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Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 1 -

GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com


sin
3

3
2

4
3

6
5

6
5
2

3
2
4
3
2
3
A
2
2
A
2
1
A
2 2 A
2
1
A
2 3 A
2 2 A -
2
1
A -
2 3 A -
2
3 A
2
2
A -
2
1
A -
A
0
-A
0
W

=3W
t
W

=3W
t
W

=W
t
W
t
=3W

=W
t
2 / 2 v v
max
=
2 3 v v
max
=
2 / v v
max
=
2 / v v
max
=
2 2 v v
max
=
v < 0
2 3 v v
max
=
x
V > 0
W
t
=3W

+
cos
Tha s Tn tin t K hiu Tha s Tn tin t K hiu
10
12
Tera T 10
-1
dexi d
10
9
Giga G 10
-2
centi c
10
6
Mega M 10
-3
mili m
10
3
Kilo K 10
-6
micro
10
2
Hecto H 10
-9
nano n
10
1
Deca D 10
-12
pico p
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 2 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
CH 1: C HC VT RN
VN 1. NG HC VT RN QUAY QUANH MT TRC C NH
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Quay u Quay bin i u Ghi ch
1. Gia tc gc (rad/s
2
,vng/s
2
)
0 = const =
2. Tc gc e (rad/s, vng/s)

e = = =
2
2 f const
T 0
t e e = +
Phng trnh
vn tc
3. Ta gc (rad)
t e + =
0
2
0 0
1
2
t t e = + +
Phng trnh
chuyn ng
4. Gc quay A (rad)
, )
e
e
A = = A
=
0
0
t
t t
e e

A = =
2 2
0
0
2
Thng chn
t
0
= 0
Xt mt im M trn vt rn cch trc quay mt khong R
5. Tc di v (m/s) const R v = = e
t a v R v
t
+ = =
0
e
6. Gia tc hng
tm a
n
(m/s
2
)
R
v
R a
n
2
2
= = e
R
v
R a
n
2
2
= = e
Gia tc php
tuyn
7. Gia tc tip
tuyn
a
t
(m/s
2
) 0 =
t
a . R a
t
=
8. Gia tc ton
phn
a (m/s
2
)
n
a a =
2 2
2 4
n t
a a a
r e
= +
= +
t n
a a

Ch :
Mi im ca vt rn u chuyn ng trn trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay, tm nm
trn trc quay, bn knh bng khong cch t im xt n trc quay.
Cc i lng , e, c gi tr i s, ph thuc vo chiu dng c chn
(thng chn chiu dng l chiu quay ca vt).
i n v: 1 vng = 360
0
= 2t rad
|e>0: Chuyn ng quay nhanh dn.
|e<0: Chuyn ng quay chm dn.
Nu vt quay theo mt chiu nht nh v chn chiu quay lm chiu dng th :
- 0 > : tc gc tng dn l chuyn ng quay nhanh dn u
- 0 < : tc gc gim dn l chuyn ng quay chm dn u
Gia tc gc:
2
2
' "
e
e = = = =
d d
dt dt
Gia tc di:
2
2
' "
dv d x
a v x
dt dt
= = = =
Qung ng quay c: R n R s . 2 . . = A =
n: S vng quay c.
VN 2. NG LC HC VT RN QUAY QUANH MT TRC C NH
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Biu thc Ghi ch
1. Mmen qun
tnh
I (kg.m
2
)
2
mr I = Ca cht im i vi mt trc

=
2
i i
r m I Ca vt rn i vi mt trc
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 3 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
a. Thanh mnh
2
12
1
mL I =
Cc vt ng cht, c dng hnh hc i xng.
L: Chiu di thanh.
b. Vnh trn ( hnh tr rng)
2
mR I =
c. a trn( hnh tr c)
2
2
1
mR I =
d. Hnh cu c
2
5
2
mR I =
2. Mmen ng
lng
L (kg.m
2
.s
-1
) mrv I L = = e
3. Mmen lc M (N.m) Fd M =
d: Khong cch t trc quay n gi ca lc
(cnh tay n ca lc)
2
M mr I = =

Phng trnh LH ca vt rn quay quanh


mt trc c nh (dng khc ca L II
Newton)
4. Dng khc
dt
dL
M =

Ch :
Cng thc Stenner:
2
md I I
G O
+ = dng khi i trc quay.
d = OG : Khong cch gia hai trc quay.
0
F
M =

: nu F

c gi ct hoc song song vi trc quay.


nh l bin thin mmen ng lng:
e e = = A = = A =
2 1 2 2 1 1
0 M M L L L M t I I
VN 3. NH LUT BO TON MMEN NG LNG
Ni dung:
1 1 2 2
0 M L const I I e e = : = : =

I
1
, e
1
: Mmen qun tnh v tc gc ca vt lc u.
I
2
, e
2
: Mmen qun tnh v tc gc ca vt lc sau.
Ch :
p dng nh lut cho h vt rn c cng trc quay:

= const L i vi trc quay .
Khi I = const e = 0 : Vt rn khng quay.
Hoc e = const: Vt rn quay u.
Vt c mmen qun tnh i vi trc quay thay i :
- Nu I | e + vt quay chm dn v dng li
- Nu I + e | vt quay nhanh dn
VN 4. KHI TM. NG NNG CA VT RN
1. Ta khi tm:

=
i
i i
C
m
x m
x

=
i
i i
C
m
y m
y

=
i
i i
C
m
z m
z
2. Chuyn ng ca khi tm: F a m
c

=
( F

: Tng hnh hc cc vect lc tc dng ln vt rn.)


3. ng nng: ( J )
Chuyn ng tnh tin Chuyn ng quay Chuyn ng song phng
2

2
1
W
C
mv =
2

2
1
W e I =
2 2

2
1
2
1
W e I mv
C
+ =

N
A

L,R
0
R
C
B
A
X
R
A
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 4 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Ch :
Xem khi tm trng vi trng tm G. Khi mt trng lng, trng tm khng cn nhng khi
tm lun tn ti.
Vt rn ln khng trt: e R v
C
=
Mi lc tc dng vo vt :
+) C gi i qua trng tm lm vt chuyn ng tnh tin.
+) C gi khng i qua trng tm lm vt va quay va chuyn ng tnh tin.
nh l ng nng:
1 2 ngoailuc
W W W A = A =
Th nng trng trng:
t
W mgh =
h: cao tnh t mc khng th nng.
nh lut bo ton c nng: Khi vt ch chu tc dng ca lc th:
+ =
t
W=W W onst c
* S tng t gia cc i lng gc v i lng di trong chuyn ng quay v chuyn ng
thng
Chuyn ng quay
(trc quay c nh, chiu quay khng i)
Chuyn ng thng
(chiu chuyn ng khng i)
To gc
Tc gc e
Gia tc gc
Mmen lc M
Mmen qun tnh I
Mmen ng lng L = Ie
ng nng quay
2

1
W
2
Ie =
rad
To x
Tc v
Gia tc a
Lc F
Khi lng m
ng lng p = mv
ng nng
2

1
W
2
mv =
m
rad/s m/s
rad/s
2
m/s
2
Nm N
kgm
2
kg
kgm
2
/s kgm/s
J J
Chuyn ng quay u:
e = const; = 0; =
0
+ et
Chuyn ng quay bin i u:
= const
e = e
0
+ t
2
0
1
2
t t e = + +
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) e e =
Phng trnh ng lc hc
M
I
=
o Dng khc
dL
M
dt
=
nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng
1 1 2 2 i
I I hay L const e e = =

nh l v ng nng
2 2
2 1
1 1
W
2 2
I I A e e A = = (cng ca ngoi lc)
Chuyn ng thng u:
v = const; a = 0; x = x
0
+ at
Chuyn ng thng bin i u:
a = const
v = v
0
+ at
x = x
0
+ v
0
t +
2
1
2
at
2 2
0 0
2 ( ) v v a x x =
Phng trnh ng lc hc
F
a
m
=
o Dng khc
dp
F
dt
=
nh lut bo ton ng lng
i i i
p mv const = =

nh l v ng nng
2 2
2 1
1 1
W
2 2
mv mv A A = = (cng ca ngoi lc)
Cc cng thc lin h gia cc i lng gc v i lng di :
. R s = ; e . R v = ; . R a
t
= ;
2
.e R a
n
=
CH 2: DAO NG C HC
VN 1. DAO NG IU HA
Cc nh ngha
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 5 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1. Dao ng
L mt chuyn ng qua li v c gii hn quanh mt v tr cn bng (v tr
m vt ng yn).
2. Dao ng tun hon
L dao ng m trng thi chuyn ng ca vt c lp li nh c sau
nhng khong thi gian bng nhau.
3. Mt dao ng ton
phn (chu trnh)
L giai on nh nht c lp li trong dao ng tun hon.
4. Chu k
Thi gian thc hin mt dao ng ton phn (khong thi gian ngn nht gia
hai ln vt i qua mt v tr xc nh vi cng chiu chuyn ng).
5. Tn s S dao ng ton phn thc hin trong mt giy.
6. Dao ng iu ha
L dao ng tun hon c m t bng mt nh lut dng cosin (hay sin)
theo thi gian.
7. Dao ng t do (dao
ng ring)
L dao ng ca h xy ra ch di tc dng ca ni lc, mi h dao ng t
do u c mt tn s gc ring e
0
nht nh.
8.Dao ng tt dn
-L dao ng c bin gim dn theo thi gian; dao ng tt dn khng
c tnh tun hon; s tt dn cng nhanh nu lc cn ca mi trng cng ln.
-Khi ma st nh, dao ng tt dn c th coi gn ng l tun hon vi tn s
gc bng tn s gc ring e
0
ca h.
9.Dao ng duy tr
L dao ng c c khi cung cp thm nng lng b li s tiu hao do ma
st m khng lm thay i tn s gc ring ca h.
10.Dao ng cng bc
-L dao ng c to ra di tc dng ca mt ngoi lc tun hon
0
os t F F c = O
-Dao ng cng bc l iu ha; c tn s gc bng tn s gc O ca ngoi
lc; bin t l vi F
0
v ph thuc vo O
-Khi O = e
0
th bin ca dao ng cng bc t gi tr cc i: ta c hin
tng cng hng.
11. Phn bit dao ng cng bc vi dao ng duy tr
Dao ng cng bc Dao ng duy tr
Ging nhau - u xy ra di tc dng ca ngoi lc.
- Dao ng cng bc khi cng hng cng c tn s bng tn s ring ca vt.
Khc nhau
- Ngoi lc l bt k, c lp vi vt
- Sau giai on chuyn tip th dao ng
cng bc c tn s bng tn s f ca ngoi
lc
- Bin ca h ph thuc vo F
0
v |f f
0
|
- Lc c iu khin bi chnh dao
ng y qua mt c cu no
- Dao ng vi tn s ng bng tn s
dao ng ring f
0
ca vt
- Bin khng thay i
12. Phn bit cng hng vi dao ng duy tr
Cng hng Dao ng duy tr
Ging nhau C hai u c iu chnh tn s ngoi lc bng vi tn s dao ng t do ca h.
Khc nhau
- Ngoi lc c lp bn ngoi.
- Nng lng h nhn c trong mi chu k
dao ng do cng ngoi lc truyn cho ln
hn nng lng m h tiu hao do ma st
trong chu k .
- Ngoi lc c iu khin bi chnh
dao ng y qua mt c cu no .
- Nng lng h nhn c trong mi
chu k dao ng do cng ngoi lc
truyn cho ng bng nng lng m h
tiu hao do ma st trong chu k .
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Cng thc Ghi ch
1.Li
( lch khi
VTCB)
x (m; cm)
cos( )
sin
2
x A t
A t
e

e
= +
|
= + +
|
' .
Phng trnh dao ng iu ha
A, e, l hng s
a. Bin dao
ng
A(m; cm) A = x
max
A>0, ph thuc vo cch kch
thch dao ng
b. Pha ca dao o (rad) o =( ) t e + Xc nh trng thi dao ng
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 6 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
ng (t)
c. Pha ban u
(t=0)
(rad)
C gi tr ty theo iu kin ban
u
d. Tn s gc
e (rad/s)
2
2 f
T

e = = T: chu k (s) ; f: tn s (s
-1
; Hz)
2.Vn tc v (m/s)
, ) '( ) Asin t+
os t+ +
2
v x t
Ac
e e

e e
= =
|
=
|
' .
Vn tc sm pha hn li gc
2

3. Gia tc: a (m/s


2
)
, )
2 2
'( ) "( )
os t+
a v t x t
Ac x e e e
= =
= =
Gia tc ngc pha vi li
4. Chu k T (s)
2 1 t
T
f N

e
A
= = =
N: S dao ng thc hin trong
khong thi gian At
5. Tc trung
bnh
v (m/s)
s
v
t
=
A
s: Qung ng vt i c
trong khong thi gian At
6. Vn tc trung
bnh
v
tb
(m/s)
2 1
tb
x x x
v
t t
A
= =
A A
Ax: di vt thc hin c
trong khong thi gian At
Ch :
Ti v tr cn bng:
x = 0
v = v
max
= eA (hoc bng -eA)
a = 0
Ti hai bin:
x = A
v = 0
a = a
max
= e
2
A (hoc bng -e
2
A)
Vn tc trung bnh ca vt dao ng iu
ha trong mt chu k bng 0.
VN 2. TNG HP DAO NG
1. Biu din dao ng iu ha bng vect
quay
Mi dao ng iu ha:
, ) x=Acos t+ e
c biu din bng mt vect quay
OM

(tm quay O):


OM = A
Tc gc = Tn s gc
thi im t=0:
( , ) OM ox

=
2. Tng hp hai dao ng cng phng, cng tn s:
, )
, )
1 1 1
2 2 2
os t+
os t+
x Ac
x A c
e
e
=
=
*Dao ng tng hp: , )
1 2
os x x x Ac t e = + = +
cng phng, cng tn s vi hai dao ng thnh phn.
a.Bin dao ng
2 2
1 2 1 2
2 os A A A AAc = + + A
b. lch pha
2 1
A =
O

x
M
t
x, v, a
A
-A
A
-A

2
A
-
2
A
O
T T/2
T
ng biu din x(t), v(t) v a(t) v trong cng mt
h trc to , ng vi = 0
a(t)
v(t)
x(t)
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 7 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
c.Pha ban u
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
si n si n
tan
os os
A A
Ac A c


+
=
+
Ch :

2 1
0: : A > > x
2
sm pha hn x
1
mt gc A (x
1
tr pha hn x
2
mt gc A).

2 1
0: : A < < x
2
tr pha hn x
1
mt gc A (x
1
sm pha hn x
2
mt gc A).

2 1
0: : A = = hai dao ng cng pha (hoc 2 k = A ):
ax 1 2 m
A A A A = = +
: A = hai dao ng ngc pha {hoc ) 1 2 ( + = A k }:
min 1 2
A A A A = =

= A : hai dao ng vung pha {hoc


2
) 1 2 (

+ = A k } :
2
2
2
1
A A A + =

2 1
A A = :
2
cos 2
1
A
= A A Vi
1 2
= A

0
120
3
2
= = A

2 1
A A A = =

1 2 1 2
A A A A A < < +
so snh pha dao ng, phi chuyn cc phng trnh dao ng v cng mt hm s lng gic :
cos sin
2
x x
|
= +
|
' .
v sin os x-
2
x c
|
=
|
' .
VN 3. MT S H DAO NG
i lng vt l Con lc l xo Con lc n Con lc vt l
1.Cu trc
Vt c khi lng m (kg), gn
vo l xo c cng k (
N
m
)
Vt c khi lng m(kg)
treo u si dy nh,
khng dn, chiu di l(m)
Vt rn khi lng m
(kg),quay quanh mt
trc nm ngang khng
qua trng tm
2.Phng trnh
ng lc hc
2
x"+ 0 x e =
x: li thng
2
s"+ 0 s e =
s: li cong
2
"+ 0 o e o =
o: li gc
3.Phng trnh
dao ng
, ) x=Acos t+ e
0
0
cos( )
cos( )
s s t
t
e
o o e
= +
= +
, )
0
= cos t+ o o e
) 10 (
0
< << o
4.Tn s gc
ring
l
g
m
k
A
= = e
g
l
e =
d
I
mg
e =
O
t
1
A
2
A
x
O
t
x
Cng pha Ngc pha Vung pha
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 8 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
5.Chu k
g
l
k
m
T
A
= = 2 2 2
l
T
g
= 2
d
I
T
mg
=
6.Tn s
l
g
m
k
f
A
= =
2
1
2
1
l
g
f
2
1
=
I
mgd
f
2
1
=
7. Lc gy ra
DDH
- Lc ko v:
F = - kx
* L xo treo thng ng :
F = k(
0
l A x)
- Lc ko v:
t
mg
P s mg
l
o = =
(vi o nh)
- Mmen lc ca con
lc vt l:
M mgdo =
(vi o nh)
8. Cng thc
c lp vi thi
gian
1
2 2
2
2
2
= +
e A
v
A
x
2
2
2
2
A
v
x = +
e
1
2 2
0
2
2
0
2
= +
e S
v
S
s
2
0
2
2
2
S
v
s = +
e
9.Nng lng
a.ng nng
W

2
1
=
2
mv W

2
1
=
2
mv
Bin thin tun hon
vi chu k T=
2
T
; tn
s gc e=2e; tn s
f=2f
b.Th nng
W
h
2
1
x
2
k =
W
t
z mg =
c.C nng
t
W W W + =
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
A m kA W e = =
t
W W W + =
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
1
o e mgl S m W = =
Ch :
Ti v tr cn bng:
ax m
v v = : W
t
= 0; W = (W

)
max
Ti hai bin: W

= 0; W = (W
t
)
max
d : Khong cch t trc quay n trng tm vt rn (m)
I: Momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi trc quay (kg.m
2
)
VN 4. MT S DNG TON
+ Chn h quy chiu:
+ Trc Ox...
+ Gc to ti VTCB
+ Chiu dng...
+ Gc thi gian (t=0): thng chn lc vt bt u dao ng hoc lc vt qua VTCB theo
chiu (+)
+ Phng trnh dao ng c dng: x = Acos(et + )
+ Phng trnh vn tc: v = -Aesin(et + )
1. Xc nh tn s gc e: (e>0)
Khi cho dn ca l xo VTCB
0
A :
0
0
A = =
A

k g
k mg
m
0
e =
A
g

2 2
v
A x
e =

Dng 1
Vit phng trnh dao ng diu ho.Xc nh cc c trng ca mt dao ng iu ho
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 9 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
2. Xc nh bin dao ng A:(A>0)
cho Cng thc
Chiu di qu o d ca vt dao
ng
2
d
A =
Chiu di ln nht v nh nht
ca l xo
min
2
max
A

=

Li x v vn tc v ti cng mt
thi im
2
2
2
e
= +
v
A x
(nu bung nh v = 0)
Vn tc v gia tc ti cng mt
thi im
2 2
2 4
v a
A
e e
= +
Vn tc cc i v
max
e
=
max
v
A
Gia tc cc i a
max
2
e
=
max
a
A
Lc hi phc cc i F
max
ax
k
m
F
A=
Nng lng ca dao ng
2W
A
k
=
+ Mt s ch v iu kin ca bin
Hnh 1 Hnh 2 Hnh 3
Vt m
1
c t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng thng ng. (Hnh 1)
m
1
lun nm yn trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th:
k
g m m g
A
) (
2 1
2
max
+
= =
e
Vt m
1
v m
2
c gn vo hai u l xo t thng ng, m
1
dao ng iu ho.(Hnh 2)
m
2
lun nm yn trn mt sn trong qu trnh m
1
dao ng th:
k
g m m g
A
) (
2 1
2
max
+
= =
e
Vt m
1
t trn vt m
2
dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang. H s ma st gia m
1
v m
2
l ,
b qua ma st gia m
2
v mt sn. (Hnh 3)
m
1
khng trt trn m
2
trong qu trnh dao ng th:
k
g m m g
A
) (
2 1
2
max
+
= =
e

3. Xc nh pha ban u : ( < < )


Da vo cch chn gc thi gian xc nh
Khi t=0 :
0 0
0 0
o s = x
As i n = v

e
=
:

=

x x A c
v v
+ Nu lc vt i qua VTCB :
0
0
os =0
0
v
0
sin


e
e

=
:

= > =

c
Acos
A A sin v A
+ Nu lc bung nh vt:
0
0

e
=

Acos x
A sin
0
0
cos
sin 0

= >

x
A

A
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 10 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Ch :
Khi th nh, bung nh vt v
0
=0 , A=x
0
Khi vt i theo chiu dng th v>0, theo chiu m th v<0
Pha dao ng l: (et + )
sinx=cos x-
2
|
|
' .
; , ) cos os x+ x c =
osx=cos x= +2n c o o :

x= +2n
sinx=sin
x= - +2n
o
o
o

+ Cc trng hp c bit :
Trng thi dao ng ban u (t=0) x v (rad)
Vt qua VTCB theo chiu dng 0 + /2
Vt qua VTCB theo chiu m 0 - /2
Vt qua bin dng A 0 0
Vt qua bin m -A 0
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu dng
A
2
+

3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A
2
theo chiu m
A
2
-
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A
2
theo chiu dng -
A
2
+

2
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A
2
theo chiu m -
A
2
- 2
3
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu dng
A 2
2
+

4
t
.
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 2
2
theo chiu m
A 2
2
-
4
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 2
2
theo chiu dng -
A 2
2
+

3
4
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 2
2
theo chiu m -
A 2
2
- 3
4
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu dng
A 3
2
+

6
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
=
A 3
2
theo chiu m
A 3
2
-
6
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 3
2
theo chiu dng -
A 3
2
+

5
6
t
Vt qua v tr x
0
= -
A 3
2
theo chiu m -
A 3
2
- 5
6
t
+ x = a Asin(et + ) vi a, A, e v l hng s.
x l ta , x
0
= Asin(et + ) l li .
Ta v tr cn bng x = a, ta v tr bin x = a A.
Vn tc v = x = x
0
; gia tc a = v = x = x
0

H thc c lp: a = - e
2
x
0
v A
2
=
Dng 2
Dao ng iu ha c phng trnh c bit
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 11 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
+ Khi x = a Asin
2
(et + ) th ta h bc.
Cng thc lng gic : cos
2
=
1 cos2
2
+ o
v sin
2
=
1 cos2
2
o
cosa + cosb= 2cos
a b
2
+
cos
a b
2

- Bin A/2; tn s gc 2e, pha ban u 2.


+ Phng trnh dao ng c dng: x = Acos(et + )
+ Phng trnh vn tc: v = -Aesin(et + )
1.Khi vt i qua li x
0
:
x
0
= Acos(et + ) cos(et + ) =
0
x
A
= coso ( ) 2 e o + = + t n
2 o o
e e e

= + = +
n
t nT (s)
Vi neN Khi o >0
neN* Khi o <0
Khi c iu kin ca vt th ta loi bt mt nghim t
2. Khi vt t vn tc v
0
:
v
0
= -Aesin(et + ) sin(et + ) =
0
v
Ae
= sin|
( ) 2
( ) 2
e |
e |
+ = +


+ = +

t n
t n
|
e
|
e

= +

= +

t nT
t nT
Vi neN Khi
0
0
|
|
>

>

v neN* Khi
0
0
|
|
<

<

3. Tm li vt khi vn tc c gi tr v
1
: Ta dng
2
2 2 1
v
A x
e
|
= +
|
' .
2
2 1
v
x A
e
|
=
|
' .
4. Tm vn tc khi i qua li x
1
:
2 2
1
e = v A x ( Khi vt i theo chiu dng th v>0 )
+ Cch 1 :
Tnh s chu k dao ng t thi im t
1
n t
2
:
2 1
t t m
N n
T T

= = + , vi
2
T

e
=
Trong mt chu k :
* Vt i c qung ng s
T
= 4A
* Vt i qua li bt k 2 ln
* Nu m= 0 th:
Qung ng i c: s = n.s
T
= n.4A
S ln vt i qua x
0
l m = n.m
T
= 2n
* Nu m 0 = th:
Dng 3
Xc nh thi im vt i qua li x
0
, vn tc vt t gi tr v
0
Dng 4
Xc nh qung ng v s ln vt i qua li x
0
t thi im t
1
n t
2
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 12 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Khi t = t
1
ta tnh x
1
= Acos(et
1
+ ) v v
1
dng hay m (khng tnh v
1
)
Khi t = t
2
ta tnh x
2
= Acos(et
2
+ ) v v
2
dng hay m (khng tnh v
2
)
Sau v hnh ca vt trong phn l
m
T
chu k ri da vo hnh v tnh s
l
v s ln
m
l
vt i qua x
0
tng ng.
Khi : +Qung ng vt i c l: s = n.4A + s
l
+S ln vt i qua x
0
l: m = 2n + m
l
* V d:
1 0 2
1 2
0, 0
x x x
v v
> >

> >

Ta c hnh v:
Khi : + S ln vt i qua x
0
l m
l
= 1
+ Qung ng i c: s
l , ) , )
1 2 1 2
2 4 A A x A x A x x = + + =
+ Cch 2 :
Bc 1 : Xc nh :
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
x Acos( t ) x Acos( t )
v
v Asin( t ) v Asin( t )
= e + = e +

= e e + = e e +

(v
1
v v
2
ch cn xc nh du)
Bc 2 : Phn tch : t
2
t
1
= nT + At (n eN; 0 At < T) . (Nu
2
T
2A t S
2
= A =
)
Qung ng i c trong thi gian nT l S
1
= 4nA, trong thi gian At l S
2
.
Qung ng tng cng l S = S
1
+ S
2
:
* Nu v
1
v
2
0
2 2 1
2
2 2 1
T
t S x x
2
T
2A t S
2
T
t S 4A x x
2

A < =

= A =

A > =

* Nu v
1
v
2
< 0
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
v 0 S 2A x x
v 0 S 2A x x
> =

< = + +

+ bin dng ca l xo thng ng khi vt VTCB:


mg
l
k
A = 2
l
T
g

A
=
+ bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB vi con lc l xo
nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing :
sin mg
l
k
o
A = 2
sin
l
T
g

o
A
=
+ Chiu di l xo ti VTCB: l
CB
= l
0
+ Al
(l
0
l chiu di t nhin)
+ Chiu di cc tiu (khi vt v tr cao nht):
l
Min
= l
0
+ Al A
+ Chiu di cc i (khi vt v tr thp nht):
l
Max
= l
0
+ Al + A l
CB
= (l
Min
+ l
Max
)/2
+ Khi A >Al (Vi Ox hng xung):
- Thi gian l xo nn 1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr x
1
= -Al n x
2
= -A; (t =
vi cos = )
- Thi gian l xo gin1 ln l thi gian ngn nht vt i t v tr x
1
= -Al n x
2
= A ; (T/2 t)
Lu : Trong mt dao ng (mt chu k) l xo nn 2 ln v gin 2 ln
-A
A
O x
2
x
1
x
0
x
Dng 5
Tnh thi gian l xo gin v nn trong mt chu k
x
A
-A
Al
Nn
0
Gin
Hnh v th hin thi gian l xo nn v
gin trong 1 chu k (Ox hng xung)
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 13 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1. Lc hi phc (lc tc dng ln vt):
F kx ma = =


: Lun hng v v tr cn bng
ln: F = k|x| = me
2
|x|
Lc hi phc t gi tr cc i F
max
= kA khi vt i qua cc v tr bin (x = A)
Lc hi phc c gi tr cc tiu F
min
= 0 khi vt i qua v tr cn bng (x = 0)
2. Lc n hi v lc tc dng ln im treo l xo:
Lc tc dng ln im treo l xo l lc n hi:
o
0
F k | x | = A + Khi chn chiu dng hng xung.
o
0
F k | x | = A Khi chn chiu dng hng ln.
+ Khi con lc l xo nm ngang: A
0
= 0
+ Khi con lc l xo treo thng ng:
0 2
k
mg g
l
e
A = =
+ Khi con lc nm nghing 1 gc o:
0
sin
k
mg
l
o
A =
Lc cc i tc dng ln im treo l:
max 0
F k( A) = A +
Lc cc tiu tc dng ln im treo l:
+Kkhi con lc nm ngang: F
min
= 0
+ Khi con lc treo thng ng hoc nm nghing 1 gc o
Nu
0
l A A > th
min 0
F k( A) = A
Nu
0
A A < th F
min
= 0
3. Chiu di l xo:
l
0
: l chiu di t nhin ca l xo:
Khi con lc l xo nm ngang:
+ Chiu di cc i ca l xo :
ax 0 m
l l A = +
+ Chiu di cc tiu ca l xo:
min 0
l l A =
Khi con lc l xo treo thng ng hoc nm nghing 1 gc o :
+ Chiu di l xo khi vt VTCB:
0 0 cb
l l l = + A
+ Chiu di cc i ca l xo:
ax 0 0 m
l l l A = + A +
+ Chiu di cc tiu ca l xo:
ax 0 0 m
l l l A = + A
+ Chiu di li x:
0 0
l l l x = + A +
1. Th nng
W
t
=
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
k A
2
cos
2
(et + ) =
, )
2 2
1 1
os 2
4 4
kA kA c t e + +
]
2. ng nng
W

=
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
sin
2
(et + ) =
, )
2 2
1 1
os 2
4 4
kA kA c t e +
]
Vi k = me
2
3. C nng
W = W
t
+ W

=
2
1
k A
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
= const
Dng 6
Xc nh lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu tc dng ln vt v im treo l xo - Chiu di l xo
khi vt dao ng
Dng 7
Xc nh nng lng ca dao ng iu ho
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 14 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Ch :
Khi tnh nng lng phi i khi lng v (kg) , vn tc v (m/s) , li v (m) .
Khi W

= nW
t
hoc W
t
= nW

+ Ti v tr c W

= nW
t
ta c :
o Ta :
1
2
1
2
1
) 1 (
2 2 2 2
+
= : = +
n
A
x A m x m n e e
o Vn tc :
1 2
1
2
1
.
1
2 2 2
+
= : =
+
n
n
A v A m mv
n
n
e e
+ Ti v tr c W
t
= nW

ta c :
o Ta :
1 2
1
2
1
.
1
2 2
+
= : =
+
n
n
A x kA kx
n
n
o Vn tc :
1
2
1
2
1
) 1 (
2 2 2
+
= : = +
n
A
v A m mv n
e
e
Trng thi Ta Vn tc
ng nng bng th nng
2
A

2
A e

ng nng bng hai ln th nng


3
A

3
2
A e
ng nng bng ba ln th nng
2
A

2
3 A e

Th nng bng hai ln ng nng


3
2
A
3
A e

Th nng bng ba ln ng nng


2
3 A

2
A e

Th nng v ng nng ca vt bin thin tun hon vi cng tn s gc e = 2e, tn s


dao ng f =2f v chu k T =
2
T
.
- nh lut bo ton ng lng : const p p p const p
n
= + + + : =

....
2 1
.(iu kin p dng l h kn)
- nh lut bo ton c nng : E = const :E

+ E
t
= const (iu kin p dng l h kn , khng ma st)
- nh l bin thin ng nng :
ngoailuc ngoailuc ngoailuc
A mv mv A E E A E = : = : = A
2
1
2
2 1 2
2
1
2
1
- Ch : i vi va chm n hi ta c :
2
1
'
2
2
' 2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
mv mv mv mv + = +
- Qung ng S m gi i c k t khi bt u chuyn ng n khi vt ri khi gi bng phn
tng bin dng ca l xo trong khong thi gian . Khong thi gian t lc gi bt u chuyn
ng n khi vt ri khi gi c xc nh theo cng thc:
2
1 2
2
S
S at t
a
= = (1)
(a l gia tc ca gi )
Dng 8
Bi ton v va chm
Dng 9
Bi ton v dao ng ca vt sau khi ri khi gi
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 15 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- Vn tc ca vt khi ri khi gi l : 2 . v a S = (2)
- Gi
0
l A l bin dng ca l xo khi vt VTCB ( khng cn gi ), l A l bin dng ca l xo
khi vt ri gi . Li x ca vt thi im ri khi gi l
0
x l l = A A
- Ta c
2
2 2
2
v
x A
e
+ =
+ Ta dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u tnh.
Vt chuyn ng trn u t M n N, hnh chiu ca vt ln trc Ox dao ng iu ho t x
1
n x
2
.
Thi gian ngn nht vt dao ng i t x
1
n x
2
bng thi gian vt chuyn ng trn u t M
n N.
2 1
t

e e
A
A = =
vi
1
1
2
2
s
s
x
co
A
x
co
A

v (
1 2
0 , < < )
Vt xut pht t VTCB: (x=0)
+ Khi vt i t: x = 0
2
A
x = th
12
T
t A = : S = A/2
+ Khi vt i t: x=0
2
2
A
x = th
8
T
t A = : S =
2
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x=0
3
2
=
A
x th
6
A =
T
t : S =
3
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x=0 = x A th
4
A =
T
t : S = A
Vt xut pht t v tr bin: ( = x A)
+ Khi vt i t: x= A
3
2
=
A
x th
12
A =
T
t : S = A-
3
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x= A
2
2
A
x = th
8
T
t A = : S = A-
2
2
A
+ Khi vt i t: x = A
2
A
x = th
6
A =
T
t : S = A/2
+ Khi vt i t: x= A x= 0 th
4
A =
T
t : S = A
1. L xo ghp ni tip:
cng k ca h :
Hai l xo c cng k
1
v k
2
ghp ni tip c th xem nh mt l xo c cng k tho mn
biu thc:
2 1
1 1 1
k k k
+ =
Dng 11
H l xo ghp ni tip - ghp song song v xung i
M
N
x
O
A x
1
x
2
-A
Dng 10
Xc nh thi gian ngn nht vt i qua li x
1
n x
2
m
l
1
,k
1
l
2
,k
2
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 16 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Chu k dao ng:
2 2 2
1 2
T T T = + , Tn s dao ng :
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
= +
f f f
2. L xo ghp song song:
cng k ca h :
Hai l xo c cng k
1
v k
2
ghp song song c th xem nh mt l xo
c cng k tho mn biu thc: k = k
1
+ k
2
Chu k dao ng:
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
T T T
= + , Tn s dao ng :
2 2 2
1 1
f = f + f
3. Khi ghp xung i cng thc ging ghp song song
Lu :

Khi gii cc bi ton dng ny, nu gp trng hp mt l xo c di t nhin l


0
( cng k
0
) c
ct thnh hai l xo c chiu di ln lt l l
1
( cng k
1
) v l
2
( cng k
2
) th ta c: k
0
l
0
= k
1
l
1
= k
2
l
2
Trong : k
0
=
0

ES
; E: sut Young (N/m
2
); S: tit din ngang (m
2
)
Gn l xo k vo vt khi lng m
1
c chu k T
1
; vo vt khi lng m
2
c chu k T
2
; vo
vt khi lng (m
1
+m
2
) c chu k T
3
; vo vt khi lng (m
1
m
2
) (m
1
> m
2
) c chu k T
4
.
Th ta c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
+ Vt c vn tc ln nht khi qua VTCB, nh nht khi qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong
thi gian At qung ng i c cng ln khi vt cng gn VTCB v cng nh khi cng gn
v tr bin.
+ S dng mi lin h gia dao ng iu ho v chuyn ng trn u :
Gc qut A = eAt.
Qung ng ln nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc
sin (Hnh 1)
ax
2Asin
2
m
S
A
=
Qung ng nh nht khi vt i t M
1
n M
2
i xng qua trc
cos (Hnh 2) 2 (1 os )
2
min
S A c
A
=
Lu :
o Trong trng hp At > T/2
- Tch '
2
T
t n t A = + A trong
*
; 0 '
2
T
n N t e < A <
- Trong thi gian
2
T
n qung ng lun l 2nA
- Trong thi gian At th qung ng ln nht, nh nht tnh nh trn.
o Tc trung bnh ln nht v nh nht ca trong khong thi gian At:
ax
ax
m
tbm
S
v
t
=
A
v
min
tbmin
S
v
t
=
A
(vi S
max
; S
min
tnh nh trn)
1) Phng trnh dao ng.
Chn: + Trc OX trng tip tuyn vi qu o
Dng 12
Bi ton tnh qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0<t< T/2
A
-A
M
M
1
2
O
P
x
P
2 1
P
2
A
Hnh 1
x O
2
1
M
M
-A
A P
2
A
Hnh 2
Dng 13
Vit phng trnh dao ng ca con lc n - Con lc vt l - Chu k dao ng nh
l
1
, k
1
l
2
, k
2
l
1
, k
1
l
2
, k
2
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 17 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
+ Gc to ti v tr cn bng
+ Chiu dng l chiu lch vt
+ Gc thi gian .....
Phng trnh ly di: s = S
0
cos(et + ) hoc =
0
cos(et + ) vi s = l , S
0
=A=
0
l
v = - eAsin(et + )
+ Tm e>0:
+ e = 2tf =
2
T

, Vi
t
T
N
A
=
, N: Tng s dao ng
+
e =

g
, ( l:chiu di dy treo , g: gia tc trng trng ti ni ta xt: m/s
2
)
+
mgd
I
e =
, Vi d = OG: khong cch t trng tm n trc quay.
I: mmen qun tnh ca vt rn.
+
2 2
v
A s
e =

+ Tm A>0:
+
2
2 2
2
v
A s
e
= +
vi
s . o =
+ Khi cho chiu di qu o l mt cung trn
MN
:
MN
A
2
=
+
0
A . o =
vi
0
o
: ly gc (rad)
+ Tm (
< <
)
Da vo cch chn gc thi gian xc nh ra
Khi t=0 th
0
0
x x
v v
=

=
:
0
0
x Acos
v A sin

e
=

0
0
os
sin
x
c
A
v
A


= ?
Phng trnh ly gic:
o
=
s
=
0
o
cos(et + ) rad. vi
0
A
o =
rad
2) Chu k dao ng nh.
+ Con lc n:
2 T
g
=

2
2
2
2
4
4
T g
g
T

+ Con lc vt l:
2
I
T
mgd
=
2
2
2
2
4
4
T mgd
I
I
g
T md

Dng 14
Nng lng con lc n - Xc nh vn tc ca vt Lc cng dy treo khi vt i qua li gc
o
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 18 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1. Nng lng con lc n
Chn gc th nng ti v tr cn bng O
+ ng nng: W

=
2
1
mv
2
+ Th nng hp dn ly o :
, )
t
W 1 os mgl c o =
+ C nng: W= W
t
+W

=
2 2
1
m A
2
e
*Khi gc nh:
2
t
1
W mg (1 cos ) mg
2
o o = =
2
0
1
W= mg
2
o
2. Vn tc ca vt khi i qua li o (i qua A)
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng ta c:
C nng ti bin = c nng ti v tr ta xt
W
A
=W
N
:
W
tA
+W
A
=W
tN
+W
N
:
mg (1 cos ) o
+
2
A
1
mv
2 =
0
mg (1 cos ) o
+0

2
A 0
v 2g (cos cos ) o o =

A 0
v 2g (cos cos ) o o =
3. Lc cng dy (phn lc ca dy treo) treo khi i qua li o (i qua A)
Theo nh lut II Newtn: P

=ma

chiu ln

ta c
2
A
ht
v
mgcos ma m t o = =

:
2
A
0
v
m mgcos m2g(cos cos ) mgcos t o o o o = + = +

Vy:
0
= mg(3cos - 2cos )
4. Khi gc nh
0
10 o <
2
sin
cos 1
2
o o
o
o
~

Khi
2 2 2
A 0
2 2
0
v g ( )
1
mg(1 2 3 )
2
o o
t o o
=

+ Ch :
Ti VTCB:
o = 0
, )
ax 0
2 1 os
m
v v gl c o = =
, )
ax 0
3 2cos
m
mg t t o = =
Ti hai bin:
v = 0; o = o
0
min 0
os mgc t t o = =
GHI NH :
+ Mt s cng thc gn ng
Khi
1 c <<
- , ) 1 1
n
n c c =
- , ) , )
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 c c c c + = +
-
1
1 2
2
1
1
1
c
c c
c
+
= +
+
+ Khi thay i cao, su v nhit thay i th chu k ca con lc n cng thay i
+ Gia tc trng trng mt t: g =
2
R
GM
; R: Bn knh Tri t R=6400km
Dng 15
S thay i chu k ca con lc n theo cao, su v nhit
N
O
A
0
o
o
P

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 19 -


GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1. Gia tc trng trng cao h
Gia tc trng trng cao h:
h 2
2
GM g
g
h
(R h)
(1 )
R
= =
+
+
.
Chu k con lc dao ng ng mt t:
1
T 2
g
=

(1)
Chu h con lc dao ng sai cao h:
2
h
T 2
g
=

(2)

1 h
2
T g
T g
=
m
h
g 1
h
g
1
R
=
+

1
2
T 1
h
T
1
R
=
+

2 1
h
T = T (1+ )
R
Khi a ln cao chu k dao ng tng ln.
2. Gia tc trng trng su d
+
su d:
d
d
g = g(1- )
R
Chng minh: P
d
= F
hd
3
d 2
4
m( (R d) .D)
3
mg G
(R d)

: =

D: Khi lng ring Tri t


3 3
3
d 2 3 2 3 2
4
( .D)(R d) R
M(R d) GM d
3
g G G .(1 )
(R d) .R (R d) .R R R


: = = =


d
d
g = g(1- )
R
+ Chu k con lc dao ng su d:
2
d
T 2
g
=

(3)

d 1
2
g T
T g
=
m
d
g d
1
g R
=

1
2
~
1
2 1
T d
T = T (1+ )
R d
1-
R
Khi a xung su chu k dao ng tng ln nhng tng t hn a ln cao
3. Chiu di ca dy kim loi nhit t
+ Khi nhit thay i: Chiu di bin i theo nhit : =
0

(1 +

t).

: L h s n di v nhit ca kim loi lm dy treo con lc.


0

: Chiu di 0
0
C
+ Chu k con lc dao ng ng nhit t
1
(
0
C):
1
1
T 2
g
=

(1)
+ Chu k con lc dao ng sai nhit t
2
(
0
C):
2
2
T 2
g
=

(2)

1 1
2 2
T
T
=

Ta c:
1 0 1
1 1
2 1
2 0 2 2 2
(1 t )
1 t 1
1 (t t )
(1 t ) 1 t 2




= + +
= ~

= + +




V
1 <<

1 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2
2 1
T T 1 1
1 (t t ) T T (1 (t t ))
1
T 2 2
1 (t t )
2

~ = ~ +

Vy
2 1 2 1
1
(1 ( ))
2
T T t t = +
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 20 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
+ Khi nhit tng th chu k dao ng tng ln
+ Khi nhit gim th chu k dao ng gim xung
Ch : + Khi a ln cao m nhit thay i th:
1
2 1
2
1
1 ( )
2
T h
t t
T R
~ +
+ Khi a ln xung su d m nhit thay i th:
1
2 1
2
1
1 ( )
2 2
T d
t t
T R
~ +
Vit cng thc tnh chu k ca con lc ng h trong trng hp chy ng (T
1
) v chy sai (T
2
)
+ Lp t s
1
2
T
T
(ri dng cng thc gn ng nu cn) hoc lp hiu
2 1
T T T A =

1
2
1
T
T
< : ng h chy chm ( 0 T A > )

1
2
1
T
T
> : ng h chy nhanh ( 0 T A < )
+ S dao ng con lc ng h chy sai trong khong thi gian t:
2
t
N
T
=
+ Thi gian ng h chy sai ch:
1
1
2
'
T
t NT t
T
= =
+ Thi gian ng h chy sai: A = = = A = A
1
2 2
' 1
T t
t t t t T N T
T T
Ch :
o Ch c l thay i:
, )
, )
1 1 1
2 1
2 2 1 2 1
T l l 1
1 t t
T l 2 l 1 t t
o
o
= = =
+
]
o Ch c g thay i:
1
2 0
h
g T R
T g R h
= =
+
o Khi c l v g thay i:
1 1
2 2 0
h
g T l
T l g
=
Ti cng mt ni con lc n chiu di l
1
c chu k T
1
; con lc n chiu di l
2
c chu k T
2
; con
lc n chiu di (l
1
+ l
2
) c chu k T
3
; con lc n chiu di (l
1
- l
2
) (l
1
>l
2
) c chu k T
4
. Th ta
c:
2 2 2
3 1 2
T T T = + v
2 2 2
4 1 2
T T T =
Mt ngy m: t = 24h = 24.3600 = 86400s.
Chu k dao ng ng l: T
1
Chu k dao ng sai l T
2
+ S dao ng con lc dao ng ng thc hin trong mt ngy m:
1
1
t
N
T
=
+ S dao ng con lc dao ng sai thc hin trong mt ngy m:
2
2
t
N
T
=
Dng 16
Thi gian con lc ng h chy sai trong khong thi gian t
Dng 17
Xc nh thi gian dao ng nhanh chm trong mt ngy m.
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 21 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
+ S dao ng sai trong mt ngy m:
1 1
2 1
1 1
N | N N | t | |
T T
A = =
+ Thi gian chy sai trong mt ngy m l:
1
1
2
T
T . N t | 1|
T
t A = A =
- Nu chu k tng con lc dao ng chm li
- Nu chu k gim con lc dao ng nhanh ln
* Khi a ln cao h con lc dao ng chm trong mt ngy l:
h
t.
R
t A =
* Khi a xung su h con lc dao ng chm trong mt ngy l:
d
= t.
2R
* Thi gian chy nhanh chm khi nhit thay i trong mt ngy m l:
|
2 1
1
= t | t - t
2
* Thi gian chy nhanh chm tng qut:
) | +
2 1
h 1
= t | (t - t
R 2
1) Chu k con lc:
* Chu k cn lc trc khi vp inh:
1
1
T 2
g
=

,
1

: Chiu di con lc trc khi vp inh


* Chu k con lc sau khi vp inh:
2
2
T 2
g
=

,
2

: Chiu di con
lc sau khi vp inh
* Chu k ca con lc:
1 2
1
T (T T )
2
= +
2) Bin gc sau khi vp inh
0

:
Chn mc th nng ti O. Ta c: W
A
=W
N

W
tA
=W
tN
2 0 1 0
mg (1 cos ) mg (1 cos ) | o : =
2 0 1 0
(1 cos ) (1 cos ) | o : =
v gc nh nn
2 2
2 0 1 0
1 1
(1 (1 )) (1 (1 )
2 2
| o =

1
0 0
2
=

: Bin gc sau khi vp inh.


Bin dao ng sau khi vp inh:
'
0 2
. A l | =
Cho hai con lc n: Con lc 1 chu k
1
T
bit
Con lc 2 chu k
2
T
cha bit
2 1
T T ~
Cho hai con lc dao ng trong mt phng thng ng song song trc mt mt ngi quan st.
Ngi quan st ghi li nhng ln chng i qua v tr cn bng cng lc cng chiu(trng phng).
Gi
u
l thi gian hai ln trng phng lin tip nhau
a) Nu
1
T
>
2
T
: con lc
2
T
thc hin nhiu hn con lc
1
T
mt dao ng
N
O
0
o
A 0
|
Dng 19
Xc nh chu k con lc bng phng php trng phng
Dng 18
Xc nh chu k con lc vp (vng) inh bin sau khi vp inh
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 22 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Ta c
1 2
( 1) nT n T u = = +

2
1
1
T
n
n
T
u
u


2
1
1
T
T
u
u
=
+

2
1
1
1 1
T
T u
=
+
2 1
1 1 1
T T u
= +
b) Nu
1
T
<
2
T
: con lc
1
T
thc hin nhiu hn con lc
2
T
mt dao ng
Ta c
2 1
( 1) nT n T u = = +

2
1
1
T
n
n
T
u
u


2
1
1
T
T
u
u
=

2
1
1
1 1
T
T u
=

2 1
1 1 1
T T u
= +
+ Khi con lc chu tc dng thm ca ngoi lc khng i
n
F

:
Trng lc hiu dng (trng lc biu kin):
hd n
P P F = +

n
hd n hd
F
mg mg F g g
m
: = + = +


Khi con lc n s dao ng quanh v tr cn bng mi vi chu k:
2
hg
l
T
g
=
Khi
n
F P ||

:
n
hd
F
g g
m
= +
Khi
n
F P |+

:
n
hd
F
g g
m
=
Khi
n
F P

:
2
2 n
hd
F
g g
m
|
= +
|
' .
Khi (
n
F

, P

) =o :
2
2 n n
hd
F F
g g 2g cos
m m
o
|
= + +
|
' .
V tr cn bng mi :
n
0
F
tan
P
o =
+ Cc loi lc thng gp:
o Lc tnh in:
9 1 2
2
| q q |
F 9.10
r c
=
Hai in tch cng du th y nhau; hai in tch tri du th ht nhau.
r: Khong cch gia hai in tch.
o Lc in trng: F=|q|E
F E ||

khi q>0; F E |+

khi q<0
U
E
d
=
(V/m)
o Lc y Acsimet: F
A
= Vg
: Khi lng ring ca cht lng, kh (kg/m
3
)
V: Th tch cht lng hoc cht kh m vt chim ch.
o Lc qun tnh:

= a m F
a : Gia tc ca h qui chiu gn con lc i vi h qui chiu qun tnh.
Dng 20
Chu k con lc n khi chu tc dng thm ca ngoi lc khng i
n
F

Dng 21
Bi ton con lc t dy - va chm
N
O
0
o
P

N
O
0
o
P

O
0
o
P

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 23 -


GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1) Bi ton t dy:
Khi con lc t dy vt bay theo phng tip tuyn vi qu o ti
im t.
+ Khi vt i qua v tr cn bng th t dy lc vt chuyn ng
nn ngang vi vn tc u l vn tc lc t dy.
Vn tc lc t dy:
0 0
v 2g (1 cos ) o =
Phng trnh theo cc trc to :
0
2
theo ox : x v .t
1
theo oy : y gt
2
=

phng trnh qu o:
2
2
2
0 0
1 x 1
y g x
2 v 4 (1 cos ) o
= =

+ Khi vt t ly
o
th vt s chuyn ng nm xin vi vn tc ban u l vn tc lc t dy.
Vn tc vt lc t dy:
0 0
v 2g (cos cos ) o o =
Phng trnh theo cc trc to :
0
2
0
theo ox : x (v cos ).t
1
theo oy : y (v sin ).t gt
2
o
o
=

Khi phng trnh qu o l:


2
2
0
1 g
y (tan ).x x
2 (v .cos )
o
o
=
Hay:
2 2
2
0
1 g
y (tan ).x (1 tan )x
2 v
o o = +
Ch : Khi vt t dy v tr bin th vt s ri t do theo phng trnh :
2
1
y gt
2
=
2) Bi ton va chm:
+ Trng hp va chm mm: sau khi va chm h chuyn ng cng vn tc
Theo LBT ng lng:
A B AB A A B B A B
P P P m v m v (m m )V + = : + = +


Chiu phng trnh ny suy ra vn tc sau va chm V
+ Trng hp va chm n hi: sau va chm hai vt chuyn ng vi cc vn tc khc
nhau
A2
v

v
B2
v

.
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng v ng nng ta c
A B A2 B2
dA dB dA2 dB2
P P P P
W W =W +W
+ = +

A A B B A A2 B A2
2 2 2 2
A A B B A A2 B B2
m v m v m v m v
1 1 1 1
m v m v m v m v
2 2 2 2
+ = +

:

+ = +


T y suy ra cc gi tr vn tc sau khi va chm
A2
v
v
B2
v
.
- Khi con lc gn vo h chuyn ng tnh tin vi gia tc
a

th vt chu tc dng thm ca lc


qun tnh
pt F ma

=
(ngc chiu vi
a

)
Trng lc hiu dng(trng lc biu kin):
hd qt
P P F

= +
hd hd
m g m g ma g g a

: = =
+ Khi h chuyn ng nhanh dn u th
a

cng chiu vi
v

(chiu chuyn ng) khi


qt
F

N
O
0
o
0
v

X
Y
Dng 22
Xc nh chu k con lc khi gn vo h chuyn ng tnh tin vi gia tc
a

N
O
0
o
0
v

X
Y
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 24 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
ngc chiu chuyn ng
+ Khi h chuyn ng chm dn u th
a

ngc chiu vi
v

(chiu chuyn ng) khi


qt
F

cng chiu chuyn ng


1) Khi
qt
F P

||
(cng hng) th
hd
g g a = +
khi T
2
< T
1:
chu k gim
2) Khi
qt
F P

|+
(ngc hng) th
hd
g g a =
khi T
2
> T
1:
chu k tng
3) Khi
qt
F P

(vung gc) th
2 2
hd
g g a = +
khi T
2
< T
1:
chu k gim
V tr cn bng mi
qt
0
F
tan
P
o =
4) Khi
qt
F

hp vi P

mt gc
o
th:
2 2 2
hd
g g a 2ga.coso = + +
+ cho h dao ng vi bin cc i hoc rung mnh hoc nc sng snh mnh nht th
xy ra cng hng dao ng.
Khi
0 0
( ) f f e e = = T=T
0
Vn tc khi xy ra cng hng l:
s
v
T
=
Con lc l xo Con lc n Con lc vt l
0
k
m
e =
0
g
e =

0
mgd
I
e =
1. gim bin sau mi chu k:
2
4 4 mg g
A
k

e
A = =
2. Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li l :
2 2 2
2 2
kA A
S
mg g
e

= =
3. gim bin sau N chu k dao ng:
2
4 4 4
mst
n n
F mg g
A A A N N N
k k

e
A = = = =
4. Thi gian vt dao ng n lc dng li :
.
4 2
AkT A
t N T
mg g
e

A = = =
5. S chu k dao ng cho n lc dng li
Khi dng li A
n
= 0 s chu k :
2
4 4
A Ak A
N
A mg g
e

= = =
A
* duy tr dao ng:
Nng lng cung cp = Nng lng mt i trong mt chu k = Cng ca lc ma st
Dng 23
Bi ton v s cng hng dao ng
Dng 24
Bi ton v dao ng tt dn
Dng 24
Dng my tnh CASIO fx 570ES hoc CASIO fx 570MS gii mt s bi ton c dng
hm dao ng iu ha
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 25 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1. Tng hp dao ng iu ho
a. C s l thuyt: Nh ta bit mt dao ng iu ho x = Acos(et + )
+ C th c biu din bng mt vect quay
A

c di t l vi bin A v to vi trc honh mt


gc bng gc pha ban u .
+ Mt khc cng c th c biu din bng s phc di dng: z = a + bi
+Trong ta cc: z =A(sin +i cos) (vi mun: A=
2 2
a b + ) Hay Z = Ae
j(et + ).
+V cc dao ng cng tn s gc e c tr s xc nh nn ngi ta thng vit vi quy c z = Ae
J
,
trong my tnh CASIO fx- 570ES k hiu di dng l: r Z u (ta hiu l: A Z ) .
+ c bit gic s c hin th trong phm vi : -180
0
< < 180
0
hay -t< < t rt ph hp vi bi
ton tng hp dao ng iu ho.
Vy tng hp cc dao ng iu ho cng phng, cng tn s bng phng php Frexnen ng
ngha vi vic cng cc s phc biu din ca cc dao ng .
b.Chn ch mc nh ca my tnh: CASIO fx 570ES
My CASIO fx570ES bm SHIFT MODE 1hin th1 dng (MthIO) Mn hnh xut hin Math.
+ thc hin php tnh v s phc th bm my : MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
+ tnh dng to cc : AZ , Bm my : SHIFT MODE 3 2
+ tnh dng to cc: a + ib. Bm my :SHIFT MODE 3 1
+ ci t n v o gc (Deg, Rad ):
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm my : SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm my: SHIFT MODE 4 trn mn hnh hin th ch R
+ nhp k hiu gc Z ca s phc ta n SHIFT (-).
V d: Cch nhp: My tnh CASIO fx 570ES
Cho: x= 8cos(et+ t/3) s c biu din vi s phc 8Z 60
0
hay 8Zt/3 ta lm nh sau:
-Chn mode: Bm my: MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
-Nhp my: 8 SHIFT (-) 60 s hin th l: 8Z 60
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 4 trn mn hnh hin th ch R
-Nhp my: 8 SHIFT (-) (t:3 s hin th l: 8Z
1

3
Kinh nghim cho thy: nhp vi n v nhanh hn n v rad nhng kt qu sau cng cn phi
chuyn sang n v rad cho nhng bi ton theo n v rad. (v nhp theo n v rad phi c du ngoc
n ( ) nn thao tc nhp lu hn, v d: nhp 90 th nhanh hn nhp (t/2)
c.Lu :Khi thc hin php tnh kt qu c hin th dng i s: a +bi (hoc dng cc: A ).
-Chuyn t dng : a + bi sang dng AZ , ta bm SHIFT 2 3 =
V d:Nhp: 8 SHIFT (-) (t:3 ->Nu hin th: 4+ 4 3 i , mun chuyn sang dng cc AZ :
- Bm phm SHIFT 2 3 = kt qu: 8Zt/3
-Chuyn t dng AZ sang dng : a + bi : bm SHIFT 2 4 =
V d:Nhp: 8 SHIFT (-) (t:3 -> Nu hin th: 8Zt/3, mun chuyn sang dng phc a+bi :
- Bm phm SHIFT 2 4 = kt qu :4+4 3 i
d. Xc nh A v

bng cch bm my tnh:


+Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
-Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1;
bm + , Nhp A
2
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn = hin th kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu l: AZ )
+Gi tr ca dng ( nu my ci ch l D:)
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 26 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
+Gi tr ca dng rad ( nu my ci ch l R: Radian)
+Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
;bm + ,Nhp A
2
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn =
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt qu l:
+Lu Ch hin th mn hnh kt qu:
Sau khi nhp ta n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun kt qu di dng thp phn
ta n SHIFT = ( hoc dng phm SD) chuyn i kt qu Hin th.
e. Nu cho x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
) v x = x
1
+ x
2
= Acos(t + ) .
Tm dao ng thnh phn x
2
: x
2
=x - x
1
vi: x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
)
Xc nh A
2
v
2
nh bm my tnh:
*Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp A , bm SHIFT (-) nhp
;
bm - (tr); Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
nhn = kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu trn mn hnh l: A
2
Z
2
+Ta c s u l A
2
v sau du Z l gi tr ca
2
dng ( nu my ci n v l D:)
+Ta c s u l A
2
v sau du Z l gi tr ca
2
dng rad ( nu my ci n v l R: Radian)
*Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp A , bm SHIFT (-) nhp ;bm - (tr); Nhp A
1
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp 1 nhn =
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A
2.
bm SHIFT = hin th kt qu l:
2
2. Tm li v vn tc mt thi im
Dng bi tp ny thng thng c th gii bng cch tnh ton i s thng thng hoc dng my tnh
V d : Mt cht im thc hin dao ng iu ho dc theo trc Ox xung quanh v tr cn bng O vi
chu k T = 2 s. Ti thi im t
1
cht im c to x
1
= 2 cm v vn tc v
1
= 4 cm/s. Hy xc nh to
v vn tc ca cht im ti thi im t
2
= t
1
+
3
1
s.
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
Gi s
, ) , ) . A.sin x Acos t v t = =
Khi t=t
1
: , )
1 1
. 2 x Acos t = = cm v
, )
1 1
A.sin 4 v t = = cm/s
Khi t=t
2
= t
1
+
3
1
s :
, )
2 2 1
3
. . x Acos t Acos t


|
+
|
' .
= =
2 1 1
. . . .
3 3
x Acos t cos A sin t sin

: =
1
2 1
1 4 3
. . 2. .
3 3 2 2
v
x x cos sin


: = + = +
2
2 3
1 2,1027 x cm

: = + ~
Tnh v
2
:
2 1
.
3
v Asin t


|
= +
|
' .
2 1 1
. . . .
3 3
v A sin t cos Acos t sin

: =
2 1 1
. . 3, 4414 /
3 3
v v cos x sin cm s

: = =
2cos 60 ) + (4 shift 10
x
) sin 60 ) =
KQ: 2,102657791
4cos 60 ) - -2shift 10
x
) sin 60 ) =
KQ: -3,441398093
Bi ton ny n v o gc bng bm my s
nhanh hn
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 27 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
3. Tm nhanh mt i lng cha bit trong biu thc vt l :
S dng SOLVE ( Ch dng trong COMP : MODE 1 ) SHIFT MODE 1 Mn hnh: Math
V d : Tnh khi lng m ca con lc l xo dao ng, khi bit chu k T =0,1t(s) v cng k=100N/m.
Ta dng biu thc
k
m
T 2 =
Ch : Phm gn bin X: ALPHA ) ; SOLVE: SHIFT CALC ; Nhp du = l phm ALPHA CALC
Phng php truyn thng Phng php dng SOLVE
Ta c :
k
m
T
k
m
T
2 2
4 2 = =
Suy ra:
2
2
4
kT
m =
Th s:
2
2
4
) 1 , 0 ( 100


= m =0,25kg
Vy :khi lng m ca con lc 0,25kg
-Vi my FX570ES: Bm: MODE 1
-Bm: 0.1 SHIFT X10
X
t ALPHA CALC = 2
SHIFT X10
X
ALPHA ) X V 100
Mn hnh xut hin :
100
2 1 . 0
X
=
-Tip tc bm:
SHIFT CALC SOLVE = ( ch khong 6s )
Mn hnh hin th:
X l i lng m
Vy : m= 0,25 kg
CH 3: SNG C HC
VN 1. SNG C HC
1. Sng c
L nhng dao ng c hc lan truyn theo thi gian trong mi trng vt cht lin
tc (rn, lng, kh).
a. Sng ngang
-Cc phn t c phng dao ng vung gc vi phng truyn sng.
-Truyn c trong mi trng xut hin lc n hi khi c bin dng lch: mt cht
lng, cht rn.(v d : sng trn mt cht lng)
b. Sng dc
-Cc phn t c phng dao ng trng vi phng truyn sng.
-Truyn c trong mi trng xut hin lc n hi khi c bin dng nn-dn: rn,
lng, kh.(v d : sng m truyn trong khng kh)
Cc i lng c trng cho sng
i lng vt l Cng thc Ghi ch
1. Chu k, tn s
1
T
f
=
Bng chu k, tn s ca ngun to ra sng.
2. Bc sng
v
vT
f
= = (m)
Qung ng sng truyn i trong mt chu k dao
ng (khong cch gn nhau nht ca hai im trn
phng truyn sng dao ng cng pha).
3. Tc sng v f
T

= = (m/s) L tc truyn mt pha dao ng nht nh.


100
2 1 . 0
X
=
X = 0.25
L R = 0
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 28 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
4.Li ca mt
im bt k trn
phng truyn
sng
e

|
= +
|
' . ]
|
= +
|
' . ]
|
= +
|
' .
0
0
0
( ) cos
cos 2
2
cos 2
M
M
M
M
x
u t A t
v
x t
A
T
x
A ft
x
M
:Ta ca M trn phng truyn sng . Dao
ng ti im chn lm gc:
, )
0
cos
O
u A t e = +
iu kin ti M c dao ng :
M
x
t
v
>
5. lch pha ca
hai im trn
phng truyn
sng
1 2
2 2
d d d

A = = d : Khong cch gia hai im


6. Bin ca
sng mt im
A : L bin dao ng ca phn t vt cht ti im .
Ch :
Ch c pha dao ng truyn i, cc phn t ca mi trng dao ng ti ch quanh v tr cn
bng. Cc phn t xa tm pht sng dao ng tr pha hn.
Sng c khng truyn c trong chn khng.

2
2 2

k k d k = = = A (k = 1,2,3, ..) hai im dao ng cng pha
(khong cch gia hai im trn phng truyn sng bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng hoc bng
mt s chn ln na bc sng)

)
2
1
(
2
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( + = + = + = A k k d k (k = 0,1,2,3, ..) hai im dao ng ngc pha
(khong cch gia hai im trn phng truyn sng bng mt s bn nguyn ln bc sng hoc
bng mt s l ln na bc sng)

2
)
2
1
(
4
) 1 2 (
2
) 1 2 (

+ = + = + = A k k d k (k = 0,1,2,3, ..) hai im dao ng vung pha
(khong cch gia hai im trn phng truyn sng bng mt s bn nguyn ln na bc sng
hoc bng mt s l ln
4
1
bc sng)
Qu trnh truyn sng l qu trnh truyn nng lng, cng ra xa tm pht sng nng lng
cng gim lm bin sng cng gim.
Quan st hnh nh sng c n ngn sng lin tip th c n - 1 bc sng. Hoc quan st thy t
ngn sng th n n ngn sng th m (m > n) c chiu di l th bc sng
n m
l

=
S ln nh ln trn mt nc l N trong khong thi gian t giy th
1
=
N
t
T Hay
t
N
f
1
=
VN 2. GIAO THOA SNG
1. Giao thoa
-L s tng hp ca hai (hay nhiu) sng kt hp trong khng gian.
-Trong vng giao thoa xut hin nhng vn giao thoa cc i v cc tiu xen k cch
u nhau.
*Sng kt hp
Do hai ngun kt hp pht ra: hai ngun dao ng c cng tn s, cng phng dao
ng v hiu s pha khng i theo thi gian.
2. lch pha ca hai sng thnh phn ti mt im
a. Hai ngun S
1
, S
2
cng pha : 0 = Ao hoc 2 k
b. Hai ngun S
1
, S
2
ngc pha : o = A hoc
) 1 2 ( + k


d d d
2 2
1 2
=

= A

= A
d d d
2 2
1 2
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 29 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
o
2
2 2

k k d k = = = A
Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i.
o

)
2
1
(
2
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( + = + = + = A k k d k
Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu.
o

)
2
1
(
2
) 1 2 ( 2 + = + = = A k k d k
Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i.
o
2
2 ) 1 2 (

k k d k = = + = A
Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu.
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:

2 1 2 1
S S
k
S S
< < k e Z
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
* S vn cc i l, s vn cc tiu chn.
* ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
l vn cc i.
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun
S
1
S
2
:

2 1 2 1
S S
k
S S
< < k e Z
* S vn cc i chn, s vn cc tiu l.
* ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
l vn cc tiu.
c. Hai ngun dao ng vung pha :
2

o = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
2
2
2
2
1 2

= A
d d d
o

)
4
1
(
2
)
2
1
2 ( 2 + = + = = A k k d k
Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i
o

)
4
1
(
2
)
2
1
2 ( ) 1 2 ( + = + = + = A k k d k
Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
4
1
4
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
4
1
4
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
*S vn dao ng cc i , cc tiu khng tnh hai ngun
2 1
S S
- Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
) 2 . 2 cos(
1
1
1
o

+ =
d
ft A u
M
v ) 2 . 2 cos(
2
2
2
o

+ =
d
ft A u
M
- Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M: u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M

+
+
+

A
+

=
2
. 2 cos
2
cos 2
2 1 2 1 1 2
o o

d d
ft
d d
A u
M
- Bin dao ng ti M: )
2
cos( 2
1 2
o

A
+

=
d d
A A
M
Vi
2 1
o o o = A
Ch :
Tm s im dao ng cc i , cc tiu :
Cch 1 :
o S cc i:

o

o
2 2
A
+ < <
A
+
l
k
l
) ( Z k e
o S cc tiu:

o

o
2 2
1
2 2
1 A
+ < <
A
+
l
k
l
) ( Z k e
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 30 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Cch 2 :
o Ta ly p m
S S
,
2 1
=

(m nguyn dng , p phn l sau du phy)


Hai ngun cng pha Hai ngun ngc pha
- S cc i lun l : 2m+1
- S cc tiu l :
Trng hp 1 : nu p<5 th s cc tiu l 2m
Trng hp 2 : nu p >5 th s cc tiu l 2m+2
- S cc tiu lun l : 2m+1
- S cc i l :
Trng hp 1 : nu p<5 th s cc i l 2m
Trng hp 2 : nu p >5 th s cc i l 2m+2
Vi bi ton tm s ng dao ng cc i v cc tiu gia hai im M, N cch hai ngun ln
lt l d
1M
, d
2M
, d
1N
, d
2N
. t Ad
M
= d
1M
- d
2M
; Ad
N
= d
1N
- d
2N
v gi s Ad
M
< Ad
N
.
Hai ngun dao ng cng pha Hai ngun dao ng ngc pha Hai ngun dao ng vung pha
Cc i: Ad
M
< k < Ad
N
Cc tiu: Ad
M
< )
2
1
( + k < Ad
N
Cc i:Ad
M
< )
2
1
( + k < Ad
N
Cc tiu: Ad
M
< k< Ad
N
Cc i:Ad
M
< )
4
1
( + k < Ad
N
Cc tiu: Ad
M
< )
4
1
( + k < Ad
N
* S gi tr nguyn ca k tho mn cc biu thc trn l s ng cn tm.
3. S phn x sng :
Phn x ca sng trn vt cn c nh Phn x ca sng trn vt cn t do
- Khi gp vt cn c nh : sng phn x v sng
ti c cng bin ,
cng tn s , cng
bc sng nhng
ngc pha nhau
- lch pha gia sng ti v sng phn x ti
im vt cn c nh l : ) 1 2 ( + = A k
- Li :
t px
u u =
- Khi gp vt cn t do : sng phn
x v sng ti c cng bin ,
cng tn s , cng bc sng v
cng pha nhau
- lch pha gia sng ti v
sng phn x ti im vt cn t
do l : k 2 = A
- Li :
t px
u u =
4.Sng dng
-L sng c nhng im nt (im ng yn) v im bng (im dao ng vi bin
cc i) c nh trong khng gian.
-L hin tng giao thoa ca hai sng kt hp c cng phng truyn nhng ngc chiu
nhau . Sng dng khng truyn nng lng
*. Gii thch sng dng :
Chn : gc ta ti B , chiu dng t B n A
Gi s phng trnh dao ng ti B do sng ti t A truyn
n c dng : t A u
B
e cos =
- Phng trnh dao ng ti M do sng ti t A truyn n :
) 2 cos(
1

e
d
t A u
M
+ =
B c nh (B l nt) B t do (B l bng)
- Phng trnh sng phn x ti B :
) cos( cos
'
e e = = t A t A u
B
- Phng trnh dao ng ti M do sng ti t B
truyn n :
) 2 cos(
2

e
d
t A u
M
=
- Phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M :
M M M
u u u
2 1
+ =
)
2
cos( )
2
2 cos( 2

e

+ = t
d
A u
M
- Bin dao ng tng hp :
- Phng trnh sng phn x ti Q :
t A u u
B B
e cos
'
= =
- Phng trnh dao ng ti M do sng ti t B
truyn n :
) 2 cos(
2

e
d
t A u
M
=
- Phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti M :
M M M
u u u
2 1
+ =
) cos( ) 2 cos( 2 t
d
A u
M
e

=
- Bin dao ng tng hp :
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 31 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
VN 3 . MT S DNG TON GIAO THOA SNG C
1. Xc nh bin , lch pha ca giao thoa sng tng hp :
- Phng trnh sng ti M do hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti:
) 2 . 2 cos(
1
1
1
o

+ =
d
ft A u
M
v ) 2 . 2 cos(
2
2
2
o

+ =
d
ft A u
M
- Phng trnh giao thoa sng ti M : u
M
= u
1M
+ u
2M

+
+
+

A
+

=
2
. 2 cos
2
cos 2
2 1 2 1 1 2
o o

d d
ft
d d
A u
M
) 2 sin( 2 )
2
2 cos( 2

d
A
d
A A
M
= + = ) 2 cos( 2

d
A A
M
=
im bng im nt
- Ti M l bng sng khi sng ti v sng phn
x ti dao ng cng pha
- Bin : (
M
A )
max
= 2A
- V tr ca cc im bng so vi gc ta B :
4
) 1 2 (

+ = k x
b
(k = 0,1,2,3,.)
- Ti M l bng sng khi sng ti v sng phn
x ti dao ng ngc pha
- Bin : (
M
A )
min
= 0
- V tr ca cc im nt so vi gc ta B :
2

k x
b
= (k = 1,2,3,.)
* iu kin c sng dng
a. Hai u dy c nh
(hai u l nt sng)
b. Mt u c nh, mt u t do
(u t do l bng sng)
iu kin v chiu di ca dy :
Chiu di si dy:
4
2
2

k k l = =
k = 1,2,3: s b sng
S im bng: N
bng
= k
S im nt: N
nt
= k+1
iu kin v chiu di ca dy :
Chiu di si dy:
4
) 1 2 (
2
)
2
1
(

+ = + = k k l
k = 0,1,2,3: s b sng
N
bng
= N
nt
= k + 1
iu kin v tn s c sng dng :
l
kv v
f
2
= =

vi k = 1, 2, 3
+ Tn s nh nht ( c bn) ng vi k = 1:
=
2

, f
1
=
v
2
iu kin v tn s c sng dng :
l
v k
v
f
2
)
2
1
( +
= =

vi k = 0, 1, 2, 3
+ Tn s nh nht ( c bn) ng vi k = 0:
=
4

, f
1
=
v
4
Ch :
Khong cch gia hai im bng k nhau hoc hai im nt k nhau bng
2

.
Khong cch gia mt im nt v mt im bng k nhau bng
4

.
Trong khi sng ti v sng phn x vn truyn theo hai chiu khc nhau , nhng sng tng hp
dng ti ch , n khng truyn i trong khng gian . Gi l sng dng
Nu dy l kim loi (st) c kch thch bi nam chm in (nam chm c nui bi dng in
xoay chiu c tn s f
dd
) th tn s dao ng ca dy l f = 2f
dd
mt thi im nht nh mi im trn dy dao ng cng pha vi nhau
Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln si dy dui thng l
2
T
Cc im bng v im nt nm xen k cch u nhau.
B rng mt bng sng l L = 4A
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 32 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- Bin dao ng ti M: )
2
cos( 2
1 2
o

A
+

=
d d
A A
M
Vi
2 1
o o o = A
- lch pha hai dao ng tai M : o

A +

= A
1 2
2
d d
Vi
2 1
o o = A
TH1 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) : 0
2 1
= = A o o o hoc 2 k
- Bin dao ng tng hp ti M : ) cos( 2 ) cos( 2
1 2

d
A
d d
A A
M
=

=
- lch pha hai dao ng tai M :


1 2
2
d d
= A
o Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i : A A
M
2 = Hai sng thnh phn ti M cng pha

k d d k
d d
k = : =

: = A
1 2
1 2
2 2 2
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
:

2 1 2 1
S S
k
S S
< < k e Z
o Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu : 0 =
M
A Hai sng thnh phn ti M ngc pha

)
2
1
(
2
) 1 2 ( ) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 (
1 2
1 2
+ = + = : + =

: + = A k k d d k
d d
k
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
:
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
Ch :
o S vn cc i l, s vn cc tiu chn.
o ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
l vn cc i.
o S vn dao ng cc i , cc tiu khng tnh hai ngun
2 1
S S
o Nu im O l trung im ca on AB th ti O hoc cc im nm trn ng trung trc ca
on AB s dao ng vi bin cc i v bng A A
M
2 = (v lc ny
2 1
d d = )
TH2 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng ngc pha : o o o = = A
2 1
hoc ) 1 2 ( + k
- Bin dao ng tng hp ti M : )
2
cos( 2 )
2
cos( 2
1 2

=
d
A
d d
A A
M
- lch pha hai dao ng tai M :

= A
1 2
2
d d
o Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i : A A
M
2 = Hai sng thnh phn ti M cng pha

)
2
1
(
2
) 1 2 ( 2 2 2
1 2
1 2
k k d d k
d d
k = = : =

: = A
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
:
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
o Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu : 0 =
M
A Hai sng thnh phn ti M ngc pha
: + =

: + = A

) 1 2 ( 2 ) 1 2 (
1 2
k
d d
k

) 1 (
2
) 2 2 (
1 2
1 2
+ = + =
=
k k d d
k d d
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
:

2 1 2 1
S S
k
S S
< < k e Z
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 33 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Ch :
o S vn cc i chn, s vn cc tiu l.
o ng trung trc ca S
1
S
2
l vn cc tiu.
o S vn dao ng cc i , cc tiu khng tnh hai ngun
2 1
S S
o Nu im O l trung im ca on AB th ti O hoc cc im nm trn ng trung trc ca
on AB s dao ng vi bin cc tiu v bng 0 =
M
A (v lc ny
2 1
d d = )
TH3 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng vung pha :
2
2 1

o o o = = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
- Bin dao ng tng hp ti M : )
4
cos( 2 )
4
cos( 2
1 2

=
d
A
d d
A A
M
- lch pha hai dao ng tai M :
2
2
1 2

= A
d d
o Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc i : A A
M
2 = Hai sng thnh phn ti M cng pha

)
4
1
(
2
)
2
1
2 ( 2
2
2 2
1 2
1 2
k k d d k
d d
k = = : =

: = A
S vn giao thoa cc i gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
4
1
4
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
o Dao ng ti im xt c bin cc tiu : 0 =
M
A Hai sng thnh phn ti M ngc pha
: + =

: + = A

) 1 2 (
2
2 ) 1 2 (
1 2
k
d d
k

)
4
3
(
2
)
2
3
2 (
)
4
1
(
2
)
2
1
2 (
1 2
1 2
+ = + =
+ = + =
k k d d
k k d d
S vn giao thoa cc tiu gia hai ngun S
1
S
2
4
1
4
1
2 1 2 1
< <

S S
k
S S
k e Z
Ch :
o S vn dao ng cc i , cc tiu khng tnh hai ngun
2 1
S S
o Nu im O l trung im ca on AB th ti O hoc cc im nm trn ng trung trc ca
on AB s dao ng vi bin v bng 2 A A
M
= (v lc ny
2 1
d d = )
2. Xc nh s im cc i , cc tiu trn on thng AB

TH1 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) : 0


2 1
= = A o o o hoc 2 k
o S im dao ng vi bin cc i trn on AB :
- Hiu khong cch gia chng phi l : k d d =
1 2
(1)
- Mc khc tng khong cch gia chng l : AB d d = +
1 2
(2)
- Ly (1) + (2) v theo v ta c :
2 2
2
AB k
d + =

- Do M thuc on AB nn : AB d < <
2
0 Thay vo ta c :

AB
k
AB
AB
AB k
< < : < + <
2 2
0
o S im dao ng vi bin cc tiu trn on AB :
- Hiu khong cch gia chng phi l : )
2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d (3)
A B
M
1
d
2
d
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 34 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- Mc khc tng khong cch gia chng l : AB d d = +
1 2
(4)
- Lm tng t nh trn ta c :
2
1
2
1
< <

AB
k
AB
TH2 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng ngc pha : o o o = = A
2 1
hoc ) 1 2 ( + k
o S im dao ng vi bin cc i trn on AB :
- Hiu khong cch gia chng phi l : )
2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d (1)
- Mc khc tng khong cch gia chng l : AB d d = +
1 2
(2)
- Lm tng t nh trn ta c :
2
1
2
1
< <

AB
k
AB
o S im dao ng vi bin cc tiu trn on AB :
- Hiu khong cch gia chng phi l : k d d =
1 2
(3)
- Mc khc tng khong cch gia chng l : AB d d = +
1 2
(4)
- Lm tng t nh trn ta c :

AB
k
AB
< <
TH3 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng vung pha :
2
2 1

o o o = = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
o S im dao ng vi bin cc i , cc tiu trn on AB :
- Hiu khong cch gia chng phi l : )
4
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d (1)
- Mc khc tng khong cch gia chng l : AB d d = +
1 2
(2)
- Lm tng t nh trn ta c :
4
1
4
1
< <

AB
k
AB
3. Xc nh s im cc i , cc tiu trn on thng CD to vi AB mt hnh vung hoc hnh
ch nht :
TH1 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) : 0
2 1
= = A o o o hoc 2 k
o S im cc i trn on CD tha mn : k d d =
1 2
& BC AC d d BD AD < <
1 2
Suy ra : BC AC k BD AD < < Hay

BC AC
k
BD AD
< <

o S im cc tiu trn on CD tha mn : )


2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d
& BC AC d d BD AD < <
1 2
Suy ra : BC AC k BD AD < + < )
2
1
( Hay
2
1
2
1

< <


BC AC
k
BD AD
TH2 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng ngc pha : o o o = = A
2 1
hoc ) 1 2 ( + k
o S im cc i trn on CD tha mn : )
2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d & BC AC d d BD AD < <
1 2
Suy ra : BC AC k BD AD < + < )
2
1
( Hay
2
1
2
1

< <


BC AC
k
BD AD
o S im cc tiu trn on CD tha mn : k d d =
1 2
& BC AC d d BD AD < <
1 2
Suy ra : BC AC k BD AD < < Hay

BC AC
k
BD AD
< <

TH3 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng vung pha :


2
2 1

o o o = = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
A
B
D
C
O
I
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 35 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
o S im cc i , cc tiu trn on CD tha mn : )
4
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d &
BC AC d d BD AD < <
1 2
Suy ra : BC AC k BD AD < + < )
4
1
( Hay
4
1
4
1

< <


BC AC
k
BD AD
4. Xc nh s im cc i , cc tiu trn on thng l ng cho ca mt hnh vung hoc
hnh ch nht :
TH1 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) : 0
2 1
= = A o o o hoc 2 k
o S im cc i trn on BD tha mn : k d d =
1 2
& 0
1 2
< < AB d d BD AD
(v im DB nn v phi AC thnh AB cn BCBB=0)
Suy ra : AB k BD AD < < Hay

AB
k
BD AD
< <

o S im cc tiu trn on BD tha mn : )


2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d
& 0
1 2
< < AB d d BD AD
Suy ra : AB k BD AD < + < )
2
1
( Hay
2
1
2
1
< <


AB
k
BD AD
TH2 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng ngc pha : o o o = = A
2 1
hoc ) 1 2 ( + k
o S im cc i trn on BD tha mn : )
2
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d & 0
1 2
< < AB d d BD AD
Suy ra : AB k BD AD < + < )
2
1
( Hay
2
1
2
1
< <


AB
k
BD AD
o S im cc tiu trn on BD tha mn : k d d =
1 2
& 0
1 2
< < AB d d BD AD
Suy ra : AB k BD AD < < Hay

AB
k
BD AD
< <

TH3 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng vung pha :


2
2 1

o o o = = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
o S im cc i , cc tiu trn on BD tha mn : )
4
1
(
1 2
+ = k d d &
0
1 2
< < AB d d BD AD
Suy ra : AB k BD AD < + < )
4
1
( Hay
4
1
4
1
< <


AB
k
BD AD
5. Xc nh s im cc i , cc tiu trn on thng l ng trung trc ca AB cch AB mt
on x :
TH1 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) : 0
2 1
= = A o o o hoc 2 k
o S im cc i trn ng trung trc tha mn :
Do
2 1
d d = Nn lch gia M,A hoc B :

2
. 2 . 2
1 2
k
d d
= = = A
Hay k d d = =
2 1
M AC d AO < <
1
AC k AO < <
2 2
)
2
(
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < < :
2 2
)
2
(
1
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < < :

(Do
2
AB
AO = v
2 2
)
2
( OC
AB
AC + = )
o S im cc tiu trn ng trung trc tha mn :
lch gia M,A hoc B :

) 1 2 (
. 2 . 2
1 2
+ = = = A k
d d
Hay )
2
1
(
2 1
+ = = k d d
A
B
D
C
O
I
C
A B O
M
1
d
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 36 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
M AC d AO < <
1
AC k AO < + < )
2
1
(
2 2
)
2
( )
2
1
(
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < + < :
2
1
)
2
(
1
2
1
2
2 2
+ < < : OC
AB
k
AB

TH2 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng ngc pha : o o o = = A
2 1
hoc ) 1 2 ( + k
o S im cc i trn ng trung trc tha mn :
lch gia M,A hoc B :

2
. 2
1
k
d
= = A Hay )
2
1
(
2 1
+ = = k d d
M AC d AO < <
1
AC k AO < + < )
2
1
(
2 2
)
2
( )
2
1
(
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < + < :
2
1
)
2
(
1
2
1
2
2 2
+ < < : OC
AB
k
AB

o S im cc tiu trn ng trung trc tha mn :
lch gia M,A hoc B :

) 1 2 (
. 2
1
+ = = A k
d
Hay k d d = =
2 1
M AC d AO < <
1
AC k AO < <
2 2
)
2
(
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < < :
2 2
)
2
(
1
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < < :

TH3 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng vung pha :
2
2 1

o o o = = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
o S im cc i , cc tiu trn ng trung trc tha mn :
lch gia M,A hoc B :

2
2
. 2
1
k
d
= = A hoc ) 1 2 ( + k Hay )
4
1
(
2 1
+ = = k d d
M AC d AO < <
1
AC k AO < + < )
4
1
(
2 2
)
2
( )
4
1
(
2
OC
AB
k
AB
+ < + < :
4
1
)
2
(
1
4
1
2
2 2
+ < < : OC
AB
k
AB

6. Xc nh s im cc i , cc tiu trn ng trn tm O l trung im ca AB :
TH1 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng cng pha (hai ngun ng b) : 0
2 1
= = A o o o hoc 2 k
o S im cc i trn ng trn tm O tha mn :

AB
k
AB
< <
KL : Trn on AB c k im dao ng vi bin cc i
th trn ng trn tm O c 2k im dao ng vi bin cc i
o S im cc tiu trn ng trn tm O tha mn :
2
1
2
1
< <

AB
k
AB
KL : Trn on AB c k im dao ng vi bin cc tiu
th trn ng trn tm O c 2k im dao ng vi bin cc tiu
TH2 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng ngc pha : o o o = = A
2 1
hoc ) 1 2 ( + k
o S im cc i trn ng trn tm O tha mn :
2
1
2
1
< <

AB
k
AB
KL : Trn on AB c k im dao ng vi bin cc i th trn ng trn tm O c 2k im
dao ng vi bin cc i
o S im cc tiu trn ng trn tm O tha mn :

AB
k
AB
< <
KL : Trn on AB c k im dao ng vi bin cc tiu th trn ng trn tm O c 2k im
dao ng vi bin cc tiu
A
B
O
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 37 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
TH3 : Hai ngun A , B dao ng vung pha :
2
2 1

o o o = = A hoc
2
) 1 2 (

+ k
o S im cc i , cc tiu trn ng trn tm O tha mn :
4
1
4
1
< <

AB
k
AB
KL : Trn on AB c k im dao ng vi bin cc i th trn ng trn tm O c 2k im
dao ng vi bin cc i
VN 4. GII TON SNG C NHMY TNH FX-570ES
1. Phng php s dng TABLE (MODE 7) gii bi ton sng c :
Bm: SHIFT 9 3 = = Reset all
Bm: SHIFT MODE 2 Line IO
Bm: MODE 7 : TABLE
V d Ta c hm s f(x)=
2
1
2
+ x
Bc 1: (MODE 7) TABLE
Bc 2: Nhp hm s vo my tnh
Bc 3: bm= nhp 1
Bc 4: bm= nhp 5
Bc 5: bm= nhp 1
Bc 6: bm=
Ta c bng bin thin: f(X)
2. S dng my tnh cm tay gii cc bi tp sng c
V d 1: Si dy di l = 1m c treo l lng ln mt cn rung. Cn rung theo phng ngang vi tn s
thay i t 100Hz n 120Hz. Tc truyn sng trn dy l 8m/s. Trong qu trnh thay i tn s rung
th s ln quan st c sng dng trn dy l:
A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 15
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
- l = (2k+1)
4

= (2k+1)
f
v
4
f=(2k+1)
l
v
4
=(2k+1)2
Do 100Hz f < 120Hz . Cho k=0,1,2..
k=24f =98Hz
k=25f =102Hz
SHIFT MODE 2 : Line IO
MODE 7 : TABLE.
1 4
8
) (
x
tuso f x f = = = tuso x 2 =(2X +1)x2
Vi tuso = (2 x X + 1).Nhp my:
( 2 x ALPHA ) X + 1 ) x 2
= START 20 = END 30 = STEP 1 = V
Kt qu
D
f(x)=
D
f(x)=x
2
+1 2
D
Start?
1
D
End?
5
D
Step?
1
D
x f(x)
1
2
3
1
2
3
1.5
4.5
9.5 1
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 38 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
k=26f =106Hz
k=27f =110Hz
k=28f =114Hz
k=29f =118Hz
k=30f =122Hz chn A
x=k f(x)=f
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
98
102
106
110
114
118
122
V d 2: Cu 50 - thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2011 - M 817
Mt sng hnh sin truyn theo phng Ox t ngun O vi tn s 20 Hz, c tc truyn sng nm trong
khong t 0,7 m/s n 1 m/s. Gi A v B l hai im nm trn Ox, cng mt pha so vi O v cch
nhau 10 cm. Hai phn t mi trng ti A v B lun dao ng ngc pha vi nhau. Tc truyn sng
l
A. 100 cm/s B. 80 cm/s C. 85 cm/s D. 90 cm/s
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
- d = (2k+1)
2

=(2k+1)
f
v
2
Do 0,7 m/s v 1 m/s.
1 2
2
+
=
k
df
v
Cho k=0,1,2..v = 80 cm/s
chn B. vi k=2
Mode 7
mauso
x x
v x f
20 10 2
) ( = = ; Mauso=2x ALPHA ) +1
Nhp my:...tng t nh trn....
(400 : ( ALPHA ) X + 1 )
= START 0 = END 10 = STEP 1 =
Kt qu:
x=k f(x)=v
0
1
2
3
400
133.33
80
57.142
Ch : Cch chn Start? End? V Step?
-Chn Start?: Thng thng l bt u t 0 hoc ty theo bi
-Chn End? : Ty thuc vo bi ton m cho nhng khng qu 30 (ngh thut ca tng ngi lm
bi)
-Chn Step : 1(v k nguyn)
VN 4. SNG M(Sng m l nhng sng c lan truyn trong mi trng rn, lng, kh.)
1. Cc c trng ca m
a. cao
Ph thuc vo tn s ca m. m cng cao th tn s cng ln.
b. m sc Ph thuc vo dng th dao ng ca m.
c. to Cm gic m nghe to hay nh, ph thuc vo cng m v tn s m.
d. Cng m
Nng lng sng m truyn qua mt n v din tch t vung gc vi phng
truyn sng trong mt n v thi gian .
2
. 4 . d
P
S
P
t S
W
I

= = =
e. Mc cng
m
1
2
1 2
10
0
0
0
0
lg 10 ; 10 lg 10 ) ( ; 10 lg ) (
I
I
L L L I I
I
I
dB L I I
I
I
B L
L
L
= = A = = = =
Ch :
I : Cng m (W/m
2
).

12
0
10 I

= W/m
2
: Cng m chun (cng m nh nht m tai ngi c th nghe c ng
f(Hz)
16
20 000
Tai ngi
cm nhn c
Siu m H m
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 39 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
vi L=0dB)
Cng m cc i m tai ngi nghe c: I
max
=10W/m
2
(ngng au, ng vi L=130dB)
Ngng nghe l mc cng m nh nht gy c cm gic m cho tai ngi, thay i
theo tn s ca m.
Gii hn nghe ca tai ngi: t ngng nghe n ngng au.
Khi cng m tng 10
n
ln th cm gic v to tng n ln (L tng 10n dB).
Sng m trong khng kh c dng hnh cu:
2
4
P P
I
S R
= =
P: Cng sut ca ngun pht m.
Tc truyn m ph thuc vo tnh n hi v khi lng ring ca mi trng (mt mi trng):
v
cht rn
> v
cht lng
> v
cht kh
2. Ngun nhc m
a. Dy n c hai u c nh
*Tc truyn sng:
v
t

= t : Lc cng (N);
l
m
0
= : Mt di (khi lng trn mt n v chiu di kg/m)
*Khi xy ra sng dng:
l
v
k
v
f
2
= =

k=1:
1
2
v
f
l
= : Ha m c bn (ha m bc 1)
k=2: f
2
=2f
1
: Ha m bc 2
b. ng so mt u kn, mt u h
*Khi xy ra sng dng :
l
v
k f
4
) 1 2 ( + = Ch c th pht ra nhng ha m bc l.
c. Hp cng hng
-Hp rng c mt u h, c tc dng khuch i m.
-Hp n c tc dng va khuch i m, va to m sc ring cho mi loi
nhc c.
3. Hiu ng p-ple
Ngun m ng yn, my thu chuyn ng vi vn tc v
M
.
- My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m th thu c m c tn s: '
M
v v
f f
v
+
=
- My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s: "
M
v v
f f
v

=
Ngun m chuyn ng vi vn tc v
S
, my thu ng yn.
- My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun m vi vn tc v
M
th thu c m c tn s: '
S
v
f f
v v
=

- My thu chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th thu c m c tn s: "


S
v
f f
v v
=
+
Ch : C th dng cng thc tng qut: '
M
S
v v
f f
v v

Vi v : L vn tc truyn m, f l tn s ca m.
v
M
: Tc ca my thu i vi mi trng.
v
S
: Tc ca ngun pht i vi mi trng.
o My thu chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du + trc v
M
, ra xa th ly du -
o Ngun pht chuyn ng li gn ngun th ly du - trc v
S
, ra xa th ly du +
CH IV: DAO NG V SNG IN T
VN 1. MCH DAO NG LC (MCH DAO NG IN T)
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Cng thc Ghi ch
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 40 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1. in tch trn
hai bn t in q (C)
0
0
cos( )
sin
2
q q t
q t
e

e
= +
|
= + +
|
' .
0 0
q CU =
2. Dng in
trong mch
i (A)
, )
0
0
'( ) q sin t+
os t+ +
2
i q t
I c
e e

e
= =
|
=
|
' .
- i sm pha hn q gc
2

-
LC
q
q I
0
0 0
= =e
3. in p trn
hai bn t
u (V)
, )
0
os t +
'( ) "
q
u U c
c
Li t Lq
e = =
= =
- u tr pha hn i gc
2

- u cng pha vi q ;
0
0
q
U
C
=
4. Cm ng t
B(T)
0
cos( )
2
B B t

e = + +
- B cng pha vi i
-
7
0 0
4 .10 B nI

=
;
N
n
l
=
5. Tn s gc
e (rad/s)
1
LC
e =
- t cm L (H)
- in dung C (F)
6. Nng lng in t
a. Nng lng
in trng (tp
trung t in)
W
C
(J)
2
2 2 0
C
1
W os ( )
2 2
q
Cu c t
C
e = = +
Bin thin tun hon vi chu
k T=
2
T
; tn s gc e=2e;
tn s f=2f
b. Nng lng t
trng (tp trung
cun cm)
W
L
(J)
2
2 2 0
L
1
W sin ( )
2 2
q
Li t
C
e = = +
c. Nng lng
in t ton phn
W (J)
W = W

+ W
t
=
2
2
o
q
C
= const
=
C(max) L(max)
W W = =
2 2
0 0
q LI
2C 2
=
Trong qu trnh dao ng ca
mch, nng lng t trng
v nng lng in trng
lun chuyn ha cho nhau
Cc nh ngha :
7.Dao ng in
t tt dn
- V trong mch dao ng lun c in tr R nng lng dao ng gim dn
bin q
0
U
0
I
0
B
0
gim dn theo thi gian gi l dao ng in t tt dn
- c im : Nu in tr R cng ln th dao ng in t tt dn cng nhanh v
ngc li
8. Dao ng in
t duy tr . H t
dao ng
- Mun duy tr dao ng ta phi b v ng phn nng lng b tiu hao trong
mi chu k
- lm vic ny ngi ta dng tranzito iu khin vic b nng lng cho ph
hp
- Mch dao ng iu ha c s dng tranzito to thnh h t dao ng
9. Dao ng in
t cng bc . S
cng hng
a) Dao ng in t cng bc : Mc mch dao ng LC vi tn s gc ring
0
ni
tip vi mt ngun in ngoi l ngun in xoay chiu c in p u = U
0
cost . lc
ny dng in trong mch LC bin thin theo tn s gc ca ngun in xoay
chiu ch khng th dao ng theo tn s gc ring
0
qu trnh ny gi l dao
ng in t cng bc
b) S cng hng :
- Gi nguyn bin ca u , iu chnh khi =
0
th bin dao ng in I
0
trong khung t cc i hin tng ny gi l s cng hng
- Gi tr cc i ca bin cng hng ph thuc vo in tr thun R
+ Nu R nh (I
0
)
max
cng hng nhn
+ Nu R ln (I
0
)
min
cng hng t
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 41 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Ch :
o Mch dao ng c in tr thun R = 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung
cp cho mch mt nng lng c cng sut:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
2 2
C U U RC
P I R R
L
e
= = =
o Khi t phng in th q v u gim v ngc li
o Quy c q>0 ng vi bn t ta xt in tch dng th i>0 ng vi dng in chy n bn t ta
xt
o Mi lin h gia cc gi tr u, i, U
0
v I
0
:

2 2 2
0
2 2 2
0
L
u + i = U
C
C
u +i = I
L
o in dung ca t in phng :
9
.S
C
4 .9.10 .d
c
=
t
o Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln m W
L
= W
C
l t
min
=
4 2
'
T T
=
10. S tng t gia dao ng in v dao ng c
i lng c i lng in Dao ng c Dao ng in
x q x + e
2
x = 0 q + e
2
q = 0
v i
k
m
e =
1
LC
e =
m L x = Acos(et + ) q = q
0
cos(et + )
k
1
C
v = x
= -eAsin(et + )
i = q
= -eq
0
sin(et + )
F u
2 2 2
( )
v
A x
e
= +
2 2 2
0
( )
i
q q
e
= +
R F = -kx = -me
2
x
2
q
u L q
C
e = =
W

W
t
(W
L
) W

=
1
2
mv
2
W
t
=
1
2
Li
2
W
t
W

(W
C
) W
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W

=
2
2
q
C
VN 2. SNG IN T
1. nh ngha: Sng in t l qu trnh lan truyn ca in t trng trong khng gian.
2. c im:
Tc lan truyn trong khng gian v = c = 3.10
8
m/s
Sng in t l sng ngang:
, E B

phng truyn sng (E, B u bin thin tun hon v
lun cng pha vi nhau)
Sng in t truyn trong mi mi trng, k c chn khng (khc bit vi sng c)
Trong chn khng: Bc sng ca sng in t:
c
cT
f
= =
Trong qu trnh lan truyn c mang theo nng lng
Tun theo cc quy lut truyn thng, phn x, khc x, giao thoa, nhiu x
3. Ngun pht:
Chn t (thng bng kim loi, bn trong c dng in bin thin)
Bt c vt th no to ra in trng hoc t trng bin thin: tia la in, dy dn in xoay chiu, cu
dao ng ngt mch in
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 42 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
VN 3 : MT S DNG TON
1. Xc nh in p cc i, cng dng in cc i
0
0 0
q
I q
LC
e = = ,
0 0
C
I U
L
= (1)
0 0
0 0
q I L
U I
C C C e
= = = (2)
2. Tnh in p tc thi, cng dng in tc thi
, )
2 2
0
L
u I i
C
= (3)
, )
2 2
0
C
i U u
L
= =
, )
2 2
0
1
Q q
LC
=
2 2
0
Q q e (4)
3. Mch LC c C thay i : C
1
nt C
2
v C
1
// C
2
- Mch LC
1
c tn s f
1
, chu k T
1
. Mch LC
2
c tn s f
2
, chu k T
2
.
- Mch L v C
1
ni tip C
2
c tn s f , chu k T.
1 2
1 1 1
C C C
= + ,
2 2
1 2
f f f = + ,
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
T T T
= +
1 2
2 2
1 2
TT
T
T T
=
+
(5)
- Mch L v C
1
song song C
2
c tn s f , chu k T.
C=C1+C2 ,
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 1
f f f
= + ,
2 2 2
1 2
T T T = +
1 2
2 2
1 2
f f
f
f f
=
+
(6)
VN 4 : TRUYN THNG BNG SNG IN T
Vic pht v thu sng in t Vic pht v thu sng in t
A. Pht sng Pht sng: :
Dao ng in t trong my pht dao ng s cmng qua anten (mch dao ng h) ri bc x
ra khng gian.
Tn s cng cao th nng lng sng cng ln v sng lan truyn cng xa.
B. Thu sng:
iu chnh sao cho f
0
= f th trong mch chn sng s c cng hng, sng
cn thu s c bin cc i.
+ My pht hoc my thu sng in t s dng mch dao ng LC th tn s
sng in t pht hoc thu c bng tn s ring ca mch.
+ Bc sng ca sng in t:
8
3.10 .2 ( )
c
LC m
f
= =
My pht My thu
(1): Micr.
(2): Mch pht sng in t cao tn.
(3): Mch bin iu.
(4): Mch khuych i
(5): Anten pht.
(1): Anten thu.
(2): Mch khuych i dao ng in t cao tn.
(3): Mch tch sng.
(4): Mch khuych i dao ng in t m tn.
(5): Loa.
Ch :
2
1
3 4 5
1 2 3 4
5
f
f
0
= f
L
A
L
C
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 43 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
o Mch dao ng c L bin i t L
min
L
max
v C bin i t C
min
C
max
th bc sng ca
sng in t pht (hoc thu)
+
min
tng ng vi L
min
v C
min
+
max
tng ng vi L
max
v C
max
o Gc quay ca t xoay:
+ Khi t quay t o
min
n o ( in dung t C
min
n C) th gc xoay ca t l:
min
min max min
max min
C C
.( )
C C

Ao = o o = o o

+ Khi t quay t v tr o
max
v v tr o ( in dung t C n C
max
) th gc xoay ca t l:
max
max max min
max min
C C
.( )
C C

Ao = o o = o o

Tn sng Bc sng ng dng Tnh cht


Sng di > 3000m Thng tin di nc B tng in li phn x
vi mc khc nhau Sng trung 3000 m 200 m Thng tin, truyn thanh,
truyn hnh trn mt t
Sng ngn 1 200 m 50 m
Sng ngn 2 50 m 10 m
Sng cc ngn 10 m 0.01 m Truyn thng qua v tinh
i xuyn qua tng in li
CH V: DNG IN XOAY CHIU
VN 1. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
i lng vt l K hiu (n v) Cng thc Ghi ch
1. Cng
dng in
i (A)
) cos(
0 i
t I i e + =
- Mi giy i chiu 2f ln.
- Nu pha ban u
i
=
2

hoc
i
=
2

th ch giy u
tin i chiu (2f - 1) ln.
- Trong 1 chu k dng in i
chiu 2 ln
- i ,u , B , , e : gi tr tc thi
- I
0
,U
0
,B
0
,
0
,E
0
:gi tr cc i
2. in p u (V)
) cos(
0 u
t U u e + =
3.Cm ng t B(T)
) cos(
0 B
t B B e + =
4.T thng (Wb)
t
t NBS
e
e
cos
cos
0
u = u
= u
5. Sut in
ng cm ng
e(V)
) cos(
sin
0 e
t E e
t NBS
dt
d
e
e
e e
+ =
=
u
=
6. lch pha
gia u v i

u-i
(rad)

=
u i u i
(
2 2
u i


< < )
+
u-i
>0: u sm pha hn i
+
u-i
>0: u tr pha hn i
+
u-i
=0:u vi i cng pha
7. Cc gi tr hiu dng
Cng dng in in p Sut in ng
Tch
sng
Chn
sng
Khuch
i m
tn
L
o
a
ng
ni
Bin iu
Dao ng
cao tn
Khuch
i cao
tn
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 44 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
0
2
I
I =
0
2
U
U =
0
2
E
E =
Ch :
o Cc thit b o lng in (ampe k, vn k..) ch gi tr hiu dng ca i lng cn o. o
cng dng in, mc ampe k ni tip vi mch in; mc vn k song song vi mch in o
in p gia hai u on mch.
o Dng in xoay chiu c gi tr thay i theo thi gian
o Dng in xoay chiu c chiu thay i theo thi gian
VN 2. NH LUT M CHO CC ON MCH IN
1. on mch RLC khng phn nhnh (mc ni tip)
Xt on mch gm c in tr thun R,
cun cm thun L (c r=0) v t in C
0
cos
R L C
i i i i I t e = = = =
, )
0
cos
R L C u i
u u u u U t e

= + + = +
0 0 0 0 R L C
U U U U = + +

i lng vt l Cng thc Ghi ch
in p cc i
, )
2
2
0 0 0 0 R L C
U U U U = +
- in p hiu dng
, )
2
2 0
2
R L C
U
U U U U = = +
Tng tr
, )
2
2
L C
Z R Z Z = +
- n v O
- Cm khng: 2
L
Z L fL e = = (O)
- Dung khng:
1 1
2
C
Z
C fC e
= = (O)
nh lut m U
I
Z
=
0
0
U
I
Z
=
tan
u-i
0 0
0
tan
L C
u i
L C L C
R R
Z Z
R
U U U U
U U



=

= =
+ Z
L
>Z
C
: >0: u sm pha hn i (on mch c tnh
cm khng)
+ Z
L
<Z
C
: <0: u tr pha hn i (on mch c tnh
dung khng)
+ Z
L
=Z
C
: =0: u cng pha vi i (xy ra hin tng
cng hng in)
Ch :
Khi xy ra hin tng cng hng in:
o
2
min
1
1
L C
Z Z Z Z LC
LC
e e = = = =
o u, i cng pha ( =
u

i
= 0
u
=
i
)
o Z
min
= R
L C
U U = ;
R
U U =
o Vi mt gi tr U xc nh :
max
U
I = I =
R
R
U
R
=
o Cng sut cc i : P
max
= UI =
2
U
R
o H s cng sut :
os 1
R
c
Z
= =
o in tr ca on mch nh, im cc i cng hng cao hn (cng hng nhn)
C
A B
R
L
N M
+

L U

R U

C U

LC
U

I
O
U

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 45 -


GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
sin
L C L C
u i
Z Z U U
Z U



= =
Nu on mch cho cun dy c in tr R
0
th xemin tr ca ton mch l (R+ R
0
) mc ni
tip vi cun thun cm L v t in C.
Nu trong on mch khng c phn t no th cho cc i lng lin quan n phn t (U, Z ) bng
0 thay vo cc cng thc trn khi tnh ton.
2. on mch ch c in tr thun R

S
l
R = ;
U
I
R
= v
0
0
U
I
R
=
u
R
, i cng pha ( =
u

i
= 0
u
=
i
)
Lu : in tr R cho dng in khng i i qua v c
U
I
R
=
Nhit lng ta ra trn in tr R trong thi gian t:
2
2
U
Q RI t UIt t
R
= = = (J)
3. on mch ch c cun thun cm L
V
l
N
L . ) ( 10 . 4
2 7


= ;
L
U
I
Z
= ;
0
0
L
U
I
Z
= v
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0L L
i u i u
1 1
I U 2I 2U
+ = : + =
Cm khng: Z
L
= eL = 2tfL
u
L
nhanh pha hn i gc t/2 (
u-i
=
u

i
= t/2)
Lu : Cun thun cm khng cn tr dng in 1 chiu nhng c tc dng cn tr dng in xoay
chiu: dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng nh (chu k cng ln) th cng d qua cun cm.
4. on mch ch c t in C

d
S
C
9
10 . 9 . 4
c
= ;
C
U
I
Z
= ;
0
0
C
U
I
Z
= v 1
2 2
1
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
= + : = +
C C
U
u
I
i
U
u
I
i
Dung khng:
1 1
2
C
Z
C fC e
= =
u
C
tr pha hn i gc t/2 (
u-i
=
u

i
= - t/2)
Lu : T in khng cho dng in 1 chiu i qua nhng cho dng in xoay chiu i qua v c tc
dng cn tr dng in xoay chiu: dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng ln (chu k cng nh) th cng d
qua t in.
5 . on mch RLC khng phn nhnh

2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( )
L C R L C R L C
Z R Z Z U U U U U U U U = + = + = +
tan ; sin ; os
L C L C
Z Z Z Z R
c
R Z Z


= = = vi
2 2

< <
Khi Z
L
> Z
C
hay
1
LC
e > > 0 th u nhanh pha hn i
Khi Z
L
< Z
C
hay
1
LC
e < < 0 th u chm pha hn i
Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay
1
LC
e = = 0 th u cng pha vi i.
Lc
Max
U
I =
R
gi l hin tng cng hng dng in
Khi cho dng in khng i trong mch RLC th : I = U/R , Z
L
= 0 , Z
C
=
Cng thc ghp 2 t in , ghp 2 cun dy , ghp 2 in tr
Ghp ni tip Ghp song song
in tr
2 1
R R R + =
2 1
1 1 1
R R R
+ =
+

L U

R U

C U

LC
U

I
O
U

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 46 -


GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
T cm
2 1
L L L + =
2 1
1 1 1
L L L
+ =
in dung
1 2
1 1 1
C C C
= +
C = C
1
+ C
2
Nu R
t
, Z
Cb
, Z
Lb
> R, Z
C
, Z
L
th ghp ni tip. Nu R
t
, Z
Cb
, Z
Lb
< R, Z
C
, Z
L
th ghp song song
Cng thc Ghp ni tip Ghp song song
in tr l
R
S
=
R= R
1
+ R
2
+ R
n
1 2
1 1 1 1
...
n
R R R R
= + +
T cm Z
L
=L. e
1 2
...
n
L L L L
Z Z Z Z = + +
1 2
1 1 1 1
...
n
L L L L
Z Z Z Z
= + + +
in dung 1
.
C
C
Z
Z e
=
1 2
...
n
C C C C
Z Z Z Z = + + +
1 2
1 1 1 1
...
n
C C C C
Z Z Z Z
= + + +
Mch RLC
on mch RLC cun dy c
in tr r
on mch RLC
Xt ring cun
dy (L,r)
Biu thc u, i
i = I
0
cos(et)
u = U
0
cos(et+)
i = I
0
cos(et)
u = U
0
cos(et+)
i = I
0
cos(et)
u
d
=U
0d
cos(et+
d
)
Cng thc U
2 2 2
( ) ( )
R r L C
U U U U U = + +
2 2 2
) (
C L R
U U U U + =
2 2 2
d r L
U U U = +
Tng tr Z
Z = , ) , )
2 2
Z Z +
L C
R+r
Z = , )
2
Z Z
2
L C
R +
Z
L
= Le Z
C
=
e C
1
Z
d
=
2
L
r Z +
2
nh lut m
Z
U
Z
U
Z
U
R
U
I
C
C
d
d R
= = = =
Z
U
Z
U
Z
U
R
U
I
C
C
L
L R
= = = =
d
d
U
I
Z
=
lch pha

r R
C
L
r R
Z Z
C L
+

=
+

=
e
e

1
tan
R
C
L
R
Z Z
C L e
e

1
tan

=

=
r
Z
L
= tan
H s cng
sut
2
2
cos
1
( ) (
R r
R r L
c

e
e
+
=
|
+ +
|
' .
2
2
cos
1
(
R
R L
c

e
e
=
|
+
|
' .
2 2
cos
L
r
r Z
=
+
Cng sut P = U.I.cos = I
2
.(R+r)
2
P = U.I.cos = I
2
.R
Q = Pt = RI
2
t
P = U
d
.I.cos
d
= I
2
.r
Cng hng
Z
L
= Z
C
Z
min
= R+r
LC
1
= e Z
L
= Z
C
Z
min
= R
LC
1
= e
VN 3. CNG SUT CA DNG IN XOAY CHIU
i lng vt l Cng thc Ghi ch
Cng sut tc thi
, ) cos cos 2
u i
p ui
UI UI t e

=
= + +
- Bin i tun hon vi tn s bng hai ln
tn s dng in
Cng sut tiu th
(cng sut tc dng)
2
cos
u i R
P UI RI U I

= = =
- n v W
- Cng sut tiu th in trung bnh trong
mt chu k
Cng sut biu kin P
bk
= UI
- n v VA
- Cho bit kh nng cung cp in nng ca
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 47 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
on mch.
Cng sut phn khng
u-i
UIsin
pk
P =
- c trng cho s trao i nng lng gia
cc b phn trong mch in.
H s cng sut
u-i
os
R
U R
k c
U Z
= = =
- on mch ch c cun cm thun v t
in (k=0) th khng tiu thu in nng.
- on mch ch c in tr thun hoc xy
ra cng hng in (k=1)
VN 4. MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU. MY BIN P.TRUYN TI IN NNG
1. My pht in xoay chiu mt pha :
Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t
Cu to : gm hai phn chnh :
o Phn ng: to ra dng dng in thng l cc cun dy
o Phn cm: to ra t trng, thng l nam chm in.
o Phn cm , phn ng c th ng yn hoc chuyn ng
- B phn ng yn gi l stato
- B phn chuyn ng gi l rto
Tn s dng in xoay chiu do my pht ra:
o My c rto l phn ng: f = n (Hz) vi n (vng/s) l tc quay u ca rto
60
n
f = (Hz) vi n (vng/pht)
o My c rto l phn cm: f = np (Hz) vi n (vng/s)
60
np
f = (Hz) vi n (vng/pht)
P=(s cc (bc+nam))/2 : l s cp cc t ca rto
2. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha :
Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l l h thng ba dng in xoay chiu, gy bi ba sut in ng
xoay chiu c cng tn s, cng bin nhng lch pha nhau tng i mt l 2t/3.
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
os t ; e =E os( ); os( )
3 3
e E c c t e E c t

e e e = = +
Dng in xoay chiu tng ng :
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
os t ; i =I os( ); os( )
3 3
i I c c t i I c t

e e e = = +
Nguyn tc hot ng: da trn hin tng cm ng in t
Cu to : gm hai phn chnh :
o Phn cm(Rto) : l nam chm in
o Phn ng (Stato) : gm ba cun dy ging nhau nhng t lch nhau 120
0
trn mt vng trn
Cch mc mch in ba pha: my pht v ti tiu th thng chn cch mc tng ng vi
nhau.
o Mc hnh sao: 3
d p
U U = ;
d p
I I = ; cos . 3
P P
I U P =
- Nu cc ti i xng th dng in trong dy trung ha bng khng.
o Mc tam gic:
d p
U U = ; 3
d p
I I = ; cos . 3
d d
I U P =
- Khng c dy trung ha nn i hi ti tiu th phi rt i xng.
3. ng c khng ng b ba pha :
Nguyn tc hot ng : Bin in nng thnh c nng da trn hin tng cm ng in t v c
s dng t trng quay
Cu to : Gm hai b phn chnh
o Phm ng (rto) : L khung dy dng hnh tr , c tc dng ging nh cun dy qun trn li
thp (rto lng sc)
o Phn cm (Stato) : gm ba cun dy ging nhau qun trn li st , t lch nhau 120
0
trn
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 48 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
mt vng trn to ra t trng quay
Cch to ra t trng quay bng dng in xoay chiu ba pha : Cho dng in xoay chiu bap ha
vo ba cun nhau ging nhau , t lch nhau 120
0
trn mt vng trn . Cm ng t l :
1 0 2 0 3 0
2 2
os t ; B =B os( ); os( )
3 3
B B c c t B B c t

e e e = = +
Cm ng t tng hp ti tm O :
0
1, 5 B B =
vi B l t trng tng hp ti tm O . T trng quay
ny s tc dng vo khung dy lm khung quay vi tc nh hn tc quay ca t trng . Chuyn
ng quay ca rto (khung quay) c s dng lm quay cc my khc
Ch : + Tn s quay ca t trng B bng tn s ca dng in xoay chiu > tn s quay ca rto
+ Gi
0
l tc gc ca t trng quay , l tc gc ca rto : <
0
4. My bin p. Truyn ti in nng
My bin p l thit b lm vic da trn hin tng cm ng in t, dng bin i in p
xoay chiu (tng hoc gim) m khng lm thay i tn s ca n.
Cu to : Gm hai b chnh :
o Li thp : Lm t nhiu l thp mng ghp st cch in vi nhau gim hao ph ng in
Phuc gy ra
o Cun dy : Gm hai cun s cp v th cp c lm bng ng qun trn li thp
- Cun s cp : L cun c ni vi ngun in xoay chiu , gm N
1
vng dy
- Cun th cp : L cun c ni vi ti tiu th , gm N
2
vng dy
Cng thc: (b qua s mt mt t thng v in tr cc cun dy)
1 1 1
2 2 2
E U N
k
E U N
= = = : h s bin p
k<1 (U
1
<U
2
): my tng p
k>1 (U
1
>U
2
): my h p
B qua mi hao ph trn my bin p :
1 2
2 1
I U
I U
=
Qua my bin p , in p tng bao nhiu ln th cng dng in gim i by nhiu ln v
ngc li
Nu tnh n hao ph ta c hiu sut ca my bin p:
1 1
2 2
1
2
I U
I U
P
P
H = =
Cng sut hao ph trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng:
2
2
2 2
os
RI R
U c
A = =
P
P
P : cng sut truyn i ni cung cp U : in p ni cung cp
cos : l h s cng sut ca dy ti in

l
R
S
= l in tr tng cng ca dy ti in (Ch : dn in bng 2 dy)
Ch cn tng in p u dy ti in ln k ln th c th gim hao ph i k
2
ln
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: AU = U U = IR
Hiu sut ti in: .100% H
A
=
P P
P
hoc % 100 .
U
U U
H
A
=
VN 5. MT S DNG TON
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 49 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
U
u
O
M'2
M2
M'1
M1
-U
U
0
0
1
-U
1
Sng Sng
Tt
Tt
1. Cng thc tnh thi gian n hunh quang sng trong mt chu k
Khi t in p u = U
0
cos(et +
u
) vo hai u bng n, bit n ch
sng ln khi u U
1
4
t

e
A
A =
Vi
1
0
os
U
c
U
A = ; (0 < A < t/2)
2. on mch RLC c R thay i
Khi R=Z
L
-Z
C
th
2 2
ax
2 2
M
L C
U U
Z Z R
= =

P ;
2
cos
2
=
Khi R=R
1
hoc R=R
2
th P c cng gi tr. Ta c
2
2
1 2 1 2
; ( )
L C
U
R R R R Z Z + = =
P
V khi
1 2
R R R = th
2
ax
1 2
2
M
U
R R
= P
I, U
L
,U
C
cc i. lc ny trong mch khng c cng hng:
, )
2
2
0
L C
U U
I R
Z
R Z Z
= = =
+
Trng hp cun dy c in tr R
0
(hnh v)
+ Khi
2 2
0 ax
0
2 2( )
L C M
L C
U U
R Z Z R
Z Z R R
= = =
+
P
+ Khi
2 2
2 2
0 ax
2 2
0
0 0
( )
2( )
2 ( ) 2
L C RM
L C
U U
R R Z Z
R R
R Z Z R
= + = =
+
+ +
P
R thay i cho U
R
, U
L
v U
C

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
' ' '
R L C R L C
U U U U U U U = + + = + + ;
'
'
L L
C C
U U
U U
=
Mi lin h gia Z
L v
Z
C
U
RL
khng ph thuc vo R
, )
2 2
2
2
2
L
RL RL C L
L C
U R Z
U IZ Z Z
R Z Z
+
= = =
+
3. on mch RLC c L thay i

Khi
2
1
L
C e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
Khi
2 2
C
L
C
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
C
LM
U R Z
U
R
+
= v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
LM R C LM C LM
U U U U U U U U = + + =
Nu: L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m cng sut P trn mch bng nhau th P
max
Khi : , )
1 2
1
2
L L L = +
Vi L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
th U
L
c cng gi tr th U
Lmax
Khi
1 2
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2
L L L
L L
L
Z Z Z L L
= + =
+
Nu: L = L
1
hoc L = L
2
m I, P, U
C
, U
R
nh nhau th :
1 2
2
L L
C
Z Z
Z
+
=
Cc gi tr P, I, U
R
, Uc, t cc i khi mch xy ra cng hng : Z
L
= Z
C
.
Khi
2 2
4
2
C C
L
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RLM
C C
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v L mc lin tip nhau
4. on mch RLC c C thay i
A
B
R
L, R
0
C
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 50 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Khi
2
1
C
L e
= th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
Khi
2 2
L
C
L
R Z
Z
Z
+
= th
2 2
ax
L
CM
U R Z
U
R
+
= v
2 2 2 2 2 2
ax ax ax
; 0
CM R L CM L CM
U U U U U U U U = + + =
Nu C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
m cng sut P trn mch bng nhau th P
max
Khi :
1 2
1 1 1 1
2 C C C
|
= +
|
' .
Khi C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
th U
C
c cng gi tr th U
Cmax
Khi
1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2
C C C
C C
C
Z Z Z
+
= + =
Nu C = C
1
hoc C = C
2
m cc gi tr : I, P, U
R
, U
L
nh nhau th :
1 2
2
C C
L
Z Z
Z
+
=
Cc gi tr P, I, U
R
, U
L
, t cc i khi mch xy ra cng hng : Z
C
= Z
L.
Khi
2 2
4
2
L L
C
Z R Z
Z
+ +
= th
ax
2 2
2 R
4
RCM
L L
U
U
R Z Z
=
+
Lu : R v C mc lin tip nhau
5. Mch RLC c e thay i:
Khi
1
LC
e = th I
Max
U
Rmax
; P
Max
cn U
LCMin
Lu : L v C mc lin tip nhau
Khi
2
1 1
2
C
L R
C
e =

th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
LM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

Khi
2
1
2
L R
L C
e = th
ax
2 2
2 .
4
CM
U L
U
R LC R C
=

Vi e = e
1
hoc e = e
2
th I hoc P hoc U
R
c cng mt gi tr th I
Max
hoc P
Max
hoc U
RMax
khi :
1 2
e ee = tn s
1 2
f f f =
6 . Hai on mch AM gm R
1
L
1
C
1
ni tip v on mch MB gm R
2
L
2
C
2
ni tip mc ni tip vi
nhau c Z
AB
= Z
AM
+ Z
MB
hoc
2 2 2
AB AM MB
Z Z Z = +
IZ
AB
= IZ
AM
+ IZ
MB
AB AM MB AB AM MB
U U U = + = = cng phatanu
AB
=tanu
AM
=tanu
MB

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AM MB
AB AM MB AB AM MB
I Z I Z I Z U U U U U = + = +

AM AB MB
U U U = Trong AM, MB ch c L v C
7 . Hai on mch R
1
L
1
C
1
v R
2
L
2
C
2
cng u hoc cng i c pha lch nhau A
Vi
1 1
1
1
tan
L C
Z Z
R


= v
2 2
2
2
tan
L C
Z Z
R


= (gi s
1
>
2
)
C
1

2
= A
1 2
1 2
tan tan
tan
1 tan tan


= A
+
Trng hp c bit A = t/2 (vung pha nhau) th tan
1
tan
2
= - 1.
8. Bi ton hp en X :
8.1 Ch :
1. Mch in n gin ( X ch cha 1 phn t ):
a. Nu
NB
U cng pha vi i suy ra X ch cha
0
R
b. Nu
NB
U sm pha vi i gc
2

suy ra X ch cha
0
L
c. Nu
NB
U tr pha vi i gc
2

suy ra X ch cha
0
C
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 51 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
2. Mch in phc tp:
a. Mch 1
Nu
AB
U cng pha vi i , suy ra X ch cha
0
L
Nu
AN
U v
NB
U to vi nhau gc
2

suy ra X cha (
0 0
, L R )
b. Mch 2
Nu
AB
U cng pha vi i suy ra X ch cha
0
C
Nu
AN
U v
NB
U to vi nhau gc
2

suy ra X cha (
0 0
, C R )
8.2 Phng php: gii mt bi ton v hp kn ta thng s dng hai phng php sau:
1. Phng php i s
B
1
: Cn c u vo ca bai ton t ra cc gi thit c th xy ra.
B
2
: Cn c u ra ca bi ton loi b cc gi thit khng ph hp.
B
3
: Gi thit c chn l gi thit ph hp vi tt c cc d kin u vo v u ra ca bi ton.
2. Phng php s dng gin vc t trt.
B
1
: V gin vc t (trt) cho phn bit ca on mch.
B
2
: Cn c vo d kin bi ton v phn cn li ca gin .
B
3
: Da vo gin vc t tnh cc i lng cha bit, t lm sng to hp kn.
a. Gin vc t
* C s: + Hiu in th tc thi hai u on mch: u
AB
= u
R
+ u
L
+ u
C
Ta biu din: + t ti O
R
R
u u

+ Cng hng
I

+ ln U
R
+ t ti O
L
L
u u

+ Sm pha so
I

1 gc
2

+ ln U
L
+ t ti O
C
C
u u

+ Tr pha so
I

1 gc
2

+ ln U
C
* Cch v gin vc t
V i khng i nn ta chn trc cng dng in
lm trc gc, gc ti im O, chiu dng l chiu
quay lng gic.
UL
UR
UA B
O
U + L UC
UC
i
+
R
L
X
A N B
R
C

X

A N B
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 52 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
* Cch v gin vc t trt
Bc 1: Chn trc nm ngang l trc dng in,
im u mch lm gc ( l im A).
Bc 2: Biu din ln lt hiu in th qua mi phn
bng cc vc t NB ; MN ; AM ni ui nhau theo
nguyn tc: R - i ngang; L - i ln; C - i xung
Bc 3: Ni A vi B th vc t AB chnh l biu din u
AB
Nhn xt:
+ Cc in p trn cc phn t c biu din bi cc vc t m ln t l vi in p dng ca n.
+ lch pha gia cc hiu in th l gc hp bi gia cc vc t tng ng biu din chng.
+ lch pha gia hiu in th v cng dng in l gc hp bi vc t biu din n vi trc i.
+ Vic gii bi ton l xc nh ln cc cnh v gc ca tam gic da vo cc nh l hm s sin, hm
s cosin v cc cng thc ton hc:

a b C
SinB SinA SinC
= =
Trong ton hc mt tam gic s gii c
nu bit trc ba (hai cnh 1 gc, hai gc
mt cnh, ba cnh) trong su yu t (3 gc
v 3 cnh).
+ a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
- 2bccos
A
.
; b
2
= a
2
+ c
2
- 2accos
B
.
; c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
- 2abcos
C
.
8.3 Cc cng thc:
+ Cm khng: Z
L
= eL + Dung khng: Z
C
=
C
1
e
+ Tng tr Z =
2
C L
2
) Z Z ( R + + nh lut m: I =
Z
U
I
Z
U
0
0
= :
+ lch pha gia u v i: tan =
R
Z Z
C L

+ Cng sut to nhit: P = UIcos = I
2
R
+ H s cng sut: K = cos =
Z
R
UI
P
=
8.4 Xc nh hp en trong mch in xoay chiu dng my tnh fx-570ES
1.Chn ci dt my tnh Fx-570ES:
Cc bc chn ch Nt lnh ngha- Kt qu
Ci t ban u (Reset all): Bm: SHIFT 9 3 = = Reset all
Hin th 1 dng (MthIO) Bm: SHIFT MODE 1 Mn hnh xut hin Math.
Thc hin php tnh v s phc Bm: MODE 2 Mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
Dng to cc: rZu (AZ ) Bm: SHIFT MODE 3 2 Hin th s phc kiu r Zu
Tnh dng to cc: a + ib. Bm: SHIFT MODE 3 1 Hin th s phc kiu a+bi
U
A
B
i
+
U
A
N
UL
UC
UR
A
M
B
N
A
B C
b
a
c
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 53 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Chn n v gc l (D) Bm: SHIFT MODE 3 Mn hnh hin th ch D
Hoc chn n v gc l Rad (R) Bm: SHIFT MODE 4 Mn hnh hin th ch R
nhp k hiu gc Z Bm: SHIFT (-) Mn hnh hin th k hiu Z
Chuyn t dng a + bi sang
dng AZ ,
Bm: SHIFT 2 3 = Mn hnh hin th dng AZ
Chuyn t dng AZ sang
dng a + bi
Bm: SHIFT 2 4 = Mn hnh hin th dng a + bi
S dng b nh c lp Bm: M+ hoc SHIFT M+ Mn hnh xut hin M v ...M+
hoc ....M-
Gi b nh c lp Bm: RCL M+ Mn hnh xut hin ......M
Xa b nh c lp Bm: SHIFT 9 2 = AC Clear Memory? [=] :Yes (mt ch M)
2. Xc nh cc thng s ( Z, R, Z
L
, Z
C
) bng my tnh:
-Tnh Z: =
u
Z
i
0
0
( )
Z
=
Z
u
i
U
I

( Php CHIA hai s phc )


Nhp my: U
0
SHIFT (-)
u
: ( I
0
SHIFT (-)
i
) =
-Vi tng tr phc :
( ) = +
L C
Z R Z Z i
, ngha l c dng (a + bi). vi a=R; b = (Z
L
-Z
C
)
-Chuyn t dng AZ sang dng: a + bi : bm SHIFT 2 4 =
V d : Mt hp kn (en) ch cha hai trong ba phn t R, L, C mc ni tip. Nu t vo hai u mch
mt in p xoay chiu u=100 2 cos(100tt+
4

)(V) th cng dng in qua hp en l


i=2cos(100tt)(A) . on mch cha nhng phn t no? Gi tr ca cc i lng ?
Gii: -Vi my FX570ES: Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
-Chn n v o gc l (D), bm : SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
-Bm SHIFT MODE 3 1 : Ci t dng to cc: (a + bi).
100 2 45
(2 0)
Z
= =
Z
u
Z
i
Nhp: 100 2 SHIFT (-) 45 : ( 2 SHIFT (-) 0 ) = Hin th: 50+50i
M ( ) = +
L C
Z R Z Z i .Suy ra: R = 50O; Z
L
= 50O . Vy hp kn (en) cha hai phn t R, L
9. S dng my tnh cm tay gii cc bi ton in xoay chiu
9.1. Tm nhanh mt i lng cha bit trong biu thc vt l :
S dng SOLVE ca My tnh Fx 570ES ( COMP: MODE 1 ) SHIFT MODE 1 Mn hnh: Math
Ch : Nhp bin X l phm: ALPHA ) : mn hnh xut hin X
Nhp du = l phm : ALPHA CALC :mn hnh xut hin =
Chc nng SOLVE l phm: SHIFT CALC v sau nhn phm = hin th kt qu X=
V d : in p xoay chiu t vo hai u mt on mch R, L, C khng phn nhnh. in p hiu dng
hai u mch l 100V, hai u cun cm thun L l 120V, hai bn t C l 60V. in p hiu dng hai u
R l:
A. 260V B. 140V C. 80V D. 20V
Phng php truyn thng Phng php dng SOLVE
Gii:in p hai u R: Ta c:
2 2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = + .Bin i ta c:
2 2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = .Tip tc bin i:
2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = th s:
Nhp my:
2 2
100 (120 60) 80V =
Vy:
in p hiu dng hai u R l: 80V
-Vi my FX570ES: Bm: MODE 1
Dng cng thc :
2 2 2
( )
R L C
U U U U = + vi bin X l U
R
-Bm: 100 x
2
ALPHA CALC =ALPHA ) X x
2
+ (
120 - 60 ) x
2
Mn hnh xut hin: 100
2
=X
2
+(120-60)
2
-Tip tc bm:SHIFT CALC SOLVE =
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 54 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
p n C. Mn hnh hin th:
X l U
R
cn tm
Vy : U
R
= 80V
9.2. Dng my tnh FX-570ES: u
AB
=u
AM
+u
MB
xc nh U
0AB
v .
a.Chn ch mc nh ca my tnh: CASIO fx 570ES
+My CASIO fx570ES bm SHIFT MODE 1 hin th 1 dng (MthIO) Mn hnh xut hin Math.
+ thc hin php tnh v s phc th bm my : MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin CMPLX
+ tnh dng to cc : r Z (ta hiu l AZ) , Bm my tnh: SHIFT MODE 3 2
+ tnh dng to cc: a + ib. Bm my tnh :SHIFT MODE 3 1
+ ci t n v o gc (Deg, Rad):
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm my : SHIFT MODE 3 mn hnh hin th ch D
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm my: SHIFT MODE 4 mn hnh hin th ch R
+ nhp k hiu gc Z ta bm my: SHIFT (-).
b.V d: Cho: u
AM
= 100 2 s os(100 )
3
c t

(V) s biu din 100 2 Z -60
0
hay 100 2 Z-t/3
Hng dn nhp My tnh CASIO fx 570ES
-Chn MODE: Bm my: MODE 2 mn hnh xut hin ch CMPLX
-Chn n v o gc l (D) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 3 trn mn hnh hin th ch D
Nhp my: 100 2 SHIFT (-) -60 hin th : 100 2 Z -60
-Chn n v o gc l Rad (R) ta bm: SHIFT MODE 4 trn mn hnh hin th ch R
Nhp my: 100 2 SHIFT (-) (-t:3 hin th : 100 2 Z-
1

3
Kinh nghim: Nhp vi n v nhanh hn n v rad. (v nhp theo n v rad phi c du ngoc
n (, ) nn thao tc nhp lu hn, v d: nhp 90 th nhanh hn l nhp (t/2)
Cn chn ch mc nh theo dng to cc r Z (ta hiu l A Z
- Chuyn t dng : a + bi sang dng AZ , ta bm SHIFT 2 3 =
- Chuyn t dng AZ sang dng : a + bi , ta bm SHIFT 2 4 =
c. Xc nh U
0
v

bng cch bm my tnh:
+Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
-Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1;
bm +, Nhp U
02
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn = kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc dng: a+bi th bm SHIFT 2 3 = hin th kt qu l: AZ
+Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX.
Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
;bm + ,Nhp U
02
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
2
nhn =
Sau bm SHIFT + = hin th kt qu l: A. SHIFT = hin th kt qu l:
+Lu Ch hin th kt qu trn mn hnh:
Sau khi nhp, n du = c th hin th kt qu di dng s v t, mun kt qu di dng thp phn ta
n SHIFT = ( hoc dng phm SD ) chuyn i kt qu Hin th.
V d 1 trn : Tm u
AB
= ? vi: u
AM
= 100 2 os(100 )
3
c t

(V)
0
1 100 2( ),
3
AM U V

= =
u
MB
= 100 2 os(100 )
6
c t

+ (V) -> U
0MB
= 100 2 (V) , 2
6

=
Gii 1: Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX
Chn ch my tnh theo D(): SHIFT MODE 3
Tmu
AB
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z (-60) + 100 2 SHIFT (-) Z 30 =
Hin th kt qu : 200Z-15 . Vy u
AB
= 200
0
os( 15 ) c t e (V) => u
AB
= 200 os(100 )
12
c t

(V)
Gii 2: Chn ch my tnh theo R (Radian): SHIFT MODE 4
100
2
= X
2
+ (120-60)
2
X = 80
L--R = 0
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 55 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Tmu
AB
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z (-(t/3)) + 100 2 SHIFT (-) Z(t/6 =
Hin th kt qu: 200Z-t/12 . Vy u
AB
= 200 os(100 )
12
c t

(V)
d. Nu cho u
1
= U
01
cos(t +
1
) v u = u
1
+ u
2
= U
0
cos(t + ) .
Tm dao ng thnh phn u
2
: (V d hnh minh ha bn)
u
2
= u - u
1 .
vi: u
2
= U
02
cos(et +
2
). Xc nh U
02
v
2
*Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp U
0
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
;
bm - (tr); Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
nhn = kt qu.
(Nu hin th s phc th bm SHIFT 2 3 = kt qu trn mn hnh l: U
02
Z
2
*Vi my FX570MS : Bm chn MODE 2
Nhp U
0
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp ;bm - (tr); Nhp U
01
, bm SHIFT (-) nhp
1
nhn =
bm SHIFT (+) = , ta c U
02
; bm SHIFT (=) ; ta c
2
V d 2: Nu t vo hai u mt mch in cha mt in tr thun v mt cun cm thun mc ni
tip mt in p xoay chiu c biu thc u = 100 2 cos(et +
4

) (V), th khi in p hai u in tr


thun c biu thc u
R
=100cos( et) (V). Biu thc in p gia hai u cun cm thun s l
A. u
L
= 100 cos( et +
2

)(V). B. u
L
= 100 2 cos(et +
4

)(V).
C. u
L
= 100 cos( et +
4

)(V). D. u
L
= 100 2 cos(e t +
2

)(V).
Gii 1: Vi my FX570ES : Bm chn MODE 2 trn mn hnh xut hin ch: CMPLX
Chn ch my tnh theo : SHIFT MODE 3
Tmu
L
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z (45) - 100 SHIFT (-). Z 0 =
Hin th kt qu : 100Z90 . Vy u
L
= 100 os( )
2
c t

e + (V) Chn A
Gii 2: Chn ch my tnh theo R (Radian): SHIFT MODE 4
Tmu
L
? Nhp my:100 2 SHIFT (-).Z ((t/4)) - 100 SHIFT (-). Z 0 =
Hin th kt qu: 100Zt/2 . Vy u
L
= 100 os( )
2
c t

e + (V) Chn A
9.3. Vit biu thc cng dng in khi bit biu thc in p hai u mt mch in
V d : Khi t hiu in th khng i 30V vo hai u on mch gm in tr thun mc ni tip vi
cun cm thun c t cm
1
4t
(H) th dng in trong on mch l dng in mt chiu c cng
1A. Nu t vo hai u on mch ny in p u 150 2cos120 t = t (V) th biu thc ca cng dng
in trong on mch l : A. i 5 2 cos(120 t )
4
t
= t (A). B. i 5cos(120 t )
4
t
= t + (A).
C. i 5 2 cos(120 t )
4
t
= t + (A). D. i 5cos(120 t )
4
t
= t (A).
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
-i vi in p khng i: U
1
= 30V (DC):
1
30
30
1
U
R
I
= = = O
- i vi dng xoay chiu c =120 rad/s:
R= 30; ; tng tr phc l
30 30 Z i

= +
- Suy ra
150 ( 30+30ENG ) = SHIFT 2 3 =
5
4

Z
Kt qu : 5
4

Z c ngha l 5 os 120 t-
4
i c

|
=
|
' .
(A)
Hnh
u
1
B
A
X Y
u
2
M
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 56 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
150 2 5 2 5 2
5
30 30 2 2 4
5 os 120 t-
4
u
i i
i
Z
i c A

= = = + = Z
+
|
=
|
' .
9.4. Vit biu thc in p hai u mt mch in khi cho biu thc cng dng in
trong mch
Mun gii dng ton ny thng thng hc sinh phi tmc tng tr ton mch, tmc in p
cc i ( hay hiu dng ) v lch pha ca in p so vi cng dng in. Xin c gii thiu
phng php gii bng s phc vi s h tr ca MTCT.
V d : Dng in chy qua mt on mch, gm cun dy thun cm c
1
10
L H

= , mc ni tip vi
mt t in
4
2.10
C F


= c biu thc 2 2 100 ( )
6
i cos t A

|
=
|
' .
.
Biu thc in p hai u mch c
th l : A. 80 2 100 ( )
6
u cos t V

|
= +
|
' .
B. 80 2 100 ( )
3
u cos t V

|
= +
|
' .
C.
2
80 2 100 ( )
3
u cos t V

|
=
|
' .
D. 80 2sin 100 ( )
6
u t V

|
= +
|
' .
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
Dng PPSP
;
10 50 40 Z i i i

= =
2 2 ( 40 )
6
u i Z i
o o o

= = Z =
2
80 2
3

Z
Vy
2
80 2 100 ( )
3
u cos t V

|
=
|
' .
2 SHIFT (-) (
-40ENG ) = -40 SHIFT 2 3 =
2
80 2
3

Z
Kt qu :
2
80 2
3

Z c ngha l
2
80 2 100 ( )
3
u cos t V

|
=
|
' .
9.5. Vit biu thc in p hai u mt on mch thnh phn khi bit in p hai u
mch chnh
i vi dng ton ny mt trong cch gii ph bin l hc sinh phi i tm biu thc tc thi ca
cng dng in, tng tr ca on mch cn vit biu thc in p v lch pha ca in p ca
on ny i vi cng dng in, cn y phng php gii bng s phc vi s h tr ca MTCT.
V d : Cho mch in xoay chiu nh hnh v c R=100 ;
L= 0,318H; C=15,9F. in p hai u mch c dng
7
200 2 100
12
AB
u cos t

|
=
|
' .
V.in p hai u mch MB
l : A.
7
200 2 100
12
MB
u cos t

|
= +
|
' .
V. B.
7
200 100
12
MB
u cos t

|
= +
|
' .
V.
C.
5
200 100
6
MB
u cos t

|
=
|
' .
V. D.
5
200 100
12
MB
u cos t

|
=
|
' .
V.
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
Tnh c ;
Tng tr phc ca on AB:
( ) 100 100 AB
L C
Z R Z Z i i

= + =
Tng tr phc ca on MB:
200 SHIFT (-) ( -100ENG )
100 - 100 ENG = -173.205 -100 SHIFT 2
A B
C
L
R
N
M
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 57 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
( ) (100 200) 100 MB
L C
Z Z Z i i i

= = =
Biu thc in p
AB
MB MB MB
AB
u
u i Z Z
Z
o
o o o o
o
= =
=
200-
ngha l
5
200 100
6
MB
u cos t

|
=
|
' .
V
p n C
3 = 200-
Kt qu: 200-
9.6. Vit biu thc in p hai u mch chnh khi bit in p hai u tng on mch
thnh phn.
Nu dng PPSP vi s tr gip ca MTCT th phng php ging nh tng hp cc dao ng iu ho
bng PPSP.
V d :Mt mch in gm mt in tr R mc ni tip vi mt cun dy. Bit in p gia hai u in
tr v hai u cun dy ln lt l , ) 120 100
R
u cos t = V v 120 100
3
L
u cos t

|
= +
|
' .
V.
Kt lun no di y khng ng?
A. cun dy c in tr r khc khng.
B. in p hai u cun dy sm pha so vi in p hai u mch.
C. in p hiu dng gia hai u on mch l U=60 V D. H s cng sut ca mch l 0,5
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
R L u u u
o o o
= + 120 120 180 60 3 207.8460969
3 6
i

+ Z = + = Z
h s cng sut ca mch l
3
6 2
cos cos

= = D l
khng ng
120 + 120 SHIFT (-) = 180 60 3i +
SHIFT 2 3 =
KQ: 207.8460969
6

Z
9.7. Tm cc thnh phn R, L, C trong mt on mch in xoay chiu
Nu bit c biu thc in p v cng dng in trong mt mch nh MTCT ta d dng tm ra
c tng tr phc ca on mch, da vo iu kin khc ca bi ton ta c th suy ra cc i lng cn
li.
V d : Cho mch in xoay chiu gm c in tr R= 40 O; cun dy cm thun c
0, 5
L

= H v t
in C. in p hai u on mch 160 (100 ) u cos t = V Bit biu thc cng dng in trong mch
l 2 2 100
4
i cos t

|
= +
|
' .
A. Tmin dung ca t in.
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
50
L
Z L e = = O;
160 100 160 u cos t u
o
= = ;
2 2 100 2 2
4 4
i cos t i
o

|
= + = Z
|
' .
Tng tr phc c dng:
( ) 40 (50 )
L C C
Z R Z Z i Z i

= + = + (1)
Mt khc
160
40 40
2 2
4
u
Z i
i
o

= = =
Z
(2)
So snh (1) v (2) rt ra
160 ( 2 SHIFT (-) ) = 40-40i
KQ: 40-40i (2)
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 58 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
1
50 40 90
9000
C C
Z Z C F

= : = O : =
CH VI: SNG NH SNG
VN 1: TN SC NH SNG
1. Hin tng tn sc nh sng:
L hin tng nh sng phc tp b phn tch thnh cc chm sng n sc khc nhau khi i qua
mt phn cch ca hai mi trng trong sut.
Nguyn nhn:
- Chit sut ca lng knh c gi tr khc nhau i vi nh sng n sc khc nhau
- Chit sut ca cht lm lng knh l khc nhau i vi nh sng n sc khc nhau : chit sut i
vi nh sng l nh nht , i vi nh sng tm l ln nht
o cam vng luc lam chm tm
n n n n n n n > > > > > >
- Chit sut ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng (tn s) ca nh sng :
2
B
n A

= +
Trong : A,B l nhng hng s ph thuc vo bn cht ca mi trng
2. nh sng n sc:
Khng b tn sc khi i qua lng knh; mi chm sng (bc x) n sc c mt bc sng v tn
s xc nh.
Bc sng nh sng trong chn khng :
8
0
3.10
( )
c
m
f f
= =
Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng c chit sut n :
0
v c
f nf n

= = = (n
kk
~n
ck
= 1 ; n 1)
3. nh sng trng:
L hn hp ca nhiu nh sng n sc c mu bin thin lin tc: , cam, vng, lc, lam, chm,
tm (nh sng a sc).
Trong min nh sng nhn thy (quang ph kh kin)
0.38 0.76 m m < <
(Tm) ()
4.Mt s cng thc:
Lng knh:
Tng qut :
A i i D
r r A
+ =
+ =
2 1
2 1 1 1 2 1
2 2 1 2
sin sin
sinr sini
n i n r
n n
=
=
Trng hp gc nh :
A n D
r r A
) 1 (
2 1
=
+ =
2 2
1 1
nr i
nr i
=
=
Trng hp gc lch cc tiu :
2
sin .
2
sin
2
;
min
2 1 2 1
A
n
A D A
r r i i =
+
: = = =
(A: Gc chit quang ca lng knh ; n: Chit sut ca mi trng i vi nh sng n sc)
B rng quang ph trn mn : D = D
tm
- D

(D

< D
cam
<< D
tm
) khi b rng l : l = d. D
Thu knh: )
1 1
)( 1 (
1
2 1
R R n
n
f
MT
TK
+ =
f: Tiu c (m) ; R: Bn knh cc mt thu knh
+ Mt cu li: R>0 + Mt cu lm: R<0 + Mt phng: R=
n
TK
: Chit sut ca cht lm thu knh i vi nh sng n sc
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 59 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
n
MT
: Chit sut ca mi trng t thu knh.
Ch :
- Tiu im ca thu knh i vi chm tia mu tm gn thu knh nht, tiu im ca thu knh i
vi chm tia mu xa thu knh nht.
- Khong cch gia tiu im ca thu knh i vi tia mu v tia mu tm:Af = f

- f
t
- Hin tng tn sc nh sng xy ra vi mi mi trng vt cht , tr chn khng ; xy ra gia
hai mi trng khc nhau
5. Cc loi quang ph :
Quang ph nh ngha Ngun pht c im ng dng
Lin tc
L mt di sng
c mu bin i
lin tc
Cc cht rn , cht
lng , cht kh p
sut ln khi b nung
nng pht ra quang
ph lin tc
- Khng ph thuc vo
bn cht ca vt pht
sng , m ch ph thuc
vo nhit
- Nhit ca vt cang
cao , min pht sng
cng ln dn v pha nh
sng c bc sng ngn
o nhit ca
cc vt pht
sng (c im
ca cc vt
rt xa)
Vch pht
x
Gm cc vch
mu ring l ,
ngn cch nhau
bng nhng
khong ti
Cc cht kh hay hi
p sut thp b
kch thch (t nng
hay phng in qua)
Quang ph vch ca cc
nguyn t khc nhau th
khc nhau v s lng
vch , v tr , mu sc v
cng sng
Xc nh thnh
phn cu to
ca cc nguyn
t c trong hp
cht
Vch hp
th
L h thng cc
vch ti ring
r nm trn mt
nn quang ph
lin tc
- Chiu nh sng
trng qua m kh
hay hi nng sng
p sut thp
- Nhit ca m
hi phi thp hn
nhit ca ngun
sng
- Chiu nh sng trng
qua m hi nung nng
thu c vch ti trn
nn quang ph lin tc
- Tt ngun sng , c
nhng vch mu nm
trn nn ti trng vi cc
vch ti trn
Bit c thnh
phn ca hp
cht
Ch :
- Quang ph nh sng Mt Tri do my quang ph ghi c trn Tri t l quang ph vch hp th
- Quang ph nh sng Mt Tri l quang ph lin tc
6. Tia hng ngoi , tia t ngoi v tia X
Tia hng ngoi Tia t ngoi Tia X
nh
ngha
Bc x in t khng
nhn thy , c bc sng
ln hn bc sng ca
nh sng
Bc x in t khng nhn
thy , c bc sng ngn hn
bc sng ca nh sng tm
Sng in t c bc sng
ngn t 10
-12
-10
-8
m
Ngun
pht
Mi vt nung nng u
pht ra tia hng ngoi
Cc vt c nhit trn
2000
0
C
ng tia rghen
Tnh cht
, tc dng
- Tc dng ni bt l tc
dng nhit
- Tc dng ln knh nh
hng ngoi
- Trong cng nghip dng
sy kh cc sn phm
sn
- Trong y hc dng n
hng ngoi si m
ngoi da cho mu lu
thng
- Tc dng mnh ln knh
nh
- Lm ion ha cht kh
- Kch pht quang nhiu cht
- C tc dng sinh l : hy
dit t bo , dit khun , nm
mc
- C th gy ra hin tng
quang in
- Trong cng nghip : pht
hin vt nt , xc trn b
- C kh nng m xuyn
mnh (tnh cht ng ch
nht)
- Tc dng mnh ln phim
nh , lm ion ha khng kh
- C tc dng lm pht quang
nhiu cht
- C tc dng gy ra hin
tng quang in hu ht
kim loi
- C tc dng sinh l mnh :
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 60 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- Dng trong cc thit b
iu khin t xa
mt sn phm
- Trong y hc : cha ci
xng , dit vi khun
hy dit t bo , dit vi
khun
ng dng
- Sy kh , si m
- S dng trong b iu
khin t xa
- Chp nh hng ngoi
- Trong qun s ng dng
lmng nhm hng ngoi
, quay phim ban m
- Kh trng , dit khun
- Cha bn ci xng
- Tm vt nt trn b mt kim
loi
- Y hc : chp chiu in ,
cha ung th
- Cng nghip : d tm
khuyt tt trong sn phm
c
- Khoa hc : nghin cu cu
trc tinh th
- Giao thng : Kim tra hnh
l ca hnh khch
Ch :
- Dng c pht hin ra tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi l pin nhit in
- Mn hnh TV thng lm rt dy trnh tia X
7. Thang sng in t :
Loi sng Bc sng
Tia gamma Di 10
-12
m
Tia X 10
-12
m n 10
-9
Tia t ngoi 10
-9
m n 3,8.10
-7
m
nh sng nhn thy 3,8.10
-7
m n 7,6.10
-7
m
Tia hng ngoi 7,6.10
-7
m n 10
-3
m
Sng v tuyn 10
-3
m tr ln
Sng v tuyn , tia hng ngoi , nh sng kh kin (nhn thy) , tia t ngoi , tia X v tia gamma u c
bn cht l sng in t nhng c bc sng khc nhau nn c tnh cht , tc dng khc nhau v ngun
pht , cch thu chng cng khc nhau
Vng : 0, 640 0, 760 m m
Vng cam : 0, 590 0, 650 m m
Vng vng : 0, 570 0, 600 m m
Vng lc : 0, 500 0, 575 m m
Vng lam : 0, 450 0, 510 m m
Vng chm : 0, 440 0, 460 m m
Vng tm : 0, 38 0, 440 m m
VN 2: GIAO THOA NH SNG
1. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng:
L s tng hp ca hai hay nhiu sng nh sng kt hp (pht ra t hai ngun kt hp: cng
phng, cng tn s v lch pha khng i theo thi gian).
Trong vng giao thoa xut hin nhng vch sng, ti xen k cch u nhau gi l nhng vn giao thoa.
2. Cc i lng vt l:
a. Hiu quang trnh:
2 1
ax
D
d d d A = =
d
1
, d
2
: ng i ca hai sng t hai ngun n im xt a: khong cch gia hai ngun
x: v tr im xt (chn giao im O ca ng trung trc on thng ni hai ngun S
1
S
2
vi mn
t song song vi S
1
S
2
lm gc, chiu dng hng ln)
D: khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st
b. Khong vn: Khong cch gia hai vn sng (hoc hai vn ti) cnh nhau
D
i
a

=
: bc sng nh sng n sc lm th nghim
c. V tr vn sng: Khong cch t vn trung tm (O) n im xt
2
2
2
2
1 2
i
k ki
a
D
k x k k d d = = = = =

Hiu ng i ca hai sng bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng (hay bng mt s chn ln na


bc sng)
Khong cch t vn trung tm n im xt bng mt s nguyn ln khong vn (hay bng mt
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 61 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
s chn ln na khong vn)
0; 1; 2..... k = : bc ca vn sng
k = 0 : x=0 (ti O): vn sng trung tm
k = 1: vn sng bc 1 (th nht).....
d. V tr vn ti: Khong cch t vn trung tm (O) n im xt
2
) 1 2 ( )
2
1
( )
2
1
(
2
) 1 2 ( )
2
1
(
1 2
i
k i k
a
D
k x k k d d + = + = + = + = + =

Hiu ng i ca hai sng bng mt s bn nguyn ln bc sng (hay bng mt s l ln na


bc sng)
Khong cch t vn trung tm n im xt bng mt s bn nguyn ln khong vn (hay bng
mt s l ln na khong vn)
0; 1; 2..... k = : khng c khi nim bc ca vn ti
k = 0: vn ti th nht pha trn (+)
k = 1: vn ti th hai pha trn
k = -1: vn ti th nht pha di (-)
3. Mt s dng ton
a. Xc nh i trong khong c b rng l, c n vn sng:
Hai u l hai vn sng:
1
l
i
n
=

Hai u l hai vn ti:


l
i
n
=
Mt u l vn sng, mt u l vn ti:
0.5
l
i
n
=

b. Xc nh tnh cht vn giao thoa:


Lp t s
x
n
i
=
- n = k (l s nguyn): ti v tr xt l vn sng bc k
- n = k +
1
2
(l s bn nguyn):
+ n>0: Ti v tr xt l vn ti th (k+1)
+ n<0: Ti v tr xt l vn ti th k
c. Xc nh s vn trong trng giao thoa: (C hai gii hn i xng nhau qua vn sng trung tm)
Tng s vn: 1
L
N
i

= +

]
L: b rng trng giao thoa
j ... : phn nguyn j 2, 9 2 =
S vn sng: 2 1
2
s
L
N
i

= +

]
: lun l s nguyn l
S vn ti: 2 0, 5
2
T
L
N
i

= +

]
: lun l s nguyn chn
Ch :
- S vn sng v vn ti c th hn, km nhau mt n v
- Xc nh s vn sng, vn ti gia hai im M, N c ta x
1
<x
2
:
+ Vn sng: x
1
< ki < x
2
+ Vn ti: x
1
< (k+0,5)i < x
2
S gi tr k e Z l s vn sng (vn ti) cn tm
M, N cng pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
cng du.
M, N khc pha vi vn trung tm th x
1
v x
2
khc du.
d. V tr trng nhau ca cc bc x n sc:
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 62 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Cho
1 2
...
n
x x x = = = :
- Vn sng:
1 1 2 2
...
n n
k k k = = =
- Vn ti:
1 1 2 2
1 1 1
...
2 2 2
n n
k k k
| | |
+ = + = = +
| | |
' . ' . ' .
Ch :
- V tr c mu cng mu vi vn sng trung tm l v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc vn sng ca
cc bc x n sc.
- Khi tm s vn sng (vn ti) trn mn th tnh s vn sng (vn ti) ca mi bc x, sau tr
i nhng v tr trng nhau.
e. Giao thoa vi nh sng trng:
Vn sng trung tm c mu trng (v tr trng nhau ca tt c cc bc x). Cc vn sng hai bn
vn trung tm l quang ph lin tc, mu tm gn vn trung tm nht, mu xa vn trung tm
nht.
B rng ca vn giao thoa:
, )
d t d t
D
x x x k
a
A = =
Xc nh s vn sng, s vn ti v cc bc x tng ng ti mt v tr xc nh ( bit x):
o Vn sng:
ax D
x k
a kD

= =
o Vn ti:
ax
( 0, 5)
( 0, 5)
D
x k
a k D

= + =
+
Vi 0,38 m s s 0,76 m cc gi tr ca k
f. Thc hin th nghim trong mi trng trong sut, chit sut n: Khong vn gim i n ln:
0
n
i
i
n
=
g. Ngun sng S di chuyn theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
:
o i khng i, h vn dch chuyn ngc chiu mt on:
0
yD
x
d
=
D: Khong cch t hai khe n mn
d: Khong cch t ngun S n hai khe
y: dch chuyn ca ngun
h. Khi trn ng truyn ca nh sng t S
1
(S
2
) t mt bn mng c b dy e, chit sut n:
o H vn dch chuyn v pha S
1
(S
2
) mt on:
, )
0
1 n eD
x
a

=
Ch :
- t hai bn nh nhau trn ng truyn ca S
1
,S
2
:
h vn khng dch chuyn.
- t hai bn khc nhau: dch chuyn
01 02
x x =
4. Mt s phng php to giao thoa
a. Lng lng knh Fresnel:
Khong cch gia hai ngun: 2 ( 1) a d n A =
d: Khong cch t ngun S n lng lng knh
S
2
S
1
S
A
2
d
I
P
2
O
A
E
d'
A
1
A
P
1
S
1
S
2
S
S
O
O
x
0
y
D d
S
1
S
2
M
O
e
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 63 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
A: Gc chit quang (rad):
0
1 ( )
180
rad

=
Khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st: ' D d d = +
d: Khong cch t lng lng knh n mn quan st

B rng trng giao thoa: 2( 1). . ' L n A d =


b. Bn thu knh Billet:
Khong cch gia hai ngun:
' d d
a e
d
+
=
d: Khong cch t ngun S n thu knh
d: Khong cch t nh n thu knh:
df
d'=
d-f
e: Khong cch gia hai na thu knh
Khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st: ' D l d =
l: Khong cch t thu knh n mn quan st
B rng trng giao thoa:
l d
L e
d
+
=
iu kin quan st c vn giao thoa: '
e
l d
e a
o
o
+
>
+
o: ng knh khu (ng knh vnh)
c. Gng Fresnel:
Khong cch gia hai ngun :
2 a ro =
r: Khong cch t ngun S n giao tuyn ca hai gng.
o: Gc nghing gia hai gng (rad)
Khong cch t hai ngun n mn quan st :
D r d = +
d: Khong cch t giao tuyn hai gng n mn quan st
B rng trng giao thoa:
2 L do =
* Cch gii bi ton ging nh trong th nghim Young.
VN 3: GII TON SNG NH SNGNHMY TNH FX-570ES
1. Phng php s dng TABLE (MODE 7) gii bi ton sng nh sng .
Bm: SHIFT 9 3 = = Reset all
Bm: SHIFT MODE 2 Line IO
Bm: MODE 7 : TABLE
V d ta c hm s f(x)=
2
1
2
+ x
M
1
S
1
S
2
r
E
M
2
2
o
S
H
I
d
P
1
P
2
0
S
d d
/
O
2
S
1
S
2
O
1
D
2
P
1
P
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 64 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Bc 1: (MODE 7) TABLE
Bc 2: Nhp hm s vo my tnh
Bc 3: bm= nhp 1
Bc 4: bm= nhp 5
Bc 5: bm= nhp 1
Bc 6: bm=
Ta c bng bin thin: f(X)
2. S dng my tnh cm tay gii cc bi tp sng nh sng
V d 1: Cu 22 - thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2010 - M 136
Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, hai khe c chiu bng nh sng trng c bc sng t
380nm n 760nm. Khong cch gia hai khe l 0,8mm, khong cch t mt phng cha hai khe n
mn quan st l 2m. Trn mn, ti v tr cch vn trung tm 3mm c vn sng ca cc bc x vi bc
sng
A. 0,48 m v 0,56 m B. 0,40 m v 0,60 m C. 0,45 m v 0,60 m D. 0,40 m v 0,64 m
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
x=
a
D k . .
Do 0,380 nm 760 nm. =
D k
x a
.
.
Cho k=1,2..
k=1 =1.2m.
k=2 =0.6m.
k=3 =0.4m.
k=4 =0.3m.
Chn B
Mode 7
2
3 8 . 0
) (
x mauso
x
x f = =
Mauso= ALPHA )
Nhp my:.
(0,8 x 3 ) : ( ALPHA ) X x 2 )
= START 1 = END 10 = STEP 1 =
Kt qu:
x=k f(x)=v
1
2
3
4
1.2
0.6
0.4
0.3
V d 2: Cu 30 - thi tuyn sinh i hc khi A nm 2009 - M 629
Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, hai khe c chiu bng nh sng trng c bc sng t
0,38 m n 0,76m. Ti v tr vn sng bc 4 ca nh sng n sc c bc sng 0,76 m cn c bao
nhiu vn sng na ca cc nh sng n sc khc?
A. 3. B. 8. C. 7. D. 4.
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
k=k
1

1
Do 0,40 m 0.76 m.
Mode 7
mauso
x
x f
76 . 0 4
) ( = =
Mauso= ALPHA ) X
D
f(x)=
D
f(x)=x
2
+1 2
D
Start?
1
D
End?
5
D
Step?
1
D
x f(x)
1
2
3
1
2
3
1.5
4.5
9.5 1
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 65 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
=
k
k
1 1

Cho k=1,2..
k=4 =0.76m. (loi)
k=5 =0.608m.
k=6 =0.506m.
k=7 =0.434m.
k= 8 =0.38m.
Chn D
Nhp my:...tng t nh trn....
(4 x 0,76 ) : ALPHA ) X
= START 0 = END 20 = STEP 1
=
Kt qu:
x=k f(x)=v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3.04
1.52
1.0133
0.76
0.608
0.506
0.434
0.38
0.3377
V d 3: Cu 43 - thi tuyn sinh cao ng khi A nm 2011 - M 142
Trong th nghim Y-ng v giao thoa nh sng, khong cch gia hai khe l 2 mm, khong cch t mt
phng cha 2 khe n mn quan st l 2 m. Ngun pht nh sng gm cc bc x n sc c bc sng
trong khong 0,40 mn 0.76 m. Trn mn, ti im cch vn trung tm 3,3 mm c bao nhiu bc x
cho vn ti?
A. 6 bc x. B. 4 bc x. C. 3 bc x. D. 5 bc x.
Cch gii Hng dn bm my v kt qu
x=
a
D k . ). 1 ( +
Do 0,40 m 0.76 m.
=
D k
x a
). 1 (
.
+
Cho k=0,1,2..
k=4 =0.66m.
k=5 =0.55m.
k=6 =0.47m.
k=7 =0.41m.
Chn B
Mode 7
2
3 . 3 2
) (
x mauso
x
x f = =
Mauso= ALPHA ) +1
Nhp my:...tng t nh trn....
(2 x 3,3 ) : ( ( ALPHA ) X + 1 ) x 2 )
= START 0 = END 10 = STEP 1 =
Kt qu :
x=k f(x)=v
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
3.3
1.65
1.1
0.825
0.66
0.55
0.47
0.41
0.36
Ch : Cch chn Start? End? V Step?
-Chn Start?: Thng thng l bt u t 0 hoc ty theo bi
-Chn End? : Ty thuc vo bi ton m cho nhng khng qu 30 (ngh thut ca tng ngi lm
bi)
-Chn Step : 1 v k nguyn)
CH VII: LNG T NH SNG
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 66 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
VN 1: HIN TNG QUANG IN NGOI
1. Hin tng quang in ngoi:
L hin tng nh sng lm bt cc electron ra khi b mt kim loi.
2. Hin tng quang in trong :
Hin tng to thnh cc electron dn v l trng trong bn dn , do tc dng ca nh sang c
bc song thch hp
3. Hin tng quang dn :
Hin tng gim in tr sut , tc l tng dn in ca bn dn , khi c nh sang thch hp
chiu vo
4. Phn bit gia quang in ngoi v quang in trong :
- Chiu nh sng thch hp vo kim loi lm bt electron ra khi b mt kim loi (quang in
ngoi) Chiu nh sng thch hp vo cht bn dn lm cc electron bt ra khi lien kt tr thnh
electron t do hay cn gi l electron dn ngay bn trong khi bn dn (quang in trong)
- Nng lng phtn cn trong hin tng quang ngoi ln hn trong hin tng quang in trong
(phtn c bc sng ngn hn) Vi hin tng quang in trong th bc sng nm trong vng
hng ngoi c th gy ra c
5. Cc nh lut quang in:
a. nh lut 1:
Hin tng quang in ch xy ra khi
0
< hay
0
f f >

0
: Gii hn quang in ca kim loi (ph thuc bn cht kim loi)
b. nh lut 2:
Khi
0
< th I
bh
~ cng chm sng kch thch.
c. nh lut 3:
W
0max
Ph thuc bc sng ca nh sng kch thch v bn cht kim loi; khng ph thuc vo
cng chm sng kch thch.
1. Hiu in th hm v ng nng ban u cc i :
2
0max
1
.
2
h
eU mv = (J)
e = -1,6.10
-19
C m = 9,1.10
-31
Kg
U
h
: Hiu in th hm (U
h
<0). trit tiu dng quang in: U
AK
sU
h
. i vi mt kim loi,
kch thch cng ngn (f cng ln) th
h
U cng ln.
v
0max
: Vn tc ban u cc i ca quang e
-
(m/s)
VN 2: THUYT LNG T NH SNG
1. Ni dung thuyt lng t nh sng :
- Chm nh sng l mt chm phtn (cc lng t nh sng) Mi phtn c nng lng xc nh
hf = c . Cng ca chm sng t l vi photon pht ra trong 1 giy
- Phn t , nguyn t , electron pht x hay hp th nh sng , cng c ngha l chng pht x
hay hp th phtn
- Cc phtn bay dc theo tia sng vi tc
8
10 . 3 = c (m/s) trong chn khng
2. Nng lng mt lng t nh sng (ht phtn) :
hc
hf c

= = (J)
h=6,625.10
-34
Js: Hng s Plank : Bc sng (m)
c=3.10
8
m/s: Tc nh sng trong chn khng f: Tn s (Hz) 1eV=1,6.10
-19
J
3. Cng thc Einstein v hin tng quang in:
2
0 ax
2
M
mv hc
hf A e
l
= = = + (J)
A: Cng thot (J): ph thuc bn cht kim loi.
0
hc
A

= hay
0
A hf =
4. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng : (nh sng l sng in t , c lng tnh sng ht)
- Sng in t c bc sng ngn , nng lng ln : Th hin tnh cht ht r nt , tnh cht sng
m nht . Nhng biu hin tnh cht ht l kh nng m xuyn , tc dng quang in , tc dng
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 67 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
ion ha , tc dng pht quang
- Sng in t c bc sng di , nng lng nh : Th hin tnh cht sng r nt , nh hin tng
giao thoa , hin tng tn sc
5. Hiu in th hm U
h
:
o
2
2 0max
0 0max
1
.
2 2.
h max h h
mv
e U W e U mv U
e
= : = =
o
0
. . .
. .
h h
h c h c h c
hf A e U e U c

= = = + : = +
0
. 1 1
h
h c
U
e
|
=
|
' .
6. Tm bc sng nh sng kch thch:
f
c hc
f h
hc
= = = =
c

c . Hoc:
2
max 0 0
0
2
max 0
0
2
2
2 mv hc
hc mv hc hc

+
= + =
7. Mt s dng ton
a. Tm vn tc ban u cc i ca quang e:
o
2
0max 0max
0
. . . 1
.
2
h c h c h c
hf A W mv c

= = = + : = +
0max
0
2 1 1 hc
v
m
|
=
|
' .
o
0max
. .
.
h
h c h c
hf A e U A W c

= = = + : = + |
.
|

'

= = = A
c h
m m
U e
m
W
v
h

. 2
. . 2
2
max 0
max 0
b. Vn tc ca e khi p vo Anot :
o
2 2 2 2
0max 0 0
1 1 1 1
.
2 2 2 2
n n AK
W W A mv mv A mv mv eU = : = : =
o
2
0max 0 ax
0
1 1 1
. .
2
m
W mv h c

|
= =
|
' .

0
1 1
. .
1
2
AK
eU h c
v
m

|
+
|
' .
=
c. Hin tng quang in vi vt c lp v in:
o
ax 0max ax
0
1 1
. . .
m m
eV W eV A h c c

|
= : = =
|
' .

max
0
. 1 1 h c
V
e
|
=
|
' .
o
2
ax 0 ax ax
1
2
M M M
e V mv e Ed = = V
max
: in th cc i ca vt
d. Hiu sut lng t (hiu sut ca hin tng quang in ): %
e
p
n
H
n
=
o
.
.
bh e
N e q
I n e
t t
= = = : Cng dng quang in bo ho
o
bh
e
I
n t
e
= :S e bt ra khi b mt kim loi trong thi gian t
o
p
P
n t
c
= : S phtn p vo kim loi trong thi gian t
o
0 0 0
n n hf n hc W
P
t t t t
e
l
= = = = Cng sut chiu sng
e. Tia Rnghen (tia X):
Nng lng ln nht ca phtn tia X c th pht ra :
2 2
ax ax 0
min
1 1
2 2
m m AK
hc
hf mv e U mv c

= = = = +
f
max
, ,
min
:Tn s ln nht, bc sng nh nht m tia X c th pht ra.
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 68 -
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hf
nm hf
nm
nhn phtn
pht phtn
E
n
E
m
E
n
> E
m

2
1
2
mv : ng nng ca e khi p vo i K v :Vn tc ca e khi p vo i K
v
0
:Vn tc ca e khi ri K (thng v
0
=0)
f. Quang e chuyn ng trong t trng u:
Chu tc dng ca lc Lorentz:
, )
sin , f e vB B v =


v B

: Qu o l ng trn bn knh:
mv
R
e B
=
Chu k:
1 2 2 R
T
f v

e
= = =
g. Nhit lng cung cp cho vt : Q mc t = A (J)
m=V: Khi lng ca vt (kg) : Khi lng ring (kg/m
3
)
V: Th tch (m
3
) c: Nhit dung ring (J/kg.K) At=t
2
-t
1
: bin thin nhit
h. Vn tc v ca e ti mt im trong in trng cch im ban du mt on l d.
2
0
2
0
2
2
2
1
2
1
. . v
m
A
v mv mv d E e eU + = = =
i. ng dng hin tng quang in,tm cc hng s vt l:
*Xc inh hng s Planck khi bit U
1
, U
2
,
1,

2
) ( )
1 1
(
2 1
2 1
2
2
1
1
U U e hc
eU A
hc
eU A
hc
=

+ =
+ =

2 1 1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 2 1
hc( ) e(U U )
e(U U ) h
( )c

= =

*Xc inh khi lng electron khi bit
1
,
2
, v
1
, v
2
) (
2
1 ) (
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 1
1 2 2
2
2
1
2 1
2
2
0 2
2
1
0 1
v v m
hc
v v m
hc hc
mv
hc hc
mv
hc hc
=

+ =
+ =





2 1
2
2
2
1
1 2
) (
) ( 2


v v
hc
m


=
Cc hng s : e = 1,6.10
-19
C 1eV = 1,6 .10
-19
J h = 6,625.10
-34
J.s
c = 3.10
8
m/s m = 9,1.10
-31
kg 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
VN 3: QUANG PH NGUYN T HIR
1. Tin v cc trng thi dng ca nguyn t:
C nng lng xc nh, gin on v khng bc x nng lng.
a. Bn knh qu o dng :
2
0 n
r n r =
r
0
=5,3.10
-11
m=0,53A
0
: bn knh Bo
(Bn knh nh nht ng vi trng thi c bn n=1)
b. Nng lng trng thi dng :
0
2 2
13, 6
n
E
E eV
n n

= =
2. Tin bc x v hp th :
nm n m
nm
hc
hf E E c

= = =
Ch : Khi nguyn t chuyn trng thi dng th e cng chuyn
qu o dng v ngc li.
3. Quang ph nguyn t Hir:
a. S chuyn mc nng lng:
Dy Lai-man: Nm trong vng t ngoi
- ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o K
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 69 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- Vch di nht
21
khi e chuyn t L K
- Vch ngn nht
1
khi e chuyn t K.
Dy Ban-me: Mt phn nm trong vng t
ngoi, mt phn nm trong vng nh sng nhn
thy
- ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v
qu o L
- Vng nh sng nhn thy c 4 vch:
Vch H
o
ng vi e: M L
Vch lam H
|
ng vi e: N L
Vch chm H

ng vi e: O L
Vch tm H
o
ng vi e: P L
- Vch di nht
32
(Vch H
o
)
- Vch ngn nht
2
khi e chuyn t L.
Dy Pasen: Nm trong vng hng ngoi
- ng vi e chuyn t qu o bn ngoi v qu o M
- Vch di nht
43
khi e chuyn t N M.
- Vch ngn nht
3
khi e chuyn t M.
b. Mi lin h gia cc bc sng v tn s ca cc vch quang ph ca nguyn t hir:
13 12 23
1 1 1

= +
v f
13
= f
12
+f
23
4. S pht quang :
- L mt s cht c kh nng hp th nh sng c bc sng ny pht ra nh sng c bc sng
khc
- c im s pht quang : l n cn ko di 1 thi gian sau khi tt nh sng kch thch
- Hunh quang : l s pht quang ca cc cht lng v cht kh , c c im l nh sng pht
quang tt rt nhanh sau khi tt nh sng kch thch , nh sng hunh quang c bc sng di hn
bc sng ca nh sng kch thch
kt hq
>
- Ln quang : l s pht quang ca cc cht rn , c c im l nh sng pht quang c th ko di
mt khong thi gian no sau khi tt nh sng kch thch , ng dng ch to cc loi sn trn
cc bin bo giao thng , tng pht sng
CH VIII: THUYT TNG I HP (Nghin cu cc h quy chiu qun tnh)
VN 1: CC TIN CA ANH-XTANH
+ Nguyn l tng i: Cc nh lut vt l c cng mt dng nh nhau trong mi h quy chiu qun
tnh.
+ Nguyn l v s bt bin ca tc nh sang : Tc nh sng trong chn khng c cng ln
c (gii hn ca cc tc vt l) trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh, khng ph thuc phng
truyn v tc ca ngun sng hay my thu.
* H qu:
o S co di: (tnh tng i ca khng gian)
di ca mt thanh co li theo phng chuyn ng ca n:
2
0 0 2
1
v
l l l
c
= <
o S chm li ca ng h chuyn ng: (tnh tng i ca thi gian)
ng h gn vi quan st vin chuyn ng chy chm hn ng h gn vi quan st vin
ng yn:
2
0 0 2
1
v
t t t
c
A = A < A
l: Chiu di ca thanh chuyn ng vi tc v l
0
: di ring ca thanh (khi v=0)
c ~ 3.10
8
m/s:Tc nh sng trong chn khng At
0
: Thi gian o trong h quy chiu ng yn
Laiman
K
M
N
O
L
P
Banme
Pasen
H
o
H
|
H

H
o
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6
n=
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 70 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
At: Thi gian o trong h quy chiu chuyn ng
Ch : K hiu At, At
0
ngc li vi sch gio khoa, khi lm bi tp phi ch .
VN 2: H THC ANH-XTANH GIA NNG LNG V KHI LNG
1. Khi lng tng i tnh:
0
0
2
2
1
m
m m
v
c
= >

m: Khi lng ca vt chuyn ng vi tc v m


0
: Khi lng ngh ca vt (khi v=0)
2. H thc gia nng lng v khi lng:
Mt vt c khi lng th cng c nng lng tng ng v ngc li:
2
E mc =
3. H thc lin h gia nng lng v ng lng:
2 4 2 2
0
E m c p c = +
4. Nng lng ton phn ca vt:
2
0 0
0 d
2 2
2 2
W
1 1
m c E
E E
v v
c c
= = = +

E
0
: Nng lng ngh ca vt (khi v=0) W

: ng nng ca vt
Ch :
i vi h kn, khi lng ngh v nng lng ngh khng nht thit c bo ton, nhng nng
lng ton phn c bo ton.
C hc c in l trng hp ring ca c hc tng i tnh khi v=c .
CH IX: HT NHN NGUYN T
VN 1: HT NHN NGUYN T
1. Cu to:
Ht nhn c to thnh t cc nucln:
o Prtn:
1 1
1 1
( ) p H : q
p
= +e =1,6.10
-19
C
o Ntron:
1
0
n : q
n
=0
S nucln: A (s khi)
S prtn: Z (nguyn t s)
S ntron: N=A-Z
Kch thc: xem ht nhn l qu cu
o Bn knh:
1
15
3
1, 2.10 R A

=
o Th tch:
3
4
3
V R =
2. ng v: L nhng nguyn t m ht nhn ca chng c cng s prtn Z, nhng s nucln A khc
nhau.
3. ht khi ca ht nhn
A
Z
X : . ( ).
p n hn
m Z m A Z m m A = +
4. Lc ht nhn: L lc ht gia cc nucln
c im:
o C bn knh tc dng ngn: 10
-15
m
o Khng phi l lc tnh in hay lc hp dn
o C tnh bo ha (mi nucln ch tng tc vi mt s nucln ln cn)
o L lc trao i (thc hin bng cch trao i ht mzn )
5. Nng lng lin kt:
L nng lng cn thit cung cp cho ht nhn tch n thnh cc nucln ring r (nng
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 71 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
lng ta ra khi h cc nucln kt hp to thnh ht nhn).
2
.
lk
W m c = A
* Nng lng lin kt ring:
lk
W
A
MeV
nucl n
|
|
' .
Ch :
Nng lng lin kt ring cng ln th ht nhn cng bn vng.
o 1u=1,66.10
-27
kg =931,5
2
MeV
c
|
|
' .
1uc
2
= 931,5 MeV 1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J
VN 2: S PHNG X
1. Hin tng phng x :
Ht nhn khng bn vng (ht nhn m) t pht phn r, pht ra cc tia phng x (cc bc x
khng nhn thy) v bin i thnh ht nhn khc (ht nhn con).
c im: c tnh t pht v khng iu khin c, khng ph thuc vo cc tc ng bn ngoi
(p sut, nhit )
2. Cc loi tia phng x :
Phng x o: L dng cc ht nhn
4
2
He
Phng x |:
o |
-
: L dng cc electron
0
1
e

, pht ra phn ht ntrin



0
0v
o |
+
: L dng cc pzitron
0
1
e , pht ra ht ntrin
0
0
v
Phng x : L sng in t c bc sng rt ngn (<10
-11
m), cng l ht phtn c nng lng
cao, khng b lch trong in trng v t trng.
Ch :
+ Mi cht phng x ch phng ra mt trong ba tia o, |
-
, |
+
(c th km theo tia )
+ Tia |
+
v tia |
-
i xng vi nhau qua tia
+ Tia |
+
b lch nhiu hn tia o v khi lng tia o ln hn rt nhiu tia |
+
Tia Tia Tia
Tia
+
Tia
-
Bn
cht Ht nhn nguyn t
4
2
He
Pzitron hay
electron dng , k
hiu
0
1
e hay e
+
. Thc
cht ca phng x |
+
l mt ht prton
bin thnh mt ht
ntron , mt ht
pzitron v mt
ntrin
p n + e
+
+ v
e
cc electron , k hiu
0
1
e

hay e
-
. Thc cht
ca phng x |
-
l
mt ht ntron bin
thnh mt ht prton
, mt ht electron v
mt phn ht ntrin
n p + e
-
+
~
e
v
L sng in t c bc
sng rt ngn , cng l
ht phtn c nng
lng cao . Ht nhn con
sinh ra trng thi kch
thch c mc nng lng
cao E
1
chuyn xung
mc nng lng thp E
2
ng thi phng ra mt
phtn c nng lng
1 2
hc
hf E E e = = = -
l
in
tch
+2e +e -e 0
Tc 2.10
7
m/s Gn bng tc nh sng Bng tc nh sng
Kh
nng
ion
ha
Ion ha mi trng
mnh
C kh nng ion ha mi trng nhng yu
hn tia
Kh nng ion ha yu
Kh
nng
m
Kh nng m xuyn
km , qung ng i
c trong khng kh
Kh nng m xuyn mnh , i c vi
mt trong khng kh vi mm trong kim loi
C kh nng m xuyn
ln , i c vi mt
trong b tng v
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 72 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
xuyn c 8cm centimet trong ch v rt
nguy him
Quy
tc
dch
chuyn
X
A
Z
He
4
2
+ Y
A
z
4
2

So vi ht nhn m ,
ht nhn con li 2
trong bng tun hon
v c s khi gim 4
n v
X
A
Z
e
0
1 +
+
+ Y
A
Z 1
So vi ht nhn m ,
ht nhn con li 1
trong bng tun hon
v c cng s khi
X
A
Z
e
0
1
-
+ Y
A
Z 1 +
So vi ht nhn m ,
ht nhn con tin 1
trong bng tun hon
v c cng s khi
Trong phng x khng
c s bin i ht nhn
phng x thng i
km theo phng x v

3. nh lut phng x :
Cng thc lin quan :
4 , 22
V
N
N
A
m
n
A
= = = (N
A
= 6,023.10
23
nguyn t/mol)
S ht (N) Khi lng (m)
phng x (H)
10
(1 3, 7.10 ) Ci Bq =
Trong qu trnh phn r, s ht
nhn phng x gim theo thi
gian tun theo nh lut hm s
m.
Trong qu trnh phn r, khi
lng ht nhn phng x gim
theo thi gian tun theo nh
lut hm s m.
- i lng c trng cho tnh
phng x mnh hay yu ca
cht phng x.
- S phn r trong mt giy.
( ) 0 0
. 2 .
t
t
T
t
N N N e


= =
( ) 0 0
. 2 .
t
t
T
t
m m m e


= =
( ) 0 0
. 2 .
t
t
T
t
H H H e


= =
H N =
o
0
N : S ht nhn phng x
thi im ban u.
o
( ) t
N : S ht nhn phng x
cn li sau thi gian t .
o
0
m : Khi lng phng x
thi im ban u.
o
( ) t
m : Khi lng phng x
cn li sau thi gian t .
o
0
H : phng x thi
im ban u.
o
( ) t
H : phng x cn li
sau thi gian t .
a. S nguyn t cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t :
0
0
.
2
t
k
N
N N e

= =
b. S nguyn t b phn r bng s ht nhn con v bng s ht (o hoc e
-
hoc e
+
) c to thnh:
, )
0 0 0
1 2 (1 )
k t
N N N N N e

A = = =
o Nu
t T <<
: p dng cng thc gn ng:
0
N N t A = ( 1: 1
x
x e x + = )
c. Khi lng cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t :
0
0
.
2
t
k
m
m m e

= =
o Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
k
m
m
-
=
d. Khi lng cht phng x b phn r sau thi gian t :
, )
0 0 0
1 2 (1 )
k t
m m m m m e

A = = =
o Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1 2 1
k t
m
e
m

A
= =
e. Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t:
1 1
1 1 0
0 0
(1 )
t
A
A A N
m A m e m
N A A

A
= = = A
o N
0
, m
0
: S nguyn t, khi lng cht phng x lc u
o T: Chu k bn r
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 73 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
o
t
k
T
= : S chu k bn r trong thi gian t
o
ln 2 0, 693
T T
= = : Hng s phng x
o A
0
, A
1
: S khi ca cht phng x ban u v cht mi c to thnh.
o N
A
=6,023.10
23
mol
-1
Ch :
Trng hp phng x |
+
, |
-
th A
1
=A
0
m
1
= Am
Bng quy lut phn r
t T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
S ht cn li N
0
/2 N
0
/4 N
0
/8 N
0
/16 N
0
/32 N
0
/64
S ht phn r N
0
/2 3 N
0
/4 7 N
0
/8 15 N
0
/16 31 N
0
/32 63 N
0
/64
T l % phn r 50% 75% 87,5% 93,75% 96,875% 98,4375%
T l r v cn li 1 3 7 15 31 63
4. phng x (hot phng x)
L i lng c trng cho tnh phng x mnh hay yu ca mt lng cht phng x, o bng s
phn r trong 1 giy.
0 0
2
k t
H H H e N


= = =
H
0
= N
0
: phng x ban u.
n v: Becren (Bq) : 1Bq = 1 phn r/giy
Curi (Ci) : 1Ci = 3,7.10
10
Bq
Ch : Khi tnh phng x H, H
0
(Bq) th chu k phng x T phi i ra n v giy(s).
VN 3: PHN NG HT NHN
1. nh ngha:
L mi qu trnh dn n s bin i ht nhn
o Phn ng tng tc gia cc ht nhn: a+bc+d
o Phn ng t phn r (s phng x): a (ht nhn m)b (ht nhn con)+c(ht o hoc |)
2. Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn: a+bc+d
a. nh lut bo ton s khi: A
a
+ A
b
= A
c
+ A
d
b. nh lut bo ton in tch: Z
a
+ Z
b
= Z
c
+ Z
d
c. nh lut bo ton ng lng:
a b c d m v m v m v m v

+ = +
d. nh lut bo ton nng lng ton phn (tng nng lng ngh v ng nng)
3. Nng lng trong phn ng ht nhn:W = (M
0
- M)c
2

0 a b
M m m = + : Tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.

c d
M m m = + : Tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Ch :
W>0 : phn ng to nng lng W di dng ng nng ca cc ht c, d hoc phtn . Nu cc
ht a, b ban u ng yn thi ng nng ca c,d l:
dC dD
W W; W W
d c
c d c d
m m
m m m m
= =
+ +
o Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
W<0 : phn ng thu nng lng ,W, di dng ng nng ca cc ht a, b hoc phtn .
o Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 74 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
o Nng lng cn thit phn ng xy ra l , W,
o Nng lng cung cp:
2
0 d cc hat sau phan ng
W=(M-M ) W c +
Nu tnh theo ht khi: , ) A A
2
0
W= M M c
AM
0
, AM: ht khi ca cc ht trc v sau phn ng.
+ W>0: Phn ng thu nng lng
+ W<0: Phn ng ta nng lng
4. Hai loi phn ng ta nng lng
a. Phn ng phn hch:
Ht nhn nng hp th ntron nhit (ntron chm) v thnh hai ht nhn c
s khi trung bnh (80 n 160). Sau mi phn ng u c hn hai ntron c
phng ra.
k: S ntron trung bnh cn li sau mi phn hch:
o k<1: Phn ng dy chuyn khng xy ra.
o k=1: Phn ng dy chuyn kim sot c (trong l phn ng ht nhn_nh cc thanh
iu khin cha Bo hay Caimi hp th ntron).
o k>1: Phn ng dy chuyn khng kim sot c (Bom A hay bom nguyn t)
m bo k1 th khi lng ht nhn phi t mt gi tr ti thiu gi l khi lng ti hn
b. Phn ng nhit hch:
Cc ht nhn nh tng thnh ht nhn nng hn
iu kin:
o Nhit cao: 10
7
10
8
K
o Mt ht nhn n ln
o Thi gian At duy tr nhit cao di: nAt 10
14
s/cm
3
Phn ng nhit hch khng kim sot c: bom H (Bom Hir hay bom khinh kh)
Ch :
Khng c nh lut bo ton khi lng.
Mi quan h gia ng lng v ng:
2
d
2 W p m =
Khi tnh tc hay ng nng thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh cho cc vect ng lng, p
dng nh l hm s cosin:
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 os( , ) p p p p p c p p

= + +
VN 4 : MT S DNG TON
1. Tnh thi gian phn r, tui ca cc mu vt
0
2
t
T
m
m
=
;
0 0
2
m Tln(m / m)
t Tlog
m ln 2
|
= =
|
' .
,
, )
0 0
2
Tln H / H H
t Tlog
H ln 2
|
= =
|
' .
(1)
2. Tnh chu k bn r
, )
2 0 0
t t ln 2
T
log m / m ln(m / m)
= = ,
, )
2 0 0
t t ln 2
T
log H / H ln(H / H)
= = (2)
3. Phn trm cht phng x b phn r:
0
1 1 2
t
t
T
m
e
m

A
= =
(3)
4. Phn trm cht phng x cn li:
0
2
t
t
T
m
e
m

= =
(4)
5. Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t l m
1
.
1 0 1
1 1 0
(1 ) (1 )
t t
A A
N N A N
m N e m e
N N A

A
= = =
;
/
1 1
/
1 2
.
2
t T
t T
m A
m A

= (5)
Trong : A, A
1
l s khi ca cht phng x ban u v ca cht mi c to thnh
Lu : Trng hp phng x |
+
, |
-
th A = A
1
m
1
= Am
p
ur
1
p
u ur
2
p
u ur

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 75 -


GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
6. ng nng v nng lng :
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Z Z Z Z
A A A A
X X X X + +
- Mi quan h gia ng lng p
X
v ng nng W
X
=K
X
ca ht X l:
2
2
X X X
p m K =
- Khi tnh vn tc v hay ng nng K thng p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh
a. V d:
1 2
p p p

= +
bit
1 2
( , ) p p

=
(6)
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2 cos p p p p p = + +
(7)
Hay
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 cos mv m v m v m v m v = + +
(8)
Hay
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2 cos mK m K m K m v m v = + +
(9)
Tng t khi bit
1 1
( , ) p p

=
hoc
2 2
( , ) p p

=
Trng hp c bit:
1 2
p p


2 2 2
1 2
p p p = + (10)
Tng t khi
1
p p

hoc
2
p p

v = 0 (p = 0) p
1
= p
2

1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1
K v m A
K v m A
= = (11)
Tng t v
1
= 0 hoc v
2
= 0.
b. Nng lng phn ng ht nhn
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Z Z Z Z
A A A A
X X X X + +
; W = (M
0
- M)c
2
(12)
Trong :
1 2
0 X X
M m m = + : L tng khi lng cc ht nhn trc phn ng.
3 4
X X
M m m = + : L tng khi lng cc ht nhn sau phn ng.
Lu : - Nu M
0
> M th phn ng to nng lng W di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
3
, X
4
hoc
phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi ln hn nn bn vng hn.
- Nu M
0
< M th phn ng thu nng lng ,AE, di dng ng nng ca cc ht X
1
, X
2
hoc
phtn . Cc ht sinh ra c ht khi nh hn nn km bn vng.
* Trong phn ng ht nhn :
3 1 2 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Z Z Z Z
A A A A
X X X X + +
Cc ht nhn X
1
, X
2
, X
3
, X
4
c:
Nng lng lin kt ring tng ng l c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, c
4
.
Nng lng lin kt tng ng l W
LK1
, W
LK2
, W
LK3
, W
LK4
ht khi tng ng l Am
1
, Am
2
, Am
3
, Am
4
Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn
W = A
3
c
3
+A
4
c
4
- A
1
c
1
- A
2
c
2
(13)
W = W
LK3
+ W
LK4
W
LK1
W
LK2
(14)
W = (Am
3
+ Am
4
- Am
1
- Am
2
)c
2
(15)
7. Quy tc dch chuyn ca s phng x
a. Phng x o (
4
2
He ) : X
A
Z
He
4
2
+ Y
A
z
4
2

(16)
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 2 trong bng tun hon v c s khi gim 4 n v.
b. Phng x |

(
1
0
e
-
) : X
A
Z
e
0
1
-
+ Y
A
Z 1 +
(17)
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con tin 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x |

l mt ht ntrn bin thnh mt ht prtn, mt ht electrn v mt ht


ntrin: n p + e
-
+
~
e
v (18)
*Lu : - Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x |

l ht electrn (e

)
- Ht ntrin (v) khng mang in, khi lng ngh bng khng, chuyn ng vi vn tc ca
nh sng v hu nh khng tng tc vi vt cht.
c. Phng x |
+
(
1
0
e
+
) : X
A
Z
e
0
1 +
+
+ Y
A
Z 1
(19)
p
ur
1
p
uur
2
p
uur

Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 76 -


GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
So vi ht nhn m, ht nhn con li 1 trong bng tun hon v c cng s khi.
Thc cht ca phng x |
+
l mt ht prtn bin thnh mt ht ntrn, mt ht pzitrn v mt ht
ntrin: p n + e
+
+ v
e
(20)
*Lu : Bn cht (thc cht) ca tia phng x |
+
l ht pzitrn (e
+
)
d. Phng x gama (ht phtn)
Ht nhn con sinh ra trng thi kch thch c mc nng lng E
1
chuyn xung mc nng lng E
2
ng thi phng ra mt phtn c nng lng c :
1 2
hc
= hf = = E E

- (21)
8. Lin h gia ng nng cc ht sinh ra v nng lng ta ra W trong phng x o
A B +o
p
B
=p
o
, m
B
K
B
=m
o
k
o
;
B B
B B
B
m m m m
W K K K K
m m
o o
o o
o
| | + +
= + = =
| |
' . ' .
(22)
*Lu : Trong phng x khng c s bin i ht nhn phng x thng i km theo phng x o
v |.
9. Xc nh chu k phng x da theo s ht nhn b phn r AN
1
trong khong thi gian At
1
sau thi
im t
1
v s ht nhn b phn r AN
2
trong khong thi gian At
2
sau thi im t
2
, hai thi im cch
nhau mt khong thi gian t = t
2
t
1
.
/
2 2
1 1
2
t T
N t
N t

A A
=
A A

1 2 1 2
2
2 1 2 1
.ln 2
. .
ln log
. .
t T
T
N t N t
N t N t
= =
| | A A A A
| |
A A A A
' . ' .
(23)
Nu At
2
= At
1
th
1 2 2 1 2
.ln 2
ln( / ) log ( / )
t t
T
N N N N
= =
A A
(24)
K hiu ca mt s ht nhn thng gp
* Ht
0 0
1 1
e | |


: L electron
* Ht
0 0
1 1
e | |
+ + +
: L electron dng, hay pzitrn
* Ht
4 4
2 2
He o o : L ht nhn Hli
* Ht
1
0
n n : L ntron (ht ntron khng mang in nn Z=0)
* Ht
1 1
1 1
p p H L prtn hay ht nhn hir
* Ht
2 2
1 1
D D H : L tri (tri), hir nng
* Ht
3 3
1 1
T T H : L triti hay hir siu nng
* Ht
0
0
: L mt phtn, c bn cht l sng in t, c nng lng c (J), bc sng (m), tn s f
(Hz) :
hc
h f c

= =
Cc hng s v n v thng s dng
* S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
* n v nng lng: 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1MeV = 1,6.10
-13
J
* n v khi lng nguyn t (n v Cacbon): 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931,5 MeV/c
2
* in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10
-19
C
* Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,007276u=1,0073u
* Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,008665u= 1,0087u
* Khi lng electrn: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005u
* 1
0
A=10
10
m
CH X: T VI M N V M
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 77 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
VN 1: CC HT S CP
1. Th gii vi m, v m c sp xp theo kch thc ln dn: Ht s cp, ht nhn nguyn t, nguyn
t, phn t, hnh tinh, h Mt Tri, thin h ...
2. Ht s cp: L ht c kch thc v khi lng nh hn ht nhn nguyn t.
- Cc ht s cp c chia lm ba loi:
+ phtn c m
0
= 0
+ Cc leptn: C khi lng t 0 n 200 m
e
. Bao gm: ntrin v, electron e
-
, pzitron e
+
,
+ Cc harn: C khi lng trn 200m
e
. c chia thnh ba nhm con:
- Mzn t, K: C khi lng trn 200m
e
nhng nh hn khi lng nucln.
- Nucln p, n.
- Hipron: C khi lng ln hn khi lng cc nucln.
Nhm cc nucln v hipron cn c gi l barion.
- Tt c cc harn u c cu to t cc ht nh hn, gi l quac. C 6 loi quac (k hiu l: u, d,
s, c, b, t) cng vi 6 phn quac tng ng. Cc quac c mang in phn s:
e
3
,
2e
3
. Mt trong cc
thnh cng v gi thuyt v quac l d on v ht mga tr O
-
.
- Phn ln cc ht s cp u to thnh cp gm ht v phn ht. Phn ht c cng khi lng ngh v
spin nh ht nhng cc c trng khc c tr s bng v ln v tri du.
- Lu :
+ Sp xp theo th t tng dn v khi lng ca cc ht s cp bit: Phtn, leptn, mzn v
barion.
+ Theo quan nim hin nay v cc ht thc s l s cp gm: Cc quac, cc leptn v cc ht truyn
tng tc l glun, phtn, W

, Z
0
v gravitn.
+ Ht prton c cu to bi cc quac nn prton c th b ph v.
3. Bn loi tng tc c bn trong v tr: mnh, in t, yu, hp dn.
- Tng tc hp dn: L tng tc gia cc ht (cc vt) c khi lng khc khng. Bn knh ln v
cng, lc tng tc nh.Vd: Trng lc, lc ht ca T v mt trng...
- Tng tc in t: l tng tc gia cc ht mang in v gia cc vt tip tip xc gy nn ma st.
Bn knh ln v hn, lc tng tc mnh hn tng tc hp dn c 10
38
ln.
Tng tc in t l bn cht ca cc lc Culng, lc in t, lc Lo ren, lc ma st, lc lin kt ha
hc...
- Tng tc yu cc leptn: l tng tc gia cc leptn. Bn knh tc dng rt nh c 10
-18
m, lc
tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c 10
11
ln. V d: cc qu trnh phn r |

