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Chuyn :

HNG DN HC SINH TIP CN MT S DNG BI TP V T IN TR


V T IN CU
Mc lc:
III.1.2. Bi tp gii thiu: .......................................................................................... 7
III.2. Bi tp v tr in cu: .......................................................................................... 7
III.2.1. Bi tp hng dn ........................................................................................... 7
III.2.2. Bi tp gii thiu ......................................................................................... 11
Ti liu tham kho:
1. V Thanh Khit-Nguyn Th Khi-V Ngc Hng Gio trnh in i cng(Tp
1)-NXB Gio Dc (1982).
2. Nguyn Cng Nghnh-V Ngc Hng-Hunh Hu-Nguyn Trng Hi-L Tun
Hng Bi tp vt l i chng(Tp 2) -NXB Gio Dc (1982).
3. Yung Kuo Lim Bi tp v li gii in t hc NXB Gio Dc(2008).
4. B gio dc v o to thi hc sinh gii quc gia nm 2011
5. David Haliday C s vt l tp 5
Nhn xt:
Chuyn :
HNG DN HC SINH TIP CN MT S DNG BI TON V
T IN TR - T IN CU
II. C S L THUYT:
II.1. S lc v h ta tr, h ta cu:
II.1.1. H ta tr:
Yu t din tch vi cp:
dS = di x rng = r.d.dz = rddz
Yu t th tch vi cp:
dV = dS.dr = rdrddz
vi 0 r R ; [ ] 0; 2
;
1 1
;
2 2
z
1

1
]
II.1.2 H ta cu:
Yu t din tch vi cp:
dS = rd.rsind = r
2
sindd
Yu t th tch vi cp:
dV =r
2
sindrdd
vi 0 r R ; [ ] 0;
; [ ] 0; 2
II.2 Cng in trng(in cm) ca mt s vt dn c in tch phn b i
xng:
II.2.1. Vect in dch(in cm):
- Trong chn khng, vect in cm
D
ur
c nh ngha:
0 0
D E
ur uur
- i vi trng hp vt dn tch in t trong in mi, do s xut hin in
tch lin kt nn
E
ur
khng lin tc. Tri li,
D
ur
ch ph thuc vo in tch t do,
khng ph thuc vo in tch lin kt nn
D
ur
vn c lin tc khi qua in mi, v
trong in mi,
D
ur
c xc nh
0 0
D E
ur uuur
II.2.2. Cng in trng(in cm) ca m s vt dn tch in dng i xng
* Dy dn di v hn:
+ c phng vung gc vi dy
( ) E D
ur ur
+c chiu hng ra xa dy(nu >0),hng li gn dy( <0)
+c ln
0
2
E
r

r:khong cch t dy n im xt
2
D
r

* Mt phng di v hn:
+ ( ) E D
ur ur
mt phng tch in
( ) E D
ur ur
+c ln
0
2
E
r


2
D

*Mt tr bn knh R
0
di v hn:
+
0
( ) E D R
ur ur uur
( ) E D
ur ur
+c ln
0
2
E
r



2
D


*Mt cu tch in q:
+ ( ) E D r
ur ur ur
( ) E D
ur ur
+c ln
0
2
E
r


2
D

II.3. Phng php xc nh in th ti mt im trong in trng, hiu in th


gia hai im:
Ta c
V V V
E gradV i j k
x y z
_
+ +


,
ur uuuuur r r r
Mun xc nh V ta cn:
- xc nh
E
ur
+ hng
+ ln
- cn c vo
E
ur
xc nh s bin s ph thuc ca
E
ur
- thng thng, i vi cc dng vt dn tnh in c phn b i xng th
E
ur

th
E
ur
ch theo mt hng nn
E
ur
ch ph thuc mt bin s duy nht
Vd: i vi vt dn dng tr, cu: E=E(r)
r
V
E gradV e
x

ur uuuuur ur
dV
E dV Edr
dr

Tch phn 2 v ta tm c hiu in th gia 2 im bt k:
2
1
(2)
(1)
r
r
dV Edr

2
1
1 2
r
r
V V Edr

Nu chn V
1
=0: mc in th
2
1
2
r
r
V Edr

II.4. Phng php xc nh in dung ca t in bt k:


Xut pht t nh ngha:
1 2
Q
C
V V

Mun tm C ta phi:
- tm Q
- tm U=V
1
-V
2
Vy c th ni ct li bi ton in dung ca t l bi ton xc nh in th, hiu in th
r:khong cch t trc mt tr n
im xt(nm ngoi)
r:khong cch t tm mt cu n
im xt(nm ngoi)
C: in dung(F)
Q: in tch ca t(C)
V
1
-V
2
=U: hiu in th gia 2 bn t
III. MT S DNG BI TP V T IN TR V T IN CU
III.1. Bi tp v tr in tr
III.1.1. Bi tp hng dn
Bi 1(bi tp vt l i cng-Tp 2-1982)
Mt t in tr c bn knh cc bn l R
1
v R
2
(R
2
>R
1
). Khong cch gia cc
bn cha y 2 cht in mi ng cht c hng s in mi
1
v
2
. in mi th
nht c gii hn bi hai mt phng c giao tuyn trng vi trc OO ca hnh
tr, vi gc nh din
1
, in mi th 2 nm phn cn li vi gc nh din
2
.
Hy xc nh:
a. Vect cng in trng
E
ur
gia bn t, ti im cch trc l r.
b. in dung ca t in
S:
0 1 1 2 2
0 1 1 2 2
1
2
( )
( )
ln
Q
E
lr
l
C
R
R

+
+

Hng dn:
- xc nh
E
ur
:
- xc nh C: + tnh U=V
1
-V
2
t cng thc
dV
E
dr


+p dng cng thc nh ngha in dung
Bi ging chi tit:
- Chn mt Gauss l mt tr trn xoay c trc OO. Bn knh r, chiu di l
- nh l O-G:
0
Q
(1)
Thng lng in cm:
1 2
1 2
cos cos cos
D
G
DdS DdS D dS

+

1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
, y . , y ,
cos cos cos cos
b n b n
DdS DdS D dS D dS

+ + +

i vi mt y: ( ) E D n
ur ur r
=>
cos 0
mt bn: ( ) E D n
ur ur r
=>
cos 1
vy
1 2
0 1 2 1 1 2 2
. ,
cos cos
b n b n
DdS D dS D S D S

+ +


0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1 2 2
( )
D
E rl E rl E rl + +
(2)
Kt hp (1) v (2) suy ra
0 1 1 2 2
( )
Q
E
rl

+
hay
0 1 1 2 2
( ) .
( )
Q r
E r
rl r

+
r
r
Hiu in th gia hai bn:
+ hng E gradV
ur uuuuur
, do tnh cht i xng ca mt tr nn E r
ur r

v khng i
+ ln: p dng nh l Ostrogradski-Gauss
( )
dV
E r
dr

=>
( ) dV E r dr
<=>
2 2
1 1
0 1 1 2 2
1
.
( )
V R
V R
Q
dV dr
l r

+


1
1 2
0 1 1 2 2 2
.ln
( )
R Q
U V V
l R

+
in dung ca t:
0 1 1 2 2
1
1 2
2
( )
ln
l Q
C
R
V V
R
+

Bi 2:
Mt t in tr di L, bn knh cc t tng ng l r v R. Khng gian gia hai
bn t c lp y bi hai lp in mi cng,cng chiu dy, c hng s in mi
tng ng l
1
v
2
. Lp in mi
1
c th ko c ra khi t in. T in
ni vi hai cc ca ngun c hiu in th U khng i . thi im t=0, lp in
mi
1
bt u c ko ra khi t vi tc khng i. Gi thit in trng ch
tp trung trong khng gian gia hai bn t, b qua mi ma st. Xt trong khong
0
L
t
v
< <
. Hy:
a. Vit biu thc in dung theo thi gian.
b. Tnh lc in tc dng ln lp in mi
1
thi im t.
c. Xc nh cng v chiu dng in qua ngun
hng dn:
- khi lp in mi
1
dc rt ra 1 on x th h tng ng mt b t
gm [C
1
(kk) nt C
2
(
2
)]//[C
3
(
1
) nt C
4
(
2
)]
- tm C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
ri p dng cng thc C
b
=C
12
+ C
34
- p dng lut bo ton nng lng tm E
-
dq
i
dt

Bi gii chi tit:


a. Gi s ti thi im t lp in mi
1
c rt ra mt on x, phn cn
li trong t c chiu di
( ) L x
Gi l mt phn b din tch theo chiu di ca t
Q
L

p dng nh ; O-G ta tm c
0
( )
2
E r
r

Hiu in th
i
i
0
ln
2
ngo
trong ngo
trong
r
U V V
r



in dung tng ng:
0
i
2
ln
ngo
trong
L Q L
C
r
U U
r


(*)
Gi C
1
l in dung ca t in khng kh gii hn bi 2 mt tr bn knh
r

v
2
R r +
, di
x
;
C
2
l in dung ca t in c in mi
2
gii hn bi 2 mt tr bn knh
r
v
2
R r +
, di
x
;
C
3
; in dung ca t in c in mi
1
gii hn bi 2 mt tr bn knh
2
R r +
v R ,di
x
;
C
4
l in dung ca t c in mi C
2
gii hn bi 2 mt tr bn knh
2
R r +
v R ,di
x
;
p dng cng thc (*), ta c:
0
1
2
ln
2
x
C
R r
r

