Tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 5992 - 1995 Cht lng nc

Ly mu Hng dn k thut ly mu
Water quality - Sampling - Phn 4: Guidance on sampling techniques

1 Phm vi p dng TCVN 5992 - 1995 cung cp cc hng dn k thut ly mu thu c d liu cn thit cho mc ch kim tra cht lng, m t c im cht lng v pht hin ngun nhim nc. Tiu chun ny khng gm cc ch dn chi tit cho nhng cch ly mu c bit v cc tnh hung ly mu c bit. 2 Tiu chun trch dn Nhng tiu chun sau y c cc iu khon c s dng cng vi tiu chun ny: ISO 5667 -1:1980, Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Phn1: Hng dn lp cc chng trnh ly mu. TCVN 5993 - 1995 ( ISO 5667-3:1985 ), Cht lng nc - Ly mu - Hng dn cch bo qun v x l mu. 5981 - 1995 ( ISO 6107-2:1989 ), Cht lng nc - Thut ng - Phn 2.TCVN php ly mu sinh vt - Hng dn ly mu cc ng vt y ln khng ISO 7828 : 1995, Cht lng nc - Phng xng sng bng vt. ISO 8265:1988, Cht lng nc - Thit k v dng cc my ly mu nh lng ng vt y ln khng xng sng trn tng vng nc ngt nng. 3 nh ngha Trong tiu chun ny, cc nh ngha sau y ly t TCVN 5981-1995 ( ISO 6107 - 2 ) : 3.1 Mu t hp: Hai hoc nhiu mu hoc cc phn mu trn ln vi nhau theo t l thch hp bit trc (gin on hoc lin tc), t c th thu c kt qu trung bnh ca mt c tnh cn bit. T l ny thng da trn c s thi gian hoc dng chy. 3.2 Mu n: l mu ring l, c ly ngu nhin t mt vng nc (c ch n thi gian v/hoc a im). 3.3 My ly mu: l thit b dng ly mu nc lin tc hoc gin on, nhm kim tra cc c tnh nh ca nc. 3.4 Ly mu: l qu trnh ly mt phn c coi l i din ca mt vng nc, nhm kim tra cc c tnh khc nhau nh ca nc.

4 Cc loi mu 4.1 i cng D liu phn tch cn phi cho bit cht lng nc thng qua vic xc nh cc thng s nh nng cc cht v c, cht khong hoc ho cht ho tan, kh ho tan, cht hu c ho tan, v cc cht l lng trong nc hoc trm tch mt thi im v a im c bit, hoc trong mt khong thi gian c bit nht nh, ti mt a im ring bit. Mt s thng s nh nng cc cht kh ho tan cn phi c o ngay ti ch, nu nh c th, bo m thu c kt qu chnh xc. Cn lu rng cc phng php lu gi mu ch p dng c trong mt s trng hp ( xem TCVN 5993 - 1995 (ISO 5667 - 3) ). Nn ly mu ring cho tng mc ch phn tch nh phn tch ho hc, sinh vt v vi sinh vt, bi v cc phng php, thit b ly mu v cch x l mu khc nhau. K thut ly mu thay i tu theo hon cnh. Cc cch ly mu khc nhau c trnh by mc 5. Cn tham kho ISO 5667 - 1 v lp chng trnh ly mu. Cn phn bit cch ly mu t vng nc tnh v nc chy. Mu n (4.2) v mu t hp (4.6) c p dng cho c hai vng nc ny. Ly mu gin on (4.3) theo chu k v ly mu lin tc (4.4) p dng cho nc chy, cn ly mu lot (4.5) thng p dng cho nc tnh. 4.2 Mu n L mu gin on, thng c ly th cng, nhng cng c th ly t ng, t nc trn b mt, hoc su nht nh, hoc di y. Mi mu thng ch i din cho cht lng nc thi im v a im c ly mu. Ly mu t ng tng ng vi mt lot mu n ly theo c s thi gian hoc khong dng chy c chn trc. Nn ly mu n khi dng nc l khng ng nht, hoc khi thng s cn nghin cu thay i, hoc khi dng mu t hp s khng phn bit c nhng mu ring l v chng phn ng vi nhau. Mu n cng c dng khi nghin cu kh nng xut hin nhim hoc gim st s lan to ca n, hoc, trong trng hp ly mu gin on t ng, xc nh thi im trong ngy khi cht gy nhim xut hin. Mu n c th c ly trc khi lp chng trnh ly mu m rng. Nht thit phi ly mu n (mu im) nu mc tiu ca chng trnh ly mu l nh gi xem liu c phi cht lng nc thay i bt thng hay khng. Nn dng mu n xc nh nhng thng s khng n nh nh nng cc cht kh ho tan, clo d, sunfua tan. 4.3 Mu gin on (khng lin tc) 4.3.1 Mu gin on (mu chu k) c ly nhng khong thi gian nh trc (ph thuc thi gian) Cc mu ny c ly bng cch dng c ch hn gi cho lc bt u v lc kt thc ly mu nc trong khong thi gian xc nh. Cch thng thng l dng bm bm mu vo mt hoc nhiu bnh cha trong mt thi gian nht nh, mi th tch mu c chia cho tng bnh mt . Ch thch 1) Thng s quan tm c th nh hng n khong thi gian ly mu.

4.3.2 Mu gin on (mu chu k) c ly nhng khong dng chy nh trc (ph thuc th tch) Loi mu ny c ly khi cc ch tiu cht lng nc khng lin quan n tc dng chy. C mi th tch nc chy qua, ly mt th tch mu n nh khng k n thi gian. 4.3.3 Mu gin on (mu chu k) c ly nhng khong dng chy nh trc (ph thuc dng chy) Loi mu ny c ly khi ch tiu cht lng nc khng lin quan n tc dng chy. Trong nhng khong thi gian nht nh, ly cc mu c th tch khc nhau ph thuc vo dng chy. 4.4 Mu lin tc 4.4.1 Mu lin tc ly lu lng nh trc Mu ly bng cch ny cha mi thnh phn ca nc trong sut giai on ly mu, nhng trong nhiu trng hp cc mu ny khng cho thng tin v s thay i nng ca cc cht quan tm trong giai on . 4.4.2 Mu lin tc ly lu lng thay i Mu ly t l vi dng chy l mu i din cho cht lng nc ton b vc nc. Nu c dng chy v thnh phn nc thay i, mu ly theo cch ny c th pht hin c s thay i m mu n khng lm c, min l cc mu vn l gin on v s mu ln phn bit s thay i thnh phn nc. y l cch ly mu nc chnh xc nht nu c lu lng v nng cht nhim quan tm u thay i mnh. 4.5 Mu lot 4.5.1 Mu theo chiu su l loi mu nc ly cc su khc nhau ca mt vng nc mt v tr nh. 4.5.2 Mu theo din tch l loi mu nc ly mt su nht nh ca mt vng nc v nhiu v tr khc nhau. 4.6 Mu t hp Mu t hp c th ly th cng hay t ng, khng ph thuc vo loi mu (theo thi gian, dng chy, th tch hoc v tr). Cc mu c ly lin tc c th trn ln c cc mu t hp (mu trn). Cc mu t hp cung cp cc gi tr trung bnh ca thnh phn nc. Do , trc khi trn cc mu ring cn xem xt c cn cc gi tr khng hoc cc thng s quan tm c thay i nhiu trong giai on ly mu khng. Mu t hp c gi tr khi s tun th vi mt mc gii hn l c da trn gi tr trung bnh ca cht lng nc. 4.7 Mu th tch ln Mt vi phng php phn tch mt s yu t no c yu cu ly mu th tch ln nh t 50 lt n vi mt khi. Nhng mu nh vy cn dng, th d, khi phn tch thuc tr su hoc vi sinh vt khng c kh nng nui cy . Mu c ly hoc bng cch thng thng (lu bnh cha mu phi tht sch) hoc cho mt th tch nc xc nh qua cht hp th hay qua mng lc tu theo yu t cn xc nh. Th d, ng nha trao i ion hoc than hot tnh c th dng ly mu mt

s thuc tr su, cn mng lc bng polypropylen c l trung bnh 1 m l thch hp ly mu bo t (Cryptosporidium). Chi tit chnh xc v phng php dng mng lc ph thuc vo loi nc v yu t cn xc nh. Nn s dng mt van iu chnh tc chy vo thit b hp th hoc mng lc i vi nc cp c p sut. Vi hu ht cc yu t cn xc nh, cn dng mt bm c ng h o p lc t sau cc thit b ng lc hay mng lc trn. Nu cc cht cn xc nh l nhng cht d bay hi, cn t bm cng gn ngun ly mu cng tt, cn ng h o p lc vn t sau cc thit b. Khi nc ly mu b c hoc cha cc cht rn l lng c th bt mng lc hoc cht hp th sn c, hoc lng cht cn phn tch vt qu dung lng hp ph ca mng lc ln nht hoc cht hp thu sn c ,th c th dng nhiu thit b lp song song, c nhiu li vo v li ra, c vi kho. Lc u cho mu nc ch chy vo mt thit b, n khi tc chy ra gim r rt th chuyn sang ci tip theo. Khi nhiu mng lc hoc cht hp thu c dng, mu phi c x l cng vi nhau v mu c xem nh mu t hp. Nu c nguy c ng hay mng lc b qu ti th phi ni ng v mng lc mi ngay sau khi ci trc b ht kh nng, ri tt nc chy vo ng hay mng qu ti. Nu ly mu nc thi bng cch ny, m nc chy ra khi cc thit b ly mu c a tr li vng nc ang c ly mu, th im cho chy tr li cn xa im ly mu khi nh hng n nc s c ly mu tip. 5 Cc kiu ly mu C nhiu tnh hung ly mu, mt s ch n gin l ly mu n, trong khi s khc yu cu thit b ly mu tinh vi. Cc kiu ly mu khc nhau c trnh by chi tit hn trong TCVN 5994 (ISO 5667 - 4) v cc tiu chun tip theo v ly mu. 6 Thit b ly mu 6.1 Vt liu 6.1.1 i cng Cn tham kho TCVN 5993 (ISO 5667 - 3) cho nhng tnh hung ly mu c bit; Nhng ch dn y ch h tr cho vic chn vt liu trong trng hp chung. Cc cht cn xc nh nh gi cht lng nc c nng thay i t lng vt n lng ln. Vn thng hay mc nht l s hp ph ca cc cht ln thnh my ly mu v thnh bnh cha, hoc mu b nhim bn do my ly mu v bnh cha khng sch trc khi ly mu (do ra khng sch) v do vt liu lm cc thit b . Bnh cha mu cn phi gi cho thnh phn mu khng b mt do hp ph v bay hi, hoc b nhim bn bi cc cht l. Bnh ly mu v cha mu cn c chn cn thn sau khi xem xt n, th d, bn nhit, kh v, d ng, m, kch thc, dng, khi lng, kh nng d kim, gi c, kh nng lm sch v dng li... Phi ch trnh mu b ng, nht l khi bnh cha bng thu tinh. Nn dng bnh bng polyetylen dy, chc cha mu xc nh silic, natri, kim tng s, clorua, dn in, pH, cng. Vi nhng cht nhy sng cn dng bnh cn sng. Bnh bng thp khng r c th dng cho nhng mu c nhit v/hoc p sut cao, hoc khi ly mu nng cc cht hu c. Bnh thu tinh l thch hp cho cc hp cht hu c v sinh vt, cn cc bnh bng cht do thch hp cho mu phng x. Cn lu rng cc thit b ly mu thng c cc van bi trn bng du v giong lm bng cao su tng hp. Vt liu ny khng tt cho cc mu dng phn tch cc cht hu c v vi sinh vt.

Ngoi nhng tnh cht vt l nu trn, la chn bnh dng ly v cha mu cn c tnh n nhng tiu chun chnh sau y (c bit khi cc cht c phn tch tn ti lng vt). a) Hn ch n mc ti thiu kh nng gy nhim mu do vt liu ch to bnh v nt, th d s tan ra ca cc cht v c t thu tinh (c bit l thu tinh mm) v cc cht hu c cng nh kim loi t cht do v cht do ho (nt bng vinyl c do ho, v bng cao su tng hp; b) D lm sch v x l thnh bnh loi cc vt bn nh kim loi nng, cht phng x; c) Vt liu lm bnh phi tr ho hc v sinh vt hc trnh hoc gim n ti thiu phn ng gia mu v bnh cha; d) Bnh cha mu cng c th gy sai s do hp ph cc cht cn xc nh. c bit l vt cc kim loi, v c cc cht khc (nh cht ty ra, thuc tr su, photphat) u c kh nng hp ph ln thnh bnh. Ch thch 2: Ngi phn tch phi cho quyt nh cui cng v chn bnh mu v thit b ly mu. 6.1.2 ng dn mu ng dn mu ni chung c dng ly mu t ng cp mu cho cc my phn tch lin tc hoc cc my gim st. Trong mt thi gian nht nh mu c xem nh cha trong bnh c thnh phn nh ng dn. Do , hng dn chn vt liu ca bnh cha mu cng p dng cho ng dn mu. 6.2 Cc loi bnh cha mu 6.2.1 i cng Cc bnh bng polyetylen v thu tinh bosilicat l thch hp cho ly mu thng thng xc nh cc thng s vt l, ho hc ca nc t nhin. Cc loi vt liu tr hn v mt ho hc nh polytetrafloteylen (PTFE) th tt hn, nhng qu t so vi cng vic thng thng hng ngy. Cc bnh ming hp, ming rng hoc nt xoy u cn c nt bc bng nha tr hoc nt thu tinh nhm (nhy vi s n mn ca kim). Nu mu c xp vo hp chuyn n phng th nghim phn tch th np hp phi cu to trnh nt b lng ra, gy trn mu ra ngoi hoc mu b nhim bn. 6.2.2 Bnh cha mu c bit Ngoi nhng ch k trn, vic bo qun mu c cha nhng cht liu nhy sng, k c to, yu cu phi bo v khi b sng. Khi dng bnh cha lm bng vt liu cn sng v phi t ni ti trong thi gian lu gi. Ly v phn tch cc mu cha kh ho tan hoc cc thnh phn d bin i do thm kh, gy ra mt vn c bit. Bnh hp ming th nhu cu xi sinh ho (BOD) cn c nt thu tinh nhn trnh gi khng kh, v nh vy phi lm kn c bit trong vn chuyn. 6.2.3 Vt cc tp cht hu c Bnh cha mu nn lm bng thu tinh, c nt thu tinh hoc PTFE v dng nh cc bnh bng cht do gy cn tr cho cc phn tch c nhy cao. 6.2.4 Bnh cha mu dng phn tch vi sinh vt Bnh cha mu dng phn tch vi sinh vt cn phi chu c nhit khi kh trng. Khi kh trng hoc khi bo qun, vt liu khng c to ra hoc tit ra cc ho cht c kh nng c ch s tn ti ca vi sinh vt tit ra c t hoc thc y s tng trng ca sinh vt.

Mu phi c gi ng nn cho n khi m ra phng th nghim v phi ng li ngay trrnh nhim bn. Bnh cha phi c lm bng thu tinh cht lng tt hoc cht do v khng cha cc cht c. Dung tch khong 300 ml thng l . Bnh cn c nt nhm hoc nt vn va kht, nu cn th ph bng cao su silicon, vt liu ny chu c nhit kh trng nhit 160 oC nhiu ln. 6.3 Thit b ly mu phn tch cc thng s vt l hay ho hc 6.3.1 M u Th tch mu cn ly phn tch theo yu cu v cho bt c php phn tch lp li no. Th tch mu qu nh c th lm mu mt tnh i din. Ngoi ra mu t cng lm tng nh hng hp ph bi v t s gia th tch v din tch nh. Cc my ly mu hu hiu cn phi: a) c thi gian tip xc gia mu v my ti thiu; b) lm bng cc vt liu khng gy nhim mu; c) c cu to n gin d lm sch, vi cc mt nhn v khng c nhng ch gy cn tr dng chy nh un cong, c cng t vi v van cng tt ( cc my ly mu cn bo m khng to ra sai s); d) ph hp vi mu nc cn ly (ho hc, sinh vt hoc vi sinh vt). ly mu kh ho tan cn tham kho mc 6.7. 6.3.2 Thit b ly mu n (mu im) 6.3.2.1 i cng Mu n thng c ly th cng theo nhng iu kin m t mc 4.2. Thit b n gin nht ly mu trn mt nc l x hoc bnh rng ming, nhng xung nc v ko ln sau khi np y. 6.3.2.2 Thit b ly mu n su nh Trong thc t, mt bnh c buc vt nng, nt kn v th chm vo nc; n su nh nt c m ra v nc trn vo n y. Theo cch ny, khng kh hoc cc kh khc cn phi c tnh n v chng c th nh hng n thng s cn xc nh (nh oxi ho tan). c sn cc loi bnh ly mu c bit c th trnh c vn ny. V d bnh chn khng. i vi cc vng nc phn tng, mt ng hnh tr c chia h hai u bng cht do, thu tinh hoc thp khng r c th xung to mt ct nc thng ng ca vng nc. im ly mu, hai u c ng li trc khi ko ln trn b mt (bnh iu khin t xa) 6.3.2.3 Gu hoc no ly mu trm tch Trm tch c th c ly bng gu xc hoc no, c thit k xm nhp vo tng trm tch nh khi lng ca chng hoc n by. Chng c cu to a dng, gm l xo kch hot hoc trng lng, kiu hm ngm. Dng ca chng cng thay i theo kch thc mu cn ly vung hay nhn. Do , bn cht ca mu nhn c chu nh hng ca cc yu t nh :

a) su xm nhp vo lp trm tch; b) gc hm ngm; c) hiu qu ca hm ngm (kh nng trnh chng ngi vt); d) s to ra sng "sc" v gy "mt" hoc "ra tri" cc thnh phn hoc sinh vt ranh gii bnnc; e) n nh ca mu trong dng chy nhanh. Khi ly mu bng no cn ch a im, chuyn ng ca nc, din tch mu v trang b thuyn b c sn. 6.3.2.4 Gu dt (gu dng v trai) Gu dt ta nh thit b dng o t. Cc gu c th xung v tr chn thu c mt mu t hp ln. Khi mu ly bng gu dt cho thng tin chnh xc hn v ni ly mu so vi ly bng no. 6.3.2.5 Thit b ly mu li Thit b ly mu li c dng khi cn thng tin v chiu thng ng ca lp trm tch. Tr khi mu rn chc, cn ch gi mu nguyn vn khi ly ra khi thit b ly mu. 6.3.3 Thit b ly mu t ng Cc thit b ly mu t ng c ch to v bn trn th trng. Tiu chun ny khng nhm mc ch tiu chun ho cc thit b . Cc chun c la chn cc thit b ph hp c nu trong trong ph lc A. Thit b cn yu cu c bo v, sch, t nng hay lm lnh... C hai loi my ly mu t ng: ph thuc thi gian v ph thuc th tch. My ly mu ph thuc thi gian ly cc mu gin on, mu t hp hoc mu lin tc khng quan tm n lu lng, trong khi my ly mu ph thuc th tch cng ly cc loi mu trn nhng c tnh n s thay i lu lng. S la chn ph thuc vo mc ch gim st. Cng c nhng my ly mu tinh vi hn, th d n c th phn phi mu cho cc bnh cha lm bng cc vt liu khc nhau v cha cc cht bo qun khc nhau. Dng cc my ly mu t ng th d quan trc v kim sot lu lng cc dng sng. Trong mt s trng hp nht nh cn ly mu th tch ln, nht l khi cn phn tch cc lng vt. Tt nht l nn dng h thng lm giu ti ch nng cc cht cn xc nh. Cc h thng kiu ny c th l t cc my ly tm cho php ly lin tc vi sinh vt cho n nhng my trang b tt hn cho php ly lng vt cc cht nhim hu c. Trong nhng iu kin lnh cn bo m thit b v cc b phn ph hot ng hu hiu. 6.4 Thit b ly mu sinh vt 6.4.1 i cng Ging nh trng hp ly mu phn tch vt l v ho hc, mt s xc nh cn c tin hnh ti ch. Tuy nhin a s mu c a v phng th nghim xc nh. Thp nin gn y nhiu thit b c to ra cho php ly mu bng tay (dng th ln) hoc t ng v quan st t xa, ly mu mt s loi sinh vt hoc nhm sinh vt. Tuy nhin mc tiu ca mc ny ch yu l m t nhng thit b n gin c s dng thng dng.

 ly mu sinh vt, bnh rng ming l cn thit, tt nht l ming rng gn nh bng thn bnh cha. Bnh c lm bng thu tinh hoc cht do. 6.4.2 Sinh vt ni 6.4.2.1 Thc vt ni K thut v thit b tng t nh dng ly mu n (mu im) cho phn tch ho cht trong nc. Vi hu ht nhng nghin cu v h, nn dng bnh c dung tch t 0,5 n 2 lt, tuy nhin cng cn ch n nhu cu phn tch (6.1). Cn c thit b m np bnh su ly mu v sau ng li (6.3.2.2). Dng vt l khng nn i vi phn tch nh lng. 6.4.2.2 ng vt ni Cn ly mu th tch ln (n 10 lt). Ngoi loi bnh vn hnh bng sc nc (xem 6.3.2.2) nn c mt li nylon dng cho sinh vt ph du. Kch thc mt li ph thuc vo loi cn nghin cu. 6.4.3 Sinh vt y 6.4.3.1 Sinh vt sng bm ly mu nh lng, nn dng mt phin knh knh hin vi bng thu tinh tiu chun (kch thc 25mm x 75 mm). C hai cch t phin knh cho hai tnh hung khc nhau. cc dng sui nh v nng hoc khu vc gn b h ao, c thng khng ng k, phin knh c gn vo gi v neo y. sng ln v h, c ng k, phin knh c treo vo gi bng cht do trong sut ni trn b mt. Cn phin knh trong nc t nht 2 tun l. Nu yu cu kt qu trc tip (ngha l t ni sng t nhin) cn no ly cc sinh vt bm t nn bm t nhin. 6.4.3.2 Thc vt thu sinh ln ly mu nh tnh, thit b ly mu thay i tu theo tng hon cnh, ph thuc vo su lp nc. vng nc nng, mt chic co lm vn l . ch nc su hn c th phi dng no; tuy nhin, cng nn xt n phng php ln thm d dng bnh th nhng cn ch quy tc an ton thch hp. ly mu nh lng c th p dng k thut tng t, tr khi din tch ly mu l c gii hn v thc vt thu sinh khi c o c hay nu khng th c nh gi xc nh mc hay tc tng trng hoc khi lng trn n v din tch. 6.4.3.3 ng vt ln khng xng sng Trong kho st so snh ng vt y ln khng xng sng cn ch ti nh hng ca ni sinh sng ca ng vt ni ly mu chn. Tuy nhin, v c nhiu k thut v thit b ly mu khc nhau, nn ni sinh sng c nghin cu cng khng b hn ch. My ly mu ph thuc vo nhiu thng s: su ca nc, dng chy, bn cht vt l v ho hc ca y,... Cn tham kho ISO 7828 v ly mu bng vt tay v ISO 8265 v ly mu nh lng trn nn vng nc ngt nng. 6.4.4 C C c th c nh bt ch ng hoc th ng ph thuc vo ni sinh sng v mc ch ly mu.

 sng v sui nh su di 2 m, nh c bng xung in mt chiu hay xoay chiu ni chung l k thut ch ng hu dng. sng rng, nc chy chm hoc nc lng, k thut nh li c a dng. nh c ch ng bng li (li ko, li r) dng khi khng c chng ngi vt. nh c th ng bng li (li mc, li ba lp, v cc loi by) dng khi c c hoc cc chng ngi vt khc. Nhng by c bit t p nc l rt thch hp bt c vt. K thut ly mu c b hn ch bi vic chn thit b (kch c mt li, in trng), bi thi quen ca c v cng lun v nh c bng in, cng nh yu cu ly mu c sng hay cht. Cn ch n cc yu t ny trc khi quyt nh chn k thut ly mu. 6.5 Thit b ly mu vi sinh vt Vi a s mu, bnh thu tinh hoc cht do kh trng l thch hp (xem 6.2.4). ly mu di mt nc kh su nh h ao, h cha, dng my ly mu nh m t 6.3.2.2 l thch hp. Mi my mc dng, k c bm v thit b km theo, u khng c bn v khng c a thm vi sinh vt vo mu. 6.6 Thit b ly mu phng x Tu theo i tng v lut l nh nc, hu ht k thut v thit b ly mu nc v nc thi phn tch thnh phn ho hc ni chung u c th p dng cho ly mu phn tch hot phng x. Mu cn ly vo bnh cht do ra sch bng cht ty ra v trng bng nc v axit nitric long. 6.7 Thit b ly mu kh ho tan (v cht bay hi) Mu thch hp xc nh chnh xc cc kh ho tan cn phi ly bng thit b da trn nguyn tc chon ch bng nc m khng phi l chon ch bng khng kh trong thit b ly mu. Nu dng cc h thng bm, th nht thit nc phi c bm sao cho p sut tc dng ln nc khng c gim qu thp so vi p sut kh quyn. Mu cn c bm trc tip vo bnh cha hoc bnh phn tch. Bnh cn c trng trc bng mt lng mu t nht gp 3 ln th tch ca n trc khi bt u phn tch hoc y nt. Nu chp nhn kt qu gn ng, mu xc nh oxi ho tan c th ly bng bnh hoc x. Sai s mc phi trong trng hp ny do tip xc ca mu vi khng kh ph thuc vo mc bo ho ca kh trong nc. Nu ly mu t vi hoc t li ra ca bm, cn dng mt ng dn tr, mm do cm su n y bnh bo m cht lng chon ch t y bnh v s sc kh l ti thiu. Ly mu oxi ho tan t nc b ph bng cn ch c bit trnh nhim mu t khng kh. 7 Nhn dng mu v ghi chp 7.1 i cng Ngun ly mu v cc iu kin ly mu cn c ghi chp km ngay vo bnh sau khi np mu. Phn tch nc s t gi tr nu khng km theo thng tin chi tit v mu. Nhng kt qu phn tch ti ch cng cn c bo co v mu. Nhn v mi loi giy t phi lun lun hon thnh vo thi gian ly mu.

7.2 Bo co Bo co ly mu t nht phi c nhng thng tin sau: a) a im (tn) ly mu, c to v mi thng tin v a im; b) chi tit v im ly mu; c) ngy thng ly mu; d) phng php ly mu e) thi gian ly mu; f) ngi ly mu; g) iu kin thi tit; h) cch x l trc; i) cht bo v hoc cht n nh a thm vo mu; j) d liu thu thp ti hin trng. PH LC A

c tnh cn thit ca thit b ly mu t ng

Nhng mc sau y l hng dn dng thit k hoc chn thit b ly mu t ng v cc b phn ca h thng ly mu. Ngi dng cn xc nh tm quan trng tng i ca mi c tnh trong vic xc lp nhu cu cho vic ly mu c th a) cu to chc chn v cha t linh kin chc nng (c bit l in); b) s b phn tip xc hoc ngm vo nc phi l ti thiu; c) khng r v bn vi nc; d) cu to tng i n gin v d vn hnh; bo dng; e) d ra bnh cha mu v ng cp ly mu ti; f) khng b cu cn do cht rn; g) chnh xc ca th tch c phn phi; h) cho kt qu ph hp tt vi ly mu th cng; i) bnh mu d tho ra, ra v lp li; j) khi ly mu l, mu gin on cn th tch ti thiu 0,5 lt. Tt c mu cn c gi trong ti, v nhng mu nhy vi thi gian / nhit my ly mu cn c mt b phn bo qun mu 4oC t nht trong 24 gi khi nhit mi trng n 40oC;

k) vi nhng my ly mu xch tay: phi c gi trong hp kn, nh, chu sc, chu thay i thi tit v hot ng c trong nhiu iu kin mi trng; l) c kh nng ly mu t l vi dng chy v/hoc ly mu t hp (mu trn) theo thi gian; m) c th iu chnh c tc nc ly vo trnh hin tng tch pha; n) u vo c ng knh trong ti thiu l 12 mm v c li lc hu hiu trnh tc hoc tch t cc ht rn; o) c kh nng phn phi tng phn mu vo cc bnh ring r; p) ly mu xa, cn hot ng c vi ngun in mt chiu v xoay chiu; ngun mt chiu phi bo m cho my ly mu chy c trong vng 120 gi. Nu c bo hnh chng n, cn c cc iu kin cn thit. _______________