Mt s vn v ni dung v phng php dy cc chng v Ha V c

I. Nhng yu cu t c khi dy cc chng v Ha V c

1. Cn cho hc sinh bit: V tr ca cc nguyn t trong h thng tun ho n; tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht; trng thi thin nhin, iu ch v ng dng ca n cht v cc hp cht quan trng. 2. Cn cho hc sinh hiu: S lin quan gia vi tr ca cc nguyn t trong h thng tun ho n vi cu to nguyn t, s lin quan nu c gia cu to phn t vi tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht ca nguyn t . 3. V k nng: Hng dn cho hc sinh bit cch d on mt s tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n cht v hp chtca mt nguyn t da v o cu to nguyn t, phn t ca n; lp c cc phng trnh phn ng; xc nh c vai tr v so snh tnh oxi ha, tnh kh ca cc n cht v hp cht trong phn ng oxi ha-kh. 4. Hng dn cch tin h nh, cch quan st cc hin tng ha hc, cch vit b i tng trnh khi hc sinh t thc hin mt s b i th nghim n gin. 5. To cho hc sinh tnh tch cc, t gic v hp tc trong hc tp. Sch gio khoa th im phn ban (ban Khoa hc t nhin v ban Khoa hc x hi-nhn vn) l t i liu gip cho hc sinh pht huy kh nng t hc di s hng dn ca gio vin. Sch c vit theo chng v ni dung tng b i (dy trong 1 tit hoc 2 tit). Sch vit d hiu, mc i khi c t dng cu hi c tnh gi m hc sinh t tr li, c nhiu hnh v minh ha. Cui mi b i hc c cc dng b i tp khc nhau, trong s c cc b i tp trc nghim gip cho hc sinh nm vng b i hc, cch suy lun tm p n ng v nhanh. V ni dung ca mi b i ch c php dy trong 1 hoc 2 tit, nn gio vin phi la chn trng tm ca b i khi truyn t cho hc sinh, trnh lan man hoc lp i lp li y nguyn nhng ni dung c vit trong sch. Cn c v o sch hng dn gio vin,

cc th y c gio cn chn ra nhng hot ng chnh trong mt tit. C th minh ha nhng hot ng bng s phn ng, gii thiu k cc th nghim vit trong sch, biu din th nghim chng minh trn lp hc sinh tp quan st. Cc hot ng ca gio vin v ca hc sinh u phi nhm mc tiu ra ca b i hc. V thi lng hn ch, nn cc hnh v, th nghim minh ha, cc bng biu gii thiu v cu to cht, v tnh cht ca cht, v.v cn phi c chun b trc. Khng nht thit phi d nh thi gian kim tra b i c trc khi hc b i mi, m c th kim tra hc sinh khi dy nhng vn mi c lin quan n nhng kin thc hc. Cc kin thc cn nh, cn cng c v h thng ha s c nhc li v vn dng trong tit luyn tp. II. Mt s im cn lu v ni dung v phng php dy cc chng NitPhotpho, Cacbon-Silic

y l hai chng v ha v c trong s 11 chng ca sch gio khoa Ho hc lp 11. Cc kin thc v nit v photpho, cacbon v silic l ho n to n mi m i vi hc sinh lp 11, cho nn gio vin cn nghin cu k khi dy cc chng n y. Di y trnh b y mt s ni dung m gio vin cn phi nm vng thm, c bit l v mi quan h gia cu to v tnh cht ca cht.

Chng Nit - Photpho 1. Trong nhm nit ch xt k nit v photpho, cn l m r s ging nhau v khc nhau ca cc n cht v cc hp cht ca hai nguyn t . y l nhng kin thc mi i vi hc sinh. Do hc sinh c hc y c s l thuyt nh cu to nguyn t, bng tun ho n, lin kt ha hc, cn bng ha hc, s in ly, khi nim v axit, baz v mui nn gio vin cn dn dt hc sinh c th da v o l thuyt ch o d on c tnh cht ca n cht nit, photpho v cc hp cht ca chng. Gio vin biu din th nghim ha hc, hc sinh quan st, nhn xt v rt ra kt lun khng nh s ng n ca nhng d on . 2. S khc nhau v cu to v bn ca phn t nit v phn t photpho.