+
0 2
2
2
2
ln
x
C
R
R r

+
0 1
3
2 ( )
ln
2
L x
C
R r
r

+
0 2
4
2 ( )
2
ln
L x
C
R
R r

+
=>
0
12
2
2
.
1 2
ln ln
2
C x A x
R r R
r R r


+
+
+
Tng t ta tnh c:
0
34
1 2
2
( ) ( )
1 1 2
ln ln
2
C L x B L x
R r R
r R r



+
+
+
in dung tng ng:
12 34
. ( ) ( )
b
C C C A x B L x BL A B vt + + + ( 0) A B <
b
C
gim dn theo thi gian
b. V t in c ni vi ngun nn hiu in th gia hai bn t l U
khng i. Cng ca ngoi lc F vi cng ca ngun in bng bin thin nng
lng W ca t:
Fdx Udq dW +
=>
2
1
2
Fdx dW Udq U dC Udq
2 2 2
1 1
2 2
Fdx U dC U dC U dC
2 2
1 1
[ ( ) ] ( )
2 2
Fdx U d BL A B vt U A B dx +
=>
2
1
( )
2
F U A B
V lc in ngc chiu ngoi lc F nn ta c:
2
1
( ) 0
2

F U A B <
Chn chiu dng ca dng in l chiu dng in tch in cho t in, ta c:
( ) 0
dq UdC
i U A B v
dt dt
<
=> t phng in ra ngoi
III.1.2. Bi tp gii thiu:
Bi 3: Mt t in cha y khng kh c ch to t 2 ng kim loi dnh tr
ng trc. ng bn ngoi c bn knh 1cm. Cho bit ng tch in u vi mt
.
a. xc nh bn knh ng tr bn trong gia hai ng c hiu in th cc i
trc khi lp in mi bng khng kh b nh thng?
b. xc nh bn knh ng tr bn trong nng lng tch tr trong t in cc
i trc khi lp in mi b nh thng?
S: a.
2
1
R
R
e

b.
2
1
R
R
e

Bi 4: Mt t in tr c bn knh hai bn t l r
1
v r
2
(r
1
<r
2
). Bn bn ngoi c
ni t v bn bn trong c tch in sao cho n c in th dng V
0
. Tnh
theo r
1
,r
2
, v V
0
:
a. Cng in trng to im cch trc l r(r
1
<r<r
2
)
b. in th ti im cch trc r.
c. Nu c mt in tch m nh Q ban u nm ti A c y n r
1
th in tch
bn knh bn trong thay i nh th no?
S:
III.2. Bi tp v tr in cu:
III.2.1. Bi tp hng dn
Bi 1: mt t in cu bn knh cc bn t l R
1
v R
2
(R
1
<R
2
). Khong gia cc
bn cha y in mi. Bit rng in tch tng cng ca mt bn t l Q v bn
trong tch in dng. Hy xc nh vect cng in trng
E
ur
ti im cch
tm r(R
1
<r<R
2
) v in dung C ca t trong hai trng hp sau:
a. in mi gm 2 loi khc nhau: in mi th nht c hng s in mi
1

c
gii hn bi mt nn nh O, gc c
1

,in mi thc hai chon dy phn


cn li, c gc c
2 1
4
.
b. in mi c hng s in mi

bin thin theo quy lut


1 2
+
trong
1

v
2

l cc hng s, l gc lp bi trc thng ng qua tm O v mt bn


knh.
S: a.
3
0 1 1 2 2
.
( )
Q r
E
r

+
r
ur

0 1 1 2 2 1 2
2 1
( )R R
C
R R
+

b.
3
0 1 2
3
.
4 (3 )
Q r
E
r

+
r
ur
0 1 2 1 2
2 1
4 (3 )
3( )
R R
C
R R
+

Hng dn:
- Xc nh
E
ur
: + hng: E r
ur
r
+ ln: khng i trn mt Gauss(p dng nh l O-G)
- Xc nh C: + p dung cng thc
dV
E
dr

tm U
+
Q
C
U

Bi gii chi tit:


a. Chn mt Gauss l mt cu(O,r)
nh l O-G:
D
Q
(1)
Thng lng in cm:
1 2
1 2
cos cos cos
D
G D D
DdS DdS D dS +

2 2
2 2 1 2
1 2 0 1 1 0 2 2
4 4
4 4
D
r r
D D Er Er




+ +
2
0 1 1 2 2
( )
D
E r +
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra:
0 1 1 2 2
.
( )
Q r
E
r

