Chng I

Khi nim chung v kh c in

1 cc trng thi lm vic khng bnh thng ca kh c in
1.1.Trng thi lm vic bnh thng: Khi thit b in lm vic trng thi bnh thng th cc thng s k thut vn hnh nh dng in, in p, cng sut .. u t gi tr nh mc hoc trong gii hn cho php, v vy thit b in vn hnh c lu di, nhit khng vt qu gii hn cho php, cch in v tui th ca thit b in c m bo. Nu mt trong cc thng s k thut trn, vn hnh vt qu hoc gim qu thp so vi gi tr nh mc ghi trn nhn thit b in th xem nh n chuyn sang trng thi lm vic khng bnh thng, c th dn ti lm gim tui th hoc h hng thit b in. 1.2. Cc trng thi lm vic khng bnh thng ca kh c in: a. Qu ti: l trng thi dng in chy qua thit b in ln hn gi tr nh mc ca n: Im < Ivh < INmin nhng vn nh hn dng in ngn mch nh nht, lm cho nhit ca thit b in vt qu ch s cho php, dn ti cch in ca thit b in mau chng b gi ho do nhit, nu thit b in vn hnh trong trng thi qu ti th tui th ca n gim rt nhanh, nguy c xy ra ngn mch tng. b. Qu in p: Uvh > Um L trng hp in p t vo thit b in ln hn gi tr nh mc ca n bao gm : - Qu in p thin nhin (qu in p cm ng) do st nh trc tip vo thit b in hoc do st cm ng trn ng dy, lan truyn vo thit b in. - Qu in p ni b (qu in p thao tc) do vic ng ct mng in sai quy trnh, quy phm, hoc iu chnh sai lch tr s trong vn hnh, hoc do t dy trong mng in 3 pha 4 dy, do chm t 1 pha trong mng 3 pha 3 dy hoc do h quang in chp chn .. Khi b qu in p th in trng c th vt qu gii hn in trng ion ho E > Ei gy ra hin tng nh thng cch in, lm h hng thit b in. Trong trng hp qu in p khng ln thng gy ra qu ti. c. Km p : Uvh < Um -Trng hp in p t vo thit b in gim qu thp so vi in p nh mc ca n th s gy ra qu ti hoc c th gy ra ngn mch lm h hng thit b in. 1.3. S c trong h thng in: a. S c do ngn mch: nh ngha: Ngn mch l vt dn c in th khc nhau tip xc trc tip vi nhau hoc b ni tt qua mt vt dn khc c in tr khng rt nh so vi tng tr ton mch. Ngn mch c chia ra: - Ngn mch 3 pha (ngn mch i xng) k hiu N3. l trng hp 3 pha b ni tt: Nu xt cng mt im xy ra ngn mch, th thng dng ngn mch ny c dng in ln nht. - Ngn mch hai pha k hiu N2 l trng hp 2 pha A v B hoc B v C hoc A v C b ni tt. - Ngn mch mt pha ni t k hiu N1 l dng ngn mch mt pha ni tt vi t, trong mng in c trung tnh trc tip ni t. (2) n 1,1. - Ngn mch 2 pha ni t k hiu N (1) n A B

A B C

A B

Trong mng in trung tnh cch t ch tn ti 3 dng ngn mch: N3, N2, N1,1 trng hp mt pha ni tt vi t, trong mng in ny khng gi l ngn mch m gi l chm t mt pha v khi dng in qua im chm t l dng in dung c tr s nh I = (5 30 ) A. Dng in ngn mch bao gi cng chy t ngun v im ngn mch, ri tr li ngun. in p im ngn mch c xem l bng khng. A
B

Tr s dng ngn mch thng IN = (5 20)Im v vy khi n chy qua dy dn hoc thit b in s gy ra chy hng, v nhit nng n to ra rt ln. Khi cng sut ngun cng ln th tr s dng in ngn mch cng ln. Ngn mch l trng thi s c v vy cn phi loi tr thit b hoc b phn b ngn mch ra khi h thng cng nhanh cng tt. b. S c c hc trong h thng in: Do cc nguyn nhn khch quan hoc ch quan gy ra bao gm : - H hng phn c my pht in: b bin, lt bin, vt tc... - H hng ng dy: v s, t dy, ct, gy x... - H hng b truyn ng thit b ng ct in, my bin p b chy du .. Tt c cc loi s c xy ra trong h thng in u phi tm ngng cung cp in sa cha.

2 H quang in
2.1. Khi nim : H quang in l hin tng phng in trong cht kh, cht lng hoc hi c mt dng in rt ln t ti hng chc ngn A/Cm2, lm pht sinh nhit vng thn h quang rt cao t (300010000)0C.

Trong luyn kim hoc hn in ngi ta cn duy tr tia h quang n nh lm nng chy kim loi. Nhng trong cc loi thit b in ng, ct mch in tia h quang thng pht sinh hai u tip xc ng v tnh cn phi dp tt nhanh chng trnh xy ra h hng cho thit b in. 2.2. Qu trnh hnh thnh h quang : Xt mch in n gin nh hnh v : gm in p ngun U1 c xem l khng i U2 =

I.Zt l in p u cc ph ti.

Utx = I.Rtx l in p tip xc trn b mt tip im ng v tip im tnh ca cng tc K. Gi s cng tc K ang ng v tr 1 nu b qua in tr khng ng dy th U1 = Utx + U2. Khi mch in ang ng, in tr tip xc rt b (Utx = 0). V vy U1 = U2. Khi ct in qua cng tc K, tip xc ng bt u ri khi tip xc tnh, lm cho in tr tip xc tng dn ln, do Utx cng tng theo v vy U2 b gim dn (U1 = const). Khi tip xc ng ca cng tc K di chuyn n v tr 2 th c th xem nh dng in trong mch b ngt, do khng kh gia 2 u tip xc rt nh (d<<) v vy cng in trng E rt ln (E = U/d) c th t ti 107 v/cm lm cho mt ca dng in gia hai u tip xc ng v tnh ca cng tc K tng ln hng chc ln. Khng kh gia khe hp ca hai u tip xc ng v tnh b ion ho rt mnh, cho nn khng kh tr nn dn in, gy ra phng in gia hai u tip xc ng v tnh, ta gi l h quang in. Khi in p t vo gia hai u tip xc cng cao, hay dng in chy qua mch cng ln th h quang in pht sinh cng mnh lit. Nu dng in ti ln, khi tip xc ng bt u ri khi tip xc tnh th nhit tip xc tng ln n mc lm nng chy lp kim loi trn b mt tip xc, to thnh gt kim loi lng. Khi tip xc ng bt u ri khi tip xc tnh ra xa th gt kim loi lng cng b ko di ra to thnh mt cn kim loi lng ni lin gia tip xc ng v tip xc tnh. Nu nhit tng qu cao lm cho cn kim loi bc hi xy ra nhanh qu s km theo ting n. Vy bn cht h quang in l qu trnh ion ho lp in mi gia hai u cc, gy ra hin tng phng in khi cng in trng t ti gii hn in trng ion ho Ei. 2.3. Tc hi ca h quang: Ngoi li ch h quang in dng ct kim loi, lm nng chy kim loi, hn in.. th tai hi h quang in gy ra cho thit b in cng khng nh. - H quang in pht sinh nhit cao v vy sau mt s ln ng ct mch in th b mt tip xc ca cc tip im trong thit b in ng ct in thng b chy, b r, lm tng Rtx ca tip im. - Nu xy ra h quang in phng chp chn s gy ra hin tng qu in p ni b lm hng cch in ca thit b in hoc cch in ca ng dy ti in. - Nu thit b ng ct in hng b phn dp h quang hoc do thao tc ng ct sai quy trnh, quy phm th h quang in c th pht sinh an cho gia cc pha gy ra ngn mch nhiu pha. - H quang in lm ko di thi gian ng ct in, v tai h quang dn in, ch n khi h quang tt hn th mch in mi c ct hon ton. - H quang in gy ra chy n nu n pht sinh nhng ni c vt liu d chy n. - H quang in c th gy ra bng hoc t vong cho ngi.

3 cc bin php dp tt H quang

Tc dng nhit ca h quang in lm h hng cc u tip xc trong kh c in ng ct mch in. V vy khi h quang in pht sinh cn phi c dp tt cng nhanh cng tt. Cc phng php dp tt h quang thng s dng l: 3.1. Phng php tng nhanh khong cch: H quang b ko di th in p duy tr cn phi cao. Nu in p gia 2 u tip xc nh hn in p duy tr th h quang s b dp tt. Do khi thao tc ng ct mch in, phi

thc hin nhanh v dt khot. E = U/d nu tng nhanh khong cch d th E gim nhanh khi E < Ei th h quang b dp tt. 3.2. Phng php chia nh h quang: t gia 2 u tip xc ng v tnh mt bung dp h quang trong bung c tm kim loi chu nhit t song song vi nhau to thnh cch t chia nh h quang nh hnh v:
cch t

Khi h quang pht sinh gia hai u tip xc ng v tnh, do p lc ca khng kh hoc du cch in b gin n v do lc in t s y tia h quang vo su trong khe h ca cc cch t, v vy h quang b chia nh, nhanh chng b lm ngui v dp tt.

Tip xc tnh

Tip xc ng

Phng php ny thng c ng dng dp tt h quang trong cc loi aptomat, dao ph ti, my ct du .. 3.3. Phng php thi bng t trng: t cun dy thi t cnh khe h gia hai u tip xc ng v tnh nh hnh v : Dng in chy qua cun dy thi t ni tip vi tip xc tnh.
f i i f

T trng cun dy sinh ra nh hnh v. Khi tip xc ng ri khi tip xc tnh h quang pht sinh bt cu gia 2 u tip xc, lc in t do cun dy thi t sinh ra s y tia h quang ko di ln pha trn, b lm ngui v dp tt. Khi dng in i chiu th t trng cun dy cng i chiu, do lc in t F c phng chiu khng thay i. Phng php ny thng c s dng dp tt h quang trong my ct in hoc dao ph ti. 3.4. Phng php dp h quang bng thi sinh kh : Vt liu sinh kh thng th rn, khi b nhit phn do h quang nhit cao, s chuyn sang th hi (thng hoa) lm cho p sut vng pht sinh h quang tng ln rt ln, c th t ti hng chc at thi dp tt h quang. Phng php ny c ng dng dp tt h quang trong chng st ng, cu ch t ri..

4 tip xc in
4.1. Khi nim : Tip xc in l ch tip xc ca hai hay nhiu vt dn, truyn dn dng in i t

vt ny sang vt khc. B mt tip xc gia cc vt dn c gi l b mt tip xc in. Tip xc in l phn rt quan trng ca kh c in, trong qu trnh ng ct mch in, ch tip xc ca tip im ng ct b pht nng cao, b mi mn do va p v ma st, t bit l s hu hoi ca h quang in. 4.2. Phn loi tip xc in : c chia ra lm 3 loi chnh sau : a. Tip xc c nh: Khi hai vt dn tip xc khng ri nhau bng bu lng hoc inh tn. V d nh: Tip xc ca kp ni dy, tip xc gia dy dn v ct bt dy s xuyn..

Tip xc c nh

b. Tip xc ng m: l tip xc gia tip im ng v tnh ca cc loi kh c in ng ct mch in. V d nh: Tip xc ca tip im cu dao, cng tc, aptomat, my ct... Tip xc ng m

c. Tip xc trt: l dng tip xc vt dn ny trut trn vt dn kia. V d: Chi than trt trn c gp Tip xc trt ca my pht in hoc ng c.

d. Cc loi tip xc thng gp:

a)

b)

c)

e)

d)

a. b. c. d. e.