- Phn t nit N2 c kch thc nh hn phn t photpho P4 (dNN = 0,109nm; dP-P = 0,221nm) v v nit trng thi kh nn lc tng tc gia cc phn t N2 nh hn nhiu so vi lc tng tc gia cc phn t P4. - Lin kt ba trong phn t N2 c nng lng ln (ENN = 946 kJ/mol), ln gp 6 ln lin kt n N-N (EN-N = 169 kJ/mol), nn l lin kt rt bn. 3000oC n mi bt u b phn hu th nh nguyn t nit, do nhit thng, nit phn t l mt trong nhng cht tr nht. Cn nhit cao, nit tr nn hot ng hn, nht l khi c mt cht xc tc. - Mc d photpho c m in (2,1) nh hn nit (3,0), nhng iu kin thng photpho hot ng hn nit. l do lin kt n P-P trong phn t P4 km bn hn lin kt ba trong phn t nit (EP-P = 200 kJ/mol). trn 2000oC phn t P4 b phn hu th nh cc nguyn t photpho. - nguyn t N khng c kh nng kch thch cp electron ghp i phn lp 2s chuyn sang obitan 3s ca lp th ba, v obitan n y c nng lng cao hn nhiu. V vy cng ha tr cc i ca nit trong cc hp cht bng 4: ba lin kt c to th nh theo c ch trao i, cn mt lin kt c to th nh theo c ch cho-nhn. Nit th hin cc s oxi ha: -3 (NH3), -2 (N2H4), -1 (NH2OH), 0 (N2), +1 (N2O), +2 (NO), +3 (N2O3), +4 (NO2, N2O4), +5 (N2O5). 3. iu ch nit trong cng nghip Nit c iu ch bng phng php chng ct phn on khng kh lng cn cha kh him v c nhng vt oxi. Trong nhiu trng hp, tp cht kh him khng gy tr ngi g c, nhng oxi th khng c ln. loi tp cht oxi, ngi ta cho nit i qua mt h thng cha ng kim loi t nng. Khi tt c oxi u phn ng to th nh CuO. 4. Amoniac Kh amoniac l mt trong cc kh tan nhiu trong nc. Hin tng tan nhiu ca amoniac c gii thch bng s to th nh lin kt hiro gia cc phn t NH3 v H2O (c hai u l phn t c cc: momen lng cc NH 3 =1,48 D, H 2O =1,86 D). Lin kt n y c hnh th nh nh lc tng tc tnh in gia nguyn t H mang mt phn in

tch dng ca phn t H2O v nguyn t N mang mt phn in tch m ca phn t NH3. L hp cht c cc, NH3 d ha lng v d ha rn (tnc = -78oC, ts = -33oC) cao hn nhiu so vi cc hp cht tng t nh PH3 (tnc = -133oC, ts = -87,4oC), AsH3 (tnc = 116oC, ts = -62oC), v.v iu n y c gii thch l do phn cc kh mnh nn cc phn t NH3 d kt hp vi nhau to th nh tp hp phn t (NH3)n nh lin kt hiro. ph v tp hp phn t n y cn tiu tn nng lng. Bi vy, NH3 c tnc, ts v c nhit ha hi (22,82 kJ/mol) cao hn PH3, AsH3; nhng trng hp n y khng xy ra hin tng tp hp phn t. Khi tan trong nc, trong dung dch nc ca amoniac xy ra cc qu trnh sau:

NH3.H2O NH3 + H2O NH3 ......... H2O NH4 + OH+

Khi NH3 kt hp vi H+ ca H2O theo c ch cho-nhn, to th nh ion NH + v 4 dung dch tr nn c tnh baz. Phn ng chung c vit l :

NH3(dd) + H2O

NH + + OH4

y l phn ng thun nghch, lnh n chuyn dch t tri sang phi, khi un nng trong bnh h n chuyn dch t phi sang tri. Hng s phn ly baz ca amoniac trong dung dch 25oC:

Kb =

[NH + ][OH ] 4 = 1,8.10 5 [NH 3 ]

Trc y, ngi ta cho rng tnh baz l do NH3 kt hp vi H2O to th nh phn t NH4OH, nhng thc t khng c nhng bng chng chng minh s tn ti ca phn t n y. Khi nghin cu nhit ha rn ca dung dch NH3, ngi ta thy c ba dng hirat bn nhit thp l 2NH3.H2O (tnc = -78,8oC), NH3.H2O (tnc = -79,0oC), NH3.2H2O (tnc =

-98,0oC). Trong cc hp cht hirat , phn t NH3 lin kt vi phn t H2O bng lin kt hiro, ch khng c cc ion NH4+, OH- v phn t NH4OH.
+ Kh nng kt hp ca amoniac vi nc v vi axit to th nh ion NH 4 v vi

cc ion kim loi nh Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ag+, v.vto th nh cation phc (gi chung l amoniacat kim loi) [Ca(NH3)8]2+, [Cu(NH3)4]2+, [Ag(NH3)2]+, v.v l do c s hnh th nh cc lin kt cho-nhn (cn gi l lin kt phi tr) gia cp electron t do cha s dng ca nguyn t N trong phn t NH3 v obitan lai ha cn trng ca ion kim loi (theo thuyt lin kt ha tr). Amoniac cn c tnh kh, mc d khng c trng bng phn ng kt hp. Tnh kh ca NH3 l do nguyn t N c s oxi ha thp nht (-3) gy ra. Ngo i O2 v oxit kim loi ra, clo v brom oxi ha m nh lit amoniac trng thi kh v trng thi dung dch ngay nhit thng.
o

-3

2NH3 + 3Cl2 Ca 2NH3 + 3Br2 5. Mui amoni

N 2 + 6HCl N 2 + 6HBr
o

Cn thy r s ging nhau v khc nhau gia mui amoni v mui kim loi kim. Ging vi mui ca kim loi kim, cc mui amoni u tan nhiu trong nc v khi tan phn ly ho n to n th nh cc ion. Ion NH4+ cng khng c m u nh ion kim loi kim. Khc vi mui kim loi kim, dung dch mui amoni c tnh axit do ion amoni cho proton: NH4+ + H2O NH3 + H3O+, Ka = 5,5.10-10

Cn hiu v nm vng phn ng nhit phn ca mui amoni. Sn phm ca phn ng n y l khc nhau, tu thuc v o bn cht ca axit to nn mui.

- Mui amoni to bi axit khng c tnh oxi ha, khi b nhit phn to ra amoniac v axit tng ng. V d: NH4Cl (NH4)2CO3 NH4HCO3 (NH4)2SO4

to to to to

NH3 + HCl 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O 3NH3 + H3PO4 2NH3 + H2S

- Mui amoni to bi cc axit c tnh oxi ha, khi b nht phn th axit c to th nh s oxi ha NH3, to ra cc sn phm khc nhau. V d: NH4NO3 NH4NO2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (NH4)2SO4
250 C
o

N2O + 2H2O N2 + 2H2O N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O NH3 + NH4HSO4

to to to

Tip tc un nng thm mui NH4HSO4 s b phn hu:

3NH4HSO4

to

N2 + NH3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O

Ch : Khi l m th nghim nhit phn mui NH4NO3 cn tun th nghim ngt ch nhit, v NH4NO3 nng chy 169oC, t khong 190-260oC b phn hu cho thot ra N2O. Cn nhit cao hn 300oC s phn hu gy n, do N2O khng bn phn hu nhanh ra N2 + O2:

2N2O 6. Axit nitric

to

2N2 + O2

HNO3 l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh. C t i liu ni rng nng rt lo ng v lnh, HNO3 khng th hin tnh oxi ha trong dung dch nc. Khi HNO3 rt lo ng v lnh tc dng vi kim loi hot ng, v d Mg, th c H2 thot ra thi im bt u phn ng. Trong nhiu t i liu, khi ni v tnh oxi ha ca HNO3, ngi ta khng a tnh cht n y v o, thm ch c mt s t i liu cn khng nh l khi tc dng vi kim loi, HNO3 khng cho H2 thot ra. Tht vy, hiro mi sinh c tnh kh mnh, khng th khng phn ng vi HNO3 l cht c tnh oxi ho mnh. Nu s dng HNO3 c th sn phm cui cng lun lun l NO2. l v tt c cc hp cht cha oxi ca nit vi s oxi ha thp hn +4 u b HNO3 c oxi ha n NO2. V d:
+2 2HNO3 + NO +5

3NO2 + H2O

+4

Cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh v yu (v d Fe, Pb, Cu, Ag) kh HNO3 lo ng ch yu n NO. Cn cc kim loi c tnh kh mnh (v d Al, Zn, Mg) kh HNO3 lo ng ch yu n N2O hoc N2 v kh HNO3 rt lo ng n NH3 ( dng mui NH4NO3). Trong cc phn ng, kim loi b oxi ha n mc oxi ha bn, cao nht. Qu trnh kh HNO3 thng din ra theo mt s hng song song, kt qu thu c mt hn hp sn phm kh khc nhau, tu thuc v o mnh, yu ca cht kh v nng axit. Hnh 13 minh ha h m lng tng i ca cc sn phm khc nhau khi kh HNO3 bng Fe ty thuc v o nng ca axit.

Cc sn phm kh HNO3

80 60 NH4NO3 40 20 N2 NO

NO2

N 2O 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Khi l-ng ring HNO3 (g/cm3)

Hnh 13. nh h-ng khi l-ng ring ca HNO3 n tnh cht ca cc sn phm kh axit bng st.

Axit c ng lo ng th c ng c nhiu sn phm kh su hn trong hn hp, v d NH3 ( dng NH4NO3). HNO3 bc khi c iu ch trong phng th nghim theo phn ng: NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3

Phn ng n y c tin h nh trong chn khng, HNO3 bay hi ngay v t b phn hu, khi thu c HNO3 100%. Cng c th khng s dng chn khng, nhng cn ly NaNO3 rn v H2SO4 c (~98%). Phn ng c tin h nh khi un nng nh, gip cho HNO3 bay hi v dch chuyn cn bng sang phi (HNO3 bay hi mnh hn nhiu so vi H2SO4). un nng mnh s l m phn hu HNO3 to th nh. Nu dng dung dch lo ng, sau c c th ch thu c hn hp ng ph 68%. 7. Mui nitrat Khi un nng mui nitrat cao hn nhit nng chy ca chng (c trng hp cha t n nhit nng chy) th chng b phn hu. Tnh cht phn hu ca mui nitrat ph thuc v o bn cht ca cation. - Mui ca cc kim loi hot ng nht (ng trc Mg trong d y in ha) to th nh mui nitrit tng ng v gii phng oxi. - Mui ca cc kim loi hot ng km hn (Mg - Cu) b phn hu ro th nh oxit. - Mui ca cc kim loi km hot ng hn na (ng sau Cu) b phn hu gii phng kim loi. Tnh cht khc nhau n y khi tin h nh phn ng l do bn khc nhau ca cc mui nitrit v oxit tng ng nhit b phn hu: trong cc iu kin i vi natri th nitrit bn, i vi Mg th nitrit km bn, cn oxit bn v i vi Ag th c nitrit, c oxit u km bn, nn cho thot ra kim loi. - Trong mi trng trung tnh, ion NO3- khng c kh nng oxi ha. - Trong mi trng axit, ion NO3- c kh nng oxi ha. V d: 3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO33Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

- Trong mi trng kim mnh, d, ion NO3- b Al (hoc Zn) kh n NH3. V d: 8Al + 5OH- + 3NO3- + 2H2O 8AlO2- + 3NH3

8. Cn nm vng cc iu kin chuyn ha gia hai dng th hnh ca photpho. Khi un nng trn 250oC, khng c khng kh, P chuyn th nh hi, khi l m lnh th hi ngng t th nh P trng. Cn khi un nng P trng n 250oC khng c khng kh hoc di tc dng ca nh sng th n chuyn chm th nh P l dng bn hn. Phn ng n y c th tng nhanh khi c mt t iot l m xc tc. C th biu din cc qu trnh chuyn ha nh sau:
o

P trng

250 C > 250 C

o

H = -16,7 kJ/mol

Tt c cc dng th hnh ca photpho khi nng chy u to th nh cng mt cht lng gn nhng phn t t din P4. Dng P4 cng tn ti trng thi hi. Nhng nhit cao hn 800oC v p sut thp, P4 b phn hu to th nh cc phn t P2. Di p sut kh quyn v nhit ~ 1800oC, 50% P4 phn hu th nh 2P2, cn ~ 2800oC th 50% P2 phn hu th nh 2P. trng thi rn, P c cu trc polime nh sau:
P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

9. Photpho trng rt hot ng v mt ha hc, d d ng bc chy trong khng kh nhit thng nu dng phn tn nh. iu n y c minh ho bng th nghim sau: Ho tan mt mu nh P trng trong dung mi cacbon isunfua (CS2). Tm dung dch thu c v o mt bng giy lc v treo trn gi. Khi dung mi bay ht th cn li nhng ht P trng rt nh. Chng b oxi ha bi oxi khng kh, pht nhit mnh, l m bc chy bng giy lc.

10. Cc axit photphoric Cu to phn t ca cc axit photphoric:

O H O P O
axit metaphotphoric

O H H O O P O

O P O O H H

H H H

O O O

axit iphotphoric

axit octophotphoric (axit photphoric)

S oxi ho ca cc axit n y u l +5. Axit H3PO4 l axit ba ln axit c mnh trung bnh (K1 = 7,6.10-3; K2 = 6,2.108

; K3 = 4,4.10-13). Axit H4P2O7 mnh hn H3PO4 v l axit bn ln axit (K1 = 3.10-2; K2 = 4.10-3; K3 =

2.10-7; K4 = 5.10-10 ). Tuy nhin ch mi bit c hai loi mui ca axit n y: mui ihirophotphat, v d Na2H2P2O7 v mui iphotphat trung tnh, v d Na4P2O7. Axit HPO3 mnh hn c hai axit trn. Trong s cc mui metaphotphat ch c mui ca kim loi kim v magi l d tan. Trong phng th nghim thng s dng axit H3PO4 v cc mui ca n (mui photphat). Khc vi axit nitric, cc axit photphoric u khng c kh nng oxi ha. iu l do photpho c m in nh, dn n i lc vi electron nh. 11. Mui photphat Mt trong nhng tnh cht cn bit ca mui photphat l phn ng thu phn. Trong s cc mui photphat tan, mui photphat trung tnh ca kim loi kim b thu phn mnh trong dung dch cho mi trng kim mnh. V d: Na3PO4 + H2O PO43- + H2O Na2HPO4 + NaOH HPO42- + OH-

Do khi kt tinh t dung dch, Na3PO4 thng c ln NaOH. Mui hirophotphat, v d Na2HPO4 b thu phn yu hn: Na2HPO4 + H2O HPO42- + H2O NaH2PO4 + NaOH H2PO4- + OH-

Qu trnh thu phn n y xy ra mnh hn so vi qu trnh phn ly axit ca ion HPO42-: HPO42- + H2O nn dung dch c mi trng kim yu. Mui ihirophotphat, v d NaH2PO4 b thu phn yu hn na: NaH2PO4 + H2O H2PO4- + H2O H3PO4 + NaOH H3PO4 + OHPO43- + H3O+

Qu trnh thu phn n y xy ra km hn so vi qu trnh phn ly axit ca ion HPO42-: H2PO4- + H2O H3PO42- + H3O+

nn dung dch NaH2PO4 c mi trng axit yu. Chng Cacbon-Silic 1. Cn l m cho hc sinh thy r cacbon l nguyn t c bit trong h thng tun ho n. N c kh nng to rt nhiu hp cht a dng v th nh phn, tnh cht v cu to (hp cht hu c). Do khc nhau khng nhiu v nng lng gia cc phn lp 2s v 2p, nn khi tham gia phn ng ha hc cp electron 2s tch ra v chuyn ln phn lp 2p. Khi xut hin 4 electron c thn.

1s2

2s1

2p3

Vi s lai ha sp3, nguyn t cacbon c th to th nh 4 lin kt cng ho tr tng ng hng n bn nh ca hnh t din. Nt ni bt ca cacbon l kh nng cc nguyn t ca n to th nh nhng mch cacbon d i mt chiu, hai chiu v ba chiu. Trn thc t, lin kt cng ha tr c thc hin trong hu ht cc hp cht ca cacbon. Trong cc hp cht , cc nguyn t cacbon u khng mang in tch m hoc mt in tch dng ng k. Tuy vy, ngi ta vn quy cho cacbon cc s oxi ha -4 (trong CH4), +2 (trong CO), +4 (trong CO2). 2. Tng t cacbon, silic cng to c bn lin kt cng ha tr tng ng do s lai ha sp3 ca cc obitan (nng lng tch electron 3s2 l 370 kJ/mol). S oxi ha ca silic trong cc hp cht l +4 (trong SiO2 v cc silicat) v -4 (trong cc silixua kiu Mg2Si). Cng nh trong cc hp cht ca cacbon, trong cc hp cht ca silic khng c cc ion Si4+ v Si4-. Do c bn knh nguyn t ln hn, nn m in ca silic nh hn so vi cua cacbon, dn n s l m yu lin kt cng ha tr trong cc hp cht ca silic. V vy m c s khc nhau ng k v ha hc ca silic v cacbon. 3. V tnh cht ha hc, cacbon ch yu th hin tnh kh. nhit thng, cacbon tr v mt ha hc. Khi t chy cacbon trong khng kh, ngo i CO2 trong sn phm cn c mt lng kh CO, do nhit cao C kh kh CO2: CO2 + C 2CO

Phn ng n y thu nhit, nhit tng l m cho cn bng chuyn dch sang phi. V vy, nhit c ng cao, t l CO trong sn phm c ng ln. Ngo i O2 ra, cacbon cn tc dng vi S, hi nc, oxit kim loi (ZnO, CuO, SiO2), cc cht oxi ha khc nh HNO3 c, H2SO4 c, KNO3, KClO3, v.v Clo, brom, iot khng tc dng trc tip vi cacbon.

4. Cn hiu cu to phn t ca CO v mt s tnh cht ca n. trng thi c bn, nguyn t C v nguyn t O u c hai electron c thn phn lp 2p, nn gia chng c th to th nh hai lin kt cng ha tr. Nu ch c lin kt i nh vy, th phn t CO l phn t c cc kh mnh, v oxi c m in (3,5) ln hn m in ca cacbon (2,5). Trn thc t, phn t CO gn nh khng c cc (momen lng cc ca CO l 0,118 D; ca HF l 1,91 D, ca nc l 1,84 D). Mt khc, CO c nng lng lin kt l 1070 kJ/mol, ln nht so vi tt c cc lin kt. Bi vy, ngi ta cho rng nguyn nhn l m gim phn cc ca CO l do nguyn t O a ra mt cp electron to th nh lin kt cho-nhn vi obitan 2p cn trng ca nguyn t C. Khi , gia hai nguyn t C v O hnh th nh mt lin kt ba:
2p

2s

:C
2p O 2s

O:

Do c lin kt ba bn vng, nn ging nh nit (phn t nit N2 v phn t CO c s electron nh nhau, phn t khi bng nhau), CO kh tr iu kin thng, kh ha lng, kh ha rn, t tan trong nc. Nhng khc vi nit, CO l cht kh c. CO l cht kh mnh, nhit cao kh nng kh tng ln mnh. Trong cng nghip luyn kim, phn ng ca CO vi cc oxit kim loi nhit cao c s dng sn xut cc kim loi nh Fe, Ni, Mn, Cu, Ag CO khng tng tc vi nc v vi kim nhit thng do tnh bn cao ca lin kt ba trong phn t. Vi ngha n y, ngi ta ni CO l oxit khng to mui. Nhng nhit cao, tng tc n y xy ra:
o

CO + H2O

500 C Fe2O3
o

CO2 + H2 HCOONa

CO + NaOH

120 C, 5 atm

V hnh thc, ngi ta coi CO l anhirit ca axit fomic HCOOH. 5. Mt s im cn lu v cu to phn t, tnh cht ca CO2 v axit cacbonic. Phn t CO2 c cu to thng do nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp:

:O

Nng lng trung bnh ca lin kt C - O l 803 kJ/mol. Cc lin kt C=O trong CO2 l lin kt cng ha tr c cc, nhng do c cu to thng v i xng nn phn t CO2 l phn t khng c cc. Kh CO2 c nhiu ng dng, mt trong s nhng ng dng ca n l l m ma nhn to. Ngi ta phun CO2 lng trn nhng tng my, s l m lnh my to ra ma. Mc d khng phi l cht gy nhim mi trng nh cc kh khc, nhng kh CO2 c lin quan mt thit vi mi trng. Kh CO2 trong kh quyn ch hp thu mt phn nhng tia hng ngoi (tc l nhng bc x nhit) ca Mt tri v cho phn cn li (nhng tia c bc sng t 5.000 nm n 10.000 nm) i qua d d ng n Tri t. Nhng nhng bc x nhit pht ra ngc li t mt t (c bc sng trn 14000 nm) b kh CO2 hp th mnh v pht tr li Tri t l m cho Tri t nng ln. Nh vy, v mt hp th bc x, lp CO2 trong kh quyn tng ng vi lp thu tinh ca cc nh knh dng trng hoa v trng rau x lnh. Do , hin tng l m cho Tri t nng ln bi kh CO2 c gi l hiu ng nh knh. Kh CO2 tan tng i nhiu trong nc. Khi tan trong nc, phn ln CO2 di dng hirat ho v mt phn nh tng tc vi nc to th nh axit cacbonic. CO2 (k) + H2O CO2 (dd) H2CO3

Axit cacbonic l axit yu, khng bn v khng th tch ra iu kin thng. Trong nc n phn ly ra theo 2 nc: H2CO3 HCO3H+ + HCO3- , K1 = 4,5.10-7 H+ + CO32- , K1 = 4,8.10-11

O:

 y cn ch l hng s phn ly axit K1 c tnh vi gi thit to n b kh CO2 tan trong nc u di dng H2CO3, ngha l :
[HCO 3 ][H + ] K1 = = 4,5.10 7 [CO 2 ] + [H 2 CO 3 ]

Nu tnh nng tht ca H2CO3 th hng s phi l :

[HCO 3 ][H + ] = 2.10 4 [H 2 CO 3 ]

K1 =

ngha l gi tr ca hng s ph hp vi cng thc (HO)2CO ca axit cacbonic. 1. Mui cacbonat Hin nay, ngi ta mi ch bit c mui hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim, kim loi kim th v ca mt v i kim loi khc. Tt c cc mui hirocacbonat u tan trong nc, tr NaHCO3 hi t tan ( 0oC 100 g H2O ho tan 7 g, 20oC l 10 g v 40oC l 13 g). Cc cacbonat trung tnh ca kim loi kim khi un nng chng nng chy m khng b phn hy (v d tnc ca Na2CO3 l 853oC, tnc ca K2CO3 l 894oC). Nhng mui cacbonat khc b phn hy th nh CO2 khi un nng. Mui hirocacbonat khi un nng d chuyn th nh mui cacbonat. Trong dung dch nc cc mui cacbonat tan u d b thy phn cho phn ng kim. V d: Na2CO3 + H2O CO
23

NaHCO3 + NaOH HCO3- + OH-

+ H2O

Nc thy phn th hai xy ra khng ng k (thc t coi nh khng xy ra). Dung dch nc ca Na2CO3 c pH 10. Khi tan trong nc, mui hirocacbonat cng b thy phn, nhng mc thu phn rt yu.

V d: NaHCO3 + H2O HCO3- + H2O Dung dch nc ca mui n y c pH 8. Nhng mui cacbonat ca kim loi ha tr ba nh Al, Fe khng tn ti trong dung dch nc. Bi vy, khi cho cacbonat kim loi kim hoc amoni v o dung dch nc ca cc mui kim loi n y, th cacbonat khng b kt ta m hiroxit b kt ta. V d: 3Na2CO3 + 2AlCl3 + 3H2O 2. Silic V tnh cht ha hc, silic ging cacbon khi tc dng vi kim loi, vi phi kim nhng km hot ng hn. Khc vi cacbon, silic d tc dng vi dung dch kim gii phng hiro, phn ng n y cho thy Si rt ging Be v Al. Silic ioxit (SiO2) l hp cht cha oxi bn v c trng nht ca silic. Khc vi CO2, SiO2 tr v mt ha hc. iu kin bnh thng n ch tc dng vi flo v axit flohiric. SiO2 + 2F SiO2 + 4HF SiO2 c tnh cht ca mt oxit axit: SiF4 + O2 SiF4 + 2H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 6NaCl H2CO3 + NaOH H2CO3 + OH-

SiO2 + CaO

to

CaSiO3 Na2SiO3 + H2O Na2SiO3 + CO2

SiO2 + 2NaOH

(nng chy)

SiO2 + Na2CO3

(nng chy)

Khi un si, SiO2 dng bt mn cng phn ng chm vi dung dch NaOH c v ung dch Na2CO3 c. Phn ng din ra mnh hn di p sut cao trong ni hp. V SiO2 khng tan trong nc nn axit silixic c iu ch gin tip:

Na2SiO3 + 2HCl

H2SiO3 + 2NaCl

H2SiO3 thot ra khi dung dch vi dng kt ta keo v l axit yu hai ln axit, tan d trong dung dch kim: H2SiO3 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + 2H2O

Trong dung dch, cc mui silicat tan b thu phn mnh to ra mi trng kim. V d: Na2SiO3 + 2H2O SiO32- + 2H2O H2SiO3 + 2NaOH H2SiO3 + 2OH-

V vy ngi ta thng khng iu ch Na2SiO3 bng cc phn ng trong dung dch, v d gia SiO2 hoc H2SiO3 vi NaOH, m bng cch nu chy SiO2 vi NaOH hoc vi Na2CO3.