+
r
r
Hiu in th gia 2 bn t:
2 2
1 1
2
0 1 1 2 2
1
.
( )
V R
V R
Q
dV dr
r

+

2 1
1 2
0 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 1 2
( ) 1 1
( ) ( )
Q R R Q
U V V
R R R R
1

1
+ +
]
in dung:
0 1 1 2 2 1 2
2 1
( )R R Q
C
U R R
+

b. Chn mt Gauss l mt cu (O,r)


nh l O-G:
D
Q
Thng lng in cm:
0 D
G G
DdS Eds
vi
2
sin dS r d d
2 1
2 2 2 2
0 1 2 0 1 2
0 0 1
( cos ) sin 2 ( cos ) (cos )
D
E d r d r E d

+ +

2
0 1 0
2
2 2
3
D
r E Q
1
+
1
]
Suy ra cng din trng:
( )
2
0 1 2
0 1 2
.
2
2 2
3
3
.
4 3
Q r
E
r
r
Q r
E
r

_
+

,

+
r
ur
r
r
Hiu in th:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
1 2 2
0 1 2
2 1
0 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 1 2
3 1
.
4 3
3 3 1 1
4 3 4 3
R
R
Q
U V V dr
r
Q R R Q
U
R R R R



+
_


+ +
,

in dung:
( )
( )
0 1 2 1 2
1 2
4 3
3
R R Q
C
U R R

Bi 2: Cc bn ca mt t in cu c cc bn knh l
a
v ( ) b a b <
. Khong
khng gian gia cc bn cha y mt cht in m6i dng cht v ng hng
c hng s in mi

. Ban u t khng tch in, sau ngi ta tch bn trong


mt in tch q
0
ri ngt ngun. Gi s cht in mi gia cc bn khng hon
ton cch in m c sut dn in . Hy tm:
a. Quy lut bin thin theo thi gian ca in tch trn bn trong ca t in
b. Biu thc dng in qua cht in mi.
S:
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
t
t
q t q e
q
I t e

Hng dn:
V cht in mi khng hon ton cch in nn c th c dng in tch
dch chuyn t bn trong( ) a
ra bn ngoi ( ) b
to thnh dng in qua cht in
mi.
Cng dng in qua mt mt cu S ng tm vi cc bn c xc
nh( ) a r b
( )
( ) dq r
I r
dt
q(r): tng cc in tch t do bn trong S
( )
( )
n
S
I r i dS

i
n
: mt dng in
n n
i E i E
r r 1

: in dn sut
Vy mun tm q(r) ta phi tm I(r), m tm I(r) th phi tm E
n
Bi gii chi tit:
Cng in trng ti cc im trn mt S:
( )
( )
2
0
1
.
4
q r
E r
r

Cng dng in qua S:


( )
( )
( )
S
I r E r dS

Do tnh cht i xng ca mt cu nn i


r
v
E
r
u vung gc vi mt cu S v
ln khng i ti cc im trn mt S nn:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
0 2 0
1
4 .
4
q r
I r E r S r q r
r




Suy ra: ( )
( )
( )
0
dq r
I r q r
dt



( )
( )
0
dq r
dt
q r




( )
0
ln q r t



Vy
( )
0
.
t
q t C e

khng ph thuc vo r
iu kin ban u lc t=0; q=q
0
; C=q
0
( )
0
0
.
t
q t q e

Cng dng in qua cht in mi


( )
0
0
0
t
dq
I r q e
dt

: cng dng in qua S


V I(r) khng ph thuc vo r nn ta c th xem I(r) chnh l cng dng
in qua cht in mi
III.2.2. Bi tp gii thiu
Bi 3: Mt t in cu bn knh bn trong l R
1
=5cm, bn knh bn ngoi l
R
2
=6cm. Na khng gian gia cc bn t chim y in mi c hng s in
mi 7 . Xc nh in dung C ca t in. Bit rng mt gii hn in mi
vi khng kh nm trong mt phng i qua tm hnh cu v b qua cong ca
ng sc t mt phn cch ny
S: C=133pF=133.10
-12
F
Bi 4: Th tch gia hai mt cu dm in ng tm bn knh
a
v b ( ) a b <
c
lp y bng mt cht in mi khng ng cht c hng s in mi khng
ng cht c hng s in mi
0
1 Kr


+
,trong
0

v K l hng s,
r
l ta
bn knh. Mt in tch Q c t vo mt bn trong, trong khi mt cu ngoi
c ni t. Hy tnh in dung ca t.
S:
( )
0
4
ln
ab
C
a
a b abK
b

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