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2.3.1.

2 Nguyn liu tht trong sn xut nem chua: Mt trong nhng yu tn quan trng quyt nh cht lng ca nem chua l nguyn liu tht ban u. Trong sn xut nem chua th ta s dng tht heo nc phi mi nhn t l git m ( tht nng), khng s dng loi tht i hoc c mu sm. Khi ng vt cn sng c qu trnh h hp,cung cp oxy. ng vt sau khi git m, h hp s ngng li, qu trnh cung cp oxy cng ngng li lm cho in th oxy ha kh gim gy hot ha enzyme xc tc cho qu trnh thy phn ATP to nng lng cn thit cho qu trnh co c: Actin + myosin Actiomyosin ng thi acid lactic b tch li, acid phosphoric cng b tch ly li lm cho pH ca c tht gim xung bng pI ca myosin v actin lm cho qu trnh kt hp thnh actomyosin l qu trnh khng thun nghch do kh nng lin kt vi nc gim, lm mt mt lng nc. Heo va mi git m cn giai on nng, kh nng gi nc ca protein cn tt v protein cha b bin tnh gip cho qu trnh to gel sau ny din ra tt hn. Yu cu v tht nc sn xut nem chua rt khc khe. Khng phi bt c phn nc no ca c th heo u c th dng lm nem. Phn c s dng phi l tht nc i sau hoc l nc mng, v tht nc nhng b phn ny va mm, t gn, m nh hng n nhng bin i ha sinh ca nem trong qu trnh chn to nn cht lng nem. Nu tht ln m s nh hng n kh nng to gel sau ny. ng thi cng gim c thi gian x l nguyn liu nh lc, qut ngn hn. Mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l tht ban u l tuyt i khng c ra qua nc. Khi tht c ra nc s to iu kin cho vi sinh vt xm nhp t ngun nc hoc nu ngun v khun th sau khi ra ta cng lm tng hm lng nc trong tht. Mc ch l hn ch ti a m. 2.3.2 Da heo Da heo c gi tr ndinh dng thp hn tht nc. Da heo c cu to t protein khung mng. l 2 protein: Colagen v elastin 2.3.2.1 Khi quat v Colagen Colagen l protein c cu trc dng si, khng tan trong nc, dung dch mui long, dung dch kim long, khng n hi c do bo v cho c th chng li s ko cng n v c s ca colagen l tropocolagen, c hnh tr ( di khong 300nm, ng knh 1.5nm) do ba chui lpolypeptide cun li thnh hnh xon c kp Hnh 2.2: Cu trc phn t colagen Trong qu trnh chn ca tht, colagen ch b bin i cht t. Trong qu trnh x l nhit trong mi trng m, cc si colagen co li, sau b

gelastin hoaskhi nhit cao. Gelastin c c im chu lc ct km nhng kh nng gi nc rt tt 2.3.2.2 Khi qut v elastin Elastin l protein c mu vng, cng l mt protein c cu trc dng si. Phn t gm elastin v elastin ni nhau bng cu ng ha tr. Khi nu trong nc elastin ch trng n m khng ha tan. N l mt protein rt bn vi acid, base v cc protease, ch b thy phn mt phn bi papain 2.3.2.3 Da heo s dng trong sn xut nem chua T nguyn liu da heo sau git m, em ra sch sau emluc chn, vt ra ri ra li bng nc lnh, co lng, hong gi, tch m, ct to hnh. Da heo c mu vng t nhin, khng s dng thuc ty Da heo s x l ng vai tr nh mt cht n, cht kt dnh cc phn t trong m c gip nh hnh sn phm lm tng gi tr cm quan ca nem chua, tng d gin, dai... T l gia lng tht nc ( heo ) v da heo dng sn xut mt m nem chua thng khong l 3:7 2.3.3 Cc loi gia v 2.3.3.1 ng ng c s dng trong sn xut nem chua ngoi tc dng to hng v, n cn l c cht cho qu trnh ln men to acid. Do c tnh cht ho nc nn ng gip trng thi lin kt gel ca tht them cht ch. C th s dng nhiu loi ng khc nhau nh: Lactose, galactose, maltose, saccharose...thng thng s dng ng saccharose trong qu trnh sn xut Qu trnh sn xut nem chua pha Nam s dng rt nhiu ng, t 30- 35% so vi trng lng ca nguyn liu chnh. Trong khi y lng ng s dng cc tnh pha Bc thng t 10-15%. 2.3.3.2 Mui n:(NaCl) Trong sn xut nem chua, mui n cng l nguyn liu cn quan tm. Mui n to v mn cn thit cho nem. Ngoi ra mui n cn c tc dng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng sn phm. Mui n c s dng vi nng ph hp trnh c ch c vi sinh vt monh mun v lm gim gi tr cm quan ca nem chua Trc khi a vo quy trnh sn xut cn kin tra li thnh phn ca mui m bo cht lng ca nem chua. 2.3.3.3 Bt ngt( Natri glutamat) Bt ngt c cng thc ha hc l NaOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH. Bt ngt c b sung vo nhm to v cho nem chua 2.3.3.4 Ti Ti c trng khp ni trn th gii. ti l loi gia v dng p, kh