:
p n + e
+
+ v
e
; n p + e
-
+
~
e
v
-Tng tc mnh: L tng tc gia cc hadrn; khng k cc qu trnh phn r ca chng. Bn knh tc
dng rt nh c 10
-15
m, lc tng tc yu hn tng tc hp dn c 10
2
ln.
Mt trng hp ring ca tng tc mnh l lc ht nhn.
4. Kch thc ca nguyn t, ht nhn, prton ln lt l: 10
-10
m, 10
-14
m, 10
-15
m.
- Theo th t kch thc gim dn: Phn t > nguyn t > ht nhn > nucln > quac.
VN 2 : MT TRI H MT TRI
1. H mt tri: Gm Mt Tri v 8 hnh tinh, cc tiu hnh tinh v cc v tinh, cc sao chi v thin
thch.
- Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi
Vng tinh.
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 78 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- o n v gia cc hnh tinh ngi ta dng n v thin vn: 1vtv = 150.10
6
km.
- Nm nh sng: l qung ng m as i c trong 1 nm: 1 nm nh sng = 9,46.10
12
km
- Cc hnh tinh u quay quanh mt tri theo chiu thun trong cng mt phng, Mt Tri v cc hnh
tinh t quay quanh n v u quay theo chiu thun tr Kim tinh.
2. Mt tri:
- L thin th trung tmca h mt tri. C bn knh >109 ln bk tri t; khi lng =333000 ln kl T.
- C khi lng ln, lc hp dn ca Mt Tri c vai tr quyt nh s hnh thnh, pht trin v chuyn
ng ca h.
- L mt qu cu kh nng sng, khong 75% l hir v 23% l heli. Nhit b mt 6000K, trong lng
n hng chc triu . Trong lng mt tri lun xy ra p. nht hch l p. tng hp ht nhn hir
thnh hn heli.
-Cu trc ca mt tri: Nhn tng qut, Mt tri c cu to gm hai phn l quang cu v kh cu.
+Quang cu. Nhn t Tri t ta thy Mt tri c dng mt a sng trn v bn knh gc 16 pht. khi
cu nng sng nhn thy ny c gi l quang cu (cn gi l quang quyn, c bn knh khong 7.10
5
km).
+Kh quyn Mt tri (kh cu). Bao quanh quang cu c kh quyn Mt tri. Kh quyn Mt tri c
cu to ch yu bi hir, heli v c nhit rt cao nn kh quyn c c tnh rt phc tp. Kh quyn
c phn ra hai lp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau l sc cu v nht hoa.
Sc cu l lp kh nm st mt quang cu c dy trn 10 000 km v c nhit khong 4500K.
Pha ngoi sc cu l nht hoa. Vt cht cu to nht hoa trng thi ion ho mnh (gi l trng
thi plaxma). Nhit khong 1 triu . Nht hoa c hnh dng thay i theo thi gian.
- Cng sut pht x Mt Tri l P=3,9.10
26
W.
Lu : Cng sut bc x ca mt tri P = 3,9.10
26
W, M P =
A
t
=
E
t
==> E = P.t
==> Khi Lng mt tri gim i l : m= E/c
2
= Pt/c
2
3. Tri t:
a) Cu to: Tri t c dng hnh phng cu, bn knh xch o bng 6357km, bn knh hai cc bng
6357km, khi lng ring trung bnh 5515kg/m
3
.
+ Li Tri t: bn knh 3000km; ch yu l st, niken; nhit khong 3000-4000
0
C.
+ V Tri t: dy khong 35km; ch yu l granit; khi lng ring 3300kg/m
3
.
- 1 vi s liu v T: BK = 6400km, KL = 5,98.10
24
kg, BK qu o quanh mt tri 150.10
6
km. Chu k
quay quanh trc 23
h
56
ph
004
giy
. Chu k quay quanh mt tri 365,2422 ngy. Gc nghing 23
0
27
b) Mt Trng- v tinh ca Tri t
- Mt trng cch Tri t 384 000 km c bn knh 1738 km, c khi lng 7, 35.10
22
kg. Gia tc trng
trng ca Mt trng l 1,63 m/s
2
. Mt trng chuyn ng quanh Tri t vi chu k 27,32 ngy. Trong
khi chuyn ng caTri t, Mt Trng cn quay quanh trc ca n vi chu k ng bng chu k chuyn
ng quanh Tri t. Hn na, do chiu t quay cng chiu vi chiu quay quanh Tri t, nn Mt
Trng lun hng mt na nht nh ca n v pha Tri t.
- Do lc hp dn b nn Mt Trng khng gi c kh quyn. Ni cc khc, Mt Trng khng c kh
quyn.
- B mt Mt trng c ph mt lp vt cht xp. Trn b mt Mt Trng c cc dy ni cao, c cc
vng bng phng c gi l bin (bin , khng phi l bin nc), c bit l c rt nhiu l trn
trn cc nh ni (c th l ming ni la tt, hoc vt tch va chm ca cc thin thch).
- Nhit trong mt ngy m trn Mt Trng chnh lch nhau rt ln ; vng xch o ca mt Mt
Trng, nhit lc gia tra l trn 100
0
C nhng lc na m li l -150
0
C .
- Mt Trng c nhiu nh hng n Tri t, m r rt nht l gy ra hin tng thu triu. Cn lu
rng kh quyn Tri t cng b tc dng ca lc triu (triu), dng ln v h xung vi bin ln hn
bin ca thu triu rt nhiu ln.
4. Hnh tinh chuyn ng xung quanh Mt Tri theo mt qu o xc nh.
- Cc hnh tinh: Thy tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t, Ha tinh, Mc tinh, Th tinh, Thin Vng tinh, Hi
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 79 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
Vng tinh.
- Cc hnh tinh c kch thc nh c vi trm km hoc nh hn gi l cc tiu hnh tinh.
- V tinh chuyn ng quanh hnh tinh.
- Nhng hnh tinh thuc nhm Tri t l: Thu tinh, Kim tinh, Tri t v Ho tinh. l cc hnh
tinh nh, rn, c khi lng ring tng i ln. Nhit b mt tng i cao.
- Nhng hnh tinh thuc nhm Mc tinh l: Mc tinh, Th tinh, Hi vng tinh v Thin vng tinh.
Chng l cc hnh tinh ln, c th l khi kh hoc nhn rn v xung quanh l cht lng. Nhit b mt
tng di thp.
- Cc c trng c bn ca cc hnh tinh
Thin th
Khong
cch n
Mt Tri
(vtv)
Bn
knh
(km)
Khi lng
(so vi Tri
t)
Khi lng
ring
(10
3
kg/m
3
)
Chu k
t quay
Chu k
chuyn ng
quanh Mt
Tri
S v
tinh
bit
Thy tinh 0,39 2440 0,055 5,4 59 ngy 87,9 ngy 0
Kim tinh 0,72 6056 0,81 5,3
243
ngy
224,7 ngy 0
Tri t 1 6375 1 5,5 23g56ph
365,25 ngy
(1 nm)
1
Ha tinh 1,52 3395 0,11 3,9 24g37ph 1,88 nm 2
Mc tinh 5,2 71490 318 1,3 9g50ph 11,86 nm 63
Th tinh 9,54 60270 95 0,7 14g14ph 29,46 nm 34
Thin
Vng
tinh
19,19 25760 15 1,2 17g14ph 84,00 nm 27
Hi
Vng
tinh
30,07 25270 17 1,7 16g11ph 164,80 nm 13
5. Sao chi v thin thch:
- Sao chi: L nhng khi kh ng bng ln vi , c ng knh vi km, chuyn ng quanh Mt Tri
theo qu o elp rt dt m mt tri l 1 tiu im. Khi sao chi c trn qu o gn mt tri vt cht
trong sao b nng sng v bay hi thnh m kh v bi quanh sao. m kh v bi bao quanh sao b p
sut do as mt tri gy ra y dt v pha i din vi mt tri to thnh ci ui sao chi. ng trn T
ta nhn thy c u v ui sao chi: u sao chi gn mt tri, ui sao chi xa MT hn.
- Thin thch: L nhng tng chuyn ng quanh mt tri. Trng hp thin thch bay v bu kh
quyn ca tri t th n b ma st mnh nu nng sng v bc chy, li mt vt di m ta gi l sao
bng.
VN 3 : CC SAO V THIN H
1. Sao:
- Sao l mt thin th nng sng ging nh Mt Tri. Cc sao rt xa, hin nay bit ngi sao gn
nht cch chng ta n hng chc t km (trn 4 nm as); cn ngi sao xa nht cch xa n 14 t nm nh
sng (1 nm nh sng = 9,46.10
12
km).
- Xung quanh mt s sao cn c cc hnh tinh chuyn ng, ging nh h Mt Tri. Khi lng ca cc
sao c gi tr nm trong khong t 0,1 ln khi lng Mt Tri n vi chc ln (a s khong 5 ln )
khi lng Mt Tri. Bn knh ca cc sao c gi tr nm trong mt khong rt rng, t khong mt phn
nghn ln bn knh Mt Tri ( sao cht) n gp hng ngn ln bk mt tri ( sao knh).
2. Cc loi sao:
- a s cc sao tn ti trong trng thi n nh; c kch thc, nhit , khng i trong mt thi gian
di.
- Ngoi ra; ngi ta pht hin thy c mt s sao c bit nh sao bin quang, sao mi, sao ntron,
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 80 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
+ Sao bin quang c sng thay i, c hai loi:
- Sao bin quang do che khut l mt h sao i (gm sao chnh v sao v tinh), sng tng hp
m ta thu c s bin thin c chu k.
- Sao bin quang do nn dn c sng thay i thc s theo mt chu k xc nh.
+ Sao mi c sng tng t ngt ln hng ngn, hng vn ln ri sau t t gim. L thuyt cho rng
sao mi l mt pha t bin trong qu tnh bin ha ca mt h sao.
+ Punxa, sao ntron ngoi s bc x nng lng cn c phn bc x nng lng thnh xung sng v
tuyn.
- Sao ntron c cu to bi cc ht ntron vi mt cc k ln 10
14
g/cm
3
.
- Punxa (pulsar) l li sao ntron vi bn knh 10km t quay vi tc gc 640 vng/s v pht ra
sng v tuyn. Bc x thu c trn Tri t c dng tng xung sng ging nh ng sng ngn hi
ng m tu bin nhn c.
- Ngoi ra, trong h thng cc thin th trong v tr c cc l en v cc tinh vn.
+ L en l mt thin th c tin on bi l thuyt, cng c cu tao bi cc ntron, c
trng hp dn ln n ni thu ht mi vt th, k c nh sng. V vy, thin th ny ti en khng pht
bt k sng in t no.Ngi ta ch pht hin c mt l en nh tia X pht ra, khi l en ht mt
thin th gn .
+ Tinh vn ta cn thy nhng m my sng, gi l. l cc m bi khng l c ri sng
bi cc ngi sao gn , hoc l cc m kh b ion ho c phng ra t mt sao mi hay sao siu
mi.
3. Khi qut v s tin ho ca cc sao
Khi nhin liu trong sao cn kit, sao bin thnh cc thin th khc. L thuyt cho thy cc sao c khi
lng c Mt Tri c th sng ti 10 t nm, sau bin thnh sao cht trng (hay sao ln ), l sao c
bn knh ch bng mt phn trm hay mt phn nghn bn knh Mt Tri nhng li c nhit b mt ti
50 000 K. Cn cc sao c khi lng ln hn mt tri (t nm ln tr ln) th ch sng c khong
100 triu nm, nhit ca sao gim dn v sao tr thnh sao knh , sau li tip tc tin ho v tr
thnh mt sao ntron (punxa), hoc mt l en.
4. Thin h:
- Cc sao tn ti trong v tr thnh nhng h thng tng i c lp i vi nhau. H thng sao gm
nhiu loi sao v tinh vn gi l thin h.
a. Cc loi thin h:
- Thin h xon c c hnh dng dt nh cc a, c nhng cnh tay xon c, cha nhiu kh.
- Thin h elip c hnh elip, cha t kh v c khi lng tri ra trn mt di rng. C mt loi
thin h elip l ngun pht sng v tuyn in rt mnh.
- Thin h khng nh hnh trng nh nhng m my (thin h Ma gien-lng).
- ng knh ca cc thin h vo khong 100000 nm nh sng .
- Ton b cc sao trong mi thin h u quay xung quanh trung tm thin h.
b. Thin H ca chng ta. Ngn h:
- Thin h ca chng ta l loi thin h xon c, c ng knh khong 100 nghn nm nh sng v c
khi lng bng khong 150 t ln khi lng Mt Tri. N l mt h phng ging nh mt ci a, dy
khong 330 nm nh sng, cha vi trm t ngi sao. H Mt Tri nm trong mt cnh tay xon ra
thin h, cch trung tm trn 30 nghn nm nh sng v quay quanh tm thin h vi tc khong 250
km/s. Gia cc sao c bi v kh. Phn trung tm thin h c dng mt hnh cu dp, gi l vng li
trung tm (dy khong 15000 nm nh sng ), c to bi cc sao gi kh v bi. Ngay trung tm
thin h c mt ngun pht x hng ngoi v cng l ngun pht x sng v tuyn in ; ngun ny pht
ra nng lng tng ng vi sng ca chng 20 triu ngi sao nh mt tri v phng ra mt lung
gi mnh.
- T Tri t, Chng ta ch nhn c hnh chiu ca Thin H trn vm tri, nh mt di sng tri ra
trn bu tri m, c gi l di Ngn H. Mt phng trung tm ca di Ngn H tr nn ti do mt ln
bi di. Vo u m ma h, ta thy di Ngn H nm trn nn tri sao theo hng ng Bc- Ty
Nam .
c. Nhm thin h. Siu nhm thin h:
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 81 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
- V tr c hng trm t thin h, cc thin h thng cch nhau khong mi ln kch thc Thin H
ca chng ta. Cc thin h c xu hng hp li vi nhau thnh tng nhm t vi chc n vi nghn
thin h.
- Thin H ca chng ta v cc thin h ln ln thuc v Nhm thin h a phng, gm khong 20
thnh vin, chim mt th tch khng gian c ng knh gn mt triu nm nh sng. Nhm ny b chi
phi ch yu bi ba thin h xon c ln: Tinh vn Tin N (thin h Tin N M31 hay NGC224);
Thin H ca chng ta; Thin h Tam gic, cc thnh vin cn li l Nhm cc thin h elip v cc thin
h khng nh hnh t hon.
- khong cch c khong 50 triu nm nh sng l Nhm Trinh N cha hng nghn thin h tri rng
trn bu tri trong chm sao Trinh N.
- Cc nhm thin h tp hp li thnh Siu nhm thin h hay i thin h. Siu nhm thin h a
phng c tm nm trong Nhm Trinh N v cha tt c cc nhm bao quanh n, trong c nhm
thin h a phng ca chng ta.
VN 4 : THUYT V N LN (BIG BANG)
1. Cc s kin thin vn quan trng
a) V tr dn n:
Cc thin h dch chuyn ra xa nhau, l bng chng ca s kin thin vn quan trng : v tr ang
dn n.
b) Bc x v tr
Bc x ny c pht ng u t pha trong khng trung v tng ng vi bc x pht ra t vt c nhit
khong 3K (chnh xc l 2,735K); bc x ny c gi l bc x 3K. Kt qu thu c chng t bc
x l bc x c pht ra t mi pha trong v tr (nay ngui) v c gi l bc x nn v tr.
2. nh lut Hp-bn:
- Tc li ra xa ca thin h t l vi khong cch gia thin h v chng ta: v = H.d
Vi: v l tc chy xa ca thin h
d l k/c t thin h ang xt n thin h ca chng ta
H=1,7.10
-2
m/s nm nh sng gi l hs Hp - bn
1 nm nh sng = 9,46.10
12
km
3. Thuyt v n ln (Big Bang):
- Theo thuyt v n ln, v tr bt u dn n t mt im k d. tnh tui v bn knh v tr, ta
chn im k d lm mc (gi l im zr Big Bang).
- Ti thi im ny cc nh lut vt l bit v thuyt tng i rng khng p dng c. Vt l hc
hin i da vo vt l ht s cp d on cc hin tng xy ra bt u t thi im t
p
= 10
-43
s sau
V n ln gi l thi im Planck.
- thi im Planck, kch thc v tr l 10
-35
m, nhit l
32
10 K v mt l 10
91
kg/cm
3
. Cc tr s
cc ln cc nh ny gi l tr s Planck. T thi im ny V tr dn n rt nhanh, nhit ca V tr
gim dn. Ti thi im Planck, V tr b trn ngp bi cc ht c nng lng cao nh electron, notrino
v quark, nng lng t nht bng 10
15
GeV.
- Ti thi imt = 10
-6
s, chuyn ng cc quark v phn quark chm cc lc tng tc mnh
gom chng li v gn kt chng li to thnh cc prtn v ntrn, nng lng trung bnh ca cc ht
trong v tr lc ny ch cn 1GeV.
- Ti thi imt=3pht, cc ht nhn Heli c to thnh. Trc , prtn v ntrn kt hp vi
nhau to thnh ht nhn teri
2
1
H . Khi , xut hin cc ht nhn teri
2
1
H , triti
3
1
H , heli
4
2
He
bn. Cc ht nhn hir v hli chim 98% khi lng cc sao v cc thin h, khi lng cc ht nhn
nng hn ch chim 2%. mi thin th, c
1
4
khi lng l hli v c
3
4
khi lng l hir. iu
chng t, mi thin th, mi thin h c cng chung ngun gc.
- Ti thi imt=300000nm, cc loi ht nhn khc c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v
tr l tng tc in t. Cc lc in t gn cc electron vi cc ht nhn, to thnh cc nguyn t H v
He.
- Ti thi imt=10
6
nm, cc nguyn t c to thnh, tng tc ch yu chi phi v tr l tng
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 82 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
tc hp dn. Cc lc hp dn thu gom cc nguyn t li, to thnh cc thin h v ngn cn cc thin h
tip tc n ra. Trong cc thin h, lc hp dn nn cc m nguyn t li to thnh cc sao. Ch c
khong cch gia cc thin h tip tc tng ln.
- Ti thi imt=14.10
9
nm, v tr trng thi nh hin nay vi nhit trung bnh T=2,7K.
Lu :
- Theo hiu ng p-le vi sng as th nu 1 ngun ng yn pht ra 1 bc x n sc bc sng
0
, khi
ngun chuyn ng vi tc v i vi my thu th bc sng ca bc x m my thu nhn c l .
- dch chuyn bc sng ca bc x l : A = -
0
=
0
v
c

+ Nu ngun ra xa my thu th v > 0 ==> A = -


0
> 0 ==> >
0
, bc sng ca bc x d/c v pha
, bs di hn.
+ Nu ngun li gn my thu th v < 0 ==> A = -
0
< 0 ==> <
0
, bc sng ca bc x d/c v
pha tm, bs ngn hn.
---------------------------------.>-----------------------------------
MT S TH THUT KHI LM BI TRC NGHIM VT L
Chiu th 1. Khi trong 4 phng n tr li, c 2 phng n l ph nh ca nhau, th cu tr li ng
chc chn phi l mt trong hai phng n ny.
V d: Khi vt dao ng iu ha i t v tr bin v v tr cn bng :
A. Vt tc ca vt tng B. Lc hi phc gim
C. Gia tc ca vt gim D. Gia tc ca vt khng i
Chn p n SAI.
R rng vi trng hp cu hi ny, ta khng cn quan tm n hai phng n A v B, v C v D
khng th cng ng hoc cng sai c. Nu vo thi m gp cu hi nh th ny th coi nh bn may
mn, v bn c tr gip 50 - 50 ri !
Chiu th 2. Khi 4 p s nu ra ca i lng cn tm c ti 3, 4 n v khc nhau th hy khoan tnh
ton , c th ngi ta mun kim tra kin thc v th nguyn (n v ca i lng vt l) y.
V d: Mt con lc l xo gm vt nng c khi lng 100g dao ng vi tn s 5Hz v vi bin 5cm
th s c c nng l :
A. 25W. B. 0,025J. C. 0,25kg.m/s. D. 2,5J.s.
Vi bi ton ny, sau mt lot tnh ton, bn s thu c p s l 0,025J. Tuy nhin, ch cn nhanh
tr mt cht th vic chn p s 0,025J phi l hin nhin, khng cn lm ton.
Chiu th 3. ng vi vng t vng trn khi con s bn tnh c trng khp vi con s ca mt
phng n tr li no y. Mi i lng vt l cn cn c n v o ph hp na.
V d: t vo hai u on mch RLC vi R=100O mt hiu in th xoay chiu c gi tri hiu dng
200V. in nng cc i m on mch tiu th trong 2,5 giy l :
A. 400 J; B. 400 W; C. 1000 W; D. 1 kJ.
Gii bi ton ny, bn thu c con s 1000. Nhng p n ng li l 1 c. Hy can thn vi
nhng bi ton dng ny, giang h him c bn nh.
Chiu th 4. Phi cn nhc cc con s thu c t bi ton c ph hp vi nhng kin thc bit
khng. Chng hn tm bc sng ca nh sng kh kin th gi tr phi trong khong 0,400 n 0,760
m. Hay tnh gi tr lc ma st trt th hy nh l lc ma st trt lun vo khong trn di chc phn
trm ca p lc. Trong v d sau , hai con s 0,5 N v 6,48 N r rng l khng th chp nhn c.
Mt t c khi lng 2 tn ang chuyn ng vi vn tc 36 km/h th tt my, sau khi i c on
ng 200m th dng hn. Lc ma st trung bnh tc dng ln t trong qu trnh ny c ln
A. 500 N; B. 0,5 N; C. 6,48 N; D. 6480 N.
Bao gi cng vy, trong 4 phng n tr li, vi mt cht tinh v c phn on nhanh, trn c s
kin thc hc, bn lun lun c th loi tr ngay 2 phng n khng hp l.
Chiu th 5. Lun lun cn thn vi nhng t ph nh trong cu hi, c trong phn dn ln trong
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 83 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
cc phng n tr li. Khng phi ngi ra thi no cng nhn t m in m, in nghing, vit hoa
cc t ph nh cho bn u. Hy nh du cc t ph nh nhc nh bn thn khng phm sai lm.
V d: Tn s dao ng ca con lc l xo khng ph thuc vo :
A. cng ca l xo B. Khi lng ca vt nng
C. Cch kch thichs ban u D. Cc cu trn u ng
Hy nh l mi k thi c khng t s t trn vong ch v nhng ch khng cht ngi nh trn y !
Chiu th 6. Tng t, bn phi cnh gic vi nhng cu hi yu cu nhn nh pht bieu l ng hay
sai. Lm n c cho ht cu hi. Thc t c bn chang c ht cu vi tr li ri.
V d: Chn cu pht biu NG.
A. Khi a ng qu lc ln cao th ng h chy nhanh hn
B. khi nhit gim th ng h qu lc chy chm hn
C. Chu k dao ng ca con lc l xo ph thuc gia tc trng trng
D. Chu k dao ng ca con lc l xo khng ph thuc nhit
Cho nh cu ny l nhn o lm ! S t c th cht bt c k t v nhng cu thng pha sau nh
cu sau y, m khng hiu sao, c nhiu bn khng thm c n khi lm bi !
Khi mt vt dao ng iu ha th :
A. ng lng ca vt bin thin;
B. Th nng ca vt bin thin;
C. ng nng ca vt bin thin;
D. C nng ca vt bin thin.
Chn p n SAI.
Chiu th 7. c imca bi kim tra trc nghim l phm vi bao qut kin thc rng, c khi ch
nhng ch , lu , nhn xt nh li gip ch cho bn rt nhiu khi la chn phng n tr li.
Nm chc kin thc v t tin vi kin thc m mnh c, khng b nhiu v nhng d kin cho khng
cn thit.
V d: Cho on mch xoay chiu RLC trong R=80O, cun dy c in tr thun r = 30O, c t
cmL=

2
H v t in c in dung C thay i c . t vo hai u on mch mt hiu in th xoay
chiu u = 220
2
sin(100tt -
6

) (V). iu chnh in dung ca t in cng dng in trong


mch t gi tri cc i khi cng sut tiu th trong mch l :
A. 440W. B. 484W. C. 220W. D. 242W.
y ta khng cn quan tm n gi tr ca t cm L, in dung C ca t in , tn s gc e
hay pha ban u ca hiu in th , nhng gi tri ny a vo ch gy nhiu , iu quan trng l ta
phi bit tnh gi tr ca cng dng in cc i v cng sut tiu th trn mch khi .
Trn y l mt s th thut lm bi kim tra trc nghim vt l. Hi vng l my chiu thc n s
ny c th gip ch cho bn phn no khi bc vo phng thi. Tuy nhin, c mt iu chng ti mun
nhn mnh vi bn rng: Cho d hnh thc kim tra, nh gi c thay i nh th no i na th hc cho
chc v bnh tnh, t tin khi lm bi vn l hai yu t then cht quyt nh cho s thnh cng ca bn.
Chc may mn.
15 IU CN LU KHI LM BI TRC NGHIM
T, bi xa khng ng cch, b lm nhng cu khng tm ra phng n... l nhng li th sinh (TS)
thng gp khi lm bi thi trc nghim. iu ng quan tm l t l cc sai st trn kh cao, khin im
s bi thi b nh thp mt cch oan ung. Cc Kho th v Kim nh cht lng gio dc B GD-T
va ban hnh ti liu hng dn thi trc nghim. Theo , khi lm bi thi trc nghim, TS cn lu :
1. Ngoi nhng vt dng c mang vo phng thi nh quy nh trong quy ch thi, lm bi trc
nghim, TS cn mang theo bt ch en (loi mm: 2B, 6B), dng c gt bt ch, ty ch, bt mc hoc
bt bi (mc khc mu ). Nn mang theo ng h theo di gi lm bi.
2. Ngay sau khi nhn c phiu tr li trc nghim, TS dng bt mc hoc bt bi in y bng ch
Tm tt l thuyt & cc dng ton - Vt l 12 - 84 -
GV : NG NGC TON D : 090 9894 590 Email : ngotoan1980@gmail.com
vo cc mc trng t s 1 n s 8; ghi s bo danh vi y cc ch s k c nhng s 0 u s
bo danh (nu c) vo cc vung nh trn u cc ct ca khung s bo danh (mc 9).Sau , ch dng
bt ch, ln lt theo tng ct t kn c ch s tng ng vi ch s u ct.Lu cha ghi m
thi(mc 10).
3. Khi nhn c thi, TS ghi tn v s bo danh ca mnh vo thi. Phi kim tra bo m rng
tt c cc trang ca thi u ghi cng mt m thi ( cui trang). thi c m s ring. TS xem m
thi (in trn u thi) v dng bt mc hoc bt bi ghi ngay 3 ch s ca m thi vo 3 vung
nh u cc ct ca khung ch nht (mc s 10 trn phiu tr li trc nghim); sau ch dng bt ch
ln lt theo tng ct t kn c ch s tng ng vi ch s u mi ct.
4. Khi tr li tng cu trc nghim, TS ch dng bt ch t kn tng ng vi ch ci A hoc B, C, D
trong phiu tr li trc nghim. Chng hn, TS ang lm cu 5, chn C l phng n ng th TS t en
c ch C trn dng c s 5 ca phiu tr li trc nghim.
5. Lm n cu trc nghim no TS dng bt ch t ngay tr li trn phiu tr li trc nghim, ng vi
cu trc nghim . Trnh lm ton b cc cu ca thi trn giy nhp hoc trn thi ri mi t vo
phiu tr li trc nghim, v d b thiu thi gian.
6. Ch t cc bng bt ch. Trong trng hp t nhm hoc mun thay i cu tr li, TS dng ty xa
tht sch ch c, ri t khc m mnh mi la chn.
7. Trnh vic t 2 tr ln cho mt cu trc nghim (v cu trc nghim ch c mt phng n tr li).
8. Khng nn dng li qu lu trc mt cu trc nghim no ; nu khng lm c cu ny TS nn
tm thi b qua lm cu khc; cui gi c th quay tr li lm cu trc nghim b qua, nu cn
thi gian.
9. Ch c phiu tr li trc nghim mi c coi l bi lm ca TS.Bi lm phi c 2 ch k ca 2 gim
th.
10. Trn phiu tr li trc nghim ch c vit mt th mc khng phi l mc v t ch en tr
li; khng c t bt c no trn phiu tr li trc nghim bng bt mc, bt bi. Khi t cc bng bt
ch, phi t m v lp kn din tch c ; khng gch cho hoc ch nh du vo c chn.
11. TS tuyt i khng c vit g thm hoc li du hiu ring trn phiu tr li trc nghim. Bi c
du ring s b coi l phm quy v khng c chm im.
12. TS cn lu l thi cho chng trnh phn ban c phn chung cho c 2 ban khoa hc t nhin v
khoa hc x hi v c phn ring ca tng ban. phn ring, TS ch c chn mt trong hai lm,
nu TS lm c hai phn l phm quy (nm ngoi, TS l lm c hai phn th ch chm phn u).
13. TS lm xong bi phi ngi ti ch, khng np bi trc nghim trc khi ht gi lm bi. Khi np
phiu tr li trc nghim, TS phi k tn vo danh sch TS np bi.
14. TS ch c ri khi ch ca mnh sau khi gim th kim s phiu tr li trc nghim ca c
phng thi v cho php TS ra v.
15. TS c ngh phc kho bi thi trc nghim ca mnh; c phc kho, TS lm cc th tc
theo quy ch.
---------------------------------.>-----------------------------------
Chc cc em HC SINH thnh cng trong hc tp !

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