Gii thiu

Vi nm gn y, mt s tnh Nam B nc ta nh ng Nai, Cn Th, ng Thp v nm 1998 C mau, c hin tng ma acid gy ra xn xao d lun v lo lng trong nhn dn. Vy ma acid l g ? Ma acid l hin tng t nhin, kt qu ca s tch t t kh quyn v ri xung mt t ca cc cht acid hoc s thnh acid, gy tc hi cho mi trng. Danh t ma acid bao hm c acid trong ma, acid trong sng m, sng khi , bi, khng kh b nhim, gy ra s lng t ca cc cht kh to nn acid nh CO2, SOx, NOx , Cl2 v vy thut ng ma acid khng ch l acid rain m gi chung l acid precipitation. Trc y vic nghin cu ma acid cha c ch quan tm n nhng n u thp nin 1970 din ra hng lot cuc hi ngh Stockholm Hi ngh ca Lin hp quc v vn Con ngi Mi trng chnh hi ngh ny chnh quyn Thy in cng b nhng kt qu mi nghin cu c tm tt vi nhan nhim khng kh vt qua bin gii cc quc gia. Tc hi trn mi trng ca Sulfur trong khng kh v ma, m acid . Cc nghin cu khoa hc ny c ng h mnh m ca cc t chc mi trng phi chnh ph v cc ngnh cng nghip v ngay c nhiu chnh quyn ban hnh nhiu o lut khc nhau kim sot s nhim. do nhng hot ng ny nn vn ma acid c hiu r hn bi chnh con ngi lm suy thoi mi trng sng ca chnh mnh gi y, ma acid l mt vn quan trng, ph bin khng ch ring cc quc gia cng nghip pha Bc vng n i, m l trn ton th gii . Mt l do quan trng l ti sao ma acid c mi ngi c bit lu ? Bi n d dng vt khi ro chn thin nhin. Bi cc cht acid v tin thn ca n nh kh d dng di chuyn n nhng ni trong kh quyn, thng th n lan xa khi ni nhim cc cht ha hc ny khng dng li bin gii bt k quc gia no . S nhim trong mt quc gia hay mt vng c th lm suy thoi nhiu mt i vi cc h sinh thi v vn kinh t ca c vng rng ln, thm ch trn ton cu.

Qu trnh to nn ma acid
Ma axit l do s kt hp ca cc oxit phi kim v nc. Nc c sn trong t nhin, cn cc oxit c thi ra t hot ng ca con ngi, c bit l vic s dng cc loi nhin liu nh than , du m v cc nhin liu t nhin khc... (phn ln lng oxit phi kim n t kh thi ca cc nh my cng nghip). V iu dn n kt qu l nhng cn ma cha y cht axit. Trong thnh phn cc cht t t nhin nh than v du m c cha mt lng ln lu hunh, cn trong khng kh li cha nhiu nit. Qu trnh t sn sinh ra cc kh c hi nh :lu hunh ioxit (SO2) v nit ioxit (NO2). Cc kh ny ha tan vi hi nc trong khng kh to thnh cc acid sunfuric (H2SO4) v acid nitric(HNO3). Khi tri ma, cc ht acid ny tan ln vo nc ma, lm pH ca nc ma gim. Nu nc ma c pH di 5,6 c gi l ma acid. Do c chua kh ln, nc ma c th ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit kim loi c trong khng kh nh xit ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn na i vi cy ci, vt nui v con ngi. Qu trnh ny din ra theo cc phn ng ho hc sau y:

Lu hunh: S + O2 SO2; Qu trnh t chy lu hunh trong kh oxi s sinh ra lu hunh ixt. SO2 + OH HOSO2; Phn ng ho hp gia lu hunh ixt v cc hp cht gc hirxyl. HOSO2 + O2 HO2 + SO3; Phn ng gia hp cht gc HOSO2 v O2 s cho ra hp cht gc HO2 v SO3 (lu hunh trixt). SO3(k) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l); Lu hunh trixt SO3 s phn ng vi nc v to ra acid sulfuric H2SO4. y chnh l thnh phn ch yu ca ma acid.

Nit:

N2 + O2 2NO; 2NO + O2 2NO2; 3NO2(k) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(l) + NO(k); Acid nitric HNO3 chnh l thnh phn ca ma acid.

