ====== Hin th tn chng trnh v phin bn ca AutoCAD MsgBox "Now running " + acadApp.Name + _ " version " + acadApp.Version End Sub

ThotkhichngtrnhAutoCAD Vic thot khi AutoCAD rt n gin, ch cn thc hin phng thc Quit c trong i tng Applicaton. Phng thc ny s ng tt c cc bn v v d n VBA trong AutoCAD li, nu c bn v hoc d n no cha c lu, n s nhc ngi dng lu bn v, sau mi thc s thot khi AutoCAD. on m lnh sau s ng chng trnh AutoCAD.
Sub Thoat_AutoCAD() Application.Quit

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End Sub

5.1.3. S dng cc lnh sn c ca AutoCAD Cc lnh sn c ca AutoCAD c th c s dng t chng trnh VBA thng qua phng thc SendCommand ca i tng Document tng ng. V d sau s to ra mt hnh trn trong bn v hin hnh ca AutoCAD vi vic s dng lnh Circle v Zoom ca AutoCAD:
Sub Tao_Hinh_Tron() ThisDrawing.SendCommand "_Circle" & vbCr & "2,2,0" & vbCr & "4" & vbCr ThisDrawing.SendCommand "_zoom" & vbCr & "a" & vbCr End Sub

Thc cht ca phng thc SendCommand l yu cu AutoCAD thc thi mt lnh t dng lnh trong AutoCAD. K t vbCr tng ng vi vic bm phm Enter khi thao tc trc tip trong AutoCAD. 5.1.4. Thu phng mn hnh bn v (zoom) Thu phng mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD c thc hin thng qua cc phng thc c trong i tng Application. Cc phng thc ny tng ng vi lnh zoom trong AutoCAD. Nu c nhiu bn v ang c m trong AutoCAD th cc phng thc ny ch c tc dng i vi bn v hin hnh. Di y l cc phng thc dng thu phng mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD. ZoomExtents Phng thc ny s phng mn hnh bn v theo vng bao ca tt c cc i tng trong bn v, ngha l gip ta c th quan st c tt c cc i tng hnh hc hin ang c vi kch thc ln nht. on m v d sau s thc hin phng thc ZoomExtents:
Application.ZoomExtents

ZoomAll Trong ch 2D, phng thc ny s phng mn hnh bn v theo gii hn ca bn v hoc theo vng bao tt c cc i tng tu thuc vo vng no rng hn. Cn trong ch 3D, phng thc ny tng ng vi phng thc ZoomExtents. on m sau phng mn hnh bn v s dng phng thc ZoomAll:
Application.ZoomAll

ZoomPrevious Phng thc ny s chuyn mn hnh bn v v trng thi trc . Khi ngi dng thc hin lnh Pan hoc cc lnh lin quan n thu phng mn hnh bn v, AutoCAD s t ng lu trng thi mn hnh bn v. Phng thc ny c th khi phc li trng thi mn hnh c lu n 10 cp. on m sau khi phc li trng thi mn hnh bn v s dng phng thc ZoomPrevious:
Application.ZoomPrevious

ZoomPickWindow

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Phng thc ny s phng mn hnh bn v theo mt hnh ch nht do ngi dng chn trn mn hnh. on m sau minh ho cch s dng phng thc ny:
Application.ZoomPickWindow

ZoomWindow Phng thc ny thc hin thu phng mn hnh bn v theo mt hnh ch nht c xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Application.ZoomWindow Di_Tri, Trn_Phi

Tham s
Di_Tri Trn_Phi

Gii thch
Mng 3 phn t kiu Double, xc nh to im gc di bn tri ca hnh ch nht s thc hin phng i. Mng 3 phn t kiu Double, xc nh to im gc trn bn phi ca hnh ch nht s thc hin phng i.

V d sau thc hin thu phng mn hnh bn v theo hnh ch nht c to ca cc im gc ln lt l (1.3, 7.8, 0) v (13.7, -2.6, 0):
Sub VD_ZoomWindow() Khai bo bin cha to cc im gc Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double Gn to cho cc im gc point1(0) = 1.3: point1(1) = 7.8: point1(2) = 0 point2(0) = 13.7: point2(1) = -2.6: point2(2) = 0 Thc hin phng thc ZoomWindow ZoomWindow point1, point2 End Sub

ZoomScaled Phng thc ny thu phng mn hnh bn v theo mt t l c xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Application.ZoomScaled Scale[, ScaleType]

Tham s
Scale ScaleType

Gii thch
Tham s xc nh t l thu phng mn hnh bn v. Tham s tu chn, xc nh cch thc p dng h s t l. C th bng mt trong cc hng s sau: acZoomScaledAbsolute acZoomScaledRelative : tng i so vi vng v (drawing limits). : tng i so vi mn hnh bn v hin hnh.

acZoomScaledRelativePSpace : tng i so vi n v ca khng gian m hnh.

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V d sau minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc ZoomScaled bng cch phng mn hnh bn v ln 2 ln so vi mn hnh bn v hin ti:
Sub VD_ZoomScaled() Dim ti_le As Double Dim kieu_phong_dai As Integer ti_le = 2 kieu_phong_dai = acZoomScaledRelative Thc hin phng thc ZoomScaled ZoomScaled ti_le, kieu_phong_dai End Sub

5.1.5. Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD Trong mt chng trnh, giao din ngi s dng thao tc vi chng trnh l mt b phn rt quan trng v khng th thiu. Thng qua giao din, ngi s dng c th nhp d liu v iu khin chng trnh hot ng, cn chng trnh, cng thng qua giao din, s hng dn cho ngi dng cch thao tc v trnh by kt qu thc hin ca n cho ngi dng. C nhiu cch thit k giao din nhp d liu cho chng trnh, nh s dng cc hp thoi chun (nh InputBox hoc MsgBox) hay thng qua h thng cc hp thoi ngi dng (UserForm). Khi lp trnh VBA trong AutoCAD, bi chng trnh s hot ng da trn nn l AutoCAD cho nn vic thit k mt giao din cho php ngi dng tng tc vi chng trnh ngay trong giao din ca AutoCAD l mt nhu cu cn thit. Hn na iu ny c AutoCAD v VBA h tr thng qua i tng Utility (l mt thuc tnh ca i tng Document). Vi nhng phng thc ca i tng Utility ngi lp trnh c cho php ngi s dng thao tc vi chng trnh VBA thng qua dng lnh ca AutoCAD cng nh mn hnh ha ca AutoCAD. Cc phng thc ny s hin th mt dng nhc trn dng lnh ca AutoCAD v yu cu ngi s dng nhp vo nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau (tu thuc vo tng loi phng thc) t bn phm hoc chn trn mn hnh ha ca AutoCAD. Cc phng thc ngi dng nhp d liu vo t bn phm hay bng chut thng c dng GetXXX, tu thuc vo loi d liu m ngi lp trnh cn ly. Di y l mt s phng thc thng c s dng: Prompt Phng thc ny ch n gin l gi mt on vn bn n dng lnh ca AutoCAD v thng c s dng thng bo cho ngi dng bit mt ni dung no trc hoc sau mt thao tc vi chng trnh. C php nh sau:
Utility.Prompt Message

Trong Message l on vn bn s c hin th trn dng lnh ca AutoCAD. Khi gi mt on vn bn n dng lnh ca AutoCAD, cn thm vo k t xung dng, trnh dng vn bn cn hin th ni vo dng vn bn ang c trong dng lnh. V d sau s minh ho r hn iu ny. 1. Trong VBAIDE, to Macro sau:
Sub VDPrompt() Utility.Prompt ("Vi du phuong thuc Prompt") End Sub

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2. Tr v AutoCAD thc thi Macro bng cch gi lnh vbarun. Lu l s dng phm SPACE kt thc dng lnh, thay v s dng phm ENTER nh thng thng. Kt qu hin th trn dng lnh nh sau:

3. on vn bn c in ra trn mt dng ring bit, thm vo trc on vn bn hng s vbCrLf, v on m lnh trn c chuyn thnh:
Sub VDPrompt() Utility.Prompt (vbCrLf & "Vi du phuong thuc Prompt") End Sub

4. Thc thi li Macro trn, on vn bn c hin th trn mt dng ring bit

GetString Phng thc ny c s dng ngi dng nhp vo mt chui k t. AutoCAD s dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhp vo mt gi tr no . C php ca phng thc GetString nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetString(HasSpaces[, Prompt])

Tham s
HasSpaces

Gii thch
Tham s cho php ngi dng nhp vo du cch. Nu bng TRUE, ngi dng c th nhp du cch trong dng lnh, kt thc nhp phi nhn phm ENTER. Nu bng FALSE, ngi dng khng th nhp du cch cho chui k t, khi ngi dng nhn phm SPACE hoc ENTER th s kt thc qu trnh nhp. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu String, cha gi tr l chui k t c ngi dng nhp vo. Mt im cn lu l phng thc ny ch tr v ti a 132 k t. Nu ngi dng nhp nhiu hn 132 k t, kt qu tr v cho bin RetVal ch l 132 k t u tin.

Prompt RetVal

V d sau s minh ho cch s dng phng thc GetString:


Sub VD_GetString() ' V d minh ho cc cch s dng phng thc GetString Dim returnString As String ' Nhc ngi dng nhp

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' Gi tr nhp vo khng th cha du cch returnString = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetString _ (False, "Nhp chui (nhn SPACE hoc ENTER kt thc): ") MsgBox "Chui va nhp l: '" & returnString & "'" ' Nhc ngi dng nhp ' Gi tr nhp vo c th cha du cch returnString = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetString _ (True, " Nhp chui (nhn ENTER kt thc): ") MsgBox "Chui va nhp l: '" & returnString & "'" End Sub

GetInteger,GetReal Phng thc ny c s dng khi mun ngi dng nhp mt s nguyn (phng thc GetInteger) hoc mt s thc (phng thc GetReal). C php ca cc phng thc ny nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetInteger([Prompt]) RetVal = Utility.GetReal([Prompt])

Tham s
Prompt RetVal

Gii thch
Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu Double hoc Interger (tu thuc vo phng thc c s dng), cha gi tr l s ngi dng va nhp vo.

Nu ngi dng nhp vo mt t kho hoc khng nhp s m nhn ngay phm ENTER kt thc nhp liu, AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword.. V d sau minh ho cch s dng cc phng thc ny:
Sub Example_GetReal() ' V d sau s dng phng thc GetReal v phng thc GetInteger ' ngi dng nhp vo s thc v s nguyn. Dim returnReal As Double Dim returnInteger As Integer ' Nhc ngi dng nhp vo s thc, ' sau hin th kt qu c nhp vo. returnReal = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetReal("Enter an Real: ") MsgBox "S thc va c nhp: " & returnReal & vbCrLf & _ "(Tip tc nhp gi tr.)" ' Nhc ngi dng nhp vo s nguyn, ' sau hin th kt qu c nhp vo. returnInteger = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetInteger("Nhp s nguyn: ") MsgBox "S nguyn va c nhp: " & returnInteger End Sub

GetAngle

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Phng thc ny c s dng khi mun ngi lp trnh nhp vo mt gi tr gc bng cch nhp gi tr ngay trn dng lnh hoc chn mt gc trn mn hnh. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetAngle([Point][, Prompt])

Tham s
Point Prompt RetVal

Gii thch
Tham s tu chn, l mng s thc c 3 phn t th hin to u tin ca tia to nn gc m ngi dng s chn trn mn hnh. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu Double cha gi tr tr v ca phng thc GetAngle, l gc m ngi dng nhp vo (tnh theo Radian).

Khi s dng phng thc ny, ngi dng c th nhp vo gc (tnh bng ) ti dng lnh. Ngoi ra, ngi s dng c th s dng chut v hai im xc nh tia to nn gc cn nhp. Gi tr tr v l gc hp gia tia v gc c s (c xc nh bi bin h thng ANGBASE, gi tr mc nh l 0).

Trong trng hp khng nhp gi tr cho tham s Point, ngi dng s phi chn hai im trn mn hnh xc nh tia mong mun. Nu nhp gi tr cho tham s Point, th to c trong tham s Point s c gn cho im th 1, ngi dng ch cn xc nh im th 2 trn mn hnh m thi. Bng di y th hin gi tr tr v ca phng thc GetAngle vi cc gc nhp vo khc nhau: Gc ngi dng Gi tr tr v ca nhp () phng thc GetAngle
0 -90 180 90 0.0 1.5708 3.14159 4.71239

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Nu ngi dng khng nhp gi tr no c m nhn ENTER, AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword. V d sau minh ho cch s dng phng thc GetAngle:
Sub Example_GetAngle() Dim retAngle As Double ' Ly v gc tnh bng radian retAngle = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetAngle(, "Nhp vo gc: ") MsgBox "Gc va c nhp l: " & retAngle ' Ly v gc tnh bng radian vi to im u cho trc Dim basePnt(0 To 2) As Double basePnt(0) = 2#: basePnt(1) = 2#: basePnt(2) = 0# retAngle = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetAngle(basePnt, "Nhp vo gc: ") MsgBox "Gc va c nhp l: " & retAngle End Sub

GetPoint Phng thc GetPoint c s dng ly mt im do ngi dng nhp vo bng cch nhp ta trc tip t dng lnh hoc chn im trn mn hnh. Gi tr tr v ca phng thc c kiu Variant, l mt mng gm 3 phn t s thc cha ta ca im c chn trong h ta WCS. C php ca phng thc nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetPoint([Point][, Prompt])

Tham s Gii thch


Point Prompt Tham s tu chn, kiu Variant, l mng s thc c 3 phn t th hin to ca im tham chiu ca im s nhp vo. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu.

Nu tham s ty chn Point c gn gi tr, AutoCAD s to mt ng thng tham chiu ni t im Point n v tr hin ti ca con tr trn mn hnh ha. ng thng ny lun thay i theo s di chuyn ca con tr, h tr vic quan st ca ngi dng trong qu trnh nhp im. Sau khi ngi dng nhp im bng cch bm chut trn mn hnh ha ti v tr mong mun th ng thng tham chiu cng s mt i. Nu ngi dng khng nhp vo im no m nhn ENTER, AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword. V d sau minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetPoint v cc tham s:
Sub Example_GetPoint() ' V d minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetPoint. Dim returnPnt As Variant ' Nhp im v tr v ta ca im khi khng c im tham chiu returnPnt = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint(, "Nhap mot diem: ") MsgBox "Toa do WCS cua diem: " & returnPnt(0) & ", " & _ returnPnt(1) & ", " & returnPnt(2)

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' Nhp im s dng im tham chiu Dim basePnt(0 To 2) As Double basePnt(0) = 2#: basePnt(1) = 2#: basePnt(2) = 0# returnPnt = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint(basePnt, "Nhap mot diem: ") MsgBox "Toa do WCS cua diem: " & returnPnt(0) & ", " & _ returnPnt(1) & ", " & returnPnt(2) ' V ng thng ni t im tham chiu n im ' cui cng nhp vo Dim lineObj As AcadLine Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(basePnt,returnPnt) ZoomAll End Sub

GetDistance Phng thc GetDistance c s dng ngi dng nhp vo gi tr khong cch. Ngi dng c th nhp mt s thc trc tip t dng lnh hoc c th chn hai im trn mn hnh bn v, AutoCAD s t ng tr v gi tr s thc l khong cch gia hai im. C php ca phng thc GetDistance nh sau:
RetVal = Utility.GetDistance([Point][, Prompt])

Tham s Gii thch


Point Tham s tu chn, kiu Variant, l mng s thc c 3 phn t th hin to ca im c s tnh khong cch. Nu tham s ny khng c th ngi dng phi chn hai im xc nh khong cch. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu. L bin kiu s thc cha gi tr tr v ca phng thc GetDistance.

Prompt RetVal

Phng thc GetDistance cho php ngi dng nhp mt s m ti dng nhc v s tr v mt s m tng ng. Nhng khi ngi dng chn im trn mn hnh bn v, phng thc lun tr v gi tr tuyt i ca khong cch gia hai im. Nu khong cch c nhp vo bng cch chn im trn mn hnh, AutoCAD s to ra mt ng thng gip ngi dng quan st v ng thng ny s mt i sau khi ngi dng nhp xong khong cch. Nu khng nhp gi tr cho tham s Point, ngi dng s phi xc nh hai im trn mn hnh xc nh khong cch. Nu gn gi tr cho tham s Point, ngi dng ch cn chn thm mt im trn mn hnh, gi tr khong cch s c tnh t im truyn cho tham s Point v im cho ngi dng chn. Theo mc nh ca AutoCAD, cc im nhp vo c ta khng gian gm y 3 thnh phn (x, y, z) nn khong cch gia hai im l khong cch trong khng gian. Ngi dng c th yu cu AutoCAD ch tnh khong cch phng bng cch thc hin phng thc InitializeUserInput trc khi thc hin phng thc GetDistance vi tham s OptionBits tng ng AutoCAD b qua thnh phn ta z. Nu ngi dng khng nhp gi tr hoc im no c m nhn ENTER th AutoCAD s pht sinh li User input keyword. V d di y minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetDistance:

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Sub Example_GetDistance() ' V d minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetDistance. Dim returnDist As Double ' Nhp v tr v gi tr khong cch, c s dng dng nhc returnDist = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetDistance(, "Nhap khoang cach: ") MsgBox "Khoang cach vua nhap la: " & returnDist & vbCrLf & _ "(Nhap gia tri tiep theo co su dung diem co so.)" ' Nhp v tr v gi tr khong cch ' C s dng dng nhc v im c s Dim basePnt(0 To 2) As Double basePnt(0) = 2#: basePnt(1) = 2#: basePnt(2) = 0# returnDist = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetDistance(basePnt, _ "Nhap khoang cach: ") MsgBox "Khoang cach vua nhap la: " & returnDist End Sub

GetEntity Phng thc GetEntity c s dng ly mt i tng ca AutoCAD bng cch cho php ngi dng chn trc tip bng chut trn mn hnh ha. C php ca phng thc nh sau:
Utility.GetEntity Object, PickedPoint[, Prompt]

Tham s
Object Pickedpoint Prompt

Gii thch
Tham s tr v i tng c ngi dng chn Tham s kiu Variant, tr v mng s thc c 3 phn t th hin to ca im m ngi dng kch chut chn i tng. Tham s tu chn, l chui k t s hin trn dng lnh AutoCAD nhc ngi dng nhp d liu.

Phng thc GetEntity yu cu ngi dng chn i tng bng cch kch chut trn mn hnh bn v. Nu ngi dng chn mt i tng, i tng s c tr v thng qua tham s Object v to ca im m ngi dng chn s c tr v trong tham s PickedPoint. Nu im m ngi dng kch chut khng phi i tng th phng thc ny s lm pht sinh li. Vi phng thc ny, ngi dng cn c th chn nhanh i tng c v sau cng nht bng cch nhp k t L hoc l ti dng lnh AutoCAD. Khi dng lnh L ny, nu i tng c v cui cng khng nhn thy trn mn hnh bn v (i tng c thuc tnh Visible=FALSE) hoc i tng ang nm trong mt lp b ng bng (FrozenLayer) th i tng cui cng nht c v nm trn mt lp bnh thng s c chn. Tuy nhin, cch ng x ny c th khc nhau trong tng phin bn ca AutoCAD, chng hn nh i vi AutoCAD 2007, vi lnh L, phng thc GetEntity c th tr v mt i tng khng c nhn thy trn mn hnh bn v.
CH Vi phng thc GetEntity, ti mt thi im, ngi dng ch c th chn c mt i tng.

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V d di y minh ha cch s dng phng thc GetEntity. i tng c la chn s c tm thi chuyn sang mu ngi dng d nhn thy trc khi chuyn sang la chn i tng khc (trc khi thc hin v d cn to sn mt s i tng hnh hc trong bn v hin hnh ca AutoCAD). V d ny cn thc hin by li pht sinh khi la chn i tng.
Sub VD_GetEntity() Dim returnObj As AcadObject Dim basePnt As Variant On Error Resume Next ' Trong v d ny, AutoCAD ch ngi dng la chn i tng ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity returnObj, basePnt, "Chn i tng:" If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear MsgBox "Bn khng chn i tng. Tm bit." Exit Sub Else returnObj.Color = acRed returnObj.Update MsgBox "Kiu i tng l: " & returnObj.EntityName MsgBox "ti v tr " & basePnt(0) & "," & basePnt(1) returnObj.Color = acByLayer returnObj.Update End If End Sub

5.1.6. Thit lp bin h thng AutoCAD s dng cc bin h thng dng iu khin cc hot ng ca chnh n, chng hn nh ch bt im, ch li, iu kin cch thc hin ca cc lnh, Phn ny s gii thiu cch thc c v thit lp cc bin h thng cho AutoCAD thng qua cc phng thc GetVariable v SetVariable cng nh mt s bin h thng thng dng trong AutoCAD. i vi mi phin bn ca AutoCAD, cc bin h thng c th khc nhau, v vy cn phi nghin cu trong ti liu i km vi phin bn AutoCAD ang s dng c c cc thng tin c th v cc bin h thng. Mt im cn lu khi thao tc vi cc bin h thng ca AutoCAD l phm vi tc dng ca bin h thng. C th chia thnh hai loi sau: Loi bin c tc dng vi ton b ng dng AutoCAD: vi loi bin ny, khi ngi thay i gi tr ca bin, tt c cc bn v ang c m s chu tc ng do s thay i ca bin ny. Cc bin kiu ny c lu trong bn thn chng trnh AutoCAD. Loi bin c tc dng vi mt bn v AutoCAD: vi loi bin ny, khi ngi dng thay i gi tr ca bin, ch c bn v hin hnh (bn v ni thc hin thao tc thay i gi tr ca bin) l chu tc ng do s thay i ca bin. Cc bin h thng kiu ny c lu ngay bn trong tp bn v. PhngthcGetVariable Phng thc ny dng ly v gi tr hin hnh ca mt bin h thng trong AutoCAD. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
RetVal = object.GetVariable(Name)

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Tham s
Name

Gii thch
Tham s kiu String xc nh tn bin h thng cn ly gi tr (khng phn bit ch hoa/ch thng). Nu tn bin h thng nhp vo khng ng s pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. i tng kiu Document, ni thc hin phng thc GetVariable. L bin kiu Variant cha gi tr tr v ca bin h thng.

object RetVal

V d sau minh ho cc s dng phng thc ny bng cch thc hin ly gi tr ca bin h thng MIRRTEXT:
Sub VD_GetVariable() ' V d sau hin th gi tr hin ti ca ' bin h thng MIRRTEXT. Dim strTenBien As String Dim KetQua As Variant strTenBien = "MIRRTEXT" KetQua = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(strTenBien) MsgBox (strTenBien & " = " & KetQua) End Sub

PhngthcSetVariable Phng thc ny dng thit lp gi tr cho bin h thng trong AutoCAD. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SetVariable Name, Value

Tham s
Name

Gii thch
Tham s kiu String xc nh tn bin h thng cn ly gi tr (khng phn bit ch hoa/ch thng). Nu tn bin h thng nhp vo khng ng s pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. Tham s kiu Variant, xc nh gi tr cn gn cho bin h thng c tn trong tham s Name trn. i tng kiu Document, ni thc hin phng thc SetVariable.

Value object

Bin h thng trong AutoCAD rt a dng vi nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau: s thc, s nguyn, chui, Chnh v vy, khi gn gi tr cho bin h thng, cn phi ch sao cho kiu d liu ca bin h thng cn gn v kiu gi tr ca tham s Value phi tng thch nhau, nu khng s lm pht sinh li khi thc thi chng trnh. V d sau minh ho cch thc gn gi tr cho bin h thng s dng phng thc SetVariable:
Sub Example_SetVariable() ' V d sau gn gi tr cho nhiu bin h thng khc nhau, ' mi bin c mt kiu d liu khc nhau. Dim TenBien As String Dim GiaTri As Variant ' Gn gi tr bin MIRRTEXT (kiu s nguyn) bng 1. ' Ch rng cn phi gn gi tr thch hp vi ' kiu d liu ca bin h thng. Dim intData As Integer

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TenBien = "MIRRTEXT" intData = 0 GiaTri = intData ThisDrawing.SetVariable TenBien, GiaTri

' Kiu Integer

' Kim tra gi tr gn s dng phng thc GetVariable GiaTri = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(TenBien) MsgBox (TenBien & " = " & GiaTri) ' Gn gi tr bin LTSCALE (kiu s thc) bng 1.5 Dim dataDouble As Double TenBien = "LTSCALE" dataDouble = 1.5 GiaTri = dataDouble ' Kiu Double ThisDrawing.SetVariable TenBien, GiaTri ' Kim tra gi tr gn s dng phng thc GetVariable GiaTri = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(TenBien) MsgBox (TenBien & " = " & GiaTri) ' Gn gi tr bin INSBASE (kiu mng cha to ) bng (1.0,1.0,0) Dim arrayData3D(0 To 2) As Double TenBien = "INSBASE" arrayData3D(0) = 1#: arrayData3D(1) = 1#: arrayData3D(2) = 0 GiaTri = arrayData3D ' Kiu mng cha to im ThisDrawing.SetVariable TenBien, GiaTri ' Kim tra gi tr gn s dng phng thc GetVariable GiaTri = ThisDrawing.GetVariable(TenBien) MsgBox (TenBien & " = " _ & GiaTri(0) & ", " & GiaTri(1) & ", " & GiaTri(2)) End Sub

Ccbinhthngthngdng hin th c y tt c cc bin h thng cng nh gi tr hin thi ca chng, c th thc hin theo cc bc sau: 1. Ti dng lnh ca AutoCAD, nhp lnh setvar. 2. Ti dng nhc Enter Variable Name, nhp du ? 3. Ti dng nhc Enter Variable(s) to List, nhn ENTER Bng di y gii thiu cc bin h thng thng dng trong AutoCAD: Bin h thng Gii thch
ANGBASE AUPREC DIMTIH FILLETRAD INSBASE CELTSCALE LTSCALE Thit lp gc c s, l gc hp vi phng X. Mc nh gi tr ny bng 0. Thit lp s ch s sau du phy ca n v o gc. Xc nh v tr ch ghi kch thc. Nu bng 0: song song vi ng ghi kch thc; bng 1: nm ngang. Mc nh gi tr ny bng 1. Xc nh bn knh vut cong mc nh khi dng vi lnh Fillet To im chn mc nh. Thit lp t l kiu ng cho cc i tng mi to Thit lp t l kiu ng cho tt c cc i tng

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MIRRTEXT TILEMODE ZOOMFACTOR TEXTFILL Xc nh cch thc khi ly i xng i vi vn bn. Bng 0: gi nguyn chiu vn bn; bng 1: i chiu vn bn. Xc nh khng gian hin hnh l khng gian m hnh hay khng gian in. Bng 0: khng gian in; bng 1: khng gian m hnh. Xc nh t l phn trm thu/phng bn v khi ln phm chut gia. iu khin cch hin th vn bn TrueType. Bng 0: ch v ng bin vn bn; bng 1: v c ng bin v t y vn bn.

5.2. To mi i tng hnh hc


M hnh i tng trong AutoCAD thc cht l s m t li hu nh tt cc cc i tng m ngi dng c th to ra trong AutoCAD theo cch v thng thng, cho nn lp trnh to ra cc i tng hnh hc bng VBA th ngi dng cn phi thng thuc cch to ra i tng bng lnh thng thng trc tip trong AutoCAD. Trong AutoCAD, h tr ngi dng thao tc nhanh, mt i tng hnh hc c th c to ra theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau, chng hn nh khi to ng trn trong AutoCAD, ngi dng c th to theo 4 cch khc nhau: Xc nh tm v bn knh, Xc nh 2 im to nn ng knh ng trn, Xc nh ba im ngoi tip ng trn, Xc nh hai ng tang v bn knh. Hoc to mt cung trn, trong AutoCAD, ngi dng c ti 11 phng thc la chn nh hnh bn. Tuy nhin, vi VBA trong AutoCAD, mi i tng ch c th c to bng mt phng thc vi mt loi thng s nht nh, v d nh i vi ng trn, ngi lp trnh ch c th to ra vi cc thng s l v tr tm v bn knh ca ng trn. Hu ht cc i tng hnh hc trong AutoCAD, tuy khc nhau v hh dng, nhng cch to ra chng bng VBA li tng t nhau, cho nn trong phn ny ch gii thiu cch thc to ra mt s i tng hnh hc chnh trong AutoCAD, bao gm: i tng Point; i tng dng ng cong: Arc, Circle; i tng vn bn: Text; Cc i tng dng ng c chiu di hu hn nh Line, Polyline... 5.2.1. Xc nh ni cha i tng AutoCAD nhm cc i tng hnh hc trong tp i tng ModelSpace, PaperSpace v trong i tng Block. Tuy nhin, thng c s dng nht l hai tp i tng ModelSpace v PaperSpace: ModelSpace (khng gian m hnh) l mt phn ca bn v, l ni ngi dng to cc i tng hnh hc to nn m hnh hoc bn v m ngi dng d nh thit k. Hu ht tt c cc thao tc xy dng bn v u c thc hin trn khng gian m hnh. Trong AutoCAD, ch c mt khng gian m hnh, tng ng vi khng gian m hnh ny chnh l th Model nm gc di mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD.

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PaperSpace (khng gian in) cng cho php cha cc i tng hnh hc nh trong khng gian m hnh, tuy nhin mc ch chnh ca khng gian in l phc v cho qu trnh sp xp bn v v in n. Khng gian in thng cha cc khung nhn theo mt t l nh trc th mt phn ca bn v trong khng gian m hnh, hoc cc bng biu, ghi ch, Trong AutoCAD, ngi dng c th to nhiu khng gian in khc nhau, mi khng gian in tng ng vi mt th Layout nm gc di mn hnh bn v trong AutoCAD. truy cp n cc khng gian in c trong bn v, c th s dng tp i tng Layouts c trong i tng kiu Document. Ti mt thi im, trong AutoCAD ch c mt khng gian l hin hnh, c th l khng gian m hnh hoc khng gian in. xc nh xem khng gian no l khng gian hin hnh, ngi lp trnh c th s dng thuc tnh ActiveSpace c trong i tng kiu Document. Thuc tnh ny ch nhn gi tr l 2 hng s sau: Hng s
acModelSpace acPaperSpace

Gi tr tng ng
1 0

V d sau s hin th thng bo tng ng vi khng gian hin hnh ca AutoCAD:


Sub VD_ActiveSpace() If ThisDrawing.ActiveSpace = acModelSpace Then MsgBox "Khng gian hin hnh l khng gian m hnh." Else MsgBox "Khng gian hin hnh l khng gian in." End If End Sub

Ngoi ra ngi dng cn c th chuyn i gia khng gian in v khng gian m hnh bng cch gn gi tr cho thuc tnh ActiveSpace. on m sau s thc hin thao tc ny:
Sub VD_ChuyenKhongGian() With ThisDrawing If .ActiveSpace = acModelSpace Then .ActiveSpace = acPaperSpace Else .ActiveSpace = acModelSpace End If End With End Sub

Hoc n gin hn, ch cn s dng mt dng lnh sau:


Sub VD_ChuyenKhongGian() ThisDrawing.ActiveSpace = (ThisDrawing.ActiveSpace + 1) Mod 2 End Sub
GI C th chuyn i gia cc khng gian bng cch gn gi tr cho bin h thng TILEMODE. Nu TILEMODE=1, khng gian m hnh s l khng gian hin hnh. Nu bng 0, khng gian in s l khng gian hin hnh.

5.2.2. Khai bo v to i tng hnh hc Tt cc cc i tng trong AutoCAD (k c i tng hnh hc v phi hnh hc) u c th c khai bo trong VBA theo dng thc Acad<TniTng>. Chng hn nh i tng

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ng thng Line th i tng tng ng trong VBA s c kiu l AcadLine. V d sau minh ho cch khai bo mt i tng ng trn trong VBA:
Dim CircleObj as AcadCircle

Ngi dng c th to mi i tng hnh hc trong khng gian m hnh hoc trong khng gian in. to i tng mi, s dng phng thc AddXXX c trong tp i tng ModelSpace v PaperSpace, trong XXX l tn ca loi i tng hnh hc cn to. C php nh sau:
Set Bin_i_tng = Object.AddXXX(Danh_sch_tham_s)

Trong , Object l tp i tng ModelSpace hoc PaperSpace. Mi phng thc AddXXX s tr v mt i tng tham chiu n i tng va mi c to, v vy bt buc phi s dng cu lnh Set trong khi to i tng v bin_i_tng phi c kiu ph hp vi i tng tr v ca phng thc AddXXX. Ly v d khi mun to mi mt ng trn trong khng gian m hnh, c th s dng mu sau:
Dim CircleObj as AcadCircle Set Circle = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(CenterPoint, Radius)

Sau khi to mi (hoc hiu chnh) i tng, th kt qu hin th trn bn v s khng c cp nht ngay cho n khi gi phng thc Update ca bn thn i tng , hoc phng thc Update ca i tng Application hoc phng thc Regen ca i tng Document. Trong mt s trng hp, AutoCAD cng c t ng cp nht ngay khi kt thc Macro. Tuy nhin, chc chn, sau khi to mi (hoc hiu chnh) i tng, nn ch ng cp nht li nhng thay i ny. 5.2.3. To i tng Point i tng Point i khi cng rt hu dng, chng hn nh to mt nt hoc l mt im tham chiu t ta tin hnh bt im hoc thc hin lnh Offset. Ngoi ra, khi thit lp kiu v kch thc cho i tng Point, ngi dng c th s dng n trnh by bn v mt cch hiu qu.

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ToitngPoint S dng phng thc AddPoint thm mt im ti v tr mong mun. C php nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddPoint(Point)

Tham s
Point RetVal

Gii thch
L tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to ca v tr to i tng Point. i tng kiu Point, cha tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.

ThayikiuhinthcaitngPoint Sau khi to i tng Point, ngi lp trnh c th thay i kiu hin th ca im bng cch thit lp gi tr cho cc bin h thng PDMODE v PDSIZE. on m sau s to mt i tng Point trong khng gian m hnh ta (5,5,0) v sau thay i kiu hin th ca i tng Point bng cch cp nht li gi tr bin h thng PDMODE v PDSIZE.
Sub VD_TaoDTPoint() Dim pointObj As AcadPoint Dim ToaDo(0 To 2) As Double Xc nh v tr v im ToaDo (0) = 5#: ToaDo (1) = 5#: ToaDo (2) = 0# To im mi Set pointObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddPoint(ToaDo) ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDMODE", 34 ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDSIZE", 1 ZoomAll End Sub

5.2.4. To i tng dng ng thng

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ng thng l i tng hnh hc c bn hay c dng nht trong AutoCAD. Nhn chung, ta c th v cc ng thng bng cch nhp vo tham s l ta ca cc im ca ng thng. to mt ng thng, c th s dng mt trong nhng phng thc sau: Phng thc
AddLine AddLightweightPolyline AddMLine Add3DPoly

Gii thch
To ng thng i qua hai im. To ng a tuyn 2D. To ng a tuyn nt i. To ng a tuyn 3D.

ToitngLine Phng thc thc AddLine s to i tng Line, l mt on thng i qua hai im:
Set RetVal = object.AddLine(StartPoint, EndPoint)

Tham s
StartPoint, EndPoint RetVal

Gii thch
L tham s u vo kiu variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to im u v im kt thc ca on thng. i tng kiu Line, tham chiu n on thng va mi c to.

V d sau to mt on thng trong khng gian m hnh vi to im u v im cui l (1,1,0) v (5,5,0):


Sub Example_AddLine() Dim lineObj As AcadLine Dim diemDau(0 To 2) As Double Dim diemCuoi(0 To 2) As Double ' nh im u v im cui ca on thng diemDau(0) = 1#: diemDau(1) = 1#: diemDau(2) = 0# diemCuoi(0) = 5#: diemCuoi(1) = 5#: diemCuoi(2) = 0# ' To on thng trong khng gian m hnh Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(diemDau, diemCuoi) ZoomAll End Sub

Cn trong v d sau, on thng s c to ra t hai im bt k do ngi dng chn trn mn hnh. on thng ny s c to ra trn khng gian m hnh hoc khng gian in, tu thuc vo khng gian no l hin hnh.
Public Sub TestAddLine() Dim diemDau As Variant Dim diemCuoi As Variant Dim objEnt As AcadLine On Error Resume Next ' Ly to im u v im cui do ngi dng nhp diemDau = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint _ (, vbCr & "Chon diem dau: ") diemCuoi = ThisDrawing.Utility.GetPoint _ (diemDau, vbCr & "Chon diem cuoi: ") ' V i tng If ThisDrawing.ActiveSpace = acModelSpace Then

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Set objEnt = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(diemDau, diemCuoi) Else Set objEnt = ThisDrawing.PaperSpace.AddLine(diemDau, diemCuoi) End If ' Cp nht i tng hin th trn mn hnh bn v objEnt.Update End Sub

ToitngLWPolyline,Polyline
LWPolyline l i tng dng biu din ng a tuyn phng v do ch dng th hin cc i tng trong khng gian 2D. iu ny gip cho d liu ca i tng LWPolyline gn nh hn v cc thao tc ho s thc hin nhanh hn. cng chnh l l do ti sao i tng ny l c tn l LightWeight - Nh.

to i tng LWPolyline, s dng phng thc AddLightweightPolyline. C php phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddLightweightPolyline(VerticesList)

Tham s
VerticesList RetVal

Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng kiu Double, cha to cc nh ca a tuyn. i tng kiu LWPolyline, tham chiu n a tuyn 2D va mi c to.

Khi s dng phng thc AddLightweightPolyline, tham s VerticesList s cha to cc nh ca a tuyn 2D. To ca mi nh c biu din bng hai thnh phn x v y, nn cc thnh phn ca mng c b tr theo dng (p1x,p1y,p2x,p2y,). V vy s phn t ca tham s VerticesList lun l bi s ca 2 v ng nhin, ti thiu cn phi c 4 phn t (hai im) c th to c i tng LWPolyline.
CH Mi nh ca LWPolyline ch c hai to x v y, khng c thng s v cao . Thay vo , ngi lp trnh c th gn cao chung cho ton b ng a tuyn phng ny bng cch thay gi tr cao thch hp cho thuc tnh Elevation.

on m sau s to mt ng a tuyn phng gm c 5 nh trong khng gian m hnh:


Sub Example_AddLightWeightPolyline() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 9) As Double ' Xc nh cc points(0) = 1: points(2) = 1: points(4) = 2: points(6) = 3: points(8) = 4: nh ca a points(1) = points(3) = points(5) = points(7) = points(9) = tuyn phng 1 ' To 2 ' To 3 ' To 2 ' To 4 ' To nh nh nh nh nh 1 2 3 4 5

' To i tng LWPolyline trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) ZoomAll End Sub

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Ngoi ra, vi VBA trong AutoCAD, ngi dng cng c th to ng a tuyn phng vi phng thc AddPolyline. C php ca phng thc ny tng t nh ca phng thc AddLightweightPolyline:
Set RetVal = object.AddPolyline(VerticesList)

Tuy nhin, i tng tr v RetVal l i tng kiu Polyline. Tham s VerticesList cng cha to cc nh ca a tuyn, nhng mi nh s c 3 thnh phn, hai thnh phn u l to (x,y) thnh phn th 3 s khng c s dng. Khi mun to ng a tuyn phng, nn s dng phng thc AddLightweightPolyline, v i tng LWPolyline ti u ho cho qu trnh hin th v lu tr trong bn v. Toitng3DPolyline Phng thc Add3DPoly s to mt ng a tuyn 3D da trn to cc nh c truyn vo. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Add3DPoly(VerticesList)

Tham s
VerticesList RetVal

Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng kiu Double, cha to cc nh ca a tuyn. i tng kiu 3DPolyline, tham chiu n a tuyn 3D va mi c to.

Khi s dng phng thc Add3DPoly, tham s VerticesList s cha to cc nh ca a tuyn. To ca mi nh c biu din bng ba thnh phn x, y v z nn cc thnh phn ca mng c b tr theo dng (p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z). V vy s phn t ca tham s VerticesList lun l bi s ca 3 v ng nhin, ti thiu cn phi c 6 phn t (hai im) c th to c i tng 3DPolyline. on m sau s to mt ng a tuyn c 5 nh trong khng gian m hnh:
Sub VD_AddPolyline() Dim plineObj As Acad3DPolyline Dim points(0 To 14) As Double ' Xc nh cch nh ca a tuyn 3D points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1: points(2) = 0 points(3) = 1: points(4) = 2: points(5) = 10 points(6) = 2: points(7) = 3: points(8) = 30 points(9) = 3: points(10) = 2: points(11) = 0 points(12) = 4: points(13) = 4: points(14) = 8 ' ' ' ' ' To To To To To im im im im im 1 2 3 4 5

' To ng a tuyn 3D trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.Add3DPoly (points) ZoomAll End Sub

5.2.5. To i tng dng ng cong

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VBA trong AutoCAD cho php to nhiu loi i tng dng ng cong khc nhau, trong c hai loi i tng rt ph bin l Circle ng trn v Arc cung trn. Tt c cc phng thc ny u to i tng trong mt phng XY. ToitngCircle to i tng Circle, s dng phng thc AddCircle. Phng thc ny s to mt ng trn da trn thng s tm v bn knh ca ng trn:
Set RetVal = object.AddCircle(Center, Radius)

Tham s
Center Radius RetVal

Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to tm ca ng trn. Tham s u vo kiu Double, l bn knh ca ng trn s c to. i tng kiu Circle, tham chiu n ng trn va mi c to.

on m sau to mt ng trn bn knh bng 5 v to tm l (1,2,0) trong khng gian m hnh:


Sub Example_AddCircle() Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim centerPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double ' Xc nh tm v bn knh ca ng trn centerPoint(0) = 1#: centerPoint(1) = 2#: centerPoint(2) = 0# radius = 5# ' To i tng Circle trong khng gian m hnh Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(centerPoint, radius) ZoomAll End Sub

Hoc tm v bn knh ca ng trn c th c nhp vo:


Sub VD_AddCircle() Dim varCenter As Variant Dim dblRadius As Double Dim objEnt As AcadCircle On Error Resume Next ' Ly cc thng s do ngi dng nhp vo With ThisDrawing.Utility varCenter = .GetPoint(, vbCr & "Chn tm ng trn: ") dblRadius = .GetDistance(varCenter, vbCr & "Nhp bn knh: ") End With ' To i tng Circle trong khng gian m hnh Set objEnt = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(varCenter, dblRadius) objEnt.Update End Sub

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ToitngArc to i tng Arc, s dng phng thc AddArc. Phng thc ny s to ra mt cung trn da trn 4 thng s khc nhau xc nh v tr v kch thc ca cung trn:
Set RetVal = object.AddArc(Center, Radius, StartAngle, EndAngle)

Tham s
Center Radius StartAngle, EndAngle RetVal

Gii thch
Tham s u vo kiu Variant hoc mng 3 phn t kiu Double, cha to tm ca cung trn. Tham s u vo kiu Double, l bn knh ca ng trn s c to. Tham s u vo kiu Double, xc nh gc bt u v gc kt thc ca cung trn (tnh bng Radian). Phng thc AddArc s v cung trn theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h t gc StartAngle n gc EndAngle. i tng kiu Arc, tham chiu n cung trn va mi c to.

Hnh V-9: Minh ho tham s StartAngle, EndAngle ca phng thc AddArc. CH Hu ht cc tham s c lin quan n gc trong VBA u c n v l Radian.

on m sau to mt cung trn c tm (0,0,0) v bn knh l 5 t gc 45 n 315 . Do gi tr tham s gc tnh bng radian nn cn phi chuyn i t sang radian:
Sub Example_AddArc() Dim arcObj As AcadArc Dim centerPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double Dim startAngleInDegree As Double Dim endAngleInDegree As Double ' Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca cung centerPoint(0) = 0: centerPoint(1) radius = 5 Bn startAngleInDegree = 45 Gc endAngleInDegree = 315 Gc trn = 0: centerPoint(2) = 0 knh bt u kt thc

' Chuyn cc gc t sang Radian Dim startAngleInRadian As Double Dim endAngleInRadian As Double startAngleInRadian = startAngleInDegree * 3.141592 / 180 endAngleInRadian = endAngleInDegree * 3.141592 / 180

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' To i tng Arc trong khng gian m hnh Set arcObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddArc _ (centerPoint, radius, endAngleInRadian) ZoomAll End Sub

startAngleInRadian,

5.2.6. To i tng vn bn Vn bn l i tng dng truyn t nhng thng tin quan trng trong bn v. Ngoi ra, vn bn cn dng t tiu cho khi, to nhn cho tng thnh phn ca bn v, th hin quy nh chung hoc lm ghi ch trong bn v. AutoCAD cung cp nhiu cch khc nhau to vn bn, vi nhng on vn bn ngn v n gin, c th s dng vn bn n (Text), vi nhng on vn bn di hn, c cha nh dng ring bn trong th c th s dng vn bn nhiu dng (MText). Mc d tt c cc on vn bn mi c to u s dng kiu ch hin hnh, vi nhng thit lp mc nh v phng ch v nh dng nhng cng c nhiu cch khc nhau ty bin phn hin th ca on bn bn. Trong phm vi ca ti liu ny, ch gii thiu v cch thc to i tng vn bn. Tovnbnn(Text) Vn bn n l mt i tng kiu vn bn (Text) m ni dung ca n ch bao gm mt dng vn bn. Trong AutoCAD, to i tng vn bn n trn bn v, ngi dng c th s dng lnh Text hoc DText. T VBA, to i tng vn bn n, s dng phng thc AddText ca tp i tng ModelSpace, c php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddText(TextString, InsertionPoint, Height)

Tham s
TextString InsertionPoint Height RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu String, l chui s c hin th trn bn v. Kiu Variant (thc cht l mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im bt u chn vn bn. Kiu Double, xc nh chiu cao ca on vn bn c hin th. Gi tr ca tham s ny phi l s dng. Nu nhp vo gi tr 0, chng trnh s bo li. i tng kiu Text, tham chiu n i tng vn bn n va mi c to.

V d sau s to vn bn mt dng Hello, World. trong khng gian m hnh ti v tr (2,2,0).


Sub VD_AddText() Dim textObj As AcadText Dim textString As String Dim insertionPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim height As Double ' To i tng Text textString = "Hello, World." insertionPoint(0) = 2 insertionPoint(1) = 2 insertionPoint(2) = 0 height = 0.5 Set textObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace. _ AddText(textString, insertionPoint, height) textObj.Update

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End Sub

Tovnbnnhiudng(MText) i vi cc on vn bn di v phc tp, nn s dng i tng vn bn nhiu dng MText. Vn bn nhiu dng c b tr nm trn trong mt b rng nht nh nhng li c th m rng v hn theo chiu ng. Ngoi ra, i tng MText cn c th c nh dng chi tit n tng t hoc tng k t. Mc d c nhiu dng nhng chng thuc v mt i tng duy nht. i tng ny c th di chuyn, xoay, xa, sao chp, ly i xng, co gin hoc thay i t l. to i tng MText, s dng phng thc AddMText. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.AddMText(InsertionPoint, Width, Text)

Tham s
InsertionPoint Width TextString RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (thc cht l mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im bt u chn vn bn. Kiu Double, xc nh chiu rng ca on vn bn c hin th. Gi tr ca tham s ny phi l s dng. Nu nhp vo gi tr 0, chng trnh s bo li. Kiu String, l chui s c hin th trn bn v. i tng kiu MText, tham chiu n i tng vn bn nhiu dng va mi c to.

Thay v s dng tham s Height nh phng thc AddText, phng thc AddMText s dng tham s Width v i tng MText c th c hin th trn nhiu dng. on m sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc AddMText:
Sub VD_AddMtext() Dim MTextObj As AcadMText Dim corner(0 To 2) As Double Dim width As Double Dim text As String corner(0) = 0: corner(1) = 10: corner(2) = 0 width = 5 text = "Day la chuoi van ban cua doi tuong MText" ' To i tng MText Set MTextObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddMText(corner, width, text) ZoomAll End Sub

5.3. Lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet


i tng SelectionSet thc cht l mt tp i tng dng cha cc i tng c chn trong bn v (i tng hnh hc), tuy nhin, trnh nhm ln, ta gi n l mt i tng . Mi i tng SelectionSet u c nhiu phng thc khc nhau dng thm cc i tng hnh hc vo trong n. Thng thng, khi cn hiu chnh ch vi mt i tng hnh hc duy nht, ta ch cn s dng phng thc GetEntity ca i tng Document.Utility (xem chi tit cch s dng phng thc ny trong mc Error! Reference source not found. trang Error! Bookmark not defined.) la chn i tng hnh hc cn hiu chnh trn mn hnh ca

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AutoCAD, nhng hiu chnh mt lc nhiu i tng th vic s dng i tng SelectionSet l thch hp nht. Mi bn v AutoCAD u c mt tp i tng tn l SelectionSets cha tt c cc i tng SelectionSet trong bn v. Ngi dng c th to ra nhiu i tng SelectionSet khc nhau bng cch s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng SelectionSets. Mt c im quan trng ca i tng SelectionSet chnh l tnh cht tm thi ca n, sau khi i tng SelectionSet c to ra v ngi dng ng bn v li (c lu nhng thay i) th khi m li bn v, tt c cc i tng SelectionSet u b xo i v ch cn li tp i tng SelectionSets rng.
CH Tp i tng SelectionSets cha cc i tng SelectionSet trong bn v. Cc i tng SelectionSet s b xo khi ng bn v. V vy, lc mi m hoc to bn v, tp i tng SelectionSets lun l tp rng.

Nhn chung, qu trnh lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet cn phi tri qua cc bc sau: 1. Khai bo i tng SelectionSet, 2. Khi to i tng SelectionSet vi lnh Set ca VB, 3. Thm cc i tng cn x l vo SelectionSet, 4. Thc hin thao tc cn thit trn cc i tng trong SelectionSet. 5.3.1. Khai bo v khi to i tng SelectionSet Vic to i tng SelectionSet c thc hin d dng thng qua phng thc Add c trong tp i tng SelectionSets.
Set RetVal = object.Add(Name)

Tham s
Object Name RetVal

Gii thch
L tp i tng SelectionSets L chui k t xc nh tn ca SelectionSet s c to. i tng SelectionSet tng va mi c to ra.

on m lnh sau s minh ho cch thc to i tng SelectionSet:


Sub VD_TaoSelectionSet() Dim sset As AcadSelectionSet Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySSet") SelectionSet End Sub Khai bo bin To

Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thao tc trn AutoCAD, khi s dng i tng SelectionSet, ngi dng rt hay gp li vi thng bo: i tng SelectionSet tn ti. Chnh v vy, trnh li ny, nn s dng on m sau khi thc hin to mi i tng SelectionSet:
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: Sub VD_GetXData() Dim sset As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet")

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8: Else 9: sset.Clear 10: End If 11: End Sub

Dng m lnh s 3 s tt thng bo li. dng m lnh s 4 s thc hin gn bin sset cho i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet. Nu i tng ny cha c th i tng Err s khc khng (<>0) v ta s phi khi to i tng SelectionSet ny bng phng thc Add dng m lnh s 7, cn ngc li, khi i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet c trong tp i tng SelectionSets, s dng n, ta cn xa b ni dung m n ang cha bn trong bng dng m lnh s 9. 5.3.2. Thm i tng hnh hc vo mt SelectionSet thm i tng hnh hc vo SelectionSet, ngi dng c th s dng cc phng thc c sn trong i tng SelectionSet nh AddItems hoc h phng thc SelectXXX, bao gm: Select, SelectAtPoint, SelectOnScreen, SelectByPolygon. Phn di y s ln lt gii thiu v cc phng thc trn. PhngthcAddItems Phng thc ny dng thm tng i tng vo trong SelectionSet. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.AddItems Items

Tham s
Object Items

Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet. Kiu Variant, l mng cha cc i tng s c thm vo SelectionSet

on m sau s to mt i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet, sau to cc i tng ng a tuyn, ng thng, ng trn v thm cc i tng ny vo trong i tng SelectionSet.
Sub VD_AddItems() Dim objs(0 To 2) As AcadEntity to Mng cha cc i tng mi c

' Create the new selection set Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' To ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 5) As Double points(0) = 3: points(1) = 7 points(2) = 9: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 3: points(5) = 5

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Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True Set objs(0) = plineObj Thm vo mng cc i tng ' To ng thng trong khng gian m hnh Dim lineObj As AcadLine Dim startPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim endPoint(0 To 2) As Double startPoint(0) = 0: startPoint(1) = 0: startPoint(2) = 0 endPoint(0) = 2: endPoint(1) = 2: endPoint(2) = 0 Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(startPoint, endPoint) Set objs(1) = lineObj Thm vo mng cc i tng ' To ng trn trong khng gian m hnh Dim circObj As AcadCircle Dim centerPt(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double centerPt(0) = 20: centerPt(1) = 30: centerPt(2) = 0 radius = 3 Set circObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(centerPt, radius) Set objs(2) = circObj Thm vo mng cc i tng ZoomAll ' Thm cc i tng c trong mng objs vo i tng SelectionSet ssetObj.AddItems objs ThisDrawing.Regen acAllViewports End Sub

PhngthcSelect Phng thc Select l phng thc c bn trong i tng SelectionSet. Vi phng thc thc ny, ngi dng s c nhiu la chn khc nhau khi chn i tng tu thuc vo cc tham s ca phng thc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Select Mode[, Point1][, Point2][, FilterType][, FilterData]

Tham s
Object Mode Point1 Point2 FilterType, FilterData

Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s xc nh ch chn i tng. Tham s ty chn, kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im th nht ca ca s la chn, s dng kt hp vi Point2 Tham s ty chn, kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double) cha to im th hai ca ca s la chn, s dng kt hp vi Point1 Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).

Gi tr ca tham s Mode s xc nh cch thc la chn i tng khi s dng phng thc Select. Gi tr ca tham s ny c th l mt trong nhng gi tr sau: Hng s
acSelectionSetWindow

Gi tr
0

ngha
Chn tt c cc i tng nm trong hnh ch nht gii hn bi hai im Point1 v Point2

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acSelectionSetCrossing acSelectionSetPrevious acSelectionSetLast acSelectionSetAll 1 3 4 5 Chn tt c cc i tng nm trong hoc c giao vi hnh ch nht gii hn bi hai im Point1 v Point2 Chn cc i tng chn gn nht. B qua hai tham s Point1 v Point2. Chn i tng cui cng c to ra. B qua hai tham s Point1 v Point2. Chn tt c cc i tng ang c trong bn v. B qua hai tham s Point1 v Point2.

V d sau s minh ho cch s dng phng thc Select vi tham s Mode= acSelectionSetCrossing:
Sub VD_Select() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Thm tt c cc i tng nm trong v giao vi hnh ch nht c ' to (28,17,0) v (-3.3, -3.6,0) vo trong i tng SelectionSet Dim mode As Integer Dim corner1(0 To 2) As Double Dim corner2(0 To 2) As Double mode = acSelectionSetCrossing corner1(0) = 28: corner1(1) = 17: corner1(2) = 0 corner2(0) = -3.3: corner2(1) = -3.6: corner2(2) = 0 ssetObj.Select mode, corner1, corner2 End Sub

PhngthcSelectAtPoint Phng thc ny s chn cc i tng i qua mt im cho trc thm vo SelectionSet. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SelectAtPoint Point [, FilterType] [, FilterData]

Tham s
Object Point FilterType, FilterData

Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double), cha to im dng chn i tng. Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).

V d sau thm tt c cc i tng i qua im (6.8 , 9.4 , 0) vo i tng SelectionSet c tn l MySelectionSet:

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Sub VD_SelectAtPoint() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Thm tt c cc i tng qua im (6.8,9.4,0) ' vo i tng SelectionSet Dim point(0 To 2) As Double point(0) = 6.8: point(1) = 9.4: point(2) = 0 ssetObj.SelectAtPoint point End Sub

PhngthcSelectByPolygon Phng thc ny thc hin chn cc i tng thm vo SelectionSet da trn mi tng quan vi ng a tuyn do ngi lp trnh xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SelectByPolygon Mode, PointsList[, FilterType][, FilterData]

Tham s
Object Mode PointsList FilterType, FilterData

Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s xc nh ch chn i tng. Tham s ty chn, kiu Variant (mng kiu Double) cha to 3 chiu ca cc nh ca ng a tuyn. Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).

Gi tr ca tham s Mode s xc nh cch thc la chn i tng khi s dng phng thc SelectByPolygon. Gi tr ca tham s ny c th l mt trong nhng gi tr sau: Hng s
acSelectionSetFence acSelectionSetWindowPolygon acSelectionSetCrossingPolygon

Gi tr
2 6 7

ngha
Chn cc i tng c giao ct vi ng bao a tuyn c ta cc nh xc nh bi PointsList. Chn cc i tng nm hon ton bn trong min a gic c ta cc nh xc nh bi PointsList. Chn cc i tng nm hon ton hoc mt phn bn trong min a gic c ta cc nh xc nh bi PointsList. AutoCAD s t ng v a gic t cc ta ny theo nguyn tc cc cnh ca a gic khng giao nhau.

Minh ho di y s lm r ngha cc gi tr ca tham s Mode. Cc ng lin l cc i tng trn bn v ca AutoCAD, cn cc ng nt t l ng a tuyn ni cc nh c cho bi tham s PointList.

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Hnh V-10: Minh ho cc ch chn i tng ca phng thc SelectByPolygon.

Kt qu ca phng thc SelectByPolygon l rt khc nhau tu thuc vo gi tr ca tham s Mode. Nu tham s Mode c gi tr l:
acSelectionSetFence: i tng c chn l hnh ellipese. acSelectionSetWindowPolygon: i tng c chn l hnh ch nht v hnh trn. acSelectionSetCrossingPolygon: i tng c chn l tt c cc hnh trn.

on m sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc SelectByPolygon


Sub VD_SelectByPolygon() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Xc nh cc nh ca ng a tuyn Dim pointsArray(0 To 11) As Double pointsArray(0) = 28.2: pointsArray(1) = 17.2: pointsArray(2) = 0 pointsArray(3) = -5: pointsArray(4) = 13: pointsArray(5) = 0 pointsArray(6) = -3.3: pointsArray(7) = -3.6: pointsArray(8) = 0 pointsArray(9) = 28: pointsArray(10) = -3: pointsArray(11) = 0 ' Xc nh ch chn i tng Dim mode As Integer mode = acSelectionSetFence ' Chn i tng ssetObj.SelectByPolygon mode, pointsArray End Sub

PhngthcSelectOnScreen Phng thc ny s hin th dng nhc Select object: ti dng lnh v cho php ngi dng chn i tng trc tip trn mn hnh bn v, cch thao tc trn mn hnh AutoCAD ny tng t nh khi s dng cc lnh thng thng khc ca AutoCAD, m c yu cu la chn i tng (v d nh lnh Copy). C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SelectOnScreen [FilterType] [, FilterData]

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Tham s
Object FilterType, FilterData

Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s tu chn, xc nh b lc i tng (Chi tit tham kho phn nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet trang 234).

on m sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc SelectOnScreen:


Sub VD_SelectOnScreen() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Hin th thm dng nhc ti dng lnh ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Chon doi tuong tren man hinh:" ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh ssetObj.SelectOnScreen End Sub

5.3.3. Thao tc vi cc i tng trong SelectionSet Nh phn trc trnh by, thc cht i tng SelectionSet l mt tp i tng dng nhm cc i tng hnh hc li vi nhau nhm mc ch hiu chnh cc i tng hnh hc d dng hn. Do bn thn l mt tp i tng nn cch thc truy cp n tt c cc i tng bn trong SelectionSet tt nht l s dng cu trc lp For each next. on m lnh sau s yu cu ngi s dng thc hin chn i tng trn mn hnh bn v, sau tin hnh i mu cc i tng c chn thnh mu xanh.
Sub VD_SelectOnScreen() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySelectionSet") If Err <> 0 Then Err.Clear Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySelectionSet") Else ssetObj.Clear End If ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Chon doi tuong can doi mau:" ssetObj.SelectOnScreen ' Thc hin cc thao tc vi i tng c chn Dim ent As AcadEntity For Each ent In ssetObj ' on chng trnh x l cc i tng s nm y ' Trong v d ny, cc i tng s c i mu thnh mu xanh ent.Color = acBlue ent.Update

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Next ent End Sub

5.3.4. nh ngha b lc i tng cho SelectionSet Trong tt c cc phng thc chn i tng dng SelectXXX u c hai tham s tu chn FilterType v FilterData, l tham s c s dng lc cc i tng c chn theo mt tiu ch no . Cc tiu ch thng c s dng bao gm: loi i tng (ng thng, ng trn...), mu sc, kiu ng nt, lp... Khi s dng b lc i tng, ch c nhng i tng tho mn cc tiu ch trong b lc mi c chn thm vo i tng SelectionSet. thit lp b lc i tng, hai tham s FilterType v FilterData cn phi c s dng song hnh:
FilterType: l tham s kiu Variant, thc cht l mt mng mt chiu kiu Integer cha

m DXF xc nh kiu lc i tng.


FilterData: l tham s kiu Variant, thc cht l mt mng mt chiu kiu Variant

cha gi tr ca kiu lc tng ng trong tham s FilterType. Do c mi quan h 1-1 nh vy nn s phn t ca mng FilterData phi bng vi s phn t ca mng FilterType. Tu theo nhu cu m ngi lp trnh phi chn cho mnh mt tiu ch lc i tng thch hp. Di y s lit k danh sch cc m DXF tng ng vi mt s kiu lc i tng thng s dng: M DXF
-4 0 1 2 6 7 8 10 62

ngha
Cc ton t iu kin (s dng cho b lc theo nhiu iu kin kt hp) Chui th hin kiu i tng, chng hn nh: Line, Polyline, LWPolyline, Spline, Circle, Arc, Text, Mtext,... Chui vn bn ca cc i tng nh Text v MText (gi tr thuc tnh Content ca cc i tng ny). Chui tng ng vi thuc tnh Name, chng hn nh thuc tnh Tag ca i tng Attribute, thuc tnh name ca i tng Block, Chui tng ng vi kiu ng (Linetype) ca cc i tng. Chui tng ng vi kiu vn bn (Textstyle) ca cc i tng. Chui tng ng vi tn lp (Layer) ca cc i tng. To im ch yu ca i tng, chng hn nh: im u ca i tng Line, im chn ca i tng Text, tm ca i tng Circle, S nguyn xc nh mu ca i tng: 0-ByBlock, 256-ByLayer, 1-Red, 2-Yellow, cc gi tr mu ny tng ng vi bng mu trong AutoCAD.

Tt c cc m DXF c th tham kho trong ti liu tr gip ca AutoCAD DXF Reference, mc DXF Format Group Codes in Numerical Order.
CH Khi truyn gi tr cho tham s FilterType v FilterData, s phn t ca mng FilterType v mng FilterData phi bng nhau. Mi phn t ca mng FilterType s tng ng vi mt phn t ca mng FilterData.

Lctheomtiukin Khi thc hin lc theo mt iu kin, s phn t ca cc tham s FilterType v FilterData l 1. Tuy nhin, ngi lp trnh khng c gn gi tr trc tip m vn phi thc hin khai bo cc tham s ny l mng nhng ch c mt phn t. V d sau s minh ho r hn cch thc to b lc i tng vi ch mt iu kin:

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Sub VD_Filter() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("SSET") ssetObj.Delete Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("SSET") ' To b lc i tng: ' Tiu ch chn l: Kiu i tng ' Gi tr ca tiu ch l: Circle ' ngha l ch chn i tng l ng trn. Dim gpCode(0) As Integer Dim dataValue(0) As Variant gpCode(0) = 0: dataValue(0) = "Circle" ssetObj.SelectOnScreen gpCode, dataValue MsgBox "So doi tuong duoc chon: " & ssetObj.Count End Sub

Lctheonhiuiukinkthp Khi cn lc i tng theo nhiu iu kin kt hp, cn phi thm vo cc ton t iu kin trong b lc. kt hp cc iu kin vi nhau, cc iu kin phi c t gia cc ton t iu kin, m DXF chung ca cc ton t iu kin l -4. Di y l danh sch cc ton t iu kin c s dng trong b lc i tng: Ton t
AND OR XOR

Gi tr Gi tr S lng ngha bt u kt thc iu kin


<AND <OR <XOR AND> OR> XOR> 1 1 2 i tng no tho mn tt c cc iu kin s c chn. i tng no tho mn mt trong cc iu kin s c chn. i tng no tho mn mt iu kin v khng tho mn iu kin cn li s c chn. i tng no khng tho mn iu kin s c chn.

NOT

<NOT

NOT>

on m sau s thc hin chn i tng c s dng b lc theo nhiu in kin kt hp: nhng i tng l ng thng hoc ng trn v khng nm trn lp Layer1 s c chn.
Sub VD_Filter() ' To i tng SelectionSet Dim ssetObj As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("SSET") ssetObj.Delete Set ssetObj = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("SSET") ' To b lc i tng: Dim gpCode(8) As Integer Dim dataValue(8) As Variant gpCode(0) = -4: dataValue(0) = "<and" gpCode(1) = -4: dataValue(1) = "<or"

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gpCode(2) = 0: gpCode(3) = 0: gpCode(4) = -4: gpCode(5) = -4: gpCode(6) = 8: gpCode(7) = -4: dataValue(2) = "line" dataValue(3) = "circle" dataValue(4) = "or>" dataValue(5) = "<not" dataValue(6) = "Layer1" dataValue(7) = "not>"

gpCode(8) = -4: dataValue(8) = "and>" ssetObj.SelectOnScreen gpCode, dataValue MsgBox "So doi tuong duoc chon: " & ssetObj.Count End Sub

5.3.5. Loi b i tng hnh hc ra khi SelectionSet Khi mun loi b cc i tng ra khi SelectionSet (tc l khng mun chn i tng na), th c th s dng cc phng thc sau ca i tng SelectionSet. PhngthcRemoveItems Phng thc ny thc hin loi b mt hoc nhiu i tng ra khi SelectionSet. Cc i tng ny s khng nm trong SelectionSet na nhng vn cn tn ti trong bn v. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.RemoveItems Objects

Tham s
Object Objects

Gii thch
L i tng SelectionSet Tham s kiu Variant (mng cc i tng) cha cc i tng cn loi b ra khi SelectionSet.

PhngthcClear Phng thc Clear s loi b tt c cc i tng ra khi SelectionSet. Sau khi thc hin phng thc ny, i tng SelectionSet vn cn tn ti nhng khng cha i tng no c. Cc i tng hnh hc nm trong SelectionSet lc trc vn tn ti trn bn v nhng khng nm trong i tng SelectionSet na. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Clear

Trong , object l i tng SelectionSet. PhngthcErase Phng thc Erase khng nhng loi b tt c cc i tng hnh hc ra khi SelectionSet m cn thc hin xo cc i tng khi bn v. Sau khi thc hin phng thc ny, i tng SelectionSet vn cn tn ti nhng khng cha i tng no c. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Erase

Trong , object l i tng SelectionSet.

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PhngthcDelete Phng thc Delete s xo i tng SelectionSet. Sau khi thc hin phng thc ny, i tng SelectionSet s khng cn tn ti trn bn v, tuy nhin cc i tng hnh hc c trong SelectionSet lc trc s khng b xo khi bn v. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Delete

Trong , object l i tng SelectionSet.

5.4. Hiu chnh i tng hnh hc


Hiu chnh i tng hnh hc l mt thao tc khng th thiu trong qu trnh to bn v vi AutoCAD. Thng qua VBA trong AutoCAD, ngi dng c th thc hin hu ht cc thao tc hiu chnh i tng ging nh khi thc hin trn giao din ca chng trnh AutoCAD. Vic hiu chnh i tng c th c thc hin thng qua cc phng thc hoc cc thuc tnh ca i tng: Phng thc thng dng thay i v hnh dng, kch thc, v tr ca i tng, hoc thm ch c th to mi i tng da trn i tng c. Thng thng, mi phng thc u c nhng tham s ring. Thuc tnh thng dng thay i cc tnh cht lin quan n hin th ca chnh i tng trn mn hnh hoc khi in, chng hn nh mu sc, kiu ng, nt, Cc i tng hnh hc trong AutoCAD, d c khc nhau, nhng u c xy dng da trn mt giao tip c s trong VBA: IAcadEntity. Chnh v vy, tt c cc i tng hnh hc u c nhng phng thc v thuc tnh chung. Bn cnh , mi i tng ny cn c nhng phng thc v thuc tnh ring, chng hn nh phng thc AddVertex ca i tng LWPolyline, hay thuc tnh Radius ca i tng Circle, Do c nhng khc bit nh vy nn trong phn ny, trc ht s gii thiu cch thc hiu chnh chung cho tt c cc i tng hnh hc bao gm: Sao chp, xo, ph v, di chuyn, ly i xng, off-set, quay v co gin i tng; Thc hin nhn bn i tng dng cc v dng ch nht; Thao tc vi d liu m rng - XData; Thay i mu sc, lp, kiu ng v s hin th ca i tng. V tip s trnh by mt s thao tc hiu chnh i tng theo cc phng thc v thuc tnh ring ca i tng: Hiu chnh ng a tuyn; Hiu chnh vn bn n. Trong cc phin bn trc AutoCAD 2006, mi khi hiu chnh i tng bng m lnh, nhng thay i s cha c hin th trn mn hnh cho n khi ngi dng gi phng thc Update ca i tng , hoc gi phng thc Update ca i tng Application, hoc phng thc Regen ca i tng Document. Trong mt s trng hp, AutoCAD s t ng cp nht khi kt thc chng trnh, tuy nhin, thy c kt qu hiu chnh ngay sau mi dng m lnh hiu chnh th cch tt nht l nn b sung cc on m lnh cp nht nhng thay i .

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CH cp nht nhng thay i i vi i tng thng qua m lnh, ngi dng c th s dng phng thc Update ca chnh i tng theo cu trc: tn_i_tng.Update.

5.4.1. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc phng thc SaochpitngPhngthcCopy S dng phng thc Copy sao chp i tng. i tng mi c to ra s ging ht nh i tng c, c v tr trng vi i tng c, ch c iu l i tng mi s c v trn cng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Copy

Tham s
Object RetVal

Gii thch
i tng hnh hc, l i tng gc s c sao chp i tng hnh hc, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to (l bn sao ca i Object)
CH Phng thc Copy ch sao chp i tng. i tng mi c sao chp s c v tr trng vi i tng c.

V d sau to mt hnh trn sau thc hin sao chp hnh trn . Cn lu l sau khi thc thi macro ny, ta ch nhn thy trn mn hnh bn v mt hnh trn nhng thc cht l c hai hnh trn vi v tr trng nhau.
Sub VD_Copy() ' To hnh trn Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double center(0) = 2#: center(1) = 2#: center(2) = 0# radius = 0.5 Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(center, radius) ' Sao chp i tng Dim copyCircleObj As AcadCircle Set copyCircleObj = circleObj.Copy() End Sub

XoitngPhngthcDelete xo i tng khi bn v, s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng . C php ca phng thc ny rt n gin:
object.Delete

V d sau s minh ho cch s dng phng thc ny. Trong v d ny, ngi s dng s chn mt i tng trn mn hnh, v sau i tng ny s c xo khi bn v:
Sub DeleteObject() Dim objDrawingObject As AcadEntity Dim varEntityPickedPoint As Variant

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On Error Resume Next ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh bn v ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity _ objDrawingObject, varEntityPickedPoint, "Chn i tng xo: " If objDrawingObject Is Nothing Then MsgBox "Bn cha chn i tng." Exit Sub End If ' Xo i tng c chn objDrawingObject.Delete End Sub

PhvitngPhngthcExplode S dng phng thc Explode ph v mt i tng thnh cc i tng con. Phng thc ny tr v mt mng tham chiu n cc i tng con, l cc i tng cu thnh nn i tng gc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Explode

Tham s
Object RetVal

Gii thch
i tng s b ph v. i tng ny c th l: 3DPolyline, BlockRef, LightweightPolyline, MInsertBlock, Polygonmesh, Polyline hoc Region Mng tham chiu n cc i tng con cu thnh nn i tng Object.

Gi tr tr v ca phng thc ny l mt mng i tng vi nhiu loi i tng khc nhau tu thuc vo loi i tng gc. Chng hn nh khi ph v mt khi (i tng Block) th kt qu tr v l cc i tng cu thnh khi , hoc khi ph v mt ng a tuyn th mng i tng tr v l cc on thng ca ng a tuyn . Do gi tr tr v khc nhau nh vy nn khi khai bo mng cha gi tr tr v, nn s dng bin kiu Variant. Khng ging nh lnh Explode trong AutoCAD, phng thc Explode khng lm mt i tng gc. Khi thc hin phng thc ny, mt bn sao ca i tng gc s c to ra, v sau , phng thc Explode mi thc hin ph v trn bn sao ca i tng.
CH Phng thc Explode khng thc hin ph v trn i tng gc m l trn bn sao ca i tng gc, v vy i tng gc vn cn c gi nguyn.

V d sau s to ra mt ng a tuyn 2D v thc hin ph v i tng , sau s duyt qua cc i tng thnh phn sau khi c ph v.
Sub VD_Explode() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double ' nh ngha cc im ca ng a tuyn points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 1 ' To i tng LWPolyline trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points)

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' Ph v ng a tuyn MsgBox "Ph v ng a tuyn." Dim explodedObjects As Variant explodedObjects = plineObj.Explode ' Duyt qua cc i tng thnh phn Dim I As Integer For I = 0 To UBound(explodedObjects) explodedObjects(I).Color = acRed explodedObjects(I).Update MsgBox "i tng th " & I & ": " & explodedObjects(I).ObjectName explodedObjects(I).Color = acByLayer explodedObjects(I).Update Next End Sub

DichuynitngPhngthcMove S dng phng thc Move tnh tin i tng trong khng gian ba chiu. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Move Point1, Point2

Tham s
Object Point1, Point2

Gii thch
i tng hnh hc, l i tng s b di chuyn. Tham s u vo, l mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to ca im th nht v th hai ca vector tnh tin.

Hnh V-11: Minh ho phng thc Move

V d sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc Move dch chuyn mt i tng. Macro ny s to mt ng trn, sau dch chuyn ng trn ny 2 n v theo trc X.
Sub VD_Move() ' To hnh trn trong khng gian m hnh Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double center(0) = 2#: center(1) = 2#: center(2) = 0# radius = 0.5 Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(center, radius) ZoomAll

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' Xc nh 2 im to nn vec-t tnh tin Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double point1(0) = 0: point1(1) = 0: point1(2) = 0 point2(0) = 2: point2(1) = 0: point2(2) = 0 MsgBox "Di chuyn theo trc X 2 n v." ' Thc hin di chuyn i tng circleObj.Move point1, point2 ZoomAll MsgBox "Qu trnh dch chuyn kt thc." End Sub

LyixngPhngthcMirror S dng phng thc Mirror ly i xng mt i tng qua mt trc c xc nh trc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Mirror(Point1, Point2)

Tham s
Object Point1, Point2 RetVal

Gii thch
i tng hnh hc, l i tng gc s c ly i xng. Tham s u vo, l mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to ca im th nht v th hai ca trc i xng. Tham chiu n i tng sau khi c ly i xng

Minh ho: Phng thc Mirror. Khi s dng phng thc Mirror, cn lu n gi tr ca bin h thng MIRRTEXT. Bin ny s iu khin cch thc ly i xng vi i tng vn bn:

Trc khi ly i xng

Sau khi ly i xng (MIRRTEXT=1)

Sau khi ly i xng (MIRRTEXT=0)

Hnh V-12: Bin h thng MIRRTEXT v phng thc Mirror

V d sau s to mt ng a tuyn, sau ly i xng qua trc y=4.25 v i mu i tng va mi c ly i xng thnh mu :

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Sub VD_Mirror() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 1 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll ' Xc nh trc i xng Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double point1(0) = 0: point1(1) = 4.25: point1(2) = 0 point2(0) = 4: point2(1) = 4.25: point2(2) = 0 MsgBox "Ly i xng ng a tuyn.", , "VD Mirror" ' Thc hin ly i xng ng a tuyn Dim mirrorObj As AcadLWPolyline Set mirrorObj = plineObj.Mirror(point1, point2) mirrorObj.Color = acRed ZoomAll MsgBox "Mirror completed.", , " VD Mirror" End Sub

LyOffsetPhngthcOffset Phng thc Offset s to ra mt i tng mi vi ng bin nm cch ng bin ca i tng c mt khong c xc nh trc. Phng thc ny c th c p dng vi cc i tng nh: Arc, Circle, Ellipse, Line, LightweightPolyline, Polyline, Spline, v Xline. Phng thc ny s tr v mng cha cc i tng va mi c to. Tuy nhin, thng thng mng ny ch cha mt i tng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = object.Offset(Distance)

Tham s
Object Distance

Gii thch
L i tng gc s c ly Off-set. Tham s u vo, kiu Double, l khong cch ly off-set. Gi tr ca tham s ny c th l s m hoc dng. Nu l s m th phng thc ny s to ra nhng i tng c xu hng bn knh nh hn i tng gc, trong trng hp bn knh nh hn khng c ngha th phng thc ny s to ra i tng c to X, Y v Z nh hn i tng gc. Bin kiu Variant, l mng cha cc i tng mi c to ra. Thng thng, mng ny ch c mt i tng.

RetVal

V d sau s to mt ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh v ly off-set i tng ny mt khong l 0,25. i tng va mi c to ra s c i mu thnh mu .

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Sub VD_Offset() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 1 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll MsgBox "Off-set a tuyn vi khong cch 0.25.", , "V d Offset" ' Ly Off-set ng a tuyn Dim offsetObj As Variant offsetObj = plineObj.Offset(0.25) offsetObj(0).Color = acRed ZoomAll End Sub

XoayitngPhngthcRotate S dng phng thc Rotate xoay mt i tng quanh mt im c nh. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.Rotate BasePoint, RotationAngle

Tham s
Object BasePoint RotationAngle

Gii thch
L i tng s c xoay. L mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to im gc, i tng s c quay quanh im ny. L tham s kiu Double, xc nh gc xoay i tng (tnh bng Radian).

on m sau s minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc Rotate:


Sub VD_Rotate() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 2 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 3 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 3 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 3 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 2 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll MsgBox "Xoay gc 45 .", , "VD Rotate " ' nh gc xoay v to im c s Dim basePoint(0 To 2) As Double

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Dim rotationAngle As Double basePoint(0) = 4: basePoint(1) = 4.25: basePoint(2) = 0 rotationAngle = 45/180*3.1416 ' 45 ' Xoay i tng plineObj.Rotate basePoint, rotationAngle ZoomAll End Sub

ThayitlitngPhngthcScaleEntity S dng phng thc ScaleEntity thay i t l i tng ng u theo cc phng X, Y v Z. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.ScaleEntity BasePoint, ScaleFactor

Tham s
Object BasePoint ScaleFactor

Gii thch
L i tng s c thay i t l. Mng 3 phn t kiu Double cha to im gc, i tng s c thay i t l theo cc phng X, Y v Z quanh im ny quay quanh im ny. Tham s kiu Double, xc nh h s t l khi thay i t l. Kch thc ca i tng s c nhn vi h s t l ny. Tham s ScaleFactor ch nhn gi tr ln hn khng, nu nh hn hoc bng khng th VBAIDE s bo li. Gi tr ScaleFactor<1 s thu nh i tng, ngc li s phng to i tng ln.
itngvivtr vkchthcmi

itngvivtrv kchthcbanu

Hnh V-13: Minh ho phng thc ScaleEntity

on m sau to mt ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh v s dng phng thc ScaleEntity thay i t l ca ng a tuyn quanh im (4 , 4.25 , 0) vi h s t l l 0.5
Sub VD_ScaleEntity() ' To ng a tuyn Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 11) As Double points(0) = 1: points(1) = 2

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points(2) = 1: points(3) = 3 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 3 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 3 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 points(10) = 4: points(11) = 2 Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) plineObj.Closed = True ZoomAll MsgBox "Thay i t l vi h s 0.5", , "V d ScaleEntity" ' Xc nh cc tham tham s ca phng thc Dim basePoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim scalefactor As Double basePoint(0) = 4: basePoint(1) = 4.25: basePoint(2) = 0 scalefactor = 0.5 ' Thay i t l ng a tuyn plineObj.ScaleEntity basePoint, scalefactor ZoomAll End Sub

5.4.2. Hiu chnh i tng s dng cc thuc tnh Khng ging nh cc khi s dng cc phng thc, ngi lp trnh c th s dng cc thuc tnh hiu chnh s hin th ca cc i tng hnh hc trong bn v AutoCAD. Sau khi thay i thuc tnh ca cc i tng, nn s dng phng thc Update c trong i tng cp nht nhng thay i trn bn v. Di y l cc thuc tnh thng c s dng khi hiu chnh cc i tng hnh hc. ThuctnhColorMucaitng S dng thuc tnh Color ly hoc gn mu cho mt i tng hnh hc. Thuc tnh ny cng c trong i tng Layer vi ngha tng ng.
object.Color

Tham s
Object Color

Gii thch
L i tng hnh hc, hoc i tng Layer. S nguyn hoc hng s acColor, xc nh mu ca i tng. Khi mt i tng mi c to ra, gi tr mc nh ca thuc tnh ny acByLayer

Gi tr ca thuc tnh Color l s nguyn trong phm vi t 0 n 256, 9 trong cc s ny c nh ngha trc vi cc hng s acColor trong AutoCAD. Di y l danh sch cc hng s ny: Hng s
acByBlock acRed acYellow acGreen acCyan

Gi tr
0 1 2 3 4

ngha
Mu ca i tng ly theo mu ca Block cha i tng . Mu . Mu vng. Mu xanh l. Mu xanh lam.

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acBlue acMagenta acWhite acByLayer 5 6 7 256 Mu xanh da tri. Mu tm Mu trng hoc en tu thuc vo mu nn. Mu ca i tng ly theo mu ca lp cha i tng .

on m di y cho php ngi dng chn i tng trn mn hnh v thc hin i mu i tng c chn thnh mu :
Sub VD_Color() Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim P(2) As Double Chn i tng trn mn hnh On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity ent, P, "Chon doi tuong can doi mau: " If Not (ent Is Nothing) Then i mu i tng ent.Color = acRed ent.Update End If End Sub

ThuctnhLayerLpchaitng S dng thuc tnh Layer ly v thay i lp cha i tng. Thng thng, khi mt i tng hnh hc mi c to ra, i tng s c t trn lp hin hnh ca bn v. Khi ngi dng thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh Layer thnh tn ca mt lp khc, i tng s c t ng chuyn v nm trn lp mi ny. Nu ngi dng gn cho thuc tnh Layer mt tn lp khng c trong bn v th chng trnh s khng bo li, v i tng vn nm trn lp c.
object.Layer

Tham s
Object Layer

Gii thch
L i tng hnh hc. Chui cha tn ca lp.

on m di y cho php ngi dng chn i tng trn mn hnh v thc hin i lp ca i tng c chn thnh lp Layer1 (ngi dng phi to trc mt lp c tn l Layer1 bng lnh ca AutoCAD):
Sub VD_Layer() Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim P(2) As Double ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity ent, P, "Chon doi tuong can doi lop: " If Not (ent Is Nothing) Then ' Chuyn lp cho i tng ent.Layer = "Layer1" ent.Update End If End Sub

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ThuctnhLineTypeKiungcaitng thay i kiu hin th ca nt v cc i tng hnh hc trn mn hnh, thit lp li thuc tnh Linetype ca i tng thnh mt kiu ng hin c trong bn v. Thng thng, khi mt i tng va mi c to ra, i tng s c gn kiu ng bng kiu ng hin hnh trong bn v. Thuc tnh ny cng c hiu lc vi i tng Layer.
object.Linetype

Tham s
Object Linetype

Gii thch
L i tng hnh hc hoc i tng Layer. Chui cha tn ca kiu ng ca i tng. Ngoi ra, thuc tnh ny cng c th bng mt trong nhng gi tr c bit sau: CONTINUOUS: y l kiu ng mc nh, c AutoCAD t ng to ra. BYLAYER: kiu ng ca i tng s c ly bng kiu ng c gn cho lp cha i tng. BYBLOCK: kiu ng ca i tng s c ly bng kiu ng ca block c cha i tng.

on m di y cho php ngi dng chn i tng trn mn hnh v thc hin i kiu ng ca i tng c chn thnh DASHED2 (ngi dng phi to trc kiu ng c tn l DASHED2 bng lnh ca AutoCAD):
Sub VD_LineType() Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim P(2) As Double ' Chn i tng trn mn hnh On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity ent, P, "Chon DT can doi kieu duong: " If Not (ent Is Nothing) Then ' Chuyn kiu ng cho i tng ent.Linetype = "DASHED2" ent.Update End If End Sub
CH c th phi iu chnh gi tr ca bin h thng LTSCALE th mi quan st c cc kiu ng khng phi l nt lin.

ThuctnhLineweightChiudyntin Thuc tnh Lineweight dng thit lp chiu dy nt in cho cc i tng hnh hc v i tng Layer.
object.Lineweight

Gi tr ca thuc tnh ny l mt hng s kiu acLineWeight: Hng s


acLnWtByLayer

B (mm)
Theo lp

dy Hng s
acLnWt020

B (mm)
0.2

dy Hng s
acLnWt080

B dy (mm)
0.8

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acLnWtByBlock acLnWtByLwDefault acLnWt000 acLnWt005 acLnWt009 acLnWt013 acLnWt015 acLnWt018 Theo Block Mc nh 0.0 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.15 0.18 acLnWt025 acLnWt030 acLnWt035 acLnWt040 acLnWt050 acLnWt053 acLnWt060 acLnWt070 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.53 0.6 0.7 acLnWt090 acLnWt100 acLnWt106 acLnWt120 acLnWt140 acLnWt158 acLnWt200 acLnWt211 0.9 1.0 1.06 1.2 1.4 1.58 2.0 2.11

Khi mt i tng hnh hc va mi c to ra, gi tr ca thuc tnh ny l acLnWtByLayer. Nu khng c gn bng mt chiu dy nt in c th, chiu dy nt in s c ly bng chiu dy mc nh ca AutoCAD, chiu dy ny c xc nh thng qua bin h thng LWDEFAULT (gi tr ny c n v l 1/100 ca mm). on m lnh sau s minh ho cch thc thao tc vi thuc tnh Lineweight:
Sub VD_LineWeight() Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim centerPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double ' Xc nh cc thng s ca ng trn centerPoint(0) = 0#: centerPoint(1) = 0#: centerPoint(2) = 0# radius = 5# ' To ng trn trong khng gian m hnh Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddCircle(centerPoint, radius) ZoomAll ' Hin th chiu dy hin hnh ca ng trn MsgBox "Chieu day hien hanh la: " & circleObj.Lineweight ' Thay i chiu dy ca ng trn circleObj.Lineweight = acLnWt211 circleObj.Update MsgBox " Chieu day hien hanh la: " & circleObj.Lineweight End Sub

Ngoi nhng thuc tnh nh gii thiu trn, ngi lp trnh c th s dng cc thuc tnh sau hiu chnh i tng: Thuc tnh
Center Radius Area

i tng p dng
Arc, Circle. Arc, Circle. Arc, Circle, LWPolyline, Polyline. Line MText, Text.

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu double). To tm ca i tng. Kiu Double. Bn knh ca cung trn hoc ng trn. Kiu Double. Din tch vng khp kn ca i tng. l thuc tnh c-ghi i vi i tng Circle, l thuc tnh ch c vi cc i tng khc. Kiu Double. Thuc tnh ch c xc nh chiu di ca on thng. Kiu String. Chui vn bn c hin th trong i tng vn bn.

Length TextString

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Alignment Rotation Text. DimAligned, DimAngular, DimDiametric, DimOrdinate, DimRadial, DimRotated, MText, Text Hng s kiu acAlignment, xc nh ch canh hng theo phng ng v phng ngang. Kiu Double. Xc nh gc xoay ca i tng so vi phng ngang, c tnh bng Radian.

5.4.3. Hiu chnh ng a tuyn Nh c gii thiu phn trc, i vi ng a tuyn 2D, c hai loi i tng l: LWPolyline v Polyline, cch thc hiu chnh hai i tng ny l tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, cn phi ch mt im khc bit ln gia hai i tng ny: to ti mt nh ca ng LWPolyline ch c 2 thnh phn X v Y, cn to ti mt nh ca ng Polyline c c 3 thnh phn X, Y v Z nhng thnh phn th 3 s khng c s dng. y s tp trung gii thiu v cch hiu chnh ng a tuyn dng LWPolyline. Khi hiu chnh ng a tuyn, ngoi nhng cch thc c cp trn, ngi lp trnh thng s dng cc phng thc v thuc tnh sau: Thuc tnh
Area Closed ConstantWidth Elevation Coordinate(i) Coordinates

Gii thch
Double, ch c. Din tch ca vng khp kn to bi ng a tuyn. Boolean. Bng TRUE: ng a tuyn s c khp kn, bng FALSE: ng a tuyn s c m. Double. Chiu dy ca tt c cc on ca ng a tuyn. Double. Cao ca ng a tuyn (to z ca ng a tuyn). Variant (thc cht l mng 2 hoc 3 phn t kiu Double). To ca nh th i ca ng a tuyn. Variant (mng kiu Double). To ca tt c cc nh ca ng a tuyn.

Phng thc
SetWidth GetWidth

Gii thch
Thit lp chiu dy u v chiu dy cui cho on th i ca ng a tuyn. Ly chiu dy u v chiu dy cui cho on th i ca ng a tuyn.

Di y l mt s thao tc hiu chnh ng a tuyn thng dng Thmmtnhvongatuyn thm mt nh vo ng a tuyn, c th s dng phng thc AddVertex. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.AddVertex Index, Point

Tham s
Object Index Point

Gii thch
L i tng LWPolyline. Kiu Integer. Ch s ca nh cn thm vo ng a tuyn. nh u tin ca ng a tuyn c nh s l 0. Gi tr Index nhp vo phi ln hn 0. Kiu Variant (mng 2 phn t kiu Double) cha to ca im cn thm vo ng a tuyn.

V d sau s minh ho cch thc chn mt nh vo ng a tuyn:

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Sub VD_AddVertex() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 9) As Double ' Xc nh cc nh ca ng a tuyn points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 ' To ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) ZoomAll MsgBox "Them dinh vao duong da tuyen.", , "Vi du AddVertex" ' nh ngha to nh mi Dim newVertex(0 To 1) As Double newVertex(0) = 1.5: newVertex(1) = 1 ' Thm mt nh co ng a tuyn plineObj.AddVertex 2, newVertex plineObj.Update MsgBox "Da them dinh vao duong da tuyen.", , "Vi du AddVertex" End Sub

chocthayitonhcangatuyn c hoc thay i to nh ca ng a tuyn, c th s dng thuc tnh Coordinate(i) c trong i tng LWPolyline. Khi s dng thuc tnh ny, cn lu l ch s cc nh ca ng a tuyn c nh s bt u t 0. on m di y s to mt ng a tuyn, sau thay i to nh th 2 ca ng a tuyn v hin th to mi ca im ny trong hp thng bo.
Sub VD_Coordinate() Dim plineObj As AcadLWPolyline Dim points(0 To 9) As Double ' Xc nh cc nh ca ng a tuyn points(0) = 1: points(1) = 1 points(2) = 1: points(3) = 2 points(4) = 2: points(5) = 2 points(6) = 3: points(7) = 2 points(8) = 4: points(9) = 4 ' To ng a tuyn trong khng gian m hnh Set plineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLightWeightPolyline(points) ZoomAll MsgBox "Thay doi toa do dinh 2.", , "Vi du Coordinate" ' Thay i to ca nh th 2 Dim newVertex(0 To 1) As Double newVertex(0) = 2: newVertex(1) = 1 plineObj.Coordinate(2) = newVertex plineObj.Update ' c li to ca nh th 2 Dim reaVertex As Variant reaVertex = plineObj.Coordinate(2) MsgBox "Toa do moi cua dinh 2: (" & _ reaVertex(0) & "," & reaVertex(1) & ")", , "Vi du Coordinate" End Sub

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5.4.4. Hiu chnh vn bn n i tng vn bn n (Text) c s dng rt nhiu trong cc bn v thit k, v vy, phn ny ch tp trung gii thiu cch thc hiu chnh vn bn n thng dng Thayinidungcavnbn thay i ni dung ca vn bn n, s dng thuc tnh TextString c trong i tng Text. V d sau s to mt i tng vn bn n, sau thay i ni dung ca vn bn n .
Sub Example_TextString() Dim textObj As AcadText Dim text As String Dim insPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim height As Double ' nh ngha i tng vn bn n text = "Hello, World." insPoint(0) = 2: insPoint(1) = 2: insPoint(2) = 0 height = 0.5 ' To vn bn n trong khng gian m hnh Set textObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddText(text, insPoint, height) ZoomAll ' Thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh TextString MsgBox "Thuoc tinh TextString la: " & textObj.TextString, _ vbInformation, "Vi du TextString" textObj.TextString = "Chao cac ban!" textObj.Update MsgBox " TextString duoc thay doi thanh: " & textObj.TextString, _ vbInformation, "Vi du TextString" End Sub

Thayichcanhhng thay i ch canh hng ca vn bn n, s dng thuc tnh Alignment. Gi tr ca thuc tnh ny c th l mt trong nhng hng s acAlignment sau: Hng s
acAlignmentLeft acAlignmentCenter acAlignmentRight acAlignmentAligned acAlignmentMiddle

Hng s
acAlignmentFit acAlignmentTopLeft acAlignmentTopCenter acAlignmentTopRight acAlignmentMiddleLeft

Hng s
acAlignmentMiddleCenter acAlignmentMiddleRight acAlignmentBottomLeft acAlignmentBottomCenter acAlignmentBottomRight

ngha ca cc hng s ny c minh ho trong hnh sau:

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Hnh V-14: Minh ho cc hng s acAlignment.

Khi thc hin thay i ch canh hng ca i tng, cn lu n to im c s dng lm im canh hng. Vi tng ch canh hng khc nhau, to im ny c th l to cha trong thuc tnh InsertionPoint hoc thuc tnh TextAlignmentPoint: Vn bn canh hng bng acAlignmentLeft s s dng thuc tnh InsertionPoint nh v tr ca vn bn; Vn bn canh hng bng acAlignmentAligned hoc acAlignmentFit s s dng c hai thuc tnh InsertionPoint v TextAlignmentPoint nh v tr ca vn bn; Vn bn canh hng bng cc cch khc s s dng thuc tnh TextAlignmentPoint nh v tr vn bn. Chnh v vy, khi thay i ch canh hng cho vn bn, cn phi xc nh r ch canh hng xc nh to im chn ca vn bn cho hp l. V d sau s minh ho cch thay i ch canh hng cho vn bn. Trong v d c to mt im trong khng gian m hnh dng to im tham chiu thy r hn s thay i v tr ca vn bn khi thit lp li ch canh hng
Sub VD_Alignment() Dim textObj As AcadText Dim textString As String Dim insPoint(0 To 2) As Double, aliPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim height As Double Dim oldPDMODE As Integer Dim pointObj As AcadPoint ' nh ngha i tng vn bn n textString = "Hello, World." insPoint(0) = 3: insPoint(1) = 3: insPoint(2) = 0 aliPoint(0) = 3: aliPoint(1) = 3: aliPoint(2) = 0 height = 0.5 ' To i tng vn bn trong khng gian m hnh Set textObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddText _ (textString, insPoint, height) ' Lu kiu hin th im oldPDMODE = ThisDrawing.GetVariable("PDMODE") ' To mt im hnh ch thp ti im TextAlighmentPoint, ' c th hnh dung r hn s thay i Set pointObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddPoint(aliPoint) pointObj.Color = acRed ' Chuyn kiu hin th im thnh kiu ch thp ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDMODE", 2 ThisDrawing.Application.ZoomAll

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' Thay ch canh hng. textObj.Alignment = acAlignmentRight ' Do ch canh hng mi l acAlignmentRight nn im tham chiu ' nh v vn bn l TextAlignmentPoint ' V vy, cn phi gn to cho im TextAlignmentPoint textObj.TextAlignmentPoint = aliPoint textObj.Update MsgBox "Van ban dang o che do canh phai" ' Canh gia vn bn vi im tham chiu l im TextAlignmentPoint textObj.Alignment = acAlignmentCenter textObj.Update MsgBox "Van ban dang o che do canh giua" ' Hon tr li kiu hin th im ThisDrawing.SetVariable "PDMODE", oldPDMODE End Sub

5.5. Lm vic vi lp (Layer)


Lp l cc tng trong sut m trn ta c th t chc v nhm nhiu loi i tng hnh hc khc nhau ca bn v, Vic sp xp cc lp v i tng trn lp gip qun l thng tin ca bn v d dng hn. Qu trnh v lun c thc hin trn mt lp no . c th l lp mc nh hoc mt lp t to ra. Mi lp u c mt mu v kiu ng tng ng. Chng hn, ngi lp trnh c th to ra mt lp m trn ch v cc ng trc v gn cho n mu xanh vi kiu ng l CENTER. Tip , c khi no mun v cc ng trc ta ch cn chuyn sang lp v bt u v. Khng nht thit l phi thit lp kiu ng v mu sc mi khi mun v mt ng trc. Ngoi ra, cng c th tt lp ng trc nu khng mun hin th hoc in cc i tng ny. S dng lp l mt trong nhng u im ln khi v bng AutoCAD so vi khi s dng vi giy bt thng thng.

Tng in g

Tt c cc lp

5.5.1. To lp mi Ngi lp trnh c th to v t tn lp cho mt nhm cc i tng c ngha chung no (chng hn nh lp cc bc tng hoc lp kch thc) v gn mu v kiu ng cho nhng lp ny. Khi sp xp s lp, nn chn tn lp sao cho c ngha. Khi bt u mt bn v mi, AutoCAD s to ra mt lp c bit c tn l 0. Lp 0 ny c mc nh gn cho mu s 7 (mu trng hoc mu en tu thuc vo gi tr mu nn) v vi kiu ng CONTINUOUS (lin tc). V ngi dng khng th xo lp 0 ny. Ngi lp trnh c th to ra lp mi v gn thuc tnh mu sc cng nh kiu ng cho nhng lp ny. Mi mt lp l mt phn t ca tp i tng Layers. V to mt lp mi, c th s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng Layers. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:

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CHNGV:LPTRNHTRNAUTOCAD Set RetVal = object.Add(Name)

Tham s
Object Name RetVal

Gii thch
L tp i tng Layers. Kiu String. Xc nh tn ca lp s c to trong bn v. Kiu Layer. Bin tham chiu n i tng Layer va mi c to.

on m lnh sau s to lp mi tn New_Layer, gn mu cho lp v sau hin th cc thng tin ca lp trong mt hp thng bo.
Sub VD_AddLayer() Dim layerObj As AcadLayer ' Thm lp mi vo tp i tng Layers Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("New_Layer") ' Make the new layer the active layer for the drawing layerObj.Color = acRed ' Display the status of the new layer MsgBox layerObj.Name & " has been added." & vbCrLf & _ "LayerOn Status: " & layerObj.LayerOn & vbCrLf & _ "Freeze Status: " & layerObj.Freeze & vbCrLf & _ "Lock Status: " & layerObj.Lock & vbCrLf & _ "Color: " & layerObj.Color, , "Add Example" End Sub
CH Khi to mt lp mi, nu tham s Name trng tn vi mt lp c th lp c s khng b xo i v chng trnh s khng bo li. Khi , i tng RetVal s c t ng tham chiu n lp c tn lp bng vi gi tr ca tham s Name.

5.5.2. Truy xut v thay i tn mt lp c Khi cn thc hin mt tc ng no n mt lp, ngi lp trnh cn phi thc hin thao tc truy cp n lp . lm c vic ny, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin thng qua tp i tng Layers c trong i tng Document, v tt c cc lp u c cha trong tp i tng ny. Cch thc truy xut n mt lp c tn l New_Layer c trong bn v nh sau:
Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers ("New_Layer")

Ngoi ra, ngi lp trnh cng c th s dng vng lp For Each duyt qua tt c cc lp ang c trong bn v. on m di y s duyt qua tt c cc lp trong tp i tng Layers, hin th tn ca cc lp trong hp thng bo v nu lp no c tn l New_Layer s i tn thnh Tuong_Canh:
Sub VD_DuyetLop() Dim layerNames As String Dim ent As AcadLayer layerNames = "" For Each ent In ThisDrawing.Layers If ent.Name = "New_Layer" Then ent.Name = "Tuong_Canh" End If

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layerNames = layerNames + ent.Name + vbCrLf Next MsgBox "Danh sach cac lop: " + vbCrLf + layerNames End Sub

5.5.3. Thit lp lp hin hnh Qu trnh v lun c thc hin trn lp hin hnh. Sau khi chn lp thnh lp hin hnh, cc i tng hnh hc mi c to ra u c t trn lp v tt c cc i tng ny u s dng mu v kiu ng ca lp . Cn lu l: khng th thit lp thnh lp hin hnh cho mt lp no nu nh lp ng cng (Freeze). chn mt lp lm lp hin hnh, ta s dng thuc tnh ActiveLayer trong i tng Document. on m di y s to mt lp mi v bin lp thnh lp hin hnh:
Dim newlayer As AcadLayer Set newlayer = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("LAYER1") ThisDrawing.ActiveLayer = newlayer

5.5.4. Thit lp cc ch hin th ca lp AutoCAD khng hin th hay in cc i tng c v trn cc lp n. Nu mun khng b vng tm nhn khi lm vic chi tit trn mt lp hoc mt s lp c th, hoc nu khng mun in mt s chi tit nht nh, chng hn nh ng chun hoc cc ng tm, ta c th tt hoc lm ng cng cc lp khng cn thit . Hnh thc iu khin tnh nhn thy ca mt lp ph thuc vo cch ta lm vic v kch thc bn v, bao gm: bt/tt lp, kho/m kho lp, ng cng/tan lp. Bt/Ttlp Cc lp tt s vn c ti to li cng vi bn v nhng li khng c hin th hay in ra. Nn tt cc lp i thay v lm ng cng nu thng xuyn chuyn i gia cc lp c nhn thy v lp n. Bng cch tt cc lp, ta trnh phi ti to li bn v mi khi lm tan lp. Khi bt mt lp c tt, AutoCAD s v li cc i tng trn lp .

Bt tt c cc lp

Bt 2 lp

Bt 1 lp

bt hay tt cc lp, ta s dng thuc tnh LayerOn. bt mt lp, gn gi tr TRUE v tt mt lp th gn gi tr FALSE cho thuc tnh ny. Trong v d sau, ta to mt lp mi, tip thm mt vng trn v tt lp i khng nhn thy vng trn na.
Sub VD_LayerInvisble() To ng trn Dim circleObj As AcadCircle Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim radius As Double center(0) = 2: center(1) = 2: center(2) = 0 radius = 1 Set circleObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace. _ AddCircle(center, radius)

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circleObj.Color = acByLayer To lp "ABC" Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") layerObj.Color = acRed Gn ng trn vo lp "ABC" circleObj.Layer = "ABC" circleObj.Update Tt lp "ABC" layerObj.LayerOn = False ThisDrawing.Regen acActiveViewport End Sub

ngcng/Tanlp Ngi lp trnh c th lm ng cng cc lp khng cn hin th trong thi gian di tng tc hin th nhng thay i, ci thin qu trnh la chn i tng v gim thi gian ti to cho nhng bn v phc tp. AutoCAD khng hin th, in hay ti to cc i tng trn cc lp ng cng. Khi ta lm tan mt lp b ng cng, AutoCAD s phc hi v hin th cc i tng trn lp . lm ng cng hay lm tan mt lp b ng cng, ta s dng thuc tnh Freeze. lm ng cng mt lp, ta gn gi tr TRUE v lm tan mt lp, ta gn gi tr FALSE cho thuc tnh ny. V d sau to mt lp mi c tn ABC v sau lm ng cng lp .
Sub VD_LayerFreeze() To lp "ABC" Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") ng cng lp "ABC" layerObj.Freeze = True End Sub

Kho/Mkholp Khi mt lp b kho, cc i tng nm trn lp s khng th hiu chnh c na mc d ngi dng vn nhn thy chng trn bn v. Bin php kho lp rt hu ch khi ngi dng mun hiu chnh cc i tng trn mt lp no nhng ng thi cng mun quan st cc i tng cc lp khc m khng lm nh hng n cc i tng lp ny. Ngi dng c th bin mt lp b kho thnh lp hin hnh, thm i tng vo lp, mu v kiu ng ca cc lp,... nhng khng th hiu chnh cc i tng c trong lp. kho hay m cc lp, ta s dng thuc tnh Lock. Nu mun kho mt lp, ta gn gi tr TRUE, m kha ta gn gi tr FALSE cho thuc tnh ny. V d sau to mt lp c tn ABC v sau kho lp ny li.
Sub VD_LayerLock() To lp "ABC" Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") Kha lp "ABC" layerObj.Lock = True End Sub

5.5.5. Xo lp

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xa lp, s dng phng thc Delete ca chnh i tng Layer. Lp c th c xa bt k lc no trong khi v. Tuy nhin, khng th xa lp hin hnh, lp 0, hoc lp ang c cha i tng, nu c tnh thc hin, chng trnh s pht sinh li.
GI xo cc i tng phi hnh hc (bao gm c i tng Layer) khng cn c s dng trong bn v, c th s dng phng thc PurgeAll c trong i tng Document, hoc s dng lnh Purge ti dng lnh ca AutoCAD.

on m sau s thc hin xo lp c tn l ABC.


Sub VD_LayerDelete() Dim layerObj As AcadLayer Set layerObj = ThisDrawing.Layers.Add("ABC") layerObj.Delete End Sub

5.6. Thao tc vi kiu ng Linetype


Kiu ng l s lp li mu gch ngang, chm, cc khong trng hoc cc k hiu khc. Trong AutoCAD, cc kiu ng c nh ngha sn trong tp ACAD.LIN. Khi mun s dng mt kiu ng no , cn phi thc hin ti kiu ng vo trong AutoCAD.
GI i vi AutoCAD 2002, thng thng, tp ACAD.LIN s c lu trong th mc C:\Program Files\AutoCAD 2002\Support

5.6.1. Ti kiu ng vo AutoCAD ti kiu ng vo AutoCAD, s dng phng thc Load c trong tp i tng Linetypes. Nhng kiu ng c ti vo u nm trong tp i tng Linetypes. C php ca phng thc Load nh sau:
object.Load LineTypeName, FileName

Tham s
Object LineTypeName FileName

Gii thch
L tp i tng Linetypes Kiu String. Tn ca kiu ng cn ti vo AutoCAD (tn ca kiu ng phi c trong tp cha kiu ng). Kiu String. Tn tp cha kiu ng cn ti vo AutoCAD.

V d sau thc hin ti kiu ng CENTER t tp ACAD.LIN. Nu kiu ng ny c, th mt thng bo s xut hin bo cho ngi dng c bit:
Sub VD_ LinetypeLoad() Dim linetypeName As String linetypeName = "CENTER" ' Ti kiu ng "CENTER" t tp acad.lin On Error Resume Next ThisDrawing.Linetypes.Load linetypeName, "acad.lin" ' by li

' Nu kiu ng tn ti, thng bo cho ngi dng If Err.Description = "Duplicate record name" Then MsgBox "Kieu duong ten '" & linetypeName & "' da duoc tai." End If

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End Sub

5.6.2. Truy xut v i tn kiu ng Khi cn thc hin mt mt tc ng no n kiu ng, ngi lp trnh cn phi thc hin thao tc truy xut n kiu ng . lm c vic ny, ngi lp trnh phi thc hin thng qua tp i tng Linetypes c trong i tng Document v tt c cc kiu ng u c cha trong tp i tng ny. Cch thc truy xut n kiu ng c tn l CENTER c trong bn v nh sau:
Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER")

Ngi dng c th i tn mt kiu ng d nhn bit hn trong qu trnh s dng. Khi i tn kiu ng, thc cht l ch i tn kiu ng nh ngha trong bn v. Tn kiu ng trong tp .LIN vn gi nguyn. i tn kiu ng, ta s dng thuc tnh Name c trong i tng Linetype.
CH Khng th i tn kiu ng BYLAYER, BYBLOCK, hoc CONTINUOUS.

V d sau thc hin vic truy xut n kiu ng tn l CENTER v i tn kiu ng thnh Duong_Tam. Nu kiu ng ny cha c trong bn v, s thng bo li cho ngi dng:
Sub VD_LinetypeName() Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType On Error Resume Next ' Thc hin truy xut n kiu ng Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER") If linetypeObj Is Nothing Then ' Thng bo li khi kiu ng khng tn ti MsgBox "Kieu duong khong ton tai" Else ' Thay i tn kiu ng linetypeObj.Name = "Duong_Tam" End If End Sub

5.6.3. Thit lp kiu ng hin hnh Khi mt kiu ng c kch hot lm kiu ng hin hnh, tt c cc i tng mi c to s s dng kiu ng ny, tr khi i tng c kiu ng l BYLAYER hoc BYBLOCK. kch hot mt kiu ng thnh kiu ng hin hnh, s dng thuc tnh ActiveLinetype c trong i tng Document. on m sau s kch hot kiu ng CENTER thnh kiu ng hin hnh ca bn v:
Sub VD_ActiveLinetype() Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER") ThisDrawing.ActiveLinetype = linetypeObj End Sub

5.6.4. Xo kiu ng c

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Khi khng cn s dng mt kiu ng no , c th xa kiu ng ra khi bn v. thc hin thao tc ny, s dng phng thc Delete c trong i tng Linetype. Tuy nhin khng th xa kiu ng BYLAYER, BYBLOCK, CONTINUOUS, kiu ng hin hnh hoc kiu ng ang c mt i tng khc s dng.
GI xo cc i tng phi hnh hc (bao gm c i tng Linetype) khng cn c s dng trong bn v, c th s dng phng thc PurgeAll c trong i tng Document, hoc s dng lnh Purge ti dng lnh ca AutoCAD.

on m sau thc hin xo kiu ng CENTER khi bn v AutoCAD.


Sub VD_LinetypeDelete() Dim linetypeObj As AcadLineType Set linetypeObj = ThisDrawing.Linetypes("CENTER") linetypeObj.Delete End Sub

5.7. Thao tc vi ng kch thc Dimension


ng kch thc cho bit cc s o hnh hc ca i tng nh khong cch, gc gia cc i tng v to XY ca mt im. AutoCAD cung cp 3 loi kch thc c bn: dng ng (Kch thc di, kch thc hnh chiu,), dng gc (kch thc gc,) v dng tia (kch thc bn knh, kch thc ng knh,).

Hnh V-15: Cc thnh phn c bn ca ng kch thc.

ng kch thc cng l i tng hnh hc nn vic to cc ng kch thc cng tng t nh cc i tng hnh hc khc. Trc tin, xc nh ni cha i tng (ModelSpace hay PaperSpace), sau s dng cc phng thc to ng kch thc vi dng AddDimXXX (XXX l loi ng kch thc tng ng). Kiu dng ca ng kch thc mi c to ra s c ly theo nh dng ca kiu ng kch thc (DimensionStyle) hin hnh trn bn v. Sau khi c to ra, ngi dng c th thay i kiu dng ca tng thnh phn trong ng kch thc thng qua cc thuc tnh tng ng c trong i tng ng kch thc, hoc c th nh dng theo mt kiu ng kch thc c thng qua thuc tnh StyleName. 5.7.1. Kiu ng kch thc DimensionStyle Cc kiu ng kch thc trong mt bn v c qun l trong tp i tng DimStyles ca i tng Document. Mi kiu ng knh thc, l mt phn t ca tp i tng DimStyles, cha cc thit lp chi tit v kiu dng ca ng kch thc.
GI Trong AutoCAD, thit lp kiu ng kch thc, ngi dng c th truy cp thng qua trnh n Format Dimension Styles

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Tokiungkchthc S dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng DimStyles to mi mt kiu ng kch thc. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
Set RetVal = DimStyles.Add(Name)

Tham s
Name RetVal

M t
Kiu String. Tn ca kiu ng kch thc s c to. i tng kiu DimStyle cha kiu ng kch thc va c to.

on m sau s to mt kiu ng kch thc mi c tn l NewDimStyle


Dim objDimStyle As AcadDimStyle Set objDimStyle = ThisDrawing.DimStyles.Add("NewDimStyle")

nhdngkiungkchthc Kiu ng kch thc mi c to s tha hng tt c cc thuc tnh ca kiu ng kch thc hin hnh trong bn v. Tuy nhin, vic hiu chnh nh dng cho kiu ng kch thc kh kh khn v i tng kiu ng kch thc khng c cc thuc tnh hay phng thc phc v cho mc ch ny. thay i nh dng cho kiu ng kch thc, ngi dng phi tin hnh gin tip thng qua vic thit lp cc bin h thng. Nh vy, vic to v hiu chnh nh dng ca mt kiu ng kch thc c th c thc hin theo trnh t sau: 1. To i tng kiu ng kch thc s dng phng thc Add c trong tp i tng SimStyles. 2. Thit lp cc bin h thng tng ng vi nh dng ca tng thnh phn trong kiu ng kch thc cn thay i. 3. S dng phng thc CopyFrom c trong i tng kiu ng kch thc cp nht cc nh dng thay i. V d sau thc hin to mt kiu ng kch thc mi c tn NewDimStyle v sau thc hin hiu chnh nh dng cho kiu ng kch thc .
Public Sub NewDimStyle() Dim objDimStyle As AcadDimStyle To kiu ng kch thc mi Set objDimStyle = ThisDrawing.DimStyles.Add("NewDimStyle") Thit lp cc bin h thng nh dng kiu ng kch thc ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMCLRD", acRed ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMCLRE", acBlue ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMCLRT", acWhite ThisDrawing.SetVariable "DIMLWD", acLnWtByLwDefault Cp nht nhng thay i cho kiu ng kch thc objDimStyle.CopyFrom ThisDrawing End Sub

C rt nhiu bin h thng dng nh dng kiu ng kch thc v cc bin h thng ny u c bt u bng tin t DIM. Ngi dng c th tham kho cc bin h thng ny trong mc System Variable trong ti liu AutoCAD Command Reference c sn trong b ti liu

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tr gip ca AutoCAD. Di y l danh sch cc bin h thng nh dng kiu ng kch thc hay c s dng: Bin
DIMASZ DIMBLK

M t
Kiu Double. Xc nh kch thc mi tn ca ng kch thc. Kiu String. Xc nh tn ca loi mi tn ca ng kch thc. Mt s gi tr thng dng: "." "_OBLIQUE" "_OPEN"

DIMTSZ

Kiu Double. Xc nh kch thc ca mi tn trong trng hp bin h thng DIMBLK c gn bng "_OBLIQUE". Nu gn bng s khc khng, kiu mi tn s c t ng chuyn thnh _OBLIQUE; nu gn bng 0, kiu mi tn s l kiu c xc nh trong bin h thng DIMBLK. Kiu Integer. Xc nh mu ca ng kch thc v mi tn. Kiu Integer. Xc nh mu ca ng ging. Kiu Integer. Xc nh mu ca ch kch thc. Kiu Double. Xc nh b dy ca ng kch thc Kiu Integer. Xc nh s ch s sau du phy trong phn ch kch thc.

DIMCLRD DIMCLRE DIMCLRT DIMLWD DIMDEC

Sdngkiungkchthc Cc i tng ng kch thc mi c to ra s c ly nh dng ca kiu ng kch thc hin hnh. Ngi dng c th thay i kiu ng kch thc hin hnh bng cch gn gi tr ca thuc tnh ActiveDimStyle bng mt i tng kiu ng kch thc. Chng hn nh khi mun thay i kiu ng kch thc hin hnh thnh kiu ng kch thc c to v d trc, c th dng on m sau;
ThisDrawing.ActiveDimStyle = objDimStyle

Hoc
ThisDrawing.ActiveDimStyle = ThisDrawing.DimStyles("NewDimStyle")

Ngoi ra, sau khi ng kch thc c to ra, ngi dng c th thay i kiu ng kch thc cho n bng cch gn gi tr cho thuc tnh StyleName c trong i tng ng kch thc. V d sau cho php ngi dng chn mt ng kch thc trn mn hnh v thay i kiu ng kch thc ca i tng thnh kiu ng kch thc NewDimStyle c to v d trc.
Sub VD_StyleName() Dim dimEnt As AcadEntity Dim P As Variant Chn i tng ng kch thc trn mn hnh ThisDrawing.Utility.GetEntity dimEnt, P, "Chon duong kich thuoc: " Thay i kiu ng kch thc cho ng kch thc c chn dimEnt.StyleName = "NewDimStyle" End Sub

5.7.2. To ng kch thc

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to mi ng kch thc, ngi dng c th s dng cc phng thc AddDimXXX, vi XXX l loi ng kch thc cn to. AutoCAD c nhiu loi ng kch thc khc nhau, di y ch trnh by cch thc to cc loi ng kch thc thng dng. ngkchthcdiDimAligned S dng phng thc AddDimAligned to mi ng kch thc di. Vi ng kch thc ny, ngi dng phi xc nh 3 im: 2 im gc v mt im xc nh v tr ch kch thc. ng kch thc c to ra s nm song song vi on thng to bi 2 im gc.

Hnh V-16: ng kch thc di.

C php ca phng thc AddDimAligned nh sau:


Set RetVal = object.AddDimAligned(ExtLine1Point, ExtLine2Point, TextPosition)

Tham s
ExtLine1Point ExtLine2Point TextPosition RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th nht. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th hai. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im ghi kch thc. i tng kiu DimAligned, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.

V d sau s to mt ng kch thc di vi to hai im gc l (5,5,0) v (10,8,0), cn to im ghi kch thc l (6.5,8,0)
Sub VD_AddDimAligned() Dim dimObj As AcadDimAligned Dim P1(0 To 2) As Double Dim P2 (0 To 2) As Double Dim location(0 To 2) As Double ' nh ngha cc im trn ng kch thc P1 (0) = 5#: P1 (1) = 5#: P1 (2) = 0# P2 (0) = 10#: P2 (1) = 8#: P2 (2) = 0# location(0) = 6.5: location(1) = 8#: location(2) = 0# ' To ng kch thc di trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimAligned(P1, P2, location) ZoomAll End Sub

ngkchthchnhchiuDimRotated

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S dng phng thc AddDimRotated to mi ng kch thc hnh chiu. Vi ng kch thc ny, ngi dng cn phi xc nh 2 im gc, 1 im nm trn ng kch thc v gi tr gc xoay. Kch thc c ghi l hnh chiu ca on thng ni 2 im gc ln phng to vi trc X mt gc bng gc xoay v i qua im nm trn ng kch thc. Hnh di y minh ho cc thnh phn cn thit to ng kch thc hnh chiu:

Hnh V-17: ng kch thc hnh chiu.

C php ca phng thc AddDimRotated nh sau:


Set RetVal = object.AddDimRotated(XLine1Point, XLine2Point, DimLineLocation, RotationAngle)

Tham s
XLine1Point XLine2Point DimLineLocation RotationAngle RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th nht. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th hai. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im nm trn ng kch thc. Kiu Double. Gc xoay so vi phng ngang ca phng chiu, tnh bng Radian. i tng kiu DimRotated, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.

V d sau to mt ng kch thc hnh chiu vi to hai im gc l (0,5,0) v (5,5,0); to im nm trn ng kch thc l (0,0,0); gc xoay phng chiu bng 120 .
Sub VD_AddDimRotated() Dim dimObj As AcadDimRotated Dim point1(0 To 2) As Double Dim point2(0 To 2) As Double Dim location(0 To 2) As Double Dim rotAngle As Double ' Xc nh cc gi tr cn thit point1(0) = 0#: point1(1) = 5#: point1(2) = 0# point2(0) = 5#: point2(1) = 5#: point2(2) = 0# location(0) = 0#: location(1) = 0#: location(2) = 0# rotAngle = 120 rotAngle = rotAngle * 3.141592 / 180# ' Chuyn sang Radian ' To ng kch thc hnh chiu trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimRotated _ (point1, point2, location, rotAngle)

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ZoomAll End Sub
GI to ng kch thc hnh chiu theo phng ngang (Horizontal) th gn gc xoay phng chiu bng 0, cn ng kch thc hnh chiu theo phng ng (Vertical) th gn gc xoay phng chiu bng Pi/2.

ngkchthcgcDimAngular S dng phng thc AddDimAngular to mi ng kch thc gc. Vi ng kch thc ny, ngi dng cn phi xc nh tm, hai im gc v v tr t ch kch thc. Hnh di y minh ho cc thnh phn cn thit to ng kch thc gc:

Hnh V-18: ng kch thc gc

C php phng thc AddDimAngular nh sau:


Set RetVal = object.AddDimAngular(AngleVertex, FirstEndPoint, SecondEndPoint, TextPoint)

Tham s
AngleVertex FirstEndPoint SecondEndPoint TextPoint RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To tm ca ng kch thc. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th nht. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im gc th hai. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im ghi kch thc. i tng kiu DimAngular, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.

V d sau to ng kch thc o gc trong khng gian m hnh vi to tm l (0,5,0); to cc im gc l (1,7,0) v (1,3,0); to im ghi kch thc l (3,5,0):
Sub VD_AddDimAngular() Dim dimObj As AcadDimAngular Dim angVert(0 To 2) As Double Dim FirstPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim SecondPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim TextPoint(0 To 2) As Double ' Xc nh cc thng s cn thit to ng kch thc angVert(0) = 0#: angVert(1) = 5#: angVert(2) = 0#

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FirstPoint(0) = 1#: FirstPoint(1) = 7#: FirstPoint(2) = 0# SecondPoint(0) = 1#: SecondPoint(1) = 3#: SecondPoint(2) = 0# TextPoint(0) = 3#: TextPoint(1) = 5#: TextPoint(2) = 0# ' To ng kch thc o gc trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimAngular(angVert, FirstPoint, SecondPoint, TextPoint) ZoomAll End Sub

ngkchthcbnknhDimRadial S dng phng thc AddDimRadial to ng kch thc bn knh. to c ng kch thc ny, cn phi xc nh c to tm, to im o (nm trn cung trn hoc ng trn) v chiu di t im o n ch kch thc.

Hnh V-19: ng kch thc bn knh.

C php ca phng thc AddDimRadial nh sau:


Set RetVal = object.AddDimRadial(Center, ChordPoint, LeaderLength)

Tham s
Center ChordPoint LeaderLength RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To tm ca ng kch thc. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im o nm trn ng trn hoc cung trn. Kiu Double. Khong cch t ch ghi kch thc n im o. i tng kiu DimRadial, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.

V d sau to mt ng kch thc bn knh trong khng gian m hnh.


Sub VD_AddDimRadial() Dim dimObj As AcadDimRadial Dim center(0 To 2) As Double Dim chordPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim leaderLen As Integer ' Xc nh cc thng s ca ng kch thc center(0) = 0#: center(1) = 0#: center(2) = 0# chordPoint(0) = 5#: chordPoint(1) = 5#: chordPoint(2) = 0# leaderLen = 2 ' To ng kch thc bn knh trong khng gian m hnh

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Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimRadial _ (center, chordPoint, leaderLen) ZoomAll End Sub

ngkchthcngknhDimDiametric S dng phng thc AddDimDiametric to mi ng kch thc ng knh. to c ng kch thc ny, cn phi xc nh 2 im o nm trn ng trn v khong cch t im o th nht n ch ghi kch thc.

Hnh V-20: ng kch thc ng knh.

C php ca phng thc AddDimDiametric nh sau:


Set RetVal = object.AddDimDiametric(ChordPoint, FarChordPoint, LeaderLength)

Tham s
ChordPoint FarChordPoint LeaderLength RetVal

Gii thch
Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im o th nht nm trn ng trn hoc cung trn. Kiu Variant (mng 3 phn t kiu Double). To im o th hai nm trn ng trn hoc cung trn. Kiu Double. Khong cch t ch ghi kch thc n im o th nht. i tng kiu DimDiametric, tham chiu n i tng va mi c to.

V d sau minh ho cch thc s dng phng thc AddDimDiametric.


Sub VD_AddDimDiametric() Dim dimObj As AcadDimDiametric Dim chordPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim farChordPoint(0 To 2) As Double Dim leaderLength As Double ' Xc nh cc thng s ca ng kch thc chordPoint(0) = 5#: chordPoint(1) = 3#: chordPoint(2) = 0# farChordPoint(0) = 5#: farChordPoint(1) = 5#: farChordPoint(2) = 0# leaderLength = 2# ' To ng kch thc ng knh trong khng gian m hnh Set dimObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddDimDiametric _

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(chordPoint, farChordPoint, leaderLength) ZoomAll End Sub

5.7.3. nh dng ng kch thc Ngoi cch nh dng ng kch thc bng kiu ng kch thc thng qua thuc tnh StyleName nh trnh by mc S dng kiu ng kch thc trang 261, ngi dng cn c th thay i cc nh dng ny thng qua cc thuc tnh tng ng ca i tng ng kch thc. Di y l danh sch cc thuc tnh nh dng cho ng kch thc thng dng: Thuc tnh
AngleFormat Arrowhead1Type, Arrowhead2Type ArrowheadSize CenterMarkSize CenterType DecimalSeparator DimensionLineColor DimensionLineWeight ExtensionLineColor ExtensionLineExtend ExtensionLineOffset ExtensionLineWeight LinearScaleFactor PrimaryUnitsPrecision TextColor TextHeight TextRotation

M t
Quy nh nh dng n v ca kch thc dng gc. Quy nh dng u mi tn ca ng kch thc. Quy nh c u mi tn ca ng kch thc. Quy nh c ca du tm cho cc kch thc dng tia (ng kch thc gc, bn knh, ng knh,...) Quy nh dng ca du tm cho kch thc dng tia. Quy nh k t dng lm du cch thp phn. Quy nh mu cho ng ghi kch thc. Quy nh dy ca ng ghi kch thc. Quy nh mu ca cc ng ging. Quy nh khong cch t ng ging n ng ghi kch thc. Quy nh khong cch t ng ging n im gc ca ng ging. Quy nh dy ca ng ging. Quy nh h s t l ton cc cho cc s o kch thc dng ng. Quy nh s ch s thp phn hin th trong n v chnh ca kch thc. Quy nh mu ca ch kch thc. Quy nh cao ca ch kch thc. Quy nh gc nghing ca ch kch thc.

5.8. Thao tc vi d liu m rng XData


Ngoi cc thuc tnh c trong mi i tng, AutoCAD cn cho php to thm cc thuc tnh mi lu tr cc thng tin do ngi lp trnh t nh ngha. Nhng thng tin ny s c AutoCAD lu cng vi i tng trong bn v. Mi i tng c th cha nhiu d liu m rng khc nhau. Thng thng, cc d liu m rng c bt u bng tn ca ng dng, tip n l cc d liu khc. xc nh cc d liu m rng, phi s dng hai mng c chiu di bng nhau, mt mng kiu Short xc nh kiu d liu ca d liu m rng, mng th hai l mng kiu Variant cha cc d liu tng ng. 5.8.1. Gn d liu m rng S dng phng thc SetXData gn cc d liu m rng cho i tng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.SetXData XDataType, Xdata

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Tham s
Object XDataType Xdata

Gii thch
L i tng s c gn d liu m rng. Mng kiu Short, xc nh kiu d liu ca d liu m rng Mng kiu Variant, xc nh gi tr ca d liu m rng

Khi gn gi tr cho mng XDataType v Xdata, cn phi lu : C hai mng u l mng mt chiu v phi c kch thc bng nhau; Gi tr phn t ca mng Xdata phi c kiu d liu tng ng vi kiu d liu c xc nh trong mng XDataType. Bng di y l danh sch cc gi tr thng dng trong mng XDataType v ngha tng ng: Gi tr
1001 1000 1003 1010 1040 1071

ngha
Chui cha tn ca ng dng. Tn ca ng dng l do ngi lp trnh t thit lp. Gi tr kiu String. Tn ca Layer. To 3D ca mt im Gi tr ca Double. Gi tr kiu Interger.

V d sau s to mt ng thng trong khng gian m hnh, sau tin hnh gn cc d liu m rng cho ng thng .
Sub VD_SetXdata() ' To ng thng Dim lineObj As AcadLine Dim startPt(0 To 2) As Double, endPt(0 To 2) As Double startPt(0) = 1#: startPt(1) = 1#: startPt(2) = 0# endPt(0) = 5#: endPt(1) = 5#: endPt(2) = 0# Set lineObj = ThisDrawing.ModelSpace.AddLine(startPt, endPt) ZoomAll ' Khi to cc gi tr cho d liu m rng. ' Ch l d liu u tin phi l tn ca ng dng ' v m tng ng l 1001 Dim DataType(0 To 5) As Integer Mng cha kiu d liu Dim Data(0 To 5) As Variant Mng cha d liu Dim reals3(0 To 2) As Double DataType(0) DataType(1) DataType(2) DataType(3) DataType(4) reals3(0) = DataType(5) = 1001: Data(0) = "Test_Application" = 1000: Data(1) = "This is a test for xdata" = 1003: Data(2) = "0" ' Tn lp = 1040: Data(3) = 1.23479137438413E+40 ' Kiu Double = 1071: Data(4) = 32767 ' Kiu Integer -2.95: reals3(1) = 100: reals3(2) = -20 = 1010: Data(5) = reals3 ' To im

' Gn d liu m rng vo ng thng lineObj.SetXData DataType, Data End Sub

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5.8.2. c d liu m rng S dng phng thc GetXData c d liu m rng c trong mt i tng. C php ca phng thc ny nh sau:
object.GetXData AppName, XDataType, XdataValue

Tham s
Object AppName

Gii thch
L i tng c cha d liu m rng. L chui cha tn ca ng dng (nh c gn khi s dng phng thc SetXData). Nu tham s AppName l mt chui rng, phng thc ny s tr v tt c cc d liu m rng c trong i tng. Nu c truyn gi tr vo tham s AppName, phng thc ny ch tr v d liu m rng c to bi ng dng c tn nh xc nh trong tham s AppName. Mng kiu Short, xc nh kiu d liu ca d liu m rng c tr v. Mng kiu Variant, xc nh gi tr ca d liu m rng c tr v.

XDataType Xdata

V d sau cho php ngi dng chn mt i tng hnh hc trn bn v, sau s hin th tt c cc d liu m rng ca i tng c chn (nu c)
Sub VD_GetXData() Dim sset As AcadSelectionSet On Error Resume Next Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets("MySSet") sset.Delete Set sset = ThisDrawing.SelectionSets.Add("MySSet") ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Chon doi tuong can xem Xdata: " sset.SelectOnScreen Dim ent As AcadEntity Dim XDataType As Variant Dim XData As Variant Dim i As Integer For Each ent In sset ent.GetXData "", XDataType, XData If Not IsEmpty(XDataType) Then ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt (vbCrLf & ent.ObjectName) For i = LBound(XDataType) To UBound(XDataType) ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & XDataType(i) ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt " : " & XData(i) Next i Else ThisDrawing.Utility.Prompt vbCrLf & "Doi tuong khong chua XData" End If Next ent End Sub

6. Giao din ngi dng


Qu trnh nhp d liu v tng tc vi ngi dng c h tr theo nhiu cch khc nhau trong AutoCAD:

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Thng qua vic nhp liu ti dng lnh: ngi dng c th nhp vo mt chui, mt s, hoc thc hin mt chn la no ... Cc thao tc nhp liu ti dng lnh tham kho thm mc Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD trang 207 Thng qua vic tng tc trc tip trn bn v: ngi dng thng s thc hin la chn i tng, xc nh to im, Cc thao tc tng tc trc tip trn bn v tham kho thm mc Lm vic vi i tng SelectionSet trang 227 hoc mc Nhp d liu ngi dng t dng lnh ca AutoCAD trang 207. Thng qua hp thoi tu bin Userform: qu trnh nhp d liu c thc hin hu ht trn Userform, cc chc nng ca chng trnh s c trnh by trn UserForm thng qua cc nt bm, Cc thng tin v cch thc lp trnh trn UserForm, tham kho thm mc Lm vic vi UserForm v cc thnh phn iu khin trang 60 v mc Hp thoi tu bin UserForm trang 169. Thng qua h thng thanh trnh n v thanh cng c: ngi dng c th thc hin mt chc nng no ca chng trnh thng qua vic chn mt mc trnh n tng ng hoc chn mt nt lnh trn thanh cng c. Phn ny s tp trung gii thiu cch thc to trnh n trong AutoCAD.

6.1. Thao tc vi thanh trnh n


6.1.1. Cu trc ca h thng thanh trnh n H thng trnh n trong AutoCAD c t chc theo cu trc phn cp. M hnh i tng ca h thng thanh trnh n trong AutoCAD nh sau:

Hnh V-21: M hnh i tng ca h thng thanh trnh n trong AutoCAD

MenuBar l thanh trnh n nm ngay pha di thanh tiu ca ca s chng trnh AutoCAD. Trong MenuBar c cha cc PopupMenu, l mt trnh n x xung khi ngi dng kch chut vo, chng hn nh File, Edit, View, MenuGroups l tp i tng cha cc MenuGroup, l nhm cc trnh n trong AutoCAD. Thng thng, mi chng trnh u to cho mnh mt MenuGroup ring. Trong mi MenuGroup s c cha cc PopupMenu. Tp hp tt c cc PopupMenu trong tt c cc MenuGroup s hnh thnh nn MenuBar trn mn hnh ca chng trnh AutoCAD. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc PopupMenu trong MenuGroup u c hin th trn MenuBar, ch khi no ngi lp trnh hoc ngi dng thm vo MenuBar, MenuPopup mi c hin th trn MenuBar. PopupMenuItem l thnh phn cui cng trong cu trc phn cp i tng ca thanh trnh n. Mi PopupMenuItem chnh l mt lnh trong h thng thanh trnh n. Khi

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ngi dng kch chut vo PopupMenuItem th AutoCAD s thc hin mt chc nng no ca chng trnh. Cc thnh phn ca h thng trnh n c minh ho hnh sau:

Hnh V-22: Cc i tng trong h thng trnh n ca AutoCAD

6.1.2. To trnh n Ngi lp trnh c th d dng thm v hiu chnh h thng trnh n trong Excel thng qua cc on m lnh bng VBA theo cc bc sau: 1. Phc tho trnh n tu bin cn to v cc chc nng tng ng. 2. Vit m lnh cho tng PopupMenuItem. Mi on m lnh ny c cha trong mt Macro. 3. Tham chiu n MenuGroup, ni cn to trnh n tu bin. 4. To PopupMenu v PopupMenuItem. 5. Gn cc on m lnh tng ng to bc 2 cho tng PopupMenuItem. Di y s ln lt trnh by cc bc to trnh n tu bin trong AutoCAD Vdtotrnhn 1. Phc tho cu trc trnh n nh sau:

2. Vit m lnh cho tng PopupMenuItem

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'M LNH CHO LUA CHON 1 Sub Macro1() MsgBox "Ban da chon Lua chon 1" End Sub 'M LNH CHO LUA CHON 2 Sub Macro2() MsgBox "Ban da chon Lua chon 2" End Sub 'M LNH CHO LUA CHON 3 Sub Macro3() MsgBox "Ban da chon Lua chon 3" End Sub

3. Vit m lnh : tham chiu n MenuGroup, to trnh n tu bin v gn m lnh tng ng


Sub VD_TaoMenu() ' nh ngha bin v tham chiu n MenuGroup u tin Dim currMenuGroup As AcadMenuGroup Set currMenuGroup = ThisDrawing.Application.MenuGroups.Item(0) ' To trnh n (To PopupMenu) Dim newMenu As AcadPopupMenu Set newMenu = currMenuGroup.Menus.Add("Trinh don tuy bien") ' Khai bo bin cho PopupMenuItem Dim newMenuItem As AcadPopupMenuItem Dim openMacro As String ' To PopupMenuItem v gn m lnh tng ng openMacro = "-vbarun Macro1 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 1", openMacro) openMacro = "-vbarun Macro2 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 2", openMacro) openMacro = "-vbarun Macro3 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 3", openMacro) ' Hin th trnh n va to trn thanh trnh n (MenuBar) currMenuGroup.Menus.InsertMenuInMenuBar "Trinh don tuy bien", "" End Sub

Cc on m c to trong bc ca d n VBA.

v bc

phi c lu trong cng mt m-un chun

Tuy nhin, khi to c trnh n, nu thc thi Macro bc mt ln na th chng trnh s bo li. Nguyn nhn l do Trinh don tuy bien c to ln thc thi Macro trc. Chnh v vy, khc phc li ny, cn phi thay on m lnh bc bng on m lnh sau:
Sub VD_TaoMenu2() ' nh ngha bin v tham chiu n MenuGroup u tin Dim currMenuGroup As AcadMenuGroup

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Set currMenuGroup = ThisDrawing.Application.MenuGroups.Item(0) ' To trnh n (To PopupMenu) ' v x l tnh hung khi trnh n c to Dim newMenu As AcadPopupMenu On Error Resume Next Set newMenu = currMenuGroup.Menus.Add("Trinh don tuy bien") If Err <> 0 Then Set newMenu = currMenuGroup.Menus("Trinh don tuy bien") Dim menuEnt As AcadPopupMenuItem For Each menuEnt In newMenu menuEnt.Delete Next End If ' Khai bo bin cho PopupMenuItem Dim newMenuItem As AcadPopupMenuItem Dim openMacro As String ' To PopupMenuItem v gn m lnh tng ng openMacro = "-vbarun Macro1 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 1", openMacro) openMacro = "-vbarun Macro2 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 2", openMacro) openMacro = "-vbarun Macro3 " Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(newMenu.Count + 1, _ "Lua chon 3", openMacro) ' Hin th trnh n va to trn thanh trnh n (MenuBar) currMenuGroup.Menus.InsertMenuInMenuBar "Trinh don tuy bien", "" End Sub

6.1.3. Xo thanh trnh n Cc trnh n tu bin trong AutoCAD s c t ng xo i khi khi ng li AutoCAD. Tuy nhin, khi cn thit, ngi lp trnh c th g b cc trnh n tu bin ra khi AutoCAD bng m lnh VBA. Cn lu l khng th xo hn trnh n tu bin ra khi AutoCAD bng m lnh VBA m ch c th g b trnh n tu bin ra khi thanh trnh n ca AutoCAD. Ch cn khi ng li AutoCAD, trnh n tu bin s c t ng xo khi AutoCAD. g b trnh n tu bin c tn l Trinh don tuy bien c to v d trc, s dng on m sau:
Sub VD_XoaMenu() Dim pMenu As AcadPopupMenu On Error Resume Next Set pMenu = Application.MenuBar("Trinh don tuy bien") ' Kim tra xem nu trnh n tu bin c th s ' g b khi thanh trnh n ca AutoCAD If Not (pMenu Is Nothing) Then pMenu.RemoveFromMenuBar

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End If End Sub

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PHN III: TI LIU THAM KHO


1. John Walkenbach Excel 2002 Power Programming with VBA M&T Books 2001 . 2. Steve Saunders, Jeff Webb Programming Excel with VBA and .NET O'Reilly 2006. 3. Richard Shepherd Excel VBA Macro Programming McGraw-Hill 2004. 4. Autodesk (Ngi dch:L Qunh Mai, Trng Thanh Hong, Hong Thu Linh) Pht trin AutoCAD bng ActiveX & VBA 2006. 5. Joe Sutphin AutoCAD 2006 VBA: A Programmers Reference Apress 2005.

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