mi hay to mi cho nguyn liu. Ti c v cay, tnh n, ngoi lm gia v, cc thnh phn khc trong ti cn c tc dng khng sinh mnh. Ngoi mt t iode v tinh du( 100Kg ti cha 60-200g tinh du), thnh phn ch yu trong ti l cht khng sinh alicin C6H10OS2 l mt hp cht sulfur c tc dng dit khun rt mnh i vi vi sinh vt nh: Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella 2.3.3.5 Tiu Tiu l mt loi gia v thng c s dng tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.Thnh phn ha hc ca tiu gm c tinh du v hai loi ankaloid l piperin v chavicine. Ngoi ra cn mt s cht khc nh cellulose v mui khong. 2.3.3.6 t Cng nh ti, t cng l mt loi gia v to v cay gip tng gi tr cm quan cho thc phm. Trong 100g t c khong 91% nc, 1.3% protid, 5.7% glucid, 250mg vitamin C, 10mg caroten. Lng tinh du trong t chim t l kh cao 12% gm capsisina, casaicine ( ancaloid ), casanthiac. Ngoi ra trong t cn c vitamin K, mt s cht khong. vi nng ph hp trnh c ch c vi sinh vt monh mun v lm gim gi tr cm quan ca nem chua Trc khi a vo quy trnh sn xut cn kin tra li thnh phn ca mui m bo cht lng ca nem chua. 2.3.3.3 Bt ngt( Natri glutamat) Bt ngt c cng thc ha hc l NaOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH. Bt ngt c b sung vo nhm to v cho nem chua 2.3.3.4 Ti Ti c trng khp ni trn th gii. ti l loi gia v dng p, kh mi hay to mi cho nguyn liu. Ti c v cay, tnh n, ngoi lm gia v, cc thnh phn khc trong ti cn c tc dng khng sinh mnh. Ngoi mt t iode v tinh du( 100Kg ti cha 60-200g tinh du), thnh phn ch yu trong ti l cht khng sinh alicin C6H10OS2 l mt hp cht sulfur c tc dng dit khun rt mnh i vi vi sinh vt nh: Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shigella 2.3.3.5 Tiu Tiu l mt loi gia v thng c s dng tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.Thnh phn ha hc ca tiu gm c tinh du v hai loi ankaloid l piperin v chavicine. Ngoi ra cn mt s cht khc nh cellulose v mui khong. 2.3.3.6 t Cng nh ti, t cng l mt loi gia v to v cay gip tng gi tr cm quan cho thc phm. Trong 100g t c khong 91% nc, 1.3% protid, 5.7% glucid, 250mg vitamin C, 10mg caroten. Lng tinh du trong

t chim t l kh cao 12% gm capsisina, casaicine ( ancaloid ), casanthiac. Ngoi ra trong t cn c vitamin K, mt s cht khong. Ancaloid to nn mi thm v cng l cht to nn v cay vi nng ln. Ngoi ra tinh du ca t cng c cht khng sinh thc vt l phitocide. 2.3.4 Bao b 2.3.4.1. L vng gi nem, ngi ta thng s dng l vng gi.L vng c dng l cht mu xanh v bng, n cn c tn l Hi Hng B hoc Thch Hng B. Chng c trng nhiu ni lm hng ro v ly l n. L vng s dng gi nem khng qus non hoc qu gi.Nu l vng qu non hoc qu gi du nh hng n qu trnh bo qun nem chua. L vng non chua bn, cn l vng gi s d b phn hy. L vng sau khi c ra phi va kh, khng qu t to iu kin cho ncacs vi sinh vt nhim pht trin nhng cng khng kh qu. Ngoi l vng ngi ta cn c th s dng l chm rut, l rau ngt, l i, l bng.... 2.3.4.2 Bao nilong Nilong dng bao bn ngoi l vng hoc l i..... 2.3.4.3 L chui L chui c bao bn ngoi l vng. L chui c phin rng, d gi. Khi chn l ta c th th bng cch b gc m l khng b tt th va. L chui dng gi nem thng dng l ca cy chui ht. L chui ht s gi c mu xanh mt thi gian di hn so vi cc loi l chui khc gip tng gi tr cm quan ca nem 2.5 THUYT MINH QUY TRNH: 2.5.1 Chn nguyn liu: Trong qu trnh sn xut nem chua th khu quan trng nht quyt nh gi tr ca nem chua l khu chn nguyn liu. Tht s dng lm nem chua i hi phi l tht heo ti, nng, mi git m bi v trong lc ny kh nng ho nc v gi nc ca tht cao. Khong cch gia cc si actine v myosine cha b ko st vo nhau, lng nc trong tht vn cn gi li nhiu. tht tronggiai on ny cn mm, khng b dai, d dng ch bin. 2.5.2 Lc b gn m. 2.5.2.1 Mc ch: Mc ch ca qu trnh l loi b hon ton gn, m ra khi khi tht trc khi a vo qut, do cu trc ca sn phm l cu trc gel protei, nu tht dng lm nem chua c dnh m th s lm mm cu trc gel 2.5.2.2 Phng php tin hnh:

Tin hnh lc, tch gn, m theo phng php th cng 2.5.3 Xay 2.5.3.1 Mc ch: Mc ch ca qu trnh l lm nh tht,to iu kin cho qu trnh qut sau ny din ra nhanh hn v d dng hn. 2.5.3.2 Phng php tin hnh: S dng my xay tht chuyn dng xay 2.5.4 p gia v: 2.5.4.1 Mc ch: Mc ch ca vic p gia v l to hng v v mu sc c trng cho sn phm, to c cht cho qu trnh ln men. Ngoi ra vic p mui, ng cn c tc dng to ra p sut thm thu , km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt 2.5.4.2 Phng php tin hnh: Tin hnh cho ng thi tt c cc loi gia v vo khi tht, sau tin hnh qut. 2.5.5 Qut. y l mt khu kh quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut nem chua 2.5.5.1 Mc ch: Mc ch ca vic qut l thc hin gia cng c hc nhm ph v cu trc si ca m c, tch ri cc si protentong b c, to iu kin thun li cc phn t nc, gia v khuch tn u vo cc khong trng , to nn s cn bng gia cc mi lien kt protein-protein, proteinnc, gp phn to nn cu trc gel cho khi tht. 2.5.5.2 Phng php tin hnh: qut tht ngi ta c th tin hnh theo 2 phng php: - Phng php th cng: cho tht sau khi x l cng cc cht ph gia v gia v cn thit vo ci . S dng lao ng th cng dung chy g gi u khi tht trong ci cho n khi tht t cu tr monh mun. - Phng php bn th cng: Tht c cho vo ci bng lao ng th cng, h thng chy v ci c t ng ha nh mt motor gip cho ci xoay u quanh trc i qua tm ca ci v mt motor khc gip cho chy gi u t trn xung. Tin hnh gi cho n khi tht t cu trc nh mong mun - Khi tin hnh qut cn ch tin hnh vi tc chm v u trnh hin tng tng nhit ca khi tht trong qu trnh gi - cc c s sn xut nem chua cng nh trong dn gian, ngi ta thng s dng chy g v ci tin hnh qut nem. 2.5.5.3 Nhng bin i ca khi tht trong qu trnh qut. 1. Bin i vt l:

Tht c a vo qut l tht cn ti, nng, do tnh ho nc v kh nng gi nc ca protein cn cao, cc tnh cht chc nng ca protein vn c gi, protein cha b bin tnh bi nhit v enzyme Lc ny, tht c cu trc si cht ch, cc phn t nc ch yu c hp th trn b mt ca cc b si c. Sau qu trnh gia cng c hc(nghin, qut) cu trc m c b ph hy, protein b tch ra thnh cc si ring l, to iu kin cc phn t nc chui vo bn trong b si gip trng thi lien kt gel them cht ch. Trong tht ti, cc si c trong b si lin kt vi nhau nh lin kt ion, lien kt disunfua(-s-s-), lien kt Van Der Vah, s c mt ca NaCl, polyphosphate gp phn ph v cc lien kt gia cc si c vi nhau, to iu kin cc phn t nc chui vo. Cc phn t nc tn ti bn trong b si khng dng t do m dng lien kt vi proteinthng qua lin kt hydro. 2. Nhng bin i ha l- ha sinh: khng ng k 3. Bin i cm quan: Mu sc tht tr nn ti hn do cc m b ph v .

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