Tuy nhin nguyn nhn ch yu vn bt ngun t cc hot ng ca con ngi. Ch trong nm 1977, nc M thi vo bu kh quyn 31 triu tn oxit sulfur v 22 triu tn oxit nito. iu ny c ngha l khong 500 kg/ 1 ngi. 80% oxit sulfur l do hot ng ca cc thit b to nng lng, 15% l do hot ng t chy ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, v 5% t cc ngun khc. Cn i vi oxit nito, 1/3 l do hot ng ca cc my pht nng lng, 1/3 khc l do hot ng t nhin liu chuyn ha thnh nng lng v phn cn li cng do cc ngun khc nhau.

III.

nh hng ca ma acid.

III.1 nh hng ca ma acid ln ao h v h thy sinh vt Ma acid nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n cc ao h v h thy sinh vt. Ma acid ri trn mt t s ra tri cc cht dinh dng trn mt t v mang cc kim loi c xung ao h. Ngoi ra vo ma xun khi bng tan, acid (trong tuyt) v kim loi nng trong bng theo nc vo cc ao h v lm thay i t ngt pH trong ao h, hin tng ny gi l hin tng "sc" acid vo ma Xun. Cc thy sinh vt khng thi gian thch ng vi s thay i ny. Thm vo ma Xun l ma nhiu loi trng v mt s loi khc sng trn cn cng trng v u trng ca n sng trong nc trong mt thi gian di, do cc loi ny b thit hi nng. Acid sulfuric c th nh hng n c theo hai cch: trc tip v gin tip. Acid sulfuric nh hng trc tip n kh nng hp th oxy, mui v cc dng cht sinh tn. i vi cc loi c nc ngt acid sulfuric nh hng n qu trnh cn bng mui v khong trong c th chng. Cc phn t acid trong nc to nn cc nc nhy trong mang ca chng lm ngn cn kh nng hp thu oxygen ca cc lm cho c b ngt. Vic mt cn bng mui Canxi lm gim kh nng sinh sn ca cc, trng ca n s b hng ... v xng sng ca chng b yu i. Mui m cng nh hng n c, khi n b ma acid ra tri xung ao h n s thc y s pht trin ca to, to quang hp s sinh ra nhiu oxygen. Tuy nhin do c cht nhiu, vic phn hy chng s tiu th mt lng ln oxy lm suy gim oxy ca thy vc v lm cho c b ngt. Mc du nhiu loi c c th sng trong mi trng pH thp n 5,9 nhng n pH ny Al2+ trong t b phng thch vo ao h gy c cho c. Al2+ lm hng mang c v tch t trong gan c. Cc nh hng ca pH n h thy sinh vt c th tm tt nh sau pH < 6,0 Cc sinh vt bc thp ca chui thc n b cht (nh ph du, stonefly), y l ngun thc n quan trng ca c pH < 5,5 C khng th sinh sn c. C con rt kh sng st. C ln b d dng do thiu dinh dng. C b cht do ngt pH < 5,0 Qun th c b cht pH < 4,0 Xut hin cc sinh vt mi khc vi cc sinh vt ban u

Hn na, do hin tng tch t sinh hc, khi con ngi n cc loi c c cha c t, cc c t ny s tch t trong c th con ngi v gy nguy him i vi sc kho con ngi. trong cc ao h, lng th cng b nh hng, chng khng th sinh sn c trong mi trng acid. Bn c bit theo tiu chun an ton lng thc ca Canada, lng mui thy ngn trong cc sng h ch c mc 0,005 ppm. Nhng hin nay ngi Eskimos v ngi dn da mt s vng ca Canada n tht c v hi cu c hm lng thy ngn ln n 17,5, thm ch 32,7 ppm. III.2 nh hng ca ma acid ln thc vt v t Mt trong nhng tc hi nghim trng ca ma acid l cc tc hi i vi thc vt v t. Khi c ma acid, cc dng cht trong t s b ra tri. Cc hp cht cha nhm trong t s phng thch cc ion nhm v cc ion ny c th hp th bi r cy v gy c cho cy. Nh chng ta ni trn, khng phi ton b SO2 trong kh quyn c chuyn ha thnh acid sulfuric m mt phn ca n c th lng ng tr li mt t di dng kh SO2. Khi kh ny tip xc vi l cy, n s lm tt cc th soma ca l cy gy cn tr qu trnh quang hp. Mt th nghim trn cy Vn Sam (cy l kim) cho thy, khi phun mt hn hp acid sulfuric v acid nitric c pH t 2,5 - 4,5 ln cc cy Vn Sam con s lm xut hin v pht trin cc vt tn thng c mu nu trn l ca n v sau cc l ny rng i, cc l mi s mc ra sau nhng vi mt tc rt chm v qu trnh quang hp b nh hng nghim trng. Bn c bit ngnh lm nghip ca Canada c thu nhp hng nm 10 t USD. 10% lc lng lao ng ca Canada ang ph thuc vo lm nghip. Nu rng b tn hi, s nh hng nghim trng n thu nhp v vic lm Canada. III.3 nh hng n kh quyn Cc ht sulphate, nitrate to thnh trong kh quyn s lm hn ch tm nhn. Cc sng m acid lm nh hng n kh nng lan truyn nh sng Mt tri. Bc cc, n nh hng n s pht trin ca a y, do nh hng n qun th Tun lc v Nai tuyt - loi ng vt n a y. III.4 nh hng n cc cng trnh kin trc