Tip im kiu ngn. Tip im kiu bt cu. Tip im kiu vt m. Tip im kiu thu ngn. Tip im kiu li.

4.3. Hnh thc tip xc: C 3 hnh thc tip xc : - Tip xc im : L hnh thc cc vt dn tip xc nhau din tch rt nh c xem l mt im. V d: Tip xc gia mt cu vi mt cu, tip xc gia mt cu vi mt phng trong mt s loi Rle in t. - Tip xc ng: L hnh thc cc vt dn tip xc nhau trn ng thng hoc ng cong. - Tip xc mt: l hnh thc cc vt dn tip xc nhau trn nhiu im ca mt phng hoc mt cong. V d : Tip xc gia tip im ng v tip im tnh ca my ct, cu dao, ptomt... 4.4. Cc yu cu k thut c bn i vi tip xc in: - Thc hin tip xc phi m bo chc chn, sc bn c kh phi cao. - Khng c pht nng qu nhit cho php khi dng in nh mc chy qua. - Phi n nh nhit v n nh ng khi c dng in ngn mch cc i chy qua. 4.5. in tr tip xc v cc yu t nh hng n in tr tip xc: a. in tr tip xc: Rtx
Rtx = 2.

F .n b .

Ti v tr tip xc ca vt dn, tn ti mt in tr tip xc c xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim : Trong : : l in tr sut ca vt dn lm tip im. b: ng sut chng dp ca vt liu lm tip im. (4.1) F : Lc p ln b mt tip xc ca tip im do bu lng, inh tn hoc l xo to nn. n : L s im tip xc trn b mt tip xc ca tip im. b. Cc yu t nh hng n in tr tip xc:
2 Rtx ( ) = Rtx ( 0).1 + a 0 . ()(4.2) 3

T cng thc (4-1) ta thy in tr tip xc ph thuc vo: in tr sut ca vt liu lm tip im, s im tip xc, lc p ln b mt tip xc v ng sut chng dp ca vt liu lm tip im. Ngoi ra in tr tip xc cn ph thuc vo tnh trng b mt tip xc: Nu b mt tip xc b bn, b r, b chy th in tr tip xc tng ln, lm tng tn tht in p, v tn tht cng sut trn mng in. in tr tip xc cn ph thuc vo nhit im tip xc. Khi nhit im tip xc cng cao th in tr tip xc cng tng. Trong : a0 : h s in tr nhit. 0 : nhit ban u ca tip im. : nhit ca tip im ti thi im ang xt.

5 mch t
ft
5.1. Khi nim : Cc thit b nh Rle, cng tc t, khi ng t, ptomt... u c b phn lm nhim v bin in nng thnh c

nng. Gm c cun dy v mch t gi l c cu in t. 1. Cun dy 2. Mch t 3. Np mch t 4. L xo phn lc.

Mch t c chia lm cc phn : Ni t cun dy gi l li mch t. Phn thn v gng t. Np mch t. Khe h khng kh ph p v khe h khng kh chnh c. Khi cho dng in chy trong cun dy th s c mt t thng chy trong mch t. T thng chnh c = = lv.

T thng r R. 5.2. Nam chm in:

T thng tn t l t thng i ra ngoi khe h khng kh chnh.

ft
n

n s

Khi c dng in trong cun dy s sinh ra t trng. Vt liu st t ca cun dy s b t ho c cc tnh ngc vi cc tnh ca cun dy do c ht v pha cun dy.

Nu i chiu dng in trong cun dy t trng i chiu. Vt liu st t s b t ho c ng sc t ngc vi cc ca cun dy cho nn n cng c ht v pha cun dy. 5.3. Phn loi : Phn theo ngun in : Nam chm in mt chiu. Nam chm in xoay chiu. Theo cch ni cun dy vo ngun : Ni tip. Song song. Theo cc dng mch t : Mch t np ht thng, chp. Mch t np ht xoay. Trong qu trnh lm vic np mch t chuyn ng khe h khng kh gia np v li s thay i lc ht in t s thay i.