TUREK2008 Prague BB Catalogue II

POHEBIT Z OBDOB ZVONCOVITCH POHR V PRAZE II.
KATALOG A DISKUSE O VZNIKU A PVODU NEJSTARCH ZVONCOVITCH POHR

Jan Turek
Vnovno pamtce Humpreyho J. Case ( 13. ervna 2009)
Katalog2
1. Bohnice 1 (Praha 8) Psychiatrick lebna. V arelu stavu byly objeveny ti hroby kultury zvoncovitch pohr. Hrob I byl odkryt roku 1906, 5. jna tho roku dlnci odevzdali do Nrodnho muzea mal dbnek. V roce 1911 vykopal J. Axamit hrob II, z nj 27. srpna 1919 odevzdal do Nrodnho muzea zlomky msy se zdobenm okrajem. Hrob III byl vykopn v blzkosti hospodsk budovy a obsahoval dbnek, kter je dnes uloen v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy.
1 Kresebnou dokumentaci nlez podil autor ve spoluprci s kurtory sbrek tchto instituc: Oddlen prehistorie a protohistorie Nrodnho muzea v Praze (V. Sluneko), Oddlen archeologickch sbrek Muzea hlavnho msta Prahy (H. Nedvdov), stav pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy (Z. Blhov-Sklenov) a Nrodn pamtkov stav, zemn odborn pracovit v hlavnm mst Praze (T. Cymbalak). Za poskytnut fotografick dokumentace a starch nlezovch zprv dkuji L. Haimanov z Archivu nlezovch zprv Archeologickho stavu AV R, Praha, v. v. i. Vem kolegm dkuji za pomoc a cenn informace. V neposledn ad dkuji sv en Magd za pomoc s pravou podklad a sestaven obrazovch tabulek katalogu. 2 Pouit zkratky: VUT esk vysok uen technick; NM Praha Nrodn muzeum v Praze; Nrodn pamtkov stav, . o. p. v hl. m. Praze Nrodn pamtkov stav, zemn odborn pracovit v hlavnm mst Praze; inv. . inventrn slo; max. maximln; pr. . prstkov slo.
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Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008
Tento pspvek je druhm v ad publikac nlezovho fondu kultury zvoncovitch pohr v Praze, ktermi bude v nsledujcch letech zmapovn tento na nlezy velmi bohat region. Nlezov fond je zpracovvn a publikovn postupn po jednotlivch lokalitch a mstskch stech. V minulm dlu (Turek 2005a) byly uveejnny nlezy z mstskch st Hloubtn, Kobylisy, Prosek, Vysoany a Zbhlice. Tento dl katalogu uzavr pehled nlez z praskho vltavskho pravobe. Vzhledem k tomu, e dokonen celho projektu nelze oekvat v blzk budoucnosti, budou jednotliv seky publikace doplnny zkladn interpretac, aby kad st publikace pedstavovala do jist mry uzaven celek. Jednotliv nalezit jsou oznaena poadovm slem, pod kterm jsou vyznaena v souhrnn map pohebi zvoncovitch pohr v Praze (Turek 1996, mapa 3), a v ppad nov zjitnch lokalit sly nslednmi. Pro zpstupnn informac mezinrodn odborn veejnosti budou jednotliv publikace opateny obshlm souhrnem v anglitin.1
(31104)
Hrob I (1906)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 21) Dbnek, nzk baat. Povrch hladk, siln erodovan, souvisle hndoern. Vka 63 mm, prmr st 63 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 80 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15762 (darovno 5. jna 1906).
Hrob II (1911)
Nlezy: 1 L. Hjek (1968, 88) uvd nlez zlomk msy se zdobenm okrajem vnovanch 27. srpna 1919 J. Axamitem do sbrky Nrodnho muzea v Praze, kde v dob zpracovn tohoto katalogu nebyly identifikovny. Uloen: NM Praha neidentifikovno.
Hrob III
Nlezy: 1 Hrnec. L. Hjek (1968, 88) uvd uloen v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy, zde je vak dnes nlez neidentifikovateln. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy neidentifikovno.
Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 88; Stock 1926, 183; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 2. Bohnice 2 (Praha 8) Zelinsk zahrada psychiatrick lebny. 22. prosince 1937 zde byl odkryt kostrov poheb sedmi- a desetiletho dtte. Kosti nohou a pa se nachzely sten v zsypu hrobov jmy a lebka smovala obliejem k vchodu. L. Hjek se domnval, e by mohlo jt o poheb vsed, je ale mon, e se v tomto ppad jednalo o druhotn oteven hrob s dislokovanmi ostatky. Hrobov jma byla zahloubena 55 cm do psitho podlo. U severovchodn stny hrobu byla objevena msa, v jihozpadn sti hrobu byl nalezen jeden dbnek, v severozpadn sti hrobu pak nezdoben zvoncovit pohr, v nm byl uloen jet dal dbnek, a v jihozpadn sti hrobu byl odkryt jet jeden vt dbnek. Vechny nlezy jsou uloeny v Nrodnm muzeu v Praze.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 21) Nezdoben zvoncovit pohr. Povrch leskl, s ervenou engobou na hrubm ernm podkladu. Vka 108 mm, prmr st 123 mm, prmr podstavy 54 mm, objem 760 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15331. 2 (obr. 21) Dbn (mohlo by se jednat o omylem pipojen dbnek ntick kultury, pop. o nerozpoznanou superpozici s ntickm hrobem, to by mohlo snad vysvtlit poruen a dislokaci kostry). Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 127 mm, prmr st 104 mm, prmr podstavy 42 mm, objem 600 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15332. 3 (obr. 21) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, erodovan (peplen?), hndoern, se edmi skvrnami. Vka 64 mm, prmr st 54 mm, prmr podstavy 23 mm, objem 70 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15333. 4 (obr. 21) Dbnek (mohlo by snad jt o omylem pipojen dbnek ntick kultury?). Povrch hladk, souvisle ern. Vka 85 mm, prmr st 68 mm, prmr podstavy 33 mm, objem 160 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15334. 5 (obr. 21) Msa. Povrch polohrub, hndoern, skvrnit, s otisky organickho materilu. Vka 63 mm, prmr st 190 mm, prmr podstavy 92 mm, objem 860 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15335.
Literatura: Hjek 1962, 20; t 1968, 153; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 3. Bohnice 3 (Praha 8) Ostrona Zmka (t Na zmkch, Zmky atd.). Poloha je situovan mezi Vltavou a roklemi imickho a Drahanskho potoka. 32
Pi povrchovm sbru po orb byl na jae 1991 v arelu pozdjho hradit nalezen zlomek okraje msy kultury zvoncovitch pohr. V ppad tohoto ojedinlho nlezu nelze stanovit jeho pvodn kontext, nen tedy jasn, zda zlomek pochz ze znienho hrobu, nebo jde o doklad sdlitn aktivity. Z povrchovch sbr V. Danka pochz rovn jedna pazourkov ipka, kter me svm tvarem nleet tak do obdob kultury zvoncovitch pohr.
Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy; V. Danek.
Literatura: Turek 1995; t 1996; t 2005b. 9. imice 1 (Praha 8) V severn sti obce, mezi ulicemi imickou, alovskou a K Rybnku, pp. 1016. V zim 197576 byl pi odkryvu ntickho pohebit v hrob . 6 v hloubce 10 cm nalezen zlomek zdobenho zvoncovitho pohru. Jde patrn o zlomek vtrouen do zsypu ze zcela znienho hrobu, nebo sdlitnho objektu.
Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy.
Literatura: Havel 1980, 122124; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 10. imice 2 (Praha 8) Dve Doln Chabry. Neznm nalezit. Se sbrkou S. Hlavsy se do Nrodnho muzea dostal soubor keramiky, kter L. Hjek (1968, 17) zaadil do soupisu nlez kultury zvoncovitch pohr, jedn se vak o keramiku ntick kultury.
Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 2127921283 (Hlavsova sbrka).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 17; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 15. Doln Chabry (Praha 8) Cihelna ing. Berana (imice) p. 288 v hlu silnice K Ldv a V Kratinch. Nlezy byly objeveny ped rokem 1926 (Hlavsova sbrka) a v roce 1937. V ciheln bylo znieno vce hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr bez jakkoliv dokumentace. Rekonstruovat nlezov celky a okolnosti bylo mon u esti hrob. Hrob I (?) obsahoval ti mal dbnky a dal keramick zlomky, kter se do Nrodnho muzea dostaly spolen se sbrkou S. Hlavsy. Jeden ze dbnk (pohrek s uchem) vak nle kultue se rovou keramikou (NM Praha, inv. . 21246). V lokalit byly zaznamenny t hroby s keramikou rovou a jordansmhlskou, v souvislosti s tmito komponentami tedy nen pekvapiv, e mohlo dojt k pomchn nlez. Z hrobu II se zachoval jeden mal dbnek z Axamitovy sbrky, ve kter byly t zdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem a msa z hrobu III. 2. ervna 1937 zde byl prozkoumn hrob IV, kter obsahoval pravdpodobn musk poheb na levm boku hlavou k severu. Hrob obsahoval msu a nezdoben pohr s uchem, pazourkov ipky a dal tpy. 31. ervence 1937 zachrnil J. Fojtk poheb dtte s dvma malmi dbnky. Kostrov poheb VI byl J. Fojtkem dokumentovn v roce 1938 a podailo se z nj zachrnit jeden zdoben zvoncovit pohr. Nlezy jsou uloeny v Nrodnm muzeu. Hrob I (?)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 22) Pohrek s uchem kultury se rovou keramikou. Povrch souvisle edoern, s organickou pms,
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kamnky a patrnm otiskem obilky. Vka 80 mm, prmr st 60 mm, prmr podstavy 44 mm, objem 140 ml. Tento nlez zjevn nepat do souboru nsledujc prvodn keramiky. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 21246 (Hlavsova sbrka). 2 Dbnek. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 21247 (Hlavsova sbrka) neidentifikovno. 3 (obr. 22) Dbnek vakovitho tvaru. Povrch souvisle edohnd, hladk. Vka 92 mm, prmr st 54 mm, prmr podstavy 34 mm, objem 190 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 21284 (Hlavsova sbrka). 4 (obr. 22) Dbnek vakovitho tvaru. Povrch ervenohnd, hladk, s okrovoernou skvrnou. Na povrchu jsou patrn stopy svislho zahlazovn. Vka 97 mm, prmr st 63 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 21285 (Hlavsova sbrka).
Hrob II
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 22) Dbnek, nzk baat. Povrch edohndoern, skvrnit, hladk. Vka 62 mm, prmr st 59 mm, prmr podstavy 34 mm, objem 100 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46182 pvodn evidenn . sbrky J. Axamita 191 (Axamitova sbrka).
Hrob III
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 22) Zdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem. Vzdoba se skld ze dvou zkladnch vzdobnch ps s vertiklnmi klikatkami a ze t prbnch vzdobnch ps. Povrch erven, s ernmi skvrnami, erodovan, letn engoba dochovna jen mstn, snad s pozstatky bl inkrustace. Vka 116 mm, prmr st 131 mm, prmr podstavy 58 mm, objem 680 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46558 (Axamitova sbrka). 2 (obr. 22) Msa. Povrch polohrub, hndookrov, skvrnit. Vka 62 mm, prmr st 244 mm, prmr podstavy 150 mm, objem 1,2 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46807 (Axamitova sbrka).
Hrob IV (2. ervna 1937) Vchodn polovina byla sten odtena, lebka poruena a dlnky vyjmuta pazourkov ipka a jeden tp. Kostra byla uloena ve spraovm podlo v hloubce 125 cm. Ovln hrobov jma byla 137 cm dlouh, jej dochovan ka byla 73 cm. Skren kostra leela na levm boku hlavou k severu, nohama na jih a obliejem obrcena k jihovchodu. Nohy byly siln skreny, prav ruka sloena dlan ped bradou. Za zdy byla msa, k jihovchodu povalen dbn. U okraje msy byl jeden nezdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem. ipka byla uloena u temene hlavy, pazourkov krabadlo pod obratli a pazourkov jdro ped tlem.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 23) Msa. Povrch polohrub, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 95 mm, prmr st 273 mm, prmr podstavy 110 mm, objem 2 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15271 (pr. . 73/37). 2 (obr. 23) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern, v maximln vduti m perforovanou stnu. Vka 85 mm, prmr st 74 mm, prmr podstavy 27 mm, objem 150 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15272 (pr. . 73/37). 3 (obr. 23) Nezdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem/dbnek. Povrch hladk, okrovohnd, skvrnit. Vka 93 mm, prmr st 109 mm, prmr podstavy 50 mm, objem 550 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15273 (pr. . 73/37). 4 (obr. 23) Nezdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem/dbnek. Povrch hndoern, skvrnit, hladk. Zachovno jen asi 40 % ndoby, zbytek doplnn sdrou. Vka 97 mm, prmr st 115 mm, prmr podstavy 55 mm (?), objem 700 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15274 (pr. . 73/37). 5 (obr. 23) Residuum silicitovho jdra s krou. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15275 (pr. . 73/37). 6 (obr. 23) Hrot pu z edho opaknho silicitu (silicit glacigennch sediment). Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15276 (pr. . 73/37). 7 (obr. 23) epelov krabadlo s pozstatky kry, tmav hnd pazourek. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15277 (pr. . 73/37).
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Hrob V (31. ervence 1937)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 24) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk. Vka 78 mm, prmr st 73 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 120 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15281 (pr. . 86/37). 2 (obr. 24) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk, erodovan. Vka 64 mm, prmr st 65 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 80 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15282 (pr. . 86/37).
Hrob VI (1938)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 24) Zdoben zvoncovit pohr s temi prbnmi vzdobnmi psy a dvma hlavnmi vzdobnmi psy s negativnmi kosotverci. Povrch pvodn letn, s engobou, dnes erodovan. Zachovna asi polovina ndoby. Vka 135 mm, prmr st 175 mm, prmr podstavy 80 mm, objem 1500 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16447 (pr. . 15/39).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 2021; Stock 1926, 182, tab. CXIX:13; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 106. Doln Poernice 2 (Praha 9) Severn od Poernickho rybnka, v okol kty 264 m n. m. Na ZM 1:10000, list 122420, je sted plochy s nlezy vymezen souadnicemi Z:J [mm] 27:79. Z povrchu skryt plochy pochz ojedinl nlez zlomku zdobenho zvoncovitho pohru. Vzhledem k mstn komponent pohebit kultury se rovou keramikou a blzkosti polohy 102 (viz ne) s pohbem kultury zvoncovitch pohr lze snad pedpokldat, e jde o nlezy pohebn.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 24) Zlomek zvoncovitho pohru s kolkovanou vzdobou. Vzdoba cik-cak lini skldajc se ze t dk kolk, vodorovnou pskou s kruhovmi vpichy a kcmi se liniemi kolk. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 2 (obr. 24) Zlomek jazykovitho vnlku z podhrdl msy. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008
Literatura: Turek 2005b; Vencl Zadk 1992a, 5253, obr. 19:13. 102. Doln Poernice 1 (Praha 9) Poloha K Dubi, nedaleko Poernickho rybnka, zpadn od mostku pod eleznin trat, asi 200 m jin od Rokytky, asi 3 m v peven nad jejm tokem, v nadmosk vce 230 m n. m. Na ZM 1:5000, list Praha 22, je msto nlezu vymezeno bodem se souadnicemi Z:J [mm] 236:206. 18. ervna 1989 prozkoumali S. Vencl a J. Zadk hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr (obj. 3/89) naruen vkopem pro elektrick kabel. Lze pedpokldat enskou orientaci hlavou k jihu na pravm boku. V pedpokldanm mst hlavy bylo nalezeno est jantarovch korl rznch tvar. Pravdpodobn za zdy zemel bylo umstno pt ndob: nezdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem, mal dbnek se irokou plochou podstavou, msa, dvojuch amforka a zdoben vlcovit hrnec s horizontlnm pskovm uchem. Po odkryvu 4045 cm hnd hlinitopsit ornice se hrob projevoval jako syt ernohnd psit vpl s ojedinlmi stepy, zlomky mazanice a drobnmi zlomky krevele. Pdorys zhruba obdlnkovitho tvaru se zaoblenmi rohy velikosti 160 x 98 cm a severojin orientace proala rha pro kabel v ce 35 cm do hloubky pes 100 cm. Svisl stny jmy pechzely plynule do plochho dna poruenho msty krotovinami. Maximln hloubka hrobu inila 87 cm od dnenho povrchu. Podlo tvo lut a lutohnd trkopsek s valounky. Ndoby leely seskupeny na ploe asi 50 x 40 cm zasaen zsti rhou, piem stepy dbnku leely v mse. Stejn pi dn 35
jmy leela pi jihozpadnm rohu skupina jantarovch korl, kter byla zjitna pi zaiovn dna jmy, a tm zsti pokozena. V objektu se nedochovala dn stopa po kostech nebo zubech.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 25) Jantarov korl ovln, s plochou podstavou a klenutm lcem. lutohnd neleskl jantar se siln korodovanm povrchem. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 2 (obr. 25) Jantarov korl tvercov, s otvorem vrtanm z obou stran piblin uprosted. Povrch matn a pinav lutav edohnd, patinovan. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 3 (obr. 25) Jantarov korlek oble obdlnkov. Povrch matn edohndav. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 4 (obr. 25) Drobn zlomek jantarovho korlu se dvma paralelnmi otvory. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 5 (obr. 25) Jantarov korl nepravidelnho tvaru s plochmi stnami. Povrch pinav luto- a edohnd. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 6 (obr. 25) Jantarov korl kvadratick, rozen v mst prvrtu, pipomn tl sekeromlatu. Povrch zvtral, lutohnd. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 7 (obr. 25) Msa se dvma otvory pod okrajem. Povrch hladk, ervenohndookrov, skvrnit. Vka 79 mm, prmr st 235 mm, prmr podstavy 79 mm. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 8 (obr. 25) Dbnek s irokou plochou podstavou. Povrch hladk, hndoed, skvrnit. Vka 107 mm, prmr st 88 mm, prmr podstavy 92 mm. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 9 (obr. 25) Nezdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem. Povrch letn, okrov svtlehnd. Vka 160 mm, prmr st 152 mm, prmr podstavy 70 mm. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 10 (obr. 25) Vlcovit ndoba s vodorovnm pskovm uchem pod okrajem. Zdoben dvma svislmi ebky, kter jsou ryt a pn kolkovan (krtkm zubatm kolkem), msty setel. Cel ndoba je zejm imitac vlcovitho vdrka itho z kry. Povrch hladk, s ervenohndou engobou a prosvtajcm tmavoedm skvrnitm povrchem. Na vnj stran ndoby byl zjitn otisk obilky identifikovan E. Opravilem jako jemen obecn (Hordeum vulgare). Vka 157 mm, prmr st 141 mm, prmr podstavy 129 mm. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. 11 (obr. 25) Dvouuch amforka, pvodn se dvma protilehlmi uchy na plecch. Povrch hladk, svtle edohnd, skvrnit. Na vnitn stran patrn otisky organickho materilu. Vka 170 mm, prmr max. vduti 206 mm. Uloen: Archeologick stav AV R, Praha, v. v. i. Ve vplni hrobov jmy byl nalezen zlomek okraje a devt dalch zlomk keramiky, ti zlomky otel mazanice, pskovcov brousek, zlomek roubkovit zkamenliny a est zlomk krevele.
Literatura: Turek 2005b; Vencl Zadk 1992b, 633637. 20. blice 1 (Praha 8) Battistova cihelna (podle majitele dr. J. Battisty), na vchodoseverovchodnm svahu vrchu Ldv, na rohu ulic blick a Honeck, pp. 586587. Pozdji zde byl podnik Prefa. Severn od kruhovky bylo pi opakovanch akcch rznch sbratel v letech 190431 odkryto rozshl pohebit kultury zvoncovitch pohr, protontick a ntick kultury. Vechny zde evidovan pohby z obdob kultury zvoncovitch pohr byly kostrov. Hrob I byl znien v roce 1904 a obsahoval dbn, kter 5. z tho roku daroval p. Stejskal do Nrodnho muzea v Praze. V roce 1931 zachrnil J. Fojtk vbavu dalch esti hrob: hrob II obsahoval dbnek, hrob III dbnek a dv msy, hrob IV ndobu na nokch a dbn, hrob V msu a tyi dbnky, hrob VI dbnek, mal dbnek a dv msy, z hrobu VII pochzej ti mal dbnky a dv msy. Nsledujc dva hroby prozkoumal v roce 1931 Sttn archeologick stav. Hrob VIII obsahoval mal zdoben dbnek, 29. ervence 1931 byl prozkoumn hrob IX, kter obsahoval pravdpodobn poheb eny na pravm boku hlavou k jihovchodu a pohebn vbavu skldajc se z msy na
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nokch a dvancti kostnch knoflk s Vvrtnm. Nlezy z nsledujcch hrob se do Nrodnho muzea v Praze dostaly s Axamitovou sbrkou: hrob X obsahoval mal dbn, hrob XI msu, dva mal dbnky a dal ndobu, hrob XII (25. ervence 1931) dbn a msu, hrob XIII msu a hrob XIV mal dbn. V roce 1931 zskal St. Hlavsa materil z vce zniench hrob: deset dbnk (z toho jeden zdoben), est ms a jeden hrnec. Vechny nlezy jsou dnes uloeny v Nrodnm muzeu v Praze. Vzhledem k vtmu potu ndob lze pedpokldat, e zde bylo bez dokumentace znieno asi osm dalch hrob, ve skutenosti ale zejm vce. Dokumentace prostorov distribuce pohebnch nlez v rmci relativn omezenho prostoru Battistovy cihelny bohuel nebyla nikdy pozena. Existuje jen dl pln J. Axamita (1930, 196199), kter shrnuje pohebn i sdlitn nlezy asn eneolitick v ciheln a jejm okol. Ze sbrky Axamitovy, ale tak ze sbrek E. torcha, L. Hjka a z dar J. Fojtka, S. Hlavsy a J. Battisty do Nrodnho muzea vyplv, e krom pohb asn eneolitickch zde byly odkryty t hroby kultury se rovou keramikou a ntick kultury.
Hrob I (1904)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 26) Dbnek. Tlo dbnku je zdobeno pti svazky t vertiklnch plastickch lit. Povrch hladk, edohnd, se stopami hlazen povrchu, na tle svisle a na hrdle vodorovn. Vka 110 mm, prmr st 127 mm, prmr podstavy 54 mm, objem 1,1 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 14624 (dar p. Stejskal 5. z 1904).
Hrob II (13. srpna 1931)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 26) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit, drsn podstava. Vka 79 mm, prmr st 60 mm, prmr podstavy 34 mm, objem 160 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15283 (dar J. Fojtk).
Hrob III (1931)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 26) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, okrovohndoern, skvrnit. Vka 88 mm, prmr st 65 mm, prmr podstavy 25 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 70238 (dar J. Fojtk). 2 (obr. 26) Msa. Vka 94 mm, prmr st 274 mm, prmr podstavy 94 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 70239 (dar J. Fojtk). 3 (obr. 26) Msa, kem vertikln ucha a slep ucha. Povrch hladk, jednolit hndoern, drsn podstava. Vka 88 mm, prmr st 247 mm, prmr podstavy 107 mm, objem 1,4 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 70240 (dar J. Fojtk).
Hrob IV (1931)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 27) Msa na tyech nokch obdlnho ezu se dvma vertiklnmi uchy. Povrch hladk, hndookrov, skvrnit. Vka 107 mm, prmr st 127 mm, prmr podstavy 64 mm, objem 960 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16427 (dar J. Fojtk). 2 (obr. 27) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit, drsnj hrdlo a podstava s otisky organickho materilu a obilek. Vka 62 mm, prmr st 80 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 220 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16428 (dar J. Fojtk).
Hrob V (1931)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 27) Msa s dvma perforovanmi jazykovitmi vnlky na okraji. Povrch ernohndookrov, skvrnit, hladk, s drsnou podstavou. Vka 65 mm, Prmr st 187 mm, prmr podstavy 83 mm, objem 800 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16429 (dar J. Fojtk).
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2 (obr. 27) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle ern, na podstav patrn podspka. Vka 82 mm, prmr st 74 mm, prmr podstavy 32 mm, objem 220 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16430 (dar J. Fojtk). 3 (obr. 27) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern. Vka 74 mm, prmr st 63 mm, prmr podstavy 28 mm, objem 120 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16431 (dar J. Fojtk). 4 (obr. 27) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern, podstava drsn. Vka 80 mm, prmr st 61 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 190 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16432 (dar J. Fojtk). 5 (obr. 27) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern. Vka 66 mm, prmr st 44 mm, prmr podstavy 24 mm, objem 50 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16433 (dar J. Fojtk).
Hrob VI (1931)
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 28) thl dbnek s vysoko posazenm uchem. Povrch okrovohnd, skvrnit, hrub zpracovan, msty pehlazen, hrdlo drsn. Vka 125 mm, prmr st 90 mm, prmr podstavy 79 mm, objem 400 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16434 (dar J. Fojtk). 2 (obr. 28) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, ernohnd, skvrnit. Vka 87 mm, prmr st 52 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 170 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16435 (dar J. Fojtk). 3 (obr. 28) Msa. Povrch hrub, hndoern, s vtm mnostvm otisk obilek, podstava mrn obl. Vka 5664 mm, prmr st 138 mm, prmr podstavy 72 mm, objem 280 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16436 (dar J. Fojtk). 4 (obr. 28) Msa se dvma otvory ve stn pod okrajem. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern, spodn partie a podstava hrub. Vka 43 mm, prmr st 126 mm, prmr podstavy 65 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 16437 (dar J. Fojtk).
Hrob VII (1931)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 29) Dbnek se temi svazky t svislch plastickch lit umstnch kem k uchu, pod uchem plastick knry. Povrch skvrnit, edohndookrov, hladk, s drsnou podstavou. Vka 120 mm, prmr st 97 mm, prmr podstavy 65 mm, objem 1,2 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15344 (pr. . 48/31; dar J. Fojtk). 2 (obr. 28) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, hndoern, s okrovmi skvrnami, drsn podstava. Vka 98 mm, prmr st 102 mm, prmr podstavy 51 mm, objem 600 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15345 (pr. . 48/31; dar J. Fojtk). 3 (obr. 28) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, edoern, skvrnit, se stopami organickho materilu. Vka 96 mm, prmr st 69 mm, prmr podstavy 42 mm, objem 250 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15346 (pr. . 48/31; dar J. Fojtk). 4 (obr. 28) Msa. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit, podstava klenut, hladk/letn s ntrem tuhy (?). Je mon, e jde o ndobku jinho obdob (mlad doba bronzov?, doba haltatsk?), kter byla do pohebnho celku kultury zvoncovitch pohr zaazena omylem. Vka 55 mm, prmr st 138 mm, prmr podstavy 65 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 15347 (pr. . 48/31; dar J. Fojtk). 5 (obr. 29) Msa. Povrch hladk, souvisle ern, podstava drsn s otiskem provzk, nebo vtviky (?). Vka 71 mm, prmr st 200 mm, prmr podstavy 100 mm, objem 900 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 70237 (pr. . 48/31; dar J. Fojtk).
Hrob VIII (1931)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 30) Dbnek zdoben svazky vertiklnch rh s motivem psmene Y, klikatkami a vpichy. Povrch leskl, hndoern, jednolit. Vka 83 mm, prmr st 88 mm, prmr podstavy 48 mm, objem 210 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 43207.
Hrob IX (29. ervence 1931) 29. ervence 1931 zde L. Horkov-Jansov prozkoumala hrob, kter v nlezov zprv (archiv AR AV R, Praha, v. v. i., j. 1791/31) popsala takto: Dno hrobu bylo zaputno do hloubky asi 38
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 30) Msa na tyech nokch s perforovanm jazykovitm vnlkem na okraji. Povrch ernoed, jednolit, hladk. Vka 65 mm, prmr st 146 mm, prmr podstavy 48 mm, objem 420 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 43248. 2 (obr. 30) Msa na nokch. Dochovaly se tyi zlomky okraje msy se irokm msovm okrajem petaenm dovnit a jedn noky. Dva otvory pod okrajem, nad nimi dva hrotit jazykovit vnlky. Povrch hladk, jednolit okrov. Prmr st 307 mm, prmr noky 18 mm, dlka 19 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 43249. 311 (obr. 30) Parohov knoflky s Vvrtnm, prmr 1418 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 4325043261 (L. Hjek uvd celkem dvanct knoflk, v Nrodnm muzeu v Praze identifikovno jen devt knoflk, tj. inv. . 4325143252, 43254, 4325643261; srv. Hjek 1968, 18).
Hrob X
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 30) Dbnek pohrovit profilace, somogyvrskho chrakteru. Povrch souvisle hnd, hladk, erodovan. Vka 100 mm, prmr st 83 mm, prmr podstavy 31 mm, objem 230 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46537 (Axamitova sbrka).
Hrob XI
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 31) Msa s perforovanm jazykovitm vnlkem na okraji. Povrch okrovohnd, skvrnit, hladk, patrn peplen oprskan povrch. Vka 65 mm, prmr st 200 mm, prmr podstavy 85 mm, objem 1 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46552 (Axamitova sbrka). 2 (obr. 31) Mal ndobka s horizontlnm uchem. Povrch souvisle edohnd, hladk. Vka 50 mm, prmr st 61 mm, prmr podstavy 33 mm, objem 30 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46553 (Axamitova sbrka). 3 (obr. 31) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk. Vka 74 mm, prmr st 66 mm, prmr podstavy 42 mm, objem 160 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46554 pvodn evidenn . sbrky J. Axamita 443 (Axamitova sbrka).
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40 cm ve lutce, nad kterou v tchto mstech le jet 120 cm mocn vrstva zem (20 cm humus, 50 cm ornice, kulturn vrstva knovzsk) [L. Hjek uvd eneolitickou a mlad kulturn vrstvu; srv. Hjek 1968, 18]. Celkov dlka hrobu byla 140 cm, ku nebylo lze zjistiti, ponvad dlnci odkopali severozpadn okraj hrobu a ke koste. Hrob byl orientovn piblin od jihovchodu (hlava) k severozpadu (nohy). Kostra leela na pravm boku, skrena do dlky 104 cm, nohy byly znan pitaeny k trupu, take vzdlenost pat od pnve a kolen od dolnho konce hrudnho koe byla sotva 23 cm. Rovn ruce byly v lokti ohnuty a pitaeny na nevelkou vzdlenost od brady. Hrob byl na nkolika mstech prostoupen chodbou njakho vtho hlodavce, take jedno ebro bylo zavleeno a mezi oba femury, spodn elist spovala na levm rameni a st prstovch kstek obou rukou byla zavleena a k jihovchodnmu okraji hrobu. V hrob byly nalezeny 2 misky na nokch, je vak byly dlnky vykopnuty a sten i znieny ji pi objeven hrobu. Leely pr za hlavou kostry. Mimo keramiku bylo ve hrob jet 12 ploe kuelovitch kostnch knoflk, provrtanch v podob V. Jeden z nich leel u krku, druh mezi elist a lopatkou, jin pod ramenn kost, dal pak byl u prstovch kstek, zavleench k jihovchodnmu okraji hrobu. Ostatn knoflky, nalezen a pi vybrn kostry ze zem, leely porznu, jednak uvnit hrudnho koe, jednak na dn hrobu pod hrudnm koem. Msta, kde byly nalezeny, jsou na nrtku oznaena ernmi body. Z polohy knoflk lze nesporn souditi, e byly naity na pedn stran atu, avak byly-li pouhou ozdobou, nebo slouily-li t k zapnn atu, nebylo lze rozhodnouti. Ob misky i knoflky v hrob nalezen piazuj prozkouman hrob k typickm hrobm se zvoncovitmi pohry. V Praze 31. ervence 1931.
Obr. 1: Praha-blice 1. Pln hrobu IX a lokace nlez v Battistov ciheln (podle: archiv Archeologickho stavu AV R, Praha, v. v. i., j. 1791/31). Fig. 1: Prague-blice 1. Plan of the grave IX and location of finds in the area of Battistas brick kiln (after: archive of Archaeological Institut AV R Prague, site report No.1791/31).
Obr. 2: Praha-blice 1, hrob IX (podle: archiv Archeologickho stavu AV R, Praha, v. v. i., j. 1791/31). Fig. 2: Prague-blice 1, grave IX (after: archive of Archaeological Institute AV R Prague, site report No.1791/31).
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4 (obr. 31) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, leskl, souvisle hndoern. Vka 77 mm, prmr st 97 mm, prmr podstavy 39 mm, objem 300 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46555 (Axamitova sbrka).
Hrob XII (25. ervence 1931)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 31) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle hndoern, leskl, drsn podstava. Vka 70 mm, prmr st 61 mm, prmr podstavy 27 mm, objem 150 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46546 (Axamitova sbrka). 2 (obr. 31) thl dbn s vysoko posazenm uchem. Povrch hndoern, skvrnit, hladk, hrdlo drsn. Vka 104 mm, prmr st 80 mm, prmr podstavy 70 mm, objem 310 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46547 (Axamitova sbrka).
Hrob XIII
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 32) Msa. Povrch polohrub, souvisle hndoern, podstava se stopami organick podspky. Vka 53 mm, prmr st 108 mm, prmr podstavy 48 mm, objem 250 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46545 pvodn evidenn . sbrky J. Axamita 455 (Axamitova sbrka).
Hrob XIV
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 32) Nagyrvsk dbnek balknskho typu. Povrch hladk, ern, s hndmi skvrnami, na podstav otisky slmy (?). Vka 95 mm, prmr st 73 mm, prmr podstavy 47 mm, objem 300 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46719 pvodn evidenn . sbrky J. Axamita 440 (Axamitova sbrka).
Nlezy z hrob bez rozlien, kter zskal S. Hlavsa (1931)

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 32) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern, podstava s podspkou. Vka 64 mm, prmr st 69 mm, prmr podstavy 25 mm, objem 110 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12852. 2 (obr. 32) Dbnek. Povrch polohrub, hrub modelovan, hndoedoern. Vka 89 mm, prmr st 84 mm, prmr podstavy 34 mm, objem 300 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12857. 3 (obr. 32) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle edoern. Vka 83 mm, prmr st 72 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12859. 4 (obr. 32) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, letn, hndoerven, skvrnit, podstava drsn. Vka 70 mm, prmr st 75 mm, prmr podstavy 43 mm, objem 170 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12860. 5 (obr. 32) Dbnek. Povrch drsn, erodovan, edoern, skvrnit. Vka 91 mm, prmr st 70 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 210 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12861. 6 (obr. 33) Dbnek zdoben rytmi motivy knr a s knrem pod uchem; vzdoba byla do povrchu ndoby ryta a po vpalu. Povrch souvisle hndoern. Vka 77 mm, prmr st 54 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 180 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12863. 7 (obr. 33) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, edookrov, skvrnit. Vka 62 mm, prmr st 63 mm, prmr podstavy 18 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12865. 8 (obr. 33) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle edohnd. Vka 72 mm, prmr st 78 mm, prmr podstavy 28 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12867. 9 (obr. 33) Msa s vertiklnm uchem. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk, podstava drsn, s otisky organickho materilu. Vka 60 mm, prmr st 168 mm, prmr podstavy 69 mm, objem 450 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12877. 10 (obr. 35) Msa s vertiklnm uchem. Povrch edoern, letn, skvrnit, podstava drsn. Vka 57 mm, prmr st 178 mm, prmr podstavy 68 mm, objem 450 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12878. 11 (obr. 34) Msa s perforovanm jazykovitm vnlkem na okraji. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit, podstava hrub, s otisky organickho materilu. Vka 58 mm, prmr st 138 mm, prmr podstavy 71 mm, objem 380 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12879.
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12 (obr. 35) Msa. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 100 mm, prmr st 338 mm, prmr podstavy 75 mm, objem 4,5 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12880. 13 (obr. 34) Msa. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit, podstava drsn. Vka 78 mm, prmr st 230 mm, prmr podstavy 79 mm, objem 1,4 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12881. 14 (obr. 35) Hrnec s esovitou profilac. Povrch polohrub, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 187 mm, prmr st 165 mm, prmr podstavy 88 mm, objem 3 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 62978. 15 (obr. 34) Msa na tyech nokch s irokm msovm okrajem petaenm dovnit, dva otvory pod okrajem, nad nimi dva hrotit jazykovit vnlky. Povrch hladk, jednolit okrov. Vka 98 mm, prmr st 258 mm, objem 1,5 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 62979. 16 (obr. 33) Dbnek askoidnho tvaru, s asymetrickou podstavou. Povrch hladk, jednolit hndoed, podstava s otisky podspky. Vka 103110 mm, prmr st 75 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 0,32 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12858. 17 (obr. 33) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, edohnd, s ernmi skvrnami. Vka 75 mm, prmr st 62 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 0,15 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 12864. Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze
Archivn prameny: Archiv Archeologickho stavu AV R, Praha, v. v. i., j. 1791/31 (L. HorkovJansov). Literatura: Axamit 1930, 196199; Hjek 1968, 1719; Horkov-Jansov 1932, 97; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 21. blice 2 (Praha 8) Stavba dlnice D8, Cnoveck ulice, asi 500 m severoseverozpadn od mimorovovho ken s Kosteleckou ulic, nad levm behem ervenomlnskho potoka. V prosinci 1987 zde J. Havel prozkoumal dva kostrov hroby kultury zvoncovitch pohr. V dob dokonovn tohoto katalogu nebyly nlezy k dispozici.
Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, neinventovno.
Literatura: Turek 1996; t 2005b. 29. Kbely (Praha 9) ateck (dve Sukova) ulice p. 158, u kiovatky s Touimskou (dve Ndran) ulic p. 4, dm p. ermka (pp. 158/4). V srpnu 1955 zde byl kanalizanm vkopem naruen kostrov hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr. Kostra leela na pravm boku hlavou k jihu (ena), se zlomky dbnu u hlavy. Nlezy nebyly v katalogu dokumentovny.
Uloen: ?
Archivn prameny: Archiv Archeologickho stavu AV R, Praha, v. v. i., j. 3919/55, 3921/55 (Z. Fiedler), 3218/55, 3572/56 (H. Olmerov). Literatura: Hjek 1968, 31; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 45. Kr 1 (Praha 4) Dvr statku p. Welze v Doln Kri. Statek p. 1 a 2 za potokem proti p. 15 v ulici V Podzm, dvr vpravo proti budovm statku, pod budovou ndra. Kolem roku 1911 zde byly odkryty dva hroby, z nich jeden obsahoval zdoben a nezdoben zvoncovit pohr, ve druhm byl nalezen zdoben zvoncovit pohr. Nlezy se dostaly do sbrek Nrodnho muzea v Praze. 42
Obr. 3: Praha-blice 1, z hrob. Detail vzdoby dbnku ryt po vpalu. Foto J. Turek. Fig. 3: Prague-blice 1, destroyed graves. Detail of cup with engraved decoration after fireing. Photograph by J. Turek.
Hrob I Byl zahlouben 1 m do psitho podlo, ndoby byly od sebe vzdleny cca 150 cm, nebyly zaznamenny dn kostern pozstatky.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 36) Zvoncovit pohr. Zdoben tymi prbnmi vzdobnmi psy skldajcmi se ze vstcnch ikmch kolk, psy jsou rozdleny irokmi psy se temi lbky, posledn spodn ps je hladk, dlc linie kolk jsou irok a hlubok. Asi jedna tetina ndoby byla doplnna. Povrch hladk, jednolit edookrov. Vka 108 mm, prmr st 117 mm, prmr podstavy 60 mm, objem 500 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 19640. 2 (obr. 36) Nezdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem/dbn somogyvrskho typu. Povrch souvisle edoern, hladk, podstava s otiskem podspky. Vka 91 mm, prmr st 73 mm, prmr podstavy 46 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 19775.
Hrob II
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 36) Zdoben zvoncovit pohr. Vzdoba se skld ze dvou hlavnch vzdobnch ps s przdnmi metopami a temi, resp. tymi adami klikatek, prbn vzdoba je tvoena esti psy se ikmm kolkem a tymi zkmi psy s cik-cak umstnmi dlky. Vce ne jedna tetina ndoby byla doplnna. Povrch hladk, letn erven engoba nanesena na hndookrov povrch, dn pozstatky inkrustace se nedochovaly. Vka 178 mm, prmr st 205 mm, prmr podstavy 88 mm, objem 2500 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 46559.
Literatura: Axamit 1912, 20, 40, obr. 15:12,14; Hjek 1966, 216, obr. 8:1; t 1968, 96; Stock 1926, 183, tab. CXIV:1; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 46. Kr 2 (Praha 4) Za statkem p. Welze. V roce 1911 zde J. Axamit zaznamenal dajn rov hrob se zdobenm zvoncovitm pohrem a hrnkem s uchem. Vzhledem k pedpokldanmu blzkmu sousedstv s pedchoz polohou jde patrn o jednu pohebn skupinu. 43
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 36) Zvoncovit pohr. Zdoben pti prbnmi vzdobnmi psy se ikmo kladenm kolkem, pti nezdobenmi linkami s dlcm pskem, s vnitn vzdobou na okraji a dvma liniemi kolk usmrnnmi do ke piblin uprosted podstavy. Povrch jednolit tmav erven, s letnou engobou. Vka 117 mm, prmr st 107 mm, prmr podstavy 60 mm, objem 350 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 19641. 2 (obr. 37) Dbnek, naproti uchu na maximln vduti je umstn mal ovln vnlek. Povrch drsn, souvisle hndoed. Vka 101 mm, prmr st 69 mm, prmr podstavy 45 mm, dlka ovlnho vnlku 10 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 19642.
Literatura: Hjek 1966, 216, obr. 7:3; t 1968, 96; Stock 1926, 183, tab. CXIV:23. 50. Libe 1 (Praha 8) Balabenka, pp. 247. Ulice Na ertvch (vpravo od eleznin trati ve smru do Vysoan) proti Ludmilin a Ronkov ulici. Ped rokem 1891 zde B. Jelnek evidoval zdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem, pravdpodobn z hrobu.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 37, 50) Zdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem. Metopov vzdoba se dvma hlavnmi vzdobnmi psy (ti przdn metopy a ps negativnch kosotverc) a temi prbnmi vzdobnmi psy s vodorovnm kladenm kolk. Povrch letn, se souvisle ervenou engobou. Vka 107 mm, prmr st 110 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 500 ml. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, inv. . H 5692 (Mikova sbrka).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 9697; Jelnek 1891, 7; P 1899, 209; Prokop 1905, 48; Stock 1926, 183, tab. CXIX:12; Turek 1996; t 2005b; Weinzierl 1895, 2627, Taf. V:4. 51. Libe 2 (Praha 8) Zklady domu p. 828 (zvanho U sedmi skrenc) v Zenklov ulici p. 90, dve na rohu Podlipnho a Dalimilovy ulice (na rohu s ulic Hejtmnkovou). V roce 1906 zde E. torch prozkoumal sedm hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr a z nkolika dalch zcela zniench hrob zachrnil nkter pohebn pdavky. Hrob I obsahoval dbnek, zdoben dbnek a msu na nokch se zdobenm okrajem. Hrob II byl obloen kameny a obsahoval msu uloenou u nohou pohbu. Hrob III obsahoval poheb hlavou orientovan k jihozpadu s msou u kolen a s ozdobami z podln roztpnutch kanch kl. Hrob IV obsahoval msu a mdn dlo. V hrob V s kostrou orientovanou hlavou k severu na levm boku byly nalezeny dv mdn destiky (vlasov ozdoby), msa obsahujc zvec kosti a ploch erven kamnky. Vbava znienho hrobu VI se ztratila. Hrob VII obsahoval poheb na pravm boku hlavou k jihozpadu, u krku pravdpodobn eny byly dva zdoben, uprosted provrtan disky a ti kostn knoflky s Vvrtnm, v rohu hrobov jmy stla msa se zdobenm okrajem. Z rozruench hrob pochzej jet dva hrnky s uchem, zdoben dbnek a pohrovit ndoba. Nlezy jsou uloeny v Nrodnm muzeu v Praze. Hrob I (1906) Byl odkryt blzko sousednho domu pp. 543. Pod ornic byla 90 cm mocn humzn vrstva a pod n vrstva hndho psku, ve kter byla zaputna hrobov jma. Vedle kostry leely keramick ndoby.
44
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 38) Dbnek. Povrch hndoern, skvrnit, mrn peplen. Vka 95 mm, prmr st 60 mm, prmr podstavy 50 mm, objem 300 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28003 (torchova sbrka). 2 (obr. 37, 48) Dbnek zdoben horizontlnmi rytmi liniemi a klikatkou na hrdle, vertiklnmi rytmi liniemi a vpichovanmi dlky na tle a plastickmi knry pod uchem. Ndoba je na dvou mstech proraen. Povrch skvrnit, hndoern, polohrub. Vka 91 mm, prmr st 89 mm, prmr podstavy 52 mm, objem 400 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28005 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 677I (torchova sbrka). 3 (obr. 38) Msa na tyech nokch s uchem a se zdobenm okrajem. Kolkem zdoben ploch msovit okraj se tymi przdnmi metopami, dvma metopami s negativn klikatkou a dvma metopami s kolmmi vpichy. Povrch jednolit hndoed, polohrub. Vka 92 mm, prmr st 175 mm, prmr podstavy 75 mm, objem 1,1 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28006 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 678I (torchova sbrka).
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 39) Msa se dvma vertiklnmi uchy. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk, msty erodovan. Vka 100 mm, prmr st 259 mm, prmr podstavy 87 mm, objem 1,3 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28007 (torchova sbrka).
Hrob III (1906) Kostrov poheb byl odkryt asi 2 m severn od hrobu II. Byl rovn obloen kameny a obsahoval poheb na pravm boku hlavou k jihozpadu, obliejem k jihu. Celkov hloubka hrobov jmy byla 190 cm. Ped koleny kostry byla msa, za zdy pak sti vepovch kost.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 38) Msa s plastickmi vnlky na okraji. Povrch hladk, jednolit hndoern. Vka 76 mm, prmr st 193 mm, prmr podstavy 102 mm, objem 1 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28008 (torchova sbrka).
Hrob IV (1906) Kostrov poheb byl provzen msou a mdnm dlem.

Nlezy: 1 (obr. 39) Msa s vertiklnm uchem. Povrch souvisle edoern, hladk, msty hrub. Vka 110 mm, prmr st 262 mm, prmr podstavy 108 mm, objem 1,4 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28010 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 687 (torchova sbrka). 2 (obr. 39; vyobrazen podle: Turek 2008, obr. 58:17) Mdn jehlice s roztepanou svinutou hlavic. V Nrodnm muzeu nebyla v dob uzvrky katalogu k dispozici. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28011 (torchova sbrka).
Hrob V (1906) Byl nalezen nkolik metr severn od hrobu IV. Celkov hloubka hrobov jmy byla 150 cm. Hrob byl obloen a 50 cm dlouhmi kamennmi deskami. Kostra byla orientovna hlavou k severu, obliej smoval k vchodu (pravdpodobn poheb eny). Doln konetiny tvoily s osou ptee tm prav hel, ltka byla ke stehnm maximln pitaena. Dlan byly sloeny ped obliejem. Pod lebkou byly objeveny dva drobn mdn plky, kter se vak nedochovaly. U kolen byla odkryta msa se zvecmi kostmi a malmi plochmi ervenmi kamnky.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 39) Msa se tymi vertiklnmi uchy. Jedno ucho bylo vt ne ostatn. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 80 mm, prmr st 238 mm, prmr podstavy 97 mm, objem 1,2 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28059 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 689 (torchova sbrka).
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Hrob II (1906) Hrob byl nalezen pod chodnkem, piblin uprosted budovan stny. lo o kostrov poheb ve skren poloze s msou u nohou a s kamennm obloenm.
Hrob VI (1906) Tento hrob byl stavbai zcela znien. Hrob VII (1906) Kostrov poheb ve skren poloze na pravm boku (ena?) byl uloen v hloubce 160 cm. Tlo bylo orientovno hlavou k severozpadu a obliejem k vchodu. Pod krkem byly objeveny dva zdoben kostn perky a ti kostn knoflky s Vvrtnm. V rohu hrobu byla o stnu ikmo opena msa, zdoben dbnek a hrncovit ndoba.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 40) Msa se dvma uchy a s okrajem zdobenm svazky vstcnch rh. Vka 110 mm, prmr st 310 mm, prmr podstavy 100 mm, objem 2,2 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28052 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 692 (torchova sbrka). 2 (obr. 40) Kostn kotouek s rytm kem a otvorem uprosted. Prmr 2729 mm, sla 4 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28054 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 693 (torchova sbrka). 3 (obr. 40) Fragment kostnho kotouku s pozstatkem otvoru, bez vzdoby. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28055 (torchova sbrka). 4 (obr. 40) Kostn knoflk s Vvrtnm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28056 (torchova sbrka). 5 (obr. 40) Kostn knoflk s Vvrtnm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28057 (torchova sbrka).
Nlezy ze zniench hrob (1906) Ze zniench hrob pochzej ti dbnky, z toho jeden zdoben. Dal ndoba (NM Praha, inv. . 28161), kterou uvd L. Hjek (1968, 98), pochz z doby haltatsk, event. z doby msk.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 40) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, ernohnd, skvrnit. Vka 97 mm, prmr st 65 mm, prmr podstavy 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28004 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 676I (torchova sbrka). 2 (obr. 40) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk, mrn peplen. Vka 68 mm, prmr st 66 mm, prmr podstavy 38 mm, objem 100 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28009 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 683 (torchova sbrka). 3 (obr. 40) Dbnek zdoben esti svazky t (po obou stranch ucha dvou) rh. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern. Vka 80 mm, prmr st 77 mm, prmr podstavy 55 mm, objem 210 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 28024 pvodn evidenn . sbrky E. torcha 694 (torchova sbrka).
Literatura: Hjek 1950, 35, obr. 1; t 1957, 394; t 1968, 9798; torch 1914, 8488, obr. 3641, tab. V:10; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 52. Libe 3 (Praha 8) U sv. Ludmily. L. Hjek (1968, 147) uvd jako ztracen nlezy step kultury zvoncovitch pohr z rznch mst pvodn snad z rozshlejho pohebit (?).
Uloen: ?
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 147; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 58. Michle 1 (Praha 4) Pskovna vedle silnice na Chodov, dnes ji nelokalizovateln. V Chaurov sbrce byla identifikovna msa kultury zvoncovitch pohr, snad z hrobu, nalezen ped rokem 1905. 46
Uloen: ?
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 98; Prokop 1905, 49; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 47. Michle 2 (Praha 4) Pskovna u restaurace Belle Alliance, kter bvala na vchodnm konci dnen ulice U Michelskho lesa. Ped rokem 1913 zde J. Axamit v kulturn vrstv nalezl zlomky dbnk, ms, hrnc a jedn rozmrn ndoby. Jde o nlezy kultury zvoncovitch pohr uloen dnes ve sbrkch Nrodnho muzea, kter budou zpracovny spolen s ostatnmi sdlitnmi nlezy kultury zvoncovitch pohr v Praze.
Uloen: NM Praha.
Literatura: Axamit 1913, 10, 36, obr. 16; Hjek 1968, 96 (jako Kr); Turek 1996 (jako Kr); t 2005b. 59. Modany 1 (Praha 5) Ulice Na Havrnce, u domu p. 395. Ped rokem. 1914 zde byla nalezena msa kultury zvoncovitch pohr, kter byla jet v 60. letech 20. stolet ve sbrce J. Frie v Modanech.
Uloen: ? Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 71; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 60. Modany 2 (Praha 5) Pravdpodobn z hrob pochzej nlezy, kter zachrnil dic uitel F. Hrdina: nezdoben pohr s uchem, tyi mal dbnky, dv msy, dbnek a zlomky zdobenho zvoncovitho pohru. Pedmty nebyly v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy identifikovny.
Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy (?) neidentifikovno.
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 71; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 63. Nov Msto 1 (Praha 2) Karlovo nmst. Z kostrovho hrobu kultury zvoncovitch pohr pochz dbnek, kter je dnes uloen v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 41) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, okrovohndoed, skvrnit. Vka 72 mm, prmr st 59 mm, prmr podstavy 38 mm, objem 150 ml. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, inv. . H 16381 (. depozita v NM Praha 273D).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 99; Stock 1926, 183, tab. CXIX:17; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 64. Nov Msto 2 (Praha 2) Dm p. 1043 na rohu Havlkovy (dve Jezdeck) ulice p. 11 a ulice Na Po. Ped rokem 1926 zde byl snad v hrob nalezen dbnek, kter je dnes uloen v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy. 47
Obr. 4: Praha-Pitkovice 1, hrob 235 (podle: Turek Poliensk 2007). Fig. 4: Prague-Pitkovice 1, grave 235 (after: Turek Poliensk 2007).
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 40) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle ern, podstava klenut, drsn. Vka 86 mm, prmr st 64 mm, prmr podstavy 44 mm, objem 190 ml. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, neinventovno (st. . M 1 = P 425).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 99; Stock 1926, 183; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 65. Nov Msto 3 (Praha 2) Karlov pomstn nzev kostela a kltera p. 453, proti zatku ulice Ke Karlovu. Pohebn (?) nlezy keramiky kultury zvoncovitch pohr pochzej snad jet z 19. stolet. O uloen nlez dnes nen nic znmo.
Uloen: ?
Literatura: Filip 1949, 44; Farka 1976, 135; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 48
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 41; kresba: S. Svatoov) Dbn s vertiklnmi plastickmi litami na plecch. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk, msty erodovan. Zachovno asi 30 % ndoby. Rekonstrukce vky 160 mm, prmr st 120 mm. Uloen: Nrodn pamtkov stav, . o. p. v hl. m. Praze, vzkum . 35/05.
Literatura: Cymbalak 2007, 349. 66. Nusle (Praha 4) Pankrc, nmst Hrdin p. 11, justin palc p. 1300. Pi stavb justinho palce ml bt odkryt hrob (?) kultury zvoncovitch pohr. O existenci tohoto nlezu nen v souasnosti nic bliho znmo.
Nlezy: 1 Dbnek. Uloen: ? (podle L. Hjka dajn uloeno v muzeu v Roudnici nad Labem; srv. Hjek 1968, 99).
Literatura: Farka 1976, 71; Hjek 1968, 99; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 104. Pitkovice (Praha 10) Zchrann archeologick vzkum v Pitkovicch byl vyvoln vstavbou bytovch a rodinnch dom spolenost Central Group a. s. v prostoru jin a jihovchodn od okraje obce smrem k estlicm a Benicm. Ternn st vzkumu probhala od ervence 2006 do bezna 2007, a to na skryt ploe o rozloze cca 13 ha. Vzkumem bylo zjitno tm 1800 archeologickch objekt datovanch do rznch obdob pravku (sdlitn nlezy asn a star eneolit, mlad a pozdn doba bronzov, doba haltatsk a latnsk). Krom hrobu kultury zvoncovitch pohr byly objeveny jet tyi hroby z doby latnsk. 49
103. Nov Msto 4 (Praha 2) Karlovo nmst p. 307/II, v tsnm sousedstv ulice Na Zderaze. V listopadu a prosinci 2005 byl proveden pedstihov vzkum v arelu VUT. Prce probhly v pzemn mstnosti bvalho emeritnho domu pro knze prask diecze a navazovaly na zjiovac sondy proveden v lt tho roku na dvoe univerzitnho komplexu. Podlaha mstnost (204,5 m n. m.) pekrvala recentn situace, kter spojujeme s vstavbou domu (1. polovina 18. stolet). Ne se nalzala novovk navrstven dokldajc mimo jin v tomto mst existenci zahrady. Bezprostedn pod nimi bylo odkryto nkolik ran stedovkch sloupovch a klovch jamek (nadzemn devn konstrukce?) datovanch hlavn keramikou a denrem Vladislava I. (110918, 112025), odpadkovch jam s poetnm zastoupenm keramiky a sdlitnch situac, vetn zbytku kemencov zdi pojen na hlnu a maltu. Od nivelety okolo 203,5 m n. m. byl sledovn nejstar stedovk horizont (konec 11. 1. polovina 12. stolet) s men pravkou intruz, kter pekrval dva mal (pravk?) objekty zahlouben do povrchu terasy Karlova nmst (203,3 m n. m.). Za poznmku stoji absence vrstev z obdob 13.15. stolet, kter s nejvt pravdpodobnost byly odstranny v prbhu vtch stavebnch prav. Zlomky dbnu prvodn keramiky zvoncovitch pohr byly odkryty spolen s nkolika pravkmi zlomky keramiky a s keramikou z 1. poloviny 12. stolet ve vplni vkopu piblin obdlnho pdorysu o rozmrech 250 x 190 cm, hlubokho asi 3035 cm. Je zjevn, e zlomky dbnu byly nalezeny v druhotnm uloen a byly do vkopu splchnuty po svahu ji nkdy ve 12. stolet. Dbn me pochzet z hrobu znienho stedovkmi stavebnmi pravami.
V blzkm okol hrobu kultury zvoncovitch pohr (obj. 235) byly rozpoznny sdlitn objekty knovzsk a ttarsk kultury, objekty z pozdnho stedovku a novovku a recentn zsahy. Ani nkolik kontrolnch sond poloench v okol hrobu kultury zvoncovitch pohr dn dal zjitn hrob, ani doklady pkopu okolo objevenho hrobu nepineslo. Mocnost ornice zde kolsala mezi 3040 cm. Hrobov jma mla max. dlku 215 cm, max. ku 160 cm a max. hloubku 60 cm, byla svoj del osou orientovna ve smru jihojihozpad-severoseverovchod. V jihovchodnm a jihozpadnm rohu byly patrn pozstatky sloupovch jam. Na dn v severozpadn sti jmy byly odkryty dal dv jamky tsn vedle sebe. V severn sti hrobu hned za lebkou byl zjitn mlk lbek o dlce 116 cm a ce 24 cm. Je pravdpodobn, e jak lbek, tak i sloupy v rozch slouily k ukotven vnitn komorov konstrukce hrobu. Vpl tvoila ulehl edohnd hlna probarven lut okrovou, s pms hrudek svtlho okrovho jlu. I pes dislokaci vtiny ostatk lze podle polohy stehennch kost, kolen a holennch kost urit polohu zemelho v hrob. Tlo bylo skreno na levm boku, hlavou orientovno k severoseverovchodu, jedn se tedy s nejvt pravdpodobnost o poheb v typicky musk poloze. Antropologick materil je ve velmi patnm stavu a dosud nebyl posouzen.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 42, 50) Vy thl zdoben zvoncovit pohr s mrn klenutou podstavou. Vzdoba sestv ze ty hlavnch vzdobnch ps: po dvou na hrdle, dal dva jsou na vduti ve spodn sti tla. Hlavn vzdobn ps obsahuje negativn klikatku. Vzdobu dle dopluj ti prbn vzdobn psy: dva u v horn sti ndoby a jeden irok se dvma raztky nad sebou ve spodn sti pohru. Povrch ndoby je erodovan, zbaven engoby, msty hrub, jednolit oxidan ervenookrov zbarven, s tmav skvrnou na spodn sti tla. Vka 111 mm, prmr st 122 mm, prmr podstavy 62 mm, objem 750 ml. Uloen: stav archeologick pamtkov pe stednch ech.
Literatura: Turek Poliensk 2007. 76. Star Msto (Praha 1) Celetn ulice, rozrka spojujc hlavn tolu kolektoru a sutern domu p. 600/I. V dubnu 1987 byl pod 2,5 m antropogennch sediment ve tole kolektoru inenrskch st objeven pravdpodobn hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr, kter obsahoval msu a dbnek. V Nrodnm pamtkovm stavu, . o. p. v hl. m. Praze nejsou uloeny ani nlezy, ani jakkoliv ternn dokumentace. Nlezy jsou v souasnosti v soukromm dren nlezce a nejsou dostupn.
Uloen: ?
Literatura: Bure Dragoun 1991; Dragoun 1988; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 81. Troja (Praha 7) U surny, pesn poloha neznm. 28. dubna 1871 daroval J. Lambl Nrodnmu muzeu nezdoben zvoncovit pohr. Datace do obdob kultury zvoncovitch pohr nen jednoznan, vzhledem k charakteru keramick hmoty je mon tuto ndobu zaadit spe do mladho neolitu.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 41) Nezdoben pohrek. Povrch polohrub, edoern, skvrnit. Hrnina jemn plaven, neolitickho charakteru. Vka 78 mm, prmr st 78 mm, prmr podstavy 50 mm, objem 100 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 9153.
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 100; Stock 1926, 184, tab. CXIX:10; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 50
84. Vrovice 1 (Praha 10) Stavba domu p. Bittnera, nelze ble lokalizovat. Ped rokem 1899 zde byl v kostrovm hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr objeven dbnek, kter je dnes uloen v Nrodnm muzeu v Praze.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 42) Dbnek zdoben svazky dvou a t vertiklnch plastickch lit. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern. Vka 72 mm, prmr st 59 mm, prmr podstavy 36 mm, objem 180 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 14620.
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 101; P 1899, 219; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 85. Vrovice 2 (Praha 10) Okol vrovickho ndra. Prostor vymezen na severu Smovou ulic, na jihu eleznin trat, na vchod ulic U vrovickho ndra a na zpad Botiem. Ped rokem 1910 zde byly v kostrovm hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr objeveny ti mal dbnky, kter se pozdji s Mikovou sbrkou dostaly do sbrky stavu pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 43) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, hndoedookrov, skvrnit. Vka 92 mm, prmr st 73 mm, prmr podstavy 30 mm, objem 180 ml. Uloen: stav pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, inv. . 101 (pr. . B 21). 2 (obr. 43) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk/polohrub, s otisky organickho materilu. Vka 76 mm, prmr st 48 mm, prmr podstavy 31 mm, objem 130 ml. Uloen: stav pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, inv. . 102 (pr. . B 104). 3 (obr. 43) Dbnek. Povrch edohndookrov, skvrnit, hladk/polohrub, msty lehce peplen. Drsn podstava. Asi jedna tetina ndoby chyb. Vka 74 mm, prmr st 88 mm, prmr podstavy 45 mm, obsah 210 ml. Uloen: stav pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, inv. . 103.
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 101; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 86. Vrovice 3 (Praha 10) Ulice Na Spojce p. 5 (pp. 86). Pi hlouben zklad novostavby byly v roce 1911 odkryty dva kostrov hroby kultury zvoncovitch pohr. Jeden byl zcela znien, druh obsahoval poheb na pravm boku, msu a dva hrnky s uchem. Z tohoto souboru byl v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy identifikovn jen jeden dbnek oznaen A 45, kter pochz ze sbrky plchalova muzea ve Vrovicch. Hrob I (1911) Byl znien. Hrob II (1911) Obsahoval kostrov poheb s tlem na pravm boku s rukama sloenma ped obliejem, s nohama znan skrenma, s koleny ped bichem. U hlavy byla msa a dva mal dbnky. Orientace nebyla zjitna. V Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy byl nlez veden pod oznaenm hrob in situ.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 43) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, edoern, s temn okrovmi skvrnami a drsnou podstavou. Vka 117 mm, prmr st 75 mm, prmr podstavy 54 mm, objem 450 ml. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, inv. . H 39392 pvodn inv. . plchalova muzea ve Vrovicch A 45.
51
2 Dbnek. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy (?) neidentifikovno. 3 Dbnek. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy (?) neidentifikovno.
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 101; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 87. Vrovice 4 (Praha 10) Dvr bvalch vozatajskch kasren. Kasrna stla u mostu pes tra na Moskevsk ulici a po ulici Vrovickou (dve tda SNB), dvr byl nejspe proti oblouku Moskevsk ulice. V roce 1932 byl dokumentovn znien hrob I, ze kterho se zachoval jen mal dbnek, spodek dalho dbnu a msa. Dle byl prozkoumn hrob II s pohbem na pravm boku hlavou k jihu (ena?), vybaven dvma hrnky s uchem a jednou msou. Dal dva hroby byly prozkoumny v roce 1938. Hrob III obsahoval kostrov poheb vybaven kamennou ntepn destikou. V hrob IV byl pravdpodobn pohben mu uloen na levm boku hlavou k severoseverozpadu, provzen kamennou ntepn destikou a dvma kostnmi lukovitmi zvsky. Hrob V obsahoval kostru na levm boku hlavou k severu (mu?) a ti mal dbnky a msu. Hrob VI byl rov; hromdka splench kost dosplho jedince byla uloena v kruhov jm o prmru 60 cm a provzena msou a malm dbnkem. Hrob I (1932) Zcela znien, zachrnn byl jen jeden dbnek, spodn st dalho dbnu a msa.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 44) Dbnek. Povrch hladk ervenookrovohnd, pokryt sintrem. Vka 88 mm, prmr st 64 mm, prmr podstavy 34 mm, objem 210 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60335. 2 (obr. 44) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, msty erodovan, souvisle hndoern. Maximln dochovan vka 63 mm (rekonstrukce 72 mm), prmr st rekonstrukce 55 mm, prmr podstavy 38 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60336. 3 (obr. 44) Msa s vertiklnm uchem. Povrch souvisle hndoern, hladk, podstava s otiskem podspky. Vka 63 mm, prmr st 203 mm, prmr podstavy 70 mm, obsah 800 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60337.
Hrob II (1932) Pravohl hrobov jma o rozmrech 145 x 135 cm, s plochm dnem v celkov hloubce 210 cm. Kostra byla uloena na pravm boku (ena?), hlavou orientovna k jihu a obliejem k vchodu. Pae sloen s dlanmi pod bradou. Skren nohy tvoily s pte prav hel. Na rameni kostry spovala msa, kter obsahovala mal dbnek. Druh dbnek byl nalezen za pnv.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 44) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 78 mm, prmr st 56 mm, prmr podstavy 43 mm, objem 190 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60338 (pr. . 28/32). 2 (obr. 44) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoerven. Vka 78 mm, prmr st 64 mm, prmr podstavy 35 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60339 (pr. . 28/32). 3 (obr. 44) Msa se tymi jazykovitmi vnlky umstnmi kem pod okrajem. Povrch souvisle hnd, hladk, erodovan, podstava s otiskem podspky. Vka 96 mm, prmr st 254 mm, prmr podstavy 94 mm, objem 1,5 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60340 (pr. . 28/32).
Hrob III (1938) Hrobov jma elipsovitho pdorysu o rozmrech 145 x 70 cm a celkov hloubce 270 cm obsahovala kostrov poheb na pravm boku (ena?) hlavou orientovan k jihojihovchodu, obliejem k vchodu. Nohy byly skreny do pravho hlu s pte. Pod ji vyzvednutmi kostmi pa byla nalezena kamenn ntepn destika. 52
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 45) Kamenn ntepn destika. Povrch hladk, svtle okrovoed, surovina prachovec/jlovec. Destika byla vrtna z reverzu, dovrtna z averzu, otvory probrouen smrem do stedu destiky; destika byla zejm pi oprav krcena eznm. Uprosted kratch stn byly navrtny drobn mlk dlky. Dlka max. 75 mm, ka max. 52 mm, sla destiky max. 6 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60341.
Hrob IV (1938) Pravohl hrobov jma o rozmrech 200 x 110 cm, 235 cm hlubok byla kryta 120 cm modernch navek, 50 cm humusu a byla zahloubena 75 cm do psitho podlo. Kostra na dn spovala na levm boku, hlavou orientovna k severoseverozpadu. Nohy byly jen mrn pokreny. Na chodidle spovala msa, na levm pedlokt ntepn destika a na hrdle pod bradou dva kostn lukovit zvsky. Prvn pvsek leel paraleln s dlouhou osou hrobu obloukem smrem k zpadu, druh asi 1 cm hloubji ikmo pes dlouhou osu hrobu obloukem k vchodu.
Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008 Nlezy: 1 (obr. 45) Msa. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern, s drsnou podstavou. Vka 74 mm, prmr st 230 mm, prmr podstavy 108 mm, objem 1,3 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60342 (pr. . 32/38). 2 (obr. 45) Kamenn ntepn destika. Povrch hladk, hndookrov, surovina prachovec/jlovec, kresba a kropenat povrch. Destika byla vrtna z reverzu, mlce dovrtna z averzu, otvory probrouen smrem do stedu destiky; destika byla zejm pi oprav krcena eznm. Uprosted kratch stn byly navrtny drobn mlk dlky. Dlka max. 75 mm, ka max. 52 mm, sla destiky max. 6 mm. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60343 (pr. . 32/38). 3 (obr. 45, 49) Kostn lukovit zvsek. Hrotit ez, uprosted perforovan, zdoben rytmi svazky rh o deseti linkch. Konce odlomeny. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60344 (pr. . 32/38). 4 (obr. 45, 49) Kostn lukovit zvsek. Hrotit ez, uprosted perforovan, zdoben rytmi svazky rh. Konce odlomeny. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 60345 (pr. . 32/38).
Hrob V Kostra ve skren poloze spovala na levm boku hlavou k severu (mu?), obliejem k vchodu. Ped obliejem byly dva mal dbnky a dal mal dbnek pekryt msou.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 46) Msa s otvorem pod okrajem. Povrch hndoern, skvrnit, hladk. Vka 81 mm, prmr st 230 mm, prmr podstavy 107 mm, objem 1,2 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 63001. 2 (obr. 46) Dbnek zdoben temi svazky t vertiklnch plastickch lit. Povrch souvisle ern, hladk, zasintrovan. Vka 72 mm, prmr st 54 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 100 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 63002. 3 (obr. 46) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle edoern, hladk, erodovan, podstava s otiskem podspky. Vka 58 mm, prmr st 61 mm, prmr podstavy 38 mm, objem 70 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 63003. 4 (obr. 46) Dbnek. Povrch hladk, souvisle hndoern. Vka 87 mm, prmr st 64 mm, prmr podstavy 44 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 63004.
Hrob VI V kruhov jm byla hromdka splench kost dosplho lovka o prmru 60 cm. Na povrchu kremace spovaly zlomky msy a malho dbnku.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 47) Msa s vertiklnm uchem. Povrch polohrub, souvisle okrovoerven. Vka 7688 mm, prmr st 284 mm, prmr podstavy 112 mm, objem 1,5 l. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 63005. 2 (obr. 47) Dbnek. Povrch ervenookrov, siln erodovan (peplen?), hrub. Vka 86 mm, prmr st 65 mm, prmr podstavy 40 mm, objem 150 ml. Uloen: NM Praha, inv. . 63006.
Literatura: Hjek 193946, 2029, obr. 1; t 1968, 101102; Svoboda 1938, 141; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 53
88. Vrovice 5 (Praha 10) Vrch Bohdalec (dnes zastavn), poloha Na Bohdalci. Mal dbnek kultury zvoncovitch pohr, kter je dnes uloen ve sbrce stavu pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, postrd bli nlezov okolnosti.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 47) Dbnek. Povrch polohrub, hndoern, skvrnit. Vka 87 mm, prmr st 78 mm, prmr podstavy 48 mm, objem 280 ml. Uloen: stav pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, inv. . 100 (pr. . B 133).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 102103; Turek 1996; t 2005b. 92. ikov (Praha 3) Olansk hbitovy, oddl VI, vlevo od vchodu z Vinohradsk ulice p. 153, pp. 1835. Ped rokem 1926 zde byl v kostrovm hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr nalezen dbnek, kter je dnes uloen v Muzeu hlavnho msta Prahy.
Nlezy: 1 (obr. 47) Dbnek. Povrch souvisle edohnd, hladk. Vka 84 mm, prmr st 52 mm, prmr podstavy 42 mm, objem 200 ml. Uloen: Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, inv. . H 9479 (. depozita v NM Praha 251D).
Literatura: Hjek 1968, 103; Stock 1926, 183, tab. CXIX:6; Turek 1996; t 2005b.
Interpretace
Geomorfologick poloha lokalit Vzhledem ke znanmu rozptylu zde prezentovanch lokalit je teba shrnout nlezy v jednotlivch mikroregionlnch souvislostech v povod jednotlivch vltavskch ptok. Na severu zem Velk Prahy jsou evidovna zatm pomrn izolovan pohebit v Dolnch Chabrech, imicch a Bohnicch. Tyto lokality se voln vou na vltavsk ptoky imick a Bohnick potok. Dal lokality v severovchodn sti msta, tedy pedevm pohebit v Battistov ciheln a na trase dlnice D8 v blicch a nlez ve Kbelch, maj ji vztah k ptokm Labe a nepat do Prask kotliny. V povod Rokytky tsn ped jejm stm do Vltavy je evidovna men kumulace pohebnch lokalit kultury zvoncovitch pohr na katastru dnen Libn. Lze zde rekonstruovat dv zanikl vodotee, je len zdej jin svah, kter jako v ppad Kobylis tvoil vhodn prosted pro zaloen sdelnho arelu, vetn mohylovho pohebit na svahu nad Rokytkou. Komplikovan situace je v oblasti historickho jdra msta. Mocn antropogenn vrstvy vtinou zabrauj odkryt pravkch situac, kter byly mnohdy znieny stedovkou a pozdj stavebn aktivitou. Vjimenm nlezem je tud poheb s tzv. prvodn keramikou zvoncovitch pohr odkryt v roce 1987 pi rab kolektoru v Celetn ulici na Starm Mst. Tato oblast mohla sice bt periodicky zaplavovna, ovem pedpoklad existence vodotee, kter tudy v pravku protkala, a stopy pravk pohebn aktivity naznauj, e se zde mohl rozkldat sdeln arel v rznch obdobch pravku, stejn jako v nkterch jinch nzko poloench polohch v Praze (Velk Chuchle, Holeovice aj.). Na Novm Mst, konkrtn na Karlov nmst a v jeho bezprostednm sousedstv, se pravdpodobn rozkldalo pohebit kultury zvoncovitch pohr.
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Nlezy, kontexty, ritus a jejich spoleensk interpretace Hlavnm skalm interpretace nlez obsaench v tto sti katalogu je nedostaten dokumentace nlezovch okolnost, pop. neplnost nlezovch celk a prostorovch vztah mezi jednotlivmi kontexty. S vjimkou modernch vzkum v Dolnch Poernicch (1989) a v Pitkovicch (2006) byla vtina nlez objevena v 1. polovin 20. stolet. Nejrozshlej pohebit v tomto souboru pochz z Battistovy cihelny v blicch. Dochovaly se zkladn souvislosti trncti kostrovch hrob a z dalch zniench hrob byly zachrnny jednotliv ndoby (celkem 17 ks). Veker keramika z blickho pohebit je charakteru prvodn keramiky. Vzhledem k velkmu potu keramickch ndob lze celkov poet hrob v Battistov ciheln odhadovat na dvacet a dvacet pt, co ad zdej pohebit mezi nejvt znm v echch. Dal lokality s vceetnmi pohebnmi nlezy pochzej z polohy U sedmi skrenc v Libni (sedm hrob), z jezdeckch kasren ve Vrovicch (est hrob, z toho jeden rov) a z cihelny Beranov v Dolnch Chabrech (pt hrob). Zdoben zvoncovit pohry lze rozdlit do dvou skupin. Dva znov maritimn pohry (problematika souvisc s tmito nlezy je shrnuta ne) pochzej z Kre, zatmco ostatn exemple maj pokroilej ir tvary s kosotverci, negativnmi klikatkami (Doln Chabry), i metopami a pskovm uchem (Kr, Libe). Z Libn t pochz msa na nokch se zdobenm okrajem. Prvodn keramika je zdobena plastickmi prvky v podob vertiklnch svazk lit a knr pod uchem dbnk (blice, Libe, Vrovice, Nov Msto). Na tech dbncch (Libe, blice) se objevila ryt vzdoba, kter je vertikln usmrnna a ve dvou ppadech zobrazuje motiv obrcenho psmene Y. V jednom ppad (Battistova cihelna v blicch) se setkvme s neobvyklm druhotnm rytm tchto motiv, kter dopluj plastick knry (i snad kly) pod uchem. Tyto motivy jsou spojovny s muskm prvkem a takov dbnky bvaj nalzny prv v hrobech mu (Turek 2002; t 2006a; t 2008). Naproti tomu v prvnm dlu katalogu (Turek
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Pvodn zejm mohylov hroby byly rozmstny na zpadnm svahu, kter byl v mstech Karlova nmst jet v novovku strmj ne dnes, vetn vskytu drobnch skalisek a vchoz, je byly vtinou odstranny teprve v 19. stolet. V povod Botie se v souasn dob jev ti hlavn koncentrace nlez kultury zvoncovitch pohr, jak byly nastnny v prvnm dlu katalogu (Turek 2005a). Je to pedevm skupina nalezi ve Vrovicch v mst soutoku Botie se Stranickm potokem, tedy v oblasti omezen spraov polohy, a dle skupina nlez ze Zbhlic a Michle v blzkosti soutoku se Slatinskm potokem. Dle proti proudu Botie se rozkldal hostivask sdeln arel, a to v meandrovm seku Botie, vymezen ptoky Koikovskho a Mcholupskho potoka (Turek 1996, mapa 3). Otzkou zstv, zda jde skuten o odraz rozmstn jednotlivch sdelnch arel, i zda je tato evidence ovlivnna jen opakovanou archeologickou aktivitou v konkrtnch stech tchto katastr. Nejnovj nlez z Pitkovic naznauje, e se osdlen v obdob kultury zvoncovitch pohr zejm rozkldalo po celm povod Botie a e pedstavy o absenci sdelnch arel tohoto obdob na jeho hornm toku (Turek 1996) byly jen vsledkem dosavadnho nedostatenho vzkumu v tto oblasti. Je rovn teba poznamenat, e nlez z Pitkovic je v jihovchodnm smru od Vltavy poslednm a nejvzdlenjm. Na jinm okraji msta jsou znmy dv kumulace pohebnch nlez kultury zvoncovitch pohr. Jsou jimi hroby se dvma maritimnmi pohry z Kre a hroby s prvodn keramikou z Modan, dle na jih u doklady osdlen kultury zvoncovitch pohr zatm zcela chybj.
Obr. 5: Dbny nagyrvskho typu z pohebit zvoncovitch pohr v Budakalszi (foto: J. Turek; za svolen dkuji A. Czene). Fig. 5: Nagyrv type jugs from the Bell Beaker cemetery at Budakalsz (photograph by: J. Turek; courtesy of A. Czene).
2005a, 79) pojednan thl dbny s vysoko posazenm uchem (tzv. konvice) a vejit hrnce jsou indiktorem enskho fenomnu v pohebn vbav. V tomto dlu katalogu jsou zastoupeny jen dva takov dbny v hrob VI a XII v Battistov ciheln v blicch. Dalm jednoznan enskm pohbem je kostra s parohovmi knoflky s Vvrtnm a dvma miskami na nokch v hrob . IX v blicch. Jihovchodn tvary lze pozorovat u nagyrvskho dbnku balknskho typu A z hrobu XIV v Battistov ciheln v blicch (obr. 32:1) a dbnku somogyvrskho typu z hrobu I v Kri (obr. 36:2). Nagyrvsk dbny balknskho typu se v echch a na Morav objevuj ji v mladch fzch kultury se rovou keramikou a jsou mn asto zastoupeny i v pohebnch celcch kultury zvoncovitch pohr v echch a na pohebitch i sdlitch na Morav (Buchvaldek 1978; Dvok ebela 1992). Regionem jejich pravidelnho vskytu je oblast csepelsk skupiny kultury zvoncovitch pohr, a to pedevm v prostoru dnen Budapeti (obr. 5) (zde umstit obr. 5). Destky takovch dbn byly objeveny v hrobech nejvt nekropole kultury zvoncovitch pohr v Evrop v Budakalszi (1070 hrob), dle v Szigetszentmiklsi (226 hrob) a Bksmegyeru (154 hrob). Z tchto lokalit pochz tak nkolik exempl dbn charakteru SomogyvrVinkovci (Kalicz-Schreiber Kalicz 2001, fig. 8). V echch lze zmnit pedevm zdoben dbn somogyvrskho typu ze Sulejovic (okr. Litomice; Turek 2008, obr. 57:3) nebo miniaturizovanou verzi podobnho dbnku z dtskho hrobu 4 ve Velkch Plepech Kamku (Skrun Turek Vojtchovsk 2000). V tomto katalogu se podobn dbn somogyvrskho tvaru vyskytl jet v hrob X v Battistov ciheln v blicch (obr. 30:1).
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Pozoruhodn je vlcovit ndoba s vodorovnm pskovm uchem pod okrajem nalezen v hrob obj. 3/89 v Dolnch Poernicch (Vencl Zadk 1992b, 634, 635, obr. 2:10). Ndoba byla zdobena dvma svislmi rytmi a pn kolkovanmi ebky. Cel ndoba je zejm imitac vlcovitho vdrka itho z kry. Prv motiv dvou ebk, jinak v kultue zvoncovitch pohr neznm, zejm napodobuje seit kry, jak tomu bylo u od potku neolitu. Jako hmatateln a chronologicky ne zcela vzdlen pklad lze uvst dv vdrka, kter byla nalezena v blzkosti zmrzlho tla mue zvanho tzi v alpskm Hauslabov sedle (Hauslabjoch; Egg Spindler 1992). V roce 2007 byl v Praze-Velk Chuchli objeven pozstatek organick hmoty s dvma znan korodovanmi mdnmi plky. Analza depozitu prokzala ptomnost bezov kry dochovan v kontaktu s mdnm plechem. Interpretace tohoto uniktnho nlezu nen ani zdaleka jednoznan. Mohlo jt o pozstatky ndoby z bezov kry, kter mohla bt doplnna mdnmi plky, pop. pokrvky hlavy uit z bezov kry (Zemanov Turek 2009). Pm analogie v rmci kultury zvoncovitch pohr pochz z hrobu ve Slanm-Kvku (Hjek 1968, 46; Turek 2008, 163, obr. 56:7). Z nekeramickch artefakt je teba zmnit pedevm lukovit zvsky z hrobu IV ve Vrovicch 4 (obr. 45:45). Tyto pvsky svd o tvaru tehdejch luk, zrove ovem vychzej z funknho vyuit kanch kl (klektk), z nich jsou povtinou vyrobeny. Pvsky, kter L. Hjek (193946) souborn publikoval jako tzv. plmscovit spinadla, jsou ve skutenosti zdoben kan kly, kter pinejmenm ve sv nezdoben podob slouily k povrchov prav devc luk, je bylo teba opracovat jemnm krbnm (nikoliv eznm) tak, aby se vlkna deva devce nenaruila a nedolo k oslaben prunosti a pevnosti luku. Na souvislost lukovitch zvsk se symbolikou luku upozornil a S. Piggot (1971). Tyto ozdoby jsou nalzny zpravidla v hrobech mu. Dnes vme, e jejich souvislost s lukem nen jen ikonograficky symbolick, ale vychz tak z jejich funknho vyuit. Vznamn krok k pochopen funkce tchto pvsk uskutenila P. Rikov (2008; t 2009), kter krom soupisu vech znmch nlez v echch a na Morav podrobila nlezy z Hulna mikroskopick analze a odhalila celou adu stop vroby a snad i uvn tchto artefakt. Budouc traseologick analza lukovitch pvsk a kanch kl z hrob kultury zvoncovitch pohr me otzky jejich funknho uit mnohem vce objasnit. Mdn jehlice z hrobu IV v Libni 2 je vzcnm artefaktem, kter se v pohebnch kontextech kultury zvoncovitch pohr objevuje jen velmi zdka. Vskyt takovch jehlic zpracoval ji L. Hjek (1950). Metrika keramiky V tto fzi zpracovn praskho nlezovho fondu pistupuji k dl analze metriky ndob z celho praskho vltavskho pravobe, tedy i s vyuitm dat publikovanch v prvnm dlu katalogu (Turek 2005a). Metrick analza keramickch jedinc byla provedena ve tyech kategorich: dbnky (80 mench jedinc), msy a msy na nokch (44 men jedinci), zdoben a nezdoben zvoncovit pohry s uchem i bez nho (13 mench jedinc) a vysok vejit dbny a hrnce (7 mench jedinc). Prkazn vsledky poskytla analza pomru vky a objemu nejetnjho keramickho tvaru, tedy dbnku. Nejvt mnostv ppad (ti tvrtiny) spad do skupiny s objemem do 300 ml, piem nejvce jich bylo o objemu od 100 do 250 ml. V tto oblasti grafu (obr. 6) lze snad pozorovat dva hlavn shluky ppad, a to v rozmez 50120 ml a okolo 200 ml. Vechny ostatn ppady s vtm objemem nevytvej dn signifikantn akumulace. Metrick analza
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Obr. 6: Pomr vky a objemu dbnk kultury zvoncovitch pohr z lokalit na praskm pravobe. Fig. 6: Hight and volume ratio of Bell Beaker Culture jugs from sites on Prague right bank.
Obr. 7: Pomr prmru st a objemu ms kultury zvoncovitch pohr z lokalit na praskm pravobe. Fig. 7: Diameter and volume ratio of Bell Beaker Culture bowls from sites on Prague right bank.
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Obr. 8: Pomr vky a objemu zvoncovitch pohr z lokalit na praskm pravobe. Fig. 8: Hight and volume ratio of bell beakers from sites on Prague right bank.
Obr. 9: Pomr vky a objemu vejitch ndob a vysokch dbn kultury zvoncovitch pohr z lokalit na praskm pravoben. Fig. 9: Hight and volume ratio of Bell Beaker Culture jars from sites on Prague right bank.
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objemu 122 ks hrnk s uchem a dbn v severozpadnch echch (Turek 1995, 129131; t 1998, 108109, Fig. 5) prokzala rozdlen tchto ndob pinejmenm do t kapacitnch skupin (100200 ml, 300 ml a 600800 ml). Toto rozdlen me jednak odret funkci ndoby, pop. typ npoje, k jeho konzumaci slouila. Souasn mohla kapacita ndoby zohledovat spoleenskou kategorii osoby, kter ji uvala a byla s n pohbena. Ze srovnn men severoeskch a praskch dbnk vyplvaj urit rozdly, nap. v Praze chybj kumulace kolem 300 a 600800 ml. Tak prask nlezy bohuel neposkytuj informace, kter by umoovaly spoleenskogenderovou analzu, a proto posouzen vztahu objemu ndob a spoleensk kategorie osob s nimi pohbench nen mon. V tto souvislosti je teba pipomenout, e H. Case (1995, 58) prezentoval odlinosti v objemu zvoncovitch pohr v hrobech mu (nejvt), en (men) a dt (nejmen) ve Velk Britnii a Irsku. E. Sangmeister (1989) zase pit jist rozdly ve velikosti a objemu zvoncovitch pohr regionln variabilit. Dal men tvar z praskch nlez je msa. Zde jsou v grafu (obr. 7) patrn ti shluky o objemu 200450 ml, 8001100 ml a 12001600 ml. Jen o mlo vc ne jedna ptina ms byla vtho objemu, tyto ndoby vak netvoily dnou vraznj kumulaci (20004500 ml), zcela vjimen je msa o objemu 7000 ml z hrobu eny v Kobylisch (poloha 8; Turek 2005a, 7071). Men u jedencti zvoncovitch pohr (obr. 8) a sedmi vejitch hrnc (obr. 9) a vysokch dbn nen vzhledem k omezenmu mnostv exempl prkazn. Objem zdobench a nezdobench zvoncovitch pohr s uchem i bez nho se pohybuje od 200 do 2500 ml, s nejvraznjm vskytem mezi 500 a 760 ml. Pokud posoudme tyi zde diskutovan exemple maritimnch pohr, dojdeme k 500620 ml, tedy jde spe o pohry relativn men. Objem vysokch dbn se pohyboval v rozmez 310400 ml, vejit hrnce dosahuj a 4300 ml. Nejstar zvoncovit pohry v Praze, diskuse o vzniku a pvodu jednoho kulturnho fenomnu Otzkm spojenm s nejstarmi zvoncovitmi pohry byla tradin vnovna znan pozornost. Vedle studi zpadoevropskch (Lanting van der Waals 1976; Sangmeister 1972) vznikla ji v polovin 60. let minulho stolet studie hodnotc typologicky nejstar zvoncovit pohry v echch a na Morav (Hjek 1966). Vnitn chronologie kultury zvoncovitch pohr byla tradin jednm z hlavnch problm eench v rmci kulturn historickho paradigmatu. Cel obdob bylo nejprve rozdleno do dvou zkladnch sek. Star fzi charakterizovaly bohat zdoben pohry a msy se zdobenm okrajem a balkem prestinch pedmt. Mlad sek byl charakterizovn vskytem tzv. prvodn keramiky a postupnm vymizenm zdobenho zbo. Toto prvotn lenn bylo nejprve dokumentovno na nlezech z Dolnho Rakouska (Pittioni 1954) a bylo zhy pijato tak eskmi archeology (Hjek 1966; Neustupn Neustupn 1960 aj.). E. Sangmeister ve sv studii o hornornskch nlezech kultury zvoncovitch pohr (Sangmeister 1964) tuto zkladn periodizaci rozil o hypotetickou nejstar fzi tzv. maritimnch pohr. Tyto pohry se vyznauj pedevm thlmi a vysokmi tvary, celoplonou vzdobou s uitm horizontlnch zn a bvaly spojovny s prvotn migran fz en pvodn jet uniformn panevropsk kultury zvoncovitch pohr. V souasn dob se objevila ada pochybnost o chronologickm vznamu tohoto fenomnu a jeho podstata me bt spe vykldna v rovin spoleensk diferenciace a symboliky pohebn vbavy (Turek 2002a, 224225). Je patrn vrazn vazba starch pohr na dal spoleensky prestin artefakty
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Obr. 10: Praha-Bubene. Varianta maritimnho pohru s otisky ry na vnitn stran okraje. Kresba J. Turek. Fig. 10: Prague-Bubene. Variant of the Maritime beaker with cord impression on the inner side of rim. Drawing by J. Turek.
Obr. 11: Praha-Holeovice, Letn. Typick maritimn pohr. Foto archiv Muzea hlavnho msta Prahy. Fig. 11: Prague-Holeovice, Letn. Typical Maritime beaker. Photograph archive of the Museum of City Prague.
vetn zlatch a stbrnch perk, co rovn svd pro jistou vlunost tchto pohebnch celk, kter me souviset s jejich socilnm kontextem, a nikoliv s chronologickou odlinost. Jednm z hlavnch skal pokus o rekonstrukci chronologick sekvence kultury zvoncovitch pohr rovn jako u celho obdob mladho eneolitu v naich zemch je nedostatek sdlitnch nlez. V tto souvislosti je teba poukzat na opakovan doloenou ideologizovanou strukturu skladby pohebn vbavy a pohebnch praktik, kter ve vysoce symbolick rovin reprezentuj uritou spoleensko-kulturn identitu (Turek Dvok Peka 2003, 205). Vzhledem k tomu, e pohebn kontexty sktaj do jist mry zkreslen obraz pravk reality, s vyuitm pomrn omezenho spektra artefakt a kulturnch norem demonstruj vztahy vznamn pro identitu tehdej spolenosti. Je tedy vcelku logick, e ideologizovan odraz kulturn zmny se v pohebnm ritu me jevit jako ostr diskontinuum, akoliv v relnm svt ivch mohlo jt o del proces pemny. Z praskho fondu nlez kultury zvoncovitch pohr lze jako maritimn pohry nebo jejich varianty oznait sedm exempl ze esti lokalit uvedench v nsledujcm soupisu. Nkter varianty, kter postrdaj schma monotnnho stdn prbnch vzdobnch ps, jako teba zde prezentovan pohr z Pitkovic (obr. 42:1), nebyly do tohoto vtu zaazeny.
1. Praha-Bubene, Sibisk ulice. Poheb mue uloen na levm boku byl provzen zdobenm zvoncovitm pohrem (s otiskem ry na vnitn stran okraje; obr. 10), mdnou dkou a dvma stbrnmi zdobenmi zunicemi typu Sion. 2. Praha-Holeovice, Letn u star vodrensk ve. Kostrov hrob obsahoval zdoben maritimn pohr (obr. 11) a kamennou ntepn destiku (odkryto ped rokem 1905).
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Obr. 12: Praha-Kr 1, hrob I. Maritimn pohr. Kresba J. Turek. Fig. 12: Prague-Kr 1, grave I. Maritime beaker. Drawing by J. Turek.
Obr. 13: Praha-Kr 2, hrob I. Maritimn pohr. Kresba J. Turek. Fig. 13: Prague-Kr 2, grave I. Maritime beaker. Drawing by J. Turek.
3. Praha-Kr. rov poheb uloen do dbnku, provzen maritimnm zvoncovitm pohrem (obr. 12). Dal, pravdpodobn kostrov poheb byl provzen jednm maritimnm a jednm nezdobenm pohrem (obr. 13). Oba pohby byly odkryty ped rokem 1912. 4. Praha-Lysolaje. Hrob IX obsahoval kostrov poheb s variantou maritimnho pohru (obr. 14), nezdobenm pohrem s odlomenm uchem, mdnou dkou, kamennou ntepn destikou a dvma stbrnmi zunicemi (odkryto v roce 1940). 5. Praha-Radotn, cihelna cementrny. Kostrov hrob obsahoval maritimn pohr (obr. 15), pazourkov krabadlo a mdn dlo. 6. Praha-Vokovice. Maritimn pohr (obr. 16). Ojedinl pohebn nlez z vokovick cihelny, nalezen ped rokem 1891, pvodn v Mikov sbrce, v roce 1906 darovn L. Niederlem do sbrky stavu pro pravk a ranou dobu djinnou Filozofick fakulty Univerzity Karlovy v Praze.
Otzka pvodu nejstarch zvoncovitch pohr v Evrop V souasnosti existuj dv argumentovan teorie o vzniku a pvodu zvoncovitch pohr. Cel ada dalch nedoloench teori o pravlasti zvoncovit ideje byla v prbhu 20. stolet oputna. Ani dv nsledujc hypotzy vak nejsou jednoznan platn a otzku pvodu zvoncovitch pohr musme i nadle zkoumat. Dutch Model (Nizozemsk model) Tento model povauje za pedobraz zvoncovitch pohr tzv. pohry zdoben po celm povrchu rou (AllOverCorded Beakers, AOC) a po celm povrchu zdoben pohry (AllOver Ornamented Beakers, AOO), jejich typologick pvod je spatovn v pozdn rovch pohrech s odsazenou podstavou (Protruding Foot Beakers, PFB) v oblasti dolnho Rna (Lanting van der Waals 1976; obr. 17). Tento region je prozatm jedinm v Evrop, kde byl doloen lokln vvoj od rov keramiky k asnm formm zvoncovitch pohr, a tato chronologicko-typologick sekvence byla rovn podpoena sriemi radiokarbonovch dat (Lanting van der Waals 1976). Prv novj radiokarbonov data vak v poslednch letech tento model znan relativizuj a naznauj monost vvoje loklnch pohr typu Veluwe (kter jsou obecn povaovny za mlad) pmo z pozdn rovho zkladu (E. Drenth osobn sdlen). Pvodn model
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Obr. 14: Praha-Lysolaje, hrob IX. Varianta maritimnho pohru. Kresba J. Turek. Fig. 14: Prague-Lysolaje, grave IX. A variant of Maritime beaker. Drawing by J. Turek.
Obr. 15: Praha-Radotn. Maritimn pohr. Kresba J. Turek. Fig. 15: Prague-Radotn. Maritime beaker. Drawing by J. Turek.
Obr. 16: Praha-Vokovice. Varianta maritimnho pohru. Kresba J. Turek. Fig. 16: Prague-Vokovice. A variant of Maritime beaker. Drawing by J. Turek.
J. N. Lantinga a J. D. van der Waalse, stejn jako novj pochybnosti by bylo teba testovat na rozshlch srich radiokarbonovch dat. Maritimn model vodem je teba definovat termn maritimn zvoncovit pohry. Za maritimn zvoncovit pohr povaujeme exemple s uniformn esovitou profilac a plochou podstavou. Obecn jsou tyto pohry jeden a pl a dvojnsobn vy ne jejich maximln ka. Maritimn zvoncovit pohr 63
Obr. 17: Nizozemsk model schma vzniku asnch zvoncovitch pohr z pozdn rov keramiky na dolnm Rnu (podle: Lanting van der Waals 1976). Fig. 17: The Dutch model scheme of the early Bell Beakers origin from the late Corded Ware (SGC) in Lower Rhine region (after: Lanting van der Waals 1976).
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je zdoben horizontlnmi psy vyplnnmi ikmmi rafy kolk otitnch v paralelnch linich do keramiky. Tyto psy jsou ve vtin ppad ohranieny jednotlivmi vodorovnmi liniemi kolk. Psy se opakuj po cel ploe pohru vtinou s rytmicky se mncm smrem rafu a jsou oddleny nezdobenmi, hladce vyletnmi psy. Takto pesn definovan vzdobn knon nebyl dvnmi hrni vdy zcela striktn dodrovn. V nkterch ppadech mohou bt hranin linie kolk zcela vynechny, pop. me bt przdn letn ps rozdlen jet jednou vodorovnou adou kolk, nebo mohou bt jednotliv psy vyplnny cik-cak klikatkou. Ohraniujc linie nebo samostatn linky mohou bt vytvoeny otiskem ry. V kontrastu k ve popsanm pravm maritimnm pohrm se rovn vyskytuj mrn modifikovan pohry jako varianty, avak takto rigorzn stanoven rozdly byly jen zdka zohlednny v historii vzkumu zvoncovitch pohr. Pvod maritimnch pohr je spatovn v regionu portugalsk Estramadury, a to v oblasti st eky Tejo (Tagus). Maritimn pohry se dle vyskytuj severn podl atlantskho pobe Francie a do Bretan a zpadn pes Languedoc podl francouzskho stedomoskho pobe (Salanova 2000). Tento styl se v omezen me projevil i ve vchodn provincii vskytu zvoncovitch pohr, tedy i v echch a na Morav (Hjek 1966). Akoliv ze zpadn sti Iberskho poloostrova pochzej pomrn velmi asn absolutn data kontext se zvoncovitmi pohry (Mller van Willigen 2001), v oblasti Estramadury nebyla dosud identifikovna kontinuln sekvence smujc k maritimnm pohrm. Uritou indici vak mohou bt vlcovit pohrky s oblou postavou a prohnutmi stnami (tzv. Copos), kter E. Sangmeister a H. Schubart (1981) v ppad nlez z opevnn vinn lokality Zambujal oznaili za importovan zbo s vleovanou vzdobou (obr. 18). Ve stratigrafii Zambujalu (Kunst 1987; Sangmeister Schubart 1981) a v obdobnch pozorovnch z opevnnch lokalit Rotura a Leceia (Cardoso 1989) lze tuto keramiku zaadit do nejstar fze nsledujc sekvence:
I. Star doba mdn horizont Copos nebo t horizont ibersk kanelovan keramiky. II. Stedn doba mdn horizont vzdoby s motivem ve form akciovho listu. III. Mlad doba mdn horizont zvoncovitch pohr.
Tuto obecnou chronologickou sekvenci upravil pozdji M. Kunst (1995) na zklad podrobn analzy keramickch nlez ze Zambujalu prv ve vztahu vlcovitch pohrk Copos a maritimnch pohr takto:
I. II. III. IV. V. Vlcovit pohrky samostatn. Vlcovit pohrky bn + keramika s motivem zubatho listu vzcn. Vlcovit pohrky bn + keramika s motivem zubatho listu bn + zvoncovit pohry vzcn. Keramika s motivem zubatho listu bn + zvoncovit pohry bn + vlcovit pohrky vzcn. Zvoncovit pohry bn + keramika s motivem zubatho listu vzcnji + vlcovit pohrky velmi vzcn.
M. Kunst (1995) upozornil na vznam Copos coby typologickho archetypu maritimnch pohr a argumentuje, e tyto vlcovit pohrky mohly bt uvny ped vznikem zvoncovitch pohr (I. a II.), v dob jejich geneze (III.) a dovaly i v dob pln rozvinutho stylu zvoncovitch pohr (IV. a V.). Lze jist namtnout, e ani vleovan vzdoba vlcovitch Copos, ani tzv. motiv zubatho listu nelze povaovat za pedobraz vzdobnch motiv a kolkovan techniky uvan pi vzdob zvoncovitch pohr. Domnvm se, e zodpovzen tto otzky by snad bylo mon hledat v odklonu od tradin snahy o stanoven jedn konkrtn oblasti vzniku fenomnu zvoncovitch pohr. Lze si pedstavit, e zvoncovit pohry nevznikly v jedinm zce 65
Obr. 18: Vinn opevnn Zambujal (Portugalsko). Maritimn pohr (nahoe), tvarov odvozen ze starch Copos (dole; podle: Kunst 1995, Taf. 13). Fig. 18: Hill top site of Zambujal (Portugal). Maritime beaker (top), formaly derived from earlier Copos (bellow; after: Kunst 1995, Taf. 13).
vymezenm regionu Evropy, ale zrodily se jako jaksi kulturn syntza prvk z vce region. Pokud pipustme, e k jejich formln genezi mohlo dojt na stedozpad Iberskho poloostrova, pak nejbli zdroj typick kolkovan vzdoby lze hledat v pozdn neolitick keramice saharskho Maghrebu, kde na zem dnenho severnho Maroka tak pozdji dolo k rozen zvoncovitch pohr. Z tto oblasti zatm pochzej pevn nlezy odpovdajc pln rozvinutmu stylu panlskch zvoncovitch pohr typu Cimpozuelos (Bokbot 2005), je vak teba zdraznit znanou torzovitost souasnho poznn marockch a alrskch zvoncovitch pohr. Je tedy mon, e zvoncovit pohry v t podob, v n je znme z rozshlho zem zpadn a stedn Evropy, vznikly v 1. polovin 3. tiscilet p. n. l. na zklad komunikace mezi severozpadem Afriky a oblast Estramadury. Tento hypotetick model je prozatm zcela netestovan a m celou adu problm, nap. nedostatek absolutnch dat pro africk zvoncovit pohry. Dal nejasnost je teba zcela zanedbateln mnostv nlez zvoncovitch pohr v Algarve, tedy v oblasti jinho Portugalska oddlujc Estramaduru od oblasti Cadizu (jin od eky Guadalquivir), v n lze spatovat pirozenou spojnici s nlezy v dnenm Maroku. een hypotzy vzniku fenomnu zvoncovitch pohr by v budoucnu vyadovalo clen a systematick vzkum v cel zde zmnn zjmov oblasti.
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Vzpomnka na Humphreyho Case a jeho ti nvtvy Prahy

V sobotu 13. ervna 2009 zemel nestor britskho a evropskho bdn o zvoncovitch pohrech Humphrey J. Case. Jeho profesn drha byla celoivotn spojena s Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology v Oxfordu, kde dlouh lta psobil jako kurtor archeologickch sbrek. Dal jeho celoivotn lskou byly zvoncovit pohry. Narodil se 26. kvtna 1918 v rodin koeluha ve Frome v Somersetu. Studoval na Charterhouse a St Johns College v Cambridge. Celou II. svtovou vlku slouil v somersetsk lehk pchot. Po vlce krtce pracoval v Obchodn komoe, ale v roce 1947 nastoupil na University College London ke studiu archeologie. Jeho uitelem byl tehdy mj. tak V. G. Childe. U v roce 1949 nastoupil jako pomocn sprvce sbrek v Ashmolean Museum v Oxfordu, kter tehdy koordinovalo regionln archeologickou pamtkovou pi. Od potku 50. let publikoval velk mnostv studi vnovanch nlezm ze sbrek Ashmolean Museum v Irsku, Velk Britnii a Francii. Pozdji, kdy Ashmolean Museum ztratilo svoji vsadn pozici v ternn pi o archeologick pamtky, stal se H. Case zstupcem pedsedy archeologick komise pro Oxfordshire a Horn Temi a hrl tak vznamnou roli pi zakldn Oxford Archaeological Unit. Dal sfrou jeho zjmu byly potky metalurgie mdi v Irsku a Britnii (spolen s H. H. Coghlanem) a potky doby mdn v Irsku, co bylo tma vzel ji z jeho studia u V. G. Childa. Obr. 19: Humphrey J. Case. Vtina jeho studi se vnovala keramice, chronologii a spoleenFig. 19: Humphrey J. Case. skm vztahm kultury zvoncovitch pohr ve Velk Britnii a Irsku. Ve svch studich vak neopomjel ani vztahy ke kontinentlnm nlezm. Jeho vdeck aktivita byla ocenna pijetm za dnho lena Society of Antiquaries, pozdji se stal viceprezidentem Prehistoric Society, dle psobil ve vznamnch pracovnch skupinch, nap. Bronze Age Forum a Neolithic Studies Group. Pednel na Oxford University a jako host na cel ad univerzit ve Velk Britnii a Irsku. Kdo poznal Humphreyho Case jako uitele, kolegu nebo nadzenho, setkal se vdy s pvtivm, ve svch rozhodnutch rezolutnm, nesmrn zdvoilm a bitkm humorem srcm gentlemanem. Po roce 1983 odeel do dchodu, ale rozhodn neodeel na odpoinek. I nadle psobil se svou enou Jo v regionln ochran pamtek, ale spolupracoval i s kolegy v zahrani. Tak jeho zsluhou se silnice A344 zanoila pod zem a nenaruuje nadle bezprostedn okol monumentu Stonehenge. Jeho expertn posudky ovlivnily tak vstavbu v okol monumentu v Avebury a trasu dlnice M40 v Oxfordshiru. V roce 1986 se astnil organizace mezinrodnho sympozia o zvoncovitch pohrech v zpadnm Stedomo. Po zaloen asociace Archologie et Gobelets v enev v roce 1996 se Humphrey Case zaal podlet na jej innosti a pravideln se astnil jejch setkn: v roce 1997 na Feldbergu, 1998 v Riva del Garda, 1999 v Lisabonu, v roce 2000 setkn v Anglii sm podal, 2001 ve vcarskm Sionu, 2002 v Poznani, 2003 v Pai, 2004 v Praze, Brn a Olomouci, 2005 v Burgosu a Valladolidu. Stle vzpomnm, jak nm v kvtnu 2002 v Poznani zancen a dopodrobna popisoval pouh dva tdny star objev bohatho hrobu luitnka z Amesbury. Na jeho psoben v asociaci je pozoruhodn tak to, e vtina ostatnch
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astnk setkn byla o tm padest let mladch, to mu vak ani v nejmenm nepekelo v otevench diskusch a navazovn novch ptelstv a spoluprce. I v poslednch letech, kdy u se naich setkn Humphrey nemohl astnit, jsme mu poslali spolenou pohlednici s pozdravy, jak to i on dlval pro nkter kolegy, kte zrovna nebyli ptomni na setkn party. Pro mne osobn zstv nezapomenuteln jeho pozvn do Pits Cottage ve Warborough v Oxfordshire v lt roku 1998. Krom celodenn diskuse o zvoncovitch pohrech a pohostinnosti jeho manelky Jo na mne zapsobilo Humphreyho vyprvn o jeho nvtvch Prahy. Prvn se uskutenila v roce 1938 krtce ped Mnichovskou dohodou, s rodii a sestrou se tehdy i pes zastraovn skch ednk dostali z Norimberku do Prahy a pokraovali a na vchodn Slovensko. Jeho druh nvtva se uskutenila v lt 1968 krtce ped okupac. S obytnm pvsem tehdy cestoval s rodinou po eskoslovenObr. 20: Humphrey J. Case (vpravo) a Jan Turek (vlevo) sku. Vzpomnal na setkn s Ladislavem Sierra Atapuerca v roce 2005. Hjkem v Archeologickm stavu v Praze Obr. 20: Humphrey J. Case (right) and Jan Turek (left) Sierra Atapuerca v roce 2005. a na to, jak mu L. Hjek vnoval jednu diskutovanou tabulku z obrazov plohy svho katalogu zvoncovitch pohr. ada Humphreyho nvtv Prahy v historicky zlomovch okamicch se do tetice astn zavrila v roce 2004, kdy jako astnk vronho setkn asociace Archologie et Gobelets oslavil spolu s ostatnmi kolegy vstup stedoevropskch zem do Evropsk unie. Humphrey Case, kter byl po est desetilet soust vzkumu fenomnu zvoncovitch pohr, nikdy neustrnul ve starch paradigmatech a stle se pokouel hledat alternativn pstupy k rekonstrukci pravk spolenosti a zmn v hmotn kultue. Bude nm chybt jako vznamn badatel a kolega, ale pedevm jako vynikajc spolenk a ptel.
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Obr. 21: Praha-Bohnice 1, hrob I; Praha-Bohnice 2, hrob I. Fig. 21: Prague-Bohnice 1, grave I; Prague-Bohnice 2, grave I.
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Obr. 22: Praha-Doln Chabry, hrob I (?); Praha-Doln Chabry, hrob II; Praha-Doln Chabry, hrob III. Fig. 22: Praha-Doln Chabry, grave I (?); Prague-Doln Chabry, grave II; Praha-Doln Chabry, grave III.
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Obr. 23: Praha-Doln Chabry, hrob IV. Fig. 23: Prague-Doln Chabry, grave IV.
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Obr. 24: Praha-Doln Chabry, hrob V; Praha-Doln Chabry, hrob VI; Praha-Doln Poernice 2. Fig. 24: Prague-Doln Chabry, grave V; Prague-Doln Chabry, grave VI; Prague-Doln Poernice 2.
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Obr. 25: Praha-Doln Poernice 1. Fig. 25: Prague-Doln Poernice 1.
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Obr. 26: Praha-blice 1, hrob I; Praha-blice 1, hrob II; Praha-blice 1, hrob 3. Fig. 26: Prague-blice 1, grave I; Prague-blice 1, grave II; Prague-blice 1, grave 3.
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Obr. 27: Praha-blice 1, hrob IV; Praha-blice 1, hrob V. Fig. 27: Prague-blice, grave IV; Prague-blice 1, grave V.
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Obr. 28: Praha-blice 1, hrob VI; Praha-blice 1, hrob VII. Fig. 28: Prague-blice 1, grave VI; Prague-blice 1, grave VII.
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Obr. 29: Praha-blice 1, hrob VII. Fig. 29: Prague-blice 1, grave VII.
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Obr. 30: Praha-blice 1, hrob VIII; Praha-blice 1, hrob IX; Praha-blice 1, hrob X. Fig. 30: Prague-blice 1, grave VIII; Prague-blice 1, grave IX; Prague-blice 1, grave X.
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Obr. 31: Praha-blice 1, hrob XI; Praha-blice 1, hrob XII. Fig. 31: Prague-blice 1, grave XI; Prague-blice 1, grave XII.
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Obr. 32: Praha-blice 1, hrob XIII; Praha-blice 1, hrob XIV; Praha-blice 1, hroby bez rozlien. Fig. 32: Prague-blice 1, grave XIII; Prague-blice 1, grave XIV; Prague-blice 1, graves.
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Obr. 33: Praha-blice 1, hroby bez rozlien. Fig. 33: Prague-blice 1, graves.
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Obr. 36: Praha-Kr 1, hrob I; Praha-Kr 1, hrob II; Praha-Kr 2. Fig. 36: Prague-Kr 1, grave I; Prague-Kr 1, grave II; Prague-Kr 2.
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Obr. 37: Praha-Kr 2; Praha-Libe 1; Praha-Libe 2, hrob I. Fig. 37: Prague-Kr 2; Prague-Libe 1; Prague-Libe 2, grave I.
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Obr. 38: Praha-Libe 2, hrob I; Praha-Libe 2, hrob III. Fig. 38: Prague-Libe 2, grave I; Prague-Libe 2, grave III.
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Obr. 39: Praha-Libe 2, hrob II; Praha-Libe 2, hrob IV; Praha-Libe 2, hrob V. Fig. 39: Prague-Libe, grave II; Prague-Libe 2, grave IV; Prague-Libe, grave V.
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Obr. 40: Praha-Libe 2, hrob VII; Praha-Libe 2, znien hroby; Praha-Nov Msto 2. Fig. 40: Prague-Libe 2, grave VII; Prague-Libe 2, graves; Prague-Nov Msto 2.
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Obr. 41: Praha-Nov Msto 1; Praha-Nov Msto 4; Praha-Troja. Fig. 41: Prague-Nov Msto 1; Prague-Nov Msto 4; Prague-Troja.
Obr. 42: Praha-Pitkovice; Praha-Vrovice 1. Fig. 42: Prague-Pitkovice; Prague-Vrovice 1.
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Obr. 43: Praha-Vrovice 2; Praha-Vrovice 3, hrob II. Fig. 43: Prague-Vrovice 2; Prague-Vrovice 3, grave II.
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Obr. 44: Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob I; Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob II. Fig. 44: Prague-Vrovice 4, grave I; Prague-Vrovice 4, grave II.
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Obr. 45: Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob III; Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob IV. Fig. 45: Prague-Vrovice 4, grave III; Prague-Vrovice 4, grave IV.
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Obr. 46: Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob V. Fig. 46: Prague-Vrovice 4, grave V.
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Obr. 47: Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob VI; Praha-Vrovice 5; Praha-ikov. Fig. 47: Prague-Vrovice 4, grave VI; Prague-Vrovice 5; Prague-ikov.
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Obr. 48: Praha-Libe 2, hrob I. Dbnek s rytou vzdobou. Foto P. Berounsk; zdroj Archaeologica. Fig. 48: Prague-Libe 2, grave I. Jug with engraved decoration. Photograph by P. Berounsk; Archaeologica.
Obr. 49: Praha-Vrovice 4, hrob IV. Ozdobn lukovit zvsky z kanho klu. Foto P. Berounsk; zdroj Archaeologica. Fig. 49: Prague-Vrovice 4, grave IV. Bow shape decorated pendants made of wild boar tusks. Photograph by P. Berounsk; Archaeologica.
Obr. 50: Praha-Libe 1. Zdoben zvoncovit pohr s uchem. Foto J. Vrabec Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy. Fig. 50: Prague-Libe 1. Decorated handled bell beaker. Photograph by J. Vrabec Museum of City Prague.
Obr. 51: Praha-Pitkovice, hrob 235. Zvoncovit pohr. Foto J. Turek. Fig. 51: Prague-Pitkovice, grave 235. Bell beaker. Photograph by J. Turek.
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LITERATURA
AXAMIT, J. 1912: Pspvky k praehistorick topografii Prahy a okol. I. Libe, Obzor praehistorick 3 (ploha asopisu spolenosti ptel staroitnost eskch v Praze 21), 15, 914. AXAMIT, J. 1913: Pspvky k praehistorick topografii Prahy a okol. Doplky ke lnku o Libni. II. Kr, Obzor praehistorick 4 (ploha asopisu Spolenosti ptel staroitnost eskch v Praze 22), 2829, 3334. AXAMIT, J. 1930: Nov nlezy jordansmhlsk keramiky v echch, Pamtky archeologick 36, 188201. BOKBOT, Y. 2005: La civilizacin del vaso Campaniforme en Merruecos y la cuestin del sustrato Calcoltico precampaniforme. In: M. A. Rojo-Guerra, R. Garrido Pena, I. Garca Martnez de Lagrn (eds.), El campaniforme en la Pennsula Ibrica y su contexto europeo. Valladolid, 137173. BUCHVALDEK, M. 1978: Otzka kontinuity v eskomoravskm mladm eneolitu. Praehistorica 7 Varia Archaeologica 1. Praha, 3564. BURE, M. DRAGOUN, Z. 1991: Archeologick vzkumy na trase Krlovsk cesty, Stalet Praha 21, 265284. CARDOSO, J. L. 1989: Leceia. Resultados des escavaes realizadas: 19831988. Oeiras. CASE, H. 1995: Irish Beakers in their European Context. In: J. Waddell, E. Shee-Twohig (eds.), Ireland in the Bronze Age. Dublin, 1429. CYMBALAK, T. 2007: Karlovo nmst p. 307/II, Prask sbornk historick 35, 349. DVOK, P. EBELA, P. 1992: Beziehungen zwischen Schnurkeramik und Glockenbecherkultur in Mhren. Praehistorica 19. Praha, 99107. EGG, M. SPINDLER, K. 1992: Die Gletschermumie von Ende der Steinzeit aus den tztaler Alpen. Vorbericht. Mit einem Beitrag von R. Goedecker-Ciolek, Jahrbuch des RmischGermanischen Zentralmuseums 39, 3113. FARKA, Z. 1976: Soupis archeologickch lokalit Velk Prahy. Nepublikovan rukopis uloen v knihovn Oddlen archeologickch sbrek Muzea hlavnho msta Prahy. FILIP, J. 1949: Praha pravk. Praha. HJEK, L. 193946: Plmscovit spinadla kultury zvoncovitch pohr, Pamtky archeologick 42, 2029. HJEK, L. 1950: Bronzov (mdn?) jehlice kultury zvoncovitch pohr, Obzor prehistorick 14, 353360. HJEK, L. 1962: Die Glockenbecherkultur in Bhmen und Mhren. Inventaria archaeologica Heft 2, eskoslovensko. Bonn. HJEK, L. 1966: Die lteste Phase der Glockenbecherkultur in Bhmen und Mhren, Pamtky archeologick 57, 210241. HJEK, L. 1968: Kultura zvoncovitch pohr v echch. Archeologick studijn materily 5. Praha. HORKOV-JANSOV, L. 1932: Prehistorick nlezy v roce 1930 a 1931, Pamtky archeologick 38, 9298. JELNEK, B. 1891: Materialien zur Vorgeschichte und Volkskunde Bhmens I, Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 21, 136. KALICZ-SCHREIBER, R. KALICZ, N. 2001: Were the Bell Beakers as Social Indicators of the Early Bronze Age in Budapest? In: F. Nicolis (ed.), Bell Beakers Today. Pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy), 1116 May 1998. Trento, 439458. KUNST, M. 1987: Zambujal. Glockenbecher und kerbblattverzierte Keramik aus den Grabungen 1964 bis 1973. Madrider Beitrge Band 5, Zambujal Teil 2. Mainz. KUNST, M. 1995: Zylindrische Gefsse, Kerbblattverzierung und Glockenbecher in Zambujal (Portugal). Ein Beitrag zur kupferzeitlichen Keramikchronologie, Madrider Mitteilungen 36, 136149. LANTING, J. N. VAN DER WAALS, J. D. 1976: Beaker Culture Relations in the Lower Rhine Basin. In: J. N. Lanting, J. D. van der Waals (eds.), Glockenbechersymposion, Oberried 1974. Bussum Haarlem, 180.
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MLLER, J. VAN WILLIGEN, S. 2001: New radiocarbon evidence for european Bell Beakers and the consequences for the diffusion of the Bell Beaker Phenomenon. In: F. Nicolis (ed.), Bell Beakers Today. Pottery, people, culture, symbols in prehistoric Europe. Proceedings of the International Colloquium, Riva del Garda (Trento, Italy), 1116 May 1998. Trento, 5980. NEUSTUPN, E. NEUSTUPN, J. 1960: Nstin pravkch djin eskoslovenska, Sbornk Nrodnho musea v Praze, ada A Historie 14, 95221. P, J. L. 1899: Staroitnosti zem esk. Dl I. echy pedhistorick. Svazek 1. lovk diluviln, pokolen skrench koster. Praha. PIGGOT, S. 1971: Beaker Bows: A Suggestion, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37/2, 8094. PITTIONI, R. 1954: Urgeschichte des sterreichischen Raumes. Wien. PROKOP, K. 1905: Praha v dob pedhistorick, asopis Spolenosti ptel staroitnost eskch v Praze 13, 17, 4150, 7386. RIKOV, P. 2008: Lukovit zvsky kultury zvoncovitch pohr ve stedn Evrop. Nepublikovan rukopis bakalsk prce uloen v stavu archeologie a muzeologie Filozofick fakulty Masarykovy univerzity v Brn. RIKOV, P. 2009: Mikroskopick analza lukovitch zvsk kultury zvoncovitch pohr z Hulna I, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica (v tisku). SALANOVA, L. 2000: La question du Campaniforme en France et dans les les anglo-normandes. Productions, chronologie et rles dun standard cramique. Documents prhistoriques 13. Paris. SANGMEISTER, E. 1964: Die Glockenbecherkultur im Oberrheinthal, Jahrbuch des RmischGermanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 11, 81114. SANGMEISTER, E. 1972: Sozialkonomische Aspekte der Glockenbecherkultur. In: Beitrge zur prhistorischen Anthropologie und Urgeschichte Europas. Festschrift Kurt Gerhardt zum 60. Geburtstag, Homo 23. Bonn, 188203. SANGMEISTER, E. 1989: Und noch einmal Glockenbecher, Hammaburg Neue Folge 9, 1728. SANGMEISTER, E. SCHUBART, H. 1981: Zambujal. Die Grabungen 1964 bis 1973. Madrider Beitrge Band 5, Zambujal Teil 1. Mainz. SKRUN, L. TUREK, J. VOJTCHOVSK, I. 2000: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr ve Velkch Plepech Kamku, Archeologie ve stednch echch 4, 5968. STOCK, A. 1926: Pravk zem esk. Dl 1. Vk kamenn. Praha. TORCH, E. 1914: Nordick osada a pedntick pohebit na Libuku v Libni, Pamtky archeologick 26, 8188. SVOBODA, B. 1938: Pehled vzkum prehistorickho oddlen Nrodnho musea v Praze v letech 19351938, Obzor praehistorick 11, 139141. TUREK, J. 1995: Praha Bohnice, obv. Praha 8, Vzkumy v echch 1990/2, 259. TUREK, J. 1996: Osdlen Prask kotliny v zvru eneolitu. Nstin problematiky obdob zvoncovitch pohr, Archeologica Pragensia 12, 558. TUREK, J. 2002: Cherche la femme! Archeologie enskho svta a chybjc doklady enskch pohb z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v echch. In: E. Neustupn (ed.), Archeologie nenalzanho. Plze Praha, 217240. TUREK, J. 2005a: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze. I. Hloubtn, Kobylisy, Prosek, Vysoany a Zbhlice, Archaeologica Pragensia 17, 65104, 233238. TUREK, J. 2005b: Praha kamenn. Neolit mlad doba kamenn. Eneolit pozdn doba kamenn. In: M. Lutovsk, L. Smejtek a kol., Pravk Praha. Praha, 157348. TUREK, J. 2006a: Bell Beaker gendered cups in central Europe. In: A. Gibson (ed.), Prehistoric Pottery: Some Recent Research. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1509. Oxford, 6368. TUREK, J. 2006b: Obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Evrop, Archeologie ve stednch echch 10, 275368. TUREK, J. 2008: Kultura zvoncovitch pohr. In: E. Neustupn (ed.), Archeologie pravkch ech 4. Eneolit. Praha, 147169. TUREK, J. POLIENSK, T. 2007: Poheb z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze Pitkovicch, Archeologie ve stednch echch 11, 195199.
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TUREK, J. DVOK, P. PEKA, J. 2003: Archaeology of Beaker Settlements in Bohemia and Moravia. An Outline of the Current State of Knowledge. In: J. Czebreszuk, M. Szmyt (eds.), The Northeast Frontier of Bell Beakers, British Archaeological Reports International Series 1155. Oxford, 183208. VENCL, S. ZADK, J. 1992a: Zchrann vzkum v Praze 9 Dolnch Poernicch v r. 1982, Archeologick rozhledy 44, 2964, 145147. VENCL, S. ZADK, J. 1992b: Hrob KZP z Prahy 9 Dolnch Poernic, Archeologick rozhledy 44, 633637. WEINZIERL, R. 1895: Drei ornamentierte neolitische Urnen, Prhistorische Bltter 7, 2328, 3945. ZEMANOV, P. TUREK, J. 2009: Pohebit kultury zvoncovitch pohr v Praze Velk Chuchli, Archeologie ve stednch echch 13 (v tisku).
Cemeteries of the Bell Beaker Period in Prague II. Catalogue and discussion on the rise and origin of the earliest Bell Beakers
Dedicated to the memory of Humphrey J. Case ( 13th June 2009) This is the second part of the catalogue of Bell Beaker cemeteries in Prague. In the last part of the catalogue (Turek 2005a) were presented finds from: Hloubtn, Kobylisy, Prosek, Vysoany and Zbhlice. This part of the catalogue is completing the presentation of finds from the Prague Vltava right riverbank. Each site is indexed by number corresponding with the numbering in the general map of Bell Beaker sites in Prague (Turek 1996, mapa 3) eventually some recently discovered sites are indexed by the following numbers. Interpretation Geomorphological position of sites The finds presented in this volume of the catalogue are distributed all over the Pragues Vltava riverbank, therefore their geomorphologic description is only possible in their micro-regional context of the Vltava river tributaries. Up in the north of Prague there are three fairly isolated cemeteries at Doln Chabry, imice and Bohnice. These sites are in the vicinity of imick and Bohnick stream, which are direct Vltava tributaries. Further three sites in the north east zone of the City are attached to the tributary area of nearby Labe river and from the geographical point of view they do not belong to the Prague Basin. These are sites at Battistas redbrick factory and D8 motorway at blice and one grave at Kbely. In the area of the Rokytka river, just before its mouth to the Vltava river is a small accumulation of funerary sites in the parish of the present day Libe. It is possible to reconstruct at least two extinct prehistoric watercourses dividing the southern slope within the parish of Libe. Much complicated is the situation in the historical core of the City. The anthropogenic strata prevent discovery of the relics of prehistoric landscape and many of prehistoric sites were already damaged by the mediaeval and later building activities. Thus exceptional find is the burial with Begleit pottery excavated in 1987 during the underground boring of a tunnel collector in Celetn street of the Old Town. This area was probably periodically flooded, however the presumption of an extinct prehistoric watercourse, as well as, traces of prehistoric activity suggest there once has been a settlement area used in different periods, such as in some other low areas of Prague Basin (such as Velk Chuchle, Holeovice etc.). At the New Town, on Karlovo square and in its neighbourhood was probably a Bell Beaker cemetery. Presumably barrow cemetery was distributed on the western slope that was still in the Modern Era much steeper and full of little rocks and outcrops that were mostly cleared away as late as in 19th Century. In the area of the Boti river, there are currently known three main concentration of the Bell Beaker finds (described mainly in the previous part of the catalogue; Turek 2005a). First of all it is the group of sites at Vrovice, located around the confluence of the Boti river and Stranick stream, where is fairly limited area with loess cover. Further group of sites is distributed within parishes of Zbhlice and Michle, near the confluence of the Boti river and Slatinsk stream. Further against the course of the Boti river there was the Hostiva settlement area, in the meander part of Boti, which is delimited by the tributaries of Kokovsk
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and Mcholupsk stream (Turek 1996, mapa 3). The question is whether this picture is the real reflection of the distribution of settlement areas or just biased archaeological evidence influenced by repeated archaeological activity in certain parts of the City. The most recent excavation at Pitkovice suggest that the Bell Beaker settlement was probably spanning along whole coarse of the Boti river and therefore the previous ideas suggesting that this region was not settled at all in the Late Eneolithic period (Turek 1996). This interpretation was thus only result of the lack of the archaeological activity in this region. The new site at Pitkovice is the last and southernmost in the south eastern corner of Prague. On the southern outskirts of the City are two accumulations of the Bell Beaker funerary sites. They are two graves with Maritime beakers in Kr and graves with Begleit pottery in Modany. Further Bell Beaker sites in the southern direction are currently unknown. Finds, contexts, burial rites and their social interpretation The main obstacle for the social interpretation of the finds presented in this volume of is the lack of site records, as well as, incompleteness of funerary assemblages and spatial relationships between individual contexts. Apart from the most modern excavations at Doln Poernice (1989) and Pitkovice (2006) the majority of finds was found in the first half of the 20th Century or even earlier. The most extensive cemetery in this collection comes from the Battistas redbrick factory in blice. The basic circumstances of 14 inhumation burials survived, as well as, more individual pots from destroyed graves (17 vessels in total). All of the funerary assemblages from Battistas redbrick factory is of the Begleit pottery character. Because of the high number of solitaire pottery vessels it is possible to estimate the total number of discovered graves as 2025, which brands the blice cemetery amongst the largest known in Bohemia. Other larger cemeteries were recorded at Libe (seven graves), Vrovice Cavalry barracks (six graves, including one cremation) and Doln Chabry clay pit Beranov (five graves). The decorated Bell Beakers could be divided into two main groups. Two zone Maritime beakers (for the discussion on the Maritime beakers see below) come from Kr, while other beakers are of more developed, wider shapes with hatched rhombi and negative zig-zags (Doln Chabry), or methops and strap handles (Kr, Libe). A polypood bowl with decorated rim was found in Libe. The Begleit pottery is decorated with vertical bands plastic cordons, moustaches under cup handles (blice, Libe, Vrovice, Karlovo square). Three cups had engraved decoration (Libe, blice), which is vertically organised and in two cases it creates the inverted Y motive. In one specific case (blice, Battistas red brick factory) there is an unusual decoration of a cup with secondarily (after firing) engraved motif of inverted Y combined with a plastic moustache under the handle. Such motives are connected with the male element and such cups are usually being found with male burials (Turek 2002; idem 2006a; idem 2008). The high jugs and ovoid pots that were discussed in the first volume of the catalogue (Turek 2005a, 79), are indicators of the female phenomenon within burial assemblages. Only two such jugs (from blice, grave VI and XII) are presented in this volume of the catalogue. Another very likely female burial is the skeleton with antler Vperforated buttons and two polypood bowls from grave IX at blice. The south-eastern design in shaping of pottery vessels may be seen in the case of the Nagyrv type jug of Balkan type A found in grave XIV at Battistas brick factory in blice (fig. 32:1) and the Somogyvr type jug from the grave I in Kr (fig. 36:2). Nagyrv type jugs of Balkan type occurred in Bohemia and Moravia since the late Corded Ware period and they are less frequently represented in funerary assemblages of the Bell Beaker Period in Bohemia and in cemeteries and settlement sites in Moravia (Buchvaldek 1978; Dvok ebela 1992). The region of their regular occurrence is the area of the Csepel Group of the Bell Beaker Culture, mainly within the territory of the present day Budapest (fig. 5). Dozens of such jugs were found in graves of the Europes largest Bell Beaker necropolis at Budakalsz (1070 graves), as well as, at Szigetszentmikls (226 graves) and at Bksmegyer (154 graves). Several exemplars of the SomogyvrVinkovci type jugs were also found within these sites (Kalicz-Schreiber Kalicz 2001, fig. 8). From Bohemia we can quote analogies of the Somogyvr type jug from Sulejovice (District Litomice; Turek 2008, fig. 57:3) or the miniaturised version of such jug from a child grave ar Velk Plepy Kamk (Skrun Turek Vojtchovsk 2000). An interesting cylindrical vessel with horizontal strap handle under the rim was found in grave obj. 3/89 at Doln Poernice (Vencl Zadk 1992, 634, 635, obr. 2:10). The vessel is decorated by two vertical ladders
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consisting of two engraved lines and short stamps across. The whole vessel is perhaps an imitation of a cylindrical bucket sawed from a tree bark. The double ladder motive otherwise unknown in the Bell Beaker Period is probably an imitation of stitches in the bark sawed together, which is technology used in Europe at least since the beginning of Neolithic Period. As a direct and chronologically close analogy could be mentioned discovery of two birch bark buckets found near by the frozen body of man called tzi who died at Hauslabjoch in South Tyrolean Alps (Egg Spindler 1992). Direct analogy of the Bell Beaker pottery vessel in such form is known from a grave at Slan-Kvek (Hjek 1968, 46; Turek 2008, 163, obr. 56:7). Amongst the non-ceramic artefacts one should mention the bow shaped pendants from the grave IV at Vrovice 4 (fig. 45:45). These pendant witness the shape of late Copper Age bows, but it is important to note that they are connected to the practical function of wild boar tusks, which are in most cases used as their raw material. Pendants that L. Hjek (193946) collected and published as half-moon shaped clasps are in fact decorated wild boar tusks that at least in their undecorated version were used for the surface finish of real wooden bows by scratching the fibre gently so the flexibility of bows would not be affected. The relation of bow pendants with the archery symbolism was observed by S. Piggot (1971). These pendants are most commonly found in male graves. Now we know that their iconographic/symbolic relation to a bow is possibly result of the functional use of tusk artefacts. An important contribution was made by P. Rikov (2008; eadem 2009), who besides creation of the catalogue of all currently known bow pendants in Bohemia and Moravia also undertook the microscopic analysis of the finds from Huln and found series of production and wear traces on different parts of these artefacts. The future traseological analysis of the bow pendants and wild boar tusks from the Bell Beaker graves may bring more data for their interpretation. The copper pin from Libe 2, grave IV is an exceptional artefact, which occurred rarely in the Bell Beaker funerary context. Their distribution in Europe was analysed already by L. Hjek (1950). Pottery metrics A metric analysis of pottery vessels from whole Prague right riverbank is also part of this contribution, including the data published in the first part of the catalogue (Turek 2005a). The metric analysis of pottery was carried out in four categories: jugs and one handled cups (80 measured vessels), bowls and polypood bowls (44 measured exemplars), decorated and undecorated bell beakers (13 measured exemplars) a high ovoid jugs and pots (7 measured exemplars). Distinctive enough results provided the analysis of height and volume ratio of jugs/one handled cups. Most cases are of volume up to 300 ml with majority ranging between 100 and 250 ml. In this area of the graph (fig. 6) is possible to distinguish two main clusters ranging between 50120 ml. and about 200 ml. The remaining exemplars of a higher volume do not create any significant accumulations. Metric analysis of 122 one handled cups and jugs in north-west Bohemia (Turek 1995, 129131; idem 1998, 108109, fig. 5) produced an evidence of division of cups into three volume groups (100200 ml, 300 ml and 600800 ml). Such distribution may reflect function of the vessel, as well as, type of the beverage it used to contain. The volume of pots might have also reflected the gender and social category of the owner and/or person buried with it. The comparison of north Bohemian cups with those from Prague suggest certain differences, such as that in Prague there is missing the accumulation about 300 ml. and between 600800 ml. Unfortunately same as the north Bohemian finds also the finds from Prague do not offer the data for social/gender analysis of possible relation between volume of pots and social category of the deceased buried with them. Another measured type of pottery amongst the Prague finds were bowls. In the graph (fig. 7) there appear three clusters of volume 200450 ml, 8001100 ml and 12001600 ml. Only about one fifth of all bowls was of a greater volume. These bowls, however, did not create any distinctive cluster, ranging from 2000 to 4500 ml, with exception of the bowl of 7000 ml volume from female grave at Kobylisy (site 8; Turek 2005a, 7071). The study of eleven bell beakers (fig. 8) and seven void pots and tall jugs (fig. 9) is unfortunately not representative due to the limited number of exemplars. The decorated and undecorated beakers with and without handle are ranging between 200 and 2500 ml, with the most abundant group between 500 and 760 ml. Three Maritime beakers discussed in this paper are ranging between 500 and 620 ml, they are relatively smaller. The tall ovoid jugs are ranging from 310 to 400 ml and ovoid pots are bigger, up to 4300 ml.
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The earliest bell beakers in Prague, a discussion on the rise and origin of one cultural phenomenon Question of the earliest bell beakers was traditionally in the focus point of European archaeologists. Besides the west European studies (Lanting van der Waals 1976; Sangmeister 1972) we can refer to L. Hjeks study on the earliest bell beakers in Bohemia and Moravia (Hjek 1966). The inner chronology of the Bell Beaker Period was traditionally amongst the main topics studied within the cultural historical paradigm. Whole period was first divided into two main phases. The earlier phase was characteristic by its decorated beakers and bowls with decorated rims and a prestigious beaker package. For the later phase was typical so called accompanying ware (Begleitkeramik) and gradual disappearance of the decorated beakers. This original division was first documented on Lower Austrian finds (Pittioni 1954) and it was soon adopted by Czech scholars (Hjek 1966; Neustupn Neustupn 1960 etc.). E. Sangmeister extended this basic periodisation in his study on the Upper Rhine bell beakers (Sangmeister 1964) by introducing the hypothetical earliest phase of so called Maritime beakers. These beakers are characteristic by their slim and tall shapes, overall decoration by horizontal zones. They used to be connected to the initial migration phase of spread of originally uniform pan-European Bell Beaker Culture. Recently appeared doubts about the chronological significance of this phenomenon and its nature could be explained as kind of symbolic reflection of social differentiation (Turek 2002a, 224225). There is a clear relation between typologically early beakers and some other artefacts of social prestige including gold and silver jewellery, suggesting these graves were exceptional, perhaps connected to their social context, rather than chronological differences (Neustupn 1984). Amongst the main problems of reconstruction of the Bell Beaker chronological sequence, such as of the entire Late Eneolitic Period in Central Europe, is the lack of finds from domestic context. It is important to emphasize the repeatedly observed ideological structure of the burial rites and funerary assemblage composition, representing particular socio-cultural identity (Turek Dvok Peka 2003, 205). Bearing in mind that the burial contexts offer to certain extend biased picture of the prehistoric reality using relatively limited spectrum of artefacts and cultural norms and demonstrating social relations important for expression of social identity. It is thus well possible that the ideologized picture of the cultural change may in terms of the burial rite appear as sharp discontinuity, while in everyday life it was a longer transition process. Amongst the Prague Bell Beaker finds there are seven currently known exemplars of Maritime beakers found in six different sites. These finds are listed in the following list:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Prague-Bubene, Sibisk street. Male inhumation rested on left side accompanied by decorated beaker (with cord impression on the inner side of rim), copper dagger and two silver earrings of the Sion type (excavated in 1927; fig. 10). Prague-Holeovice, Letn near the old water tower. Inhumation grave contained a decorated beaker and stone wristguard, (excavated before 1905; fig. 11). Prague-Kr. Cremation burial inside a one handled cup accompanied by decorated beaker (fig. 12). Another inhumation grave with decorated and undecorated beaker was found nearby (fig 13) Both graves were excavated before 1912. Prague-Lysolaje. Grave IX contained inhumation a variant of maritime beaker (fig. 14), one handled undecorated beaker, copper dagger, stone wristuard and two silver earrings (excavated in 1940). Prague-Radotn. Clay pit of the cement factory. Inhumation burial contained a Maritime beaker (fig. 15), flint scraper and a copper awl. Prague-Vokovice. Variant of Maritime beaker (fig. 16). An isolated funerary find (excavated before 1891).
The earliest Bell Bakers in Europe and the question of their origin There are currently two main theories on the origin and formation area of the Bell Beaker phenomenon. Number of evidence lacking theories on the Fatherland of Bell Beaker archers exploded during the 20th Century. The two theories presented below are not definitive and their probability has to be tested by future research. The Dutch Model According to this model the archetype of bell beaker is seen in the AllOverCorded Beakers (AOC) and AllOverOrnamented Beakers (AOO). Their typological origin is presumed to be in the Late Single Grave Culture Protruding Foot Beakers (PFB) appearing in the Lower Rhine area (Lanting van der Waals 1976).
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This region is currently the only one in Europe, where it is possible to trace the local typological development from the Corded Ware to the early forms of bell beakers. Such chronological-typological sequence was also supported by series of radiocarbon dates (Lanting van der Waals 1976; fig. 17). However, the more recent radiocarbon dates broth doubts about the original model and they even suggest possible development of the local Veluwe beakers (generally considered late) directly from the late Corded Ware/Single grave Culture background (E. Drenth personal communication). The original Lanting and van der Waalses model need to be tested on much wider series of radiocarbon dates. Maritime model Maritime Bell Beakers, a definition: We refer to a Bell Beaker as a Maritime Bell Beaker if it has a uniformly shaped S-profile and a flat base. In general, its height measures one and a half to twice as much as its width. A Maritime Bell Beaker is decorated with horizontal bands filled with hatched motives of slanted parallel lines stamped into the ceramic which, in most cases, are framed by impressions of simple, fine lines. The bands occur repeatedly over the entire surface, are stamped in lines inclined inversely to each other, and are separated by non-decorated, smoothly polished bands. This narrowly defined canon of decoration was not always strictly followed by the ancient potters. Thus, the boundary lines may be missing, an additional line may be drawn within the empty space, or individual bands may be decorated with a zigzag line. The boundary lines and individual, independent lines might be produced by a cord. In contrast to the true Maritime Beakers defined above, we refer to these slightly modified Beakers as Variants; however, this rigorous distinction has rarely been followed in research history. The origin of Maritime beakers is sought in the Portuguese region of Estramadura, in the area of the mouth of River Tejo (Tagus). Maritime beakers appear further north along the Atlantic coast up to Brittany, westerly through Languedoc along the French Mediterranean coast (Salanova 2000). The Maritime style is less represented in the Eastern Bell Beaker Province, for example in Bohemia and Moravia (Hjek 1966). Despite some very early Bell Beaker radiocarbon dates recorded in the western Iberian Peninsula (Mller van Willigen 2001), there is no evidence of continual typological sequence leading towards Maritime Beakers in Estramadura. Certain clue may be seen in cylindrical cups with rounded base and curved body, so-called Copos (fig. 18) that are by E. Sangmeister and H. Schubart (1981) considered to be imported burnish decorated ware at the fortified site of Zambujal. Within the Zambujal stratigraphy (Kunst 1987; Sangmeister Schubart 1981) and at similar fortified sites of Rotura and Leceia (Cardoso 1989) it is possible to date this Copos to the earliest phase of the following sequence:
I. Early Copper Age Copos horizon, so-called horizon of Iberian channelled ware. II. Middle Copper Age horizon of acacia leaf decoration motif. III. Late Copper Age Bell Beaker horizon.
This general chronological sequence was recently adjusted by M. Kunst (1995), based on detailed analysis of pottery finds from Zambujal, especially in relation of the cylindrical cups Copos and Maritime beakers. His study is summarized in the following sequence:
I. II. III. IV. V. Cylindrical cups independently Cylindrical cups common + serrated leaf motif wear rare. Cylindrical cups common + serrated leaf motif wear common + bell beakers rare. Serrated leaf motif wear common + bell beakers common + cylindrical cups rare. Bell beakers common + serrated leaf motif wear fairly rare + cylindrical cups very rare.
M. Kunst (1995) emphasized the significance of Copos as a typological archetype of Maritime beakers and argues that these cylindrical cups might have been in use prior to the origin of bell beakers (I. and II.), during their formation period (III.) and survived also in the period of fully developed bell beaker style (IV. and V.). Certainly one could argue that the burnished decoration of cylindrical Copos, or so-called serrated leaf motif could not be considered as an archetype pattern of the bell beaker stamped technique. I presume that the solution of this question could be find by abandonment of the traditional attempts to determine one particular region of the origin of Beaker phenomenon. It is possible to imagine that bell beaker
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style has not originated in one single region, but it was established as a synthesis of elements from more different regions. If we assume that their formal genesis took place in the Midwestern Iberian Peninsula than the nearest source of typical stamped decoration could be found in the Late Neolithic pottery of Sahara Maghreb, where there were later also distributed bell beakers in the territory of present day northern Morocco and Algeria. We have to bear in mind that the majority of bell beakers in this region are of fully developed Spanish Cimpozuelos style (Bokbot 2005), however, the current state of knowledge on Moroccan and Algerian Bell Beakers is rather limited. Seen from this point of view it is possible that Bell Beaker phenomenon, such as we know it from Western and Central Europe, originated in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC based on the cultural communication between the Northwest Africa and Estramadura. This hypothetical model was not yet proved and tested and it is facing range of problems, such as lack of radiocarbon dates for Moroccan beakers. Or for example the lack of Bell Beaker finds in Algarve dividing Estramadura from the Western Andalusia (Cadiz region, south of the Guadalquivir River), where we can presume a natural connection to Morocco. The resolution of such hypothesis would require future targeted systematic research project covering the whole area mentioned above. How to use the catalogue 41 = Site number Kobylisy = parish 12 = site number within a parish (Praha 8) = (Prague quarter number) Ulice Pod sdlitm, pp. 603605, severovchodn od p. 156 = Location: street, local place name, property or house number. Hrob I = Grave number (kostrov = inhumation; rov = cremation) Description of the site and context. Nlezy: = Finds: 1 (obr. 16) = number of an artefact, used also on the relevant figure (fig. number) Dbnek = Jug (dbnek = one handled cup; msa = bowl; msa na nokch = polypood bowl; zdoben zvoncovit pohr = decorated bell beaker; nezdoben zvoncovit pohr = undecorated bell beaker; zvoncovit pohr s uchem = handled bell beaker; zsobnicov hrnec = storage jar; mdn dka s apem = tanged copper dagger; kostn lukovit pvsek = bone bow pendant; pazourkov ipka = flint arrowhead). Povrch ernohnd, skvrnit, zrnit = surface and colour. Vka = hight, prmr st = rim diameter, objem = volume. Uloen: NM Praha/Muzeum hlavnho msta Prahy, inv. . = Stored: National Museum in Prague/City of Prague Museum, inventory number. Literatura: = References: Memory of Humphrey J. Case and his three visits of Prague Humphrey J. Case, the doyen of European Bell Beaker studies has died on Saturday, 13th of June 2009 aged 91. Humphrey Case will be remembered for his contribution to the study of prehistory particularly that of England, Ireland and France made during a long career at the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology in Oxford. Humphrey Case was born at Frome in 1918 into a family in the leather trade. After Charterhouse and St Johns College, Cambridge, where he read English, he served in the Somerset Light Infantry during the Second World War. A peacetime post at the Board of Trade failed to engage his commitment and in 1947 he enrolled in the diploma course at the Institute of Archaeology in London, where V. G. Childe was a big influence. In 1949 he was appointed an assistant keeper at the Ashmolean Museum, at the time a centre for regional archaeological fieldwork; the combination of field research and object-based studies perfectly suited Humphreys abilities. While redisplaying and cataloguing the collections, he undertook and published a wide series of excavations on sites dating from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age and extending as far as Ireland and France. Later, as the Ashmolean Museum was sidelined in its excavating role in the Oxford region, he remained influential as deputy chairman of the Oxfordshire and the Upper Thames archaeological committees, and he also played a big role in the creation of the Oxford Archaeological Unit. Another enduring interest was heralded with an important survey paper written with H. H. Coghlan, Early Metallurgy of copper in Ireland and Britain. At the last, Case continued to work on a project on the
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Copper Age in Ireland, an investigation first recommended to him at the outset of his career by Childe. His achievements were recognised by election as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries; he served for a time on the societys council, on the council (and later as vice-president) of the Prehistoric Society, and on influential working groups such as the Bronze Age Forum and the Neolithic Studies Group. He taught widely within the Oxford University and examined for numerous others throughout Britain and Ireland. His students at Oxford remembered him as endlessly encouraging and supportive. He was no less accommodating to visiting scholars of whatever degree of distinction, and even gave encouragement to those still at school. Somewhat reserved and precise by nature, with an almost exaggerated courtesy, his words were carefully chosen, but he had a waspish and infections humour that he enjoyed mobilising in the face of any display of pretension. He was a man of resolute opinions, delivered with authority but in a quiet, almost diffident, manner, he was always a true gentleman. As he retired in 1983 he settled in Warborough, Oxfordshire, continuing an active professional life. Together with his wife Jo they surveyed hedges for the Council for the Preservation of Rural England, for which Humphrey Case became the county chairman. He was vigorously involved in the public consultation process for the proposed route of the M40 through Oxfordshire and the landscaping of the prehistoric sites at Avebury and Stonehenge. With accustomed quiet authority, he led the responses after a recent lecture on Stonehenge at the Society of Antiquaries. His main passion was the Bell Beaker period and for its investigation he collaborated also with many colleagues abroad. In 1986 he participated on the organising the international symposium on Bell Beakers in the Wester Mediterranean. After the association Archologie et Gobelets was founded in Geneva in 1996, Humphrey Case became a member and regularly participated on its annual meetings: in 1997 at Feldberg, 1998 in Riva del Garda, 1999 in Lisbon, the meeting in England 2000 he organised him-self, 2001 in Swiss Sion, 2002 in Pozna, 2003 in Paris, 2004 in Prague, Brno and Olomouc and in 2005 in Burgos and Valladolid. His exciting description of at the time most recent discovery of the Amesbury archer burial in May 2002 in Poznan was fascinating. His engagement in the Archologie et Gobelets association was remarkable bearing in mind that the majority of other participants were almost fifty years younger than him. This did not restrain him from friendly opened discussions and establishing new friendships and collaboration with younger colleagues. When he was not with us at last meeting we always sent a postcard with greetings to him, same as he used to do it to some other colleagues who just missed the Beaker reunion party. My unforgettable personal experience was his invitation to his home at Pits Cottage in Warborough, Oxfordshire in summer 1998. Besides our all-day discussion on Bell Beakers and hospitality of his wife Jo, I was impressed by Humphreys stories about his visits to Prague. The first was in 1938, just before the Munich treaty. He, his parents and sister were intimidated by the German Reichs officers in Nrenberg not to take the train to Prague. They did not care about their lies and successfully carried on with their trip as far as to eastern Slovakia. His second visit of Prague was in August 1968, just prior to the Soviet occupation. He made holidays with his family in a caravan and travelled about Czechoslovakia. He mentioned his encounter with Ladislav Hjek in the Institute of Archaeology in Prague, where L. Hjek gave him one figure from his Bell Beaker catalogue manuscript. The row of Humphreys visits of Prague in historical breaking points was pleasantly rounded off during his third visit in 2004, when he, together with other Archologie et Gobelets members cheered the entry of central European countries into the European Union. Humphrey Case, who was for six decades part of the research on the Bell beaker Phenomenon was never became rigidly devoted to any old paradigm and was always trying to find an alternative approaches towards prehistoric society and changes in material culture. We shall miss him as an eminent scholar and colleague, but first of all as an excellent companion and friend. (English by J. Turek)
Mgr. Jan Turek, stav archeologick pamtkov pe stednch ech, Nad Olinami 3/448, 100 00 Praha 10, jan.turek@uappsc.cz, turekjan@hotmail.com
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POHEBIT Z OBDOB ZVONCOVITCH POHR V PRAZE II.

KATALOG A DISKUSE O VZNIKU A PVODU NEJSTARCH ZVONCOVITCH POHR

Vnovno pamtce Humpreyho J. Case ( 13. ervna 2009)

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Hrob V (31. ervence 1937)

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Hrob II (13. srpna 1931)

Hrob III (1931)

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Hrob VII (1931)

Hrob VIII (1931)

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Hrob XII (25. ervence 1931)

Nlezy z hrob bez rozlien, kter zskal S. Hlavsa (1931)

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Hrob IV (1906) Kostrov poheb byl provzen msou a mdnm dlem.

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Vzpomnka na Humphreyho Case a jeho ti nvtvy Prahy

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Obr. 25: Praha-Doln Poernice 1. Fig. 25: Prague-Doln Poernice 1.

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

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Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze

Archaeologica Pragensia 19 / 2008

Turek: Pohebit z obdob zvoncovitch pohr v Praze