Cc cng trnh kin trc, tng i, di tch lch s bng b bo mn bi cc cht nhim khng kh v nht l bi ma acid. Vt liu xy dng nh thp, sn, plastics, xi mng, thp m km, vi, ct, v hoa cng cng c nguy c b ph hy. cc cu trc lm bng cc vt liu ny thng xuyn phi thay i lp ph b mt mi lm cho chi ph bo tr tng ln mt cch ng k. ct v vi thng c s dng lm vt liu cho cc di tch lch s v cc cng trnh iu khc, kin trc. C hai loi vt liu ny b n mn nhanh hn trong cc thnh ph c mi trng khng kh cha nhiu sulfur so vi trong vng ngoi . Khi cc cht nhim c cha sulfur b sa lng trn b mt vt liu lm bng vi hay ct chng s phn ng vi carbonate calcium trong vt liu, d dng bin i chng thnh calcium sulfate dng ha tan( thch cao), v n s b ra tri bng nc ma. Cc ht acid khi ri xung nh ca v cc bc tng iu khc s n mn chng. V d: Nh ta nh Capitol Ottawa b tan r bi hm lng SO2 trong khng kh qu cao. Vo nm 1967, cy cu bc ngang sng Ohio sp lm cht 46 ngi; nguyn nhn cng l do ma acid. th London, ma axit ang tn ph nghim trng cc cng trnh ngh thut bng t th k 18, 19, nh Ngh vin Anh, Tu vin Westminster v Nh th Saint Paul. III.5 nh hng n cc vt liu Ma acid cng lm h vi si, sch v cc c qu gi. H thng thng kh ca cc th vin, vin bo tng a cc ht acid vo trong nh v chng tip xc v ph hy cc vt liu ni trn. III.6 nh hng n cht lng nc ngm. Nc ngm tch ly rt chm do s thm ca nc mt xuyn qua cc tng t v nn cng n tng cha nc. Nu nc ngm b acid ha, cc th s dng nc ngm nh l mt ngun cung cp nc ung c th phi iu chnh lng ha cht s dng t c tiu chun nc ung. Tuy vy trong nhiu vng ngoi v c bit cc vng nng thn, cc ging nc c khoan pha di tng cha nc v nc c bm nn mt t s dng trc tip m khng qua x l. Nhng chng c khoa hc ch

ra rng s acid ha nc ngm v s nhim bn bi nhiu kim loi d ha tan trong mi trng acid ang xy ra mt s vng. Cc kim loi chnh (bao gm: ch, ng, km) c th pht sinh t vic xc ra nhng bn cha v ng nc bng kim loi v nhm t cc tng t . Nhiu nghin cu c thc hin bi b phn kho st a cht ca Thy in thuc B Nng nghip Thy in (1982), cho thy rng nc ngm trn khp nc Thy in c gi tr pH nm trong khong t 5-6. Thm ch nhng vng pha Ty Thy in pH ca nc ngm nm trong khong t 4-5 trong cc ging nng. Nc trong t hon ton c kh nng b acid xm nhp vo v thay th n. Khi pH ca nc ma v nc thm qua t h xung 4,0 ,chc chn nc ngm ssex c nguy c b nhim bn bi kim loi nng v nhm tng ln s mang n nh hng c hi cho sc khe ca con ngi V d: t nc lng ging Thy in, 4.000 h khng h c c; 9.000 h b mt mt phn ln cc loi c ang sinh sng, trong khi c ti 20.000 h khc cng b nh hng bi ma acid III.7 nh hng nn cc ng ng dn nc. Nc acid s gm mn cc ng ng dn nc. iu ny d nhin s dn n s thay th cc ng dn nc thng xuyn hn, nhng quan trng hn l mi nguy him do kim loi b ra tri khi thnh ng dn nc, cc kim loi ha tan ny c th nh hng trc tip n con ngi thng qua vic s dng nc. Thy in cc ng dn nc bng ng c s dng ph bin, cng nh vy Canada v min ng Nam M ton b h thng ng dn nc u bng ng. Cc ng dn bng ch vn c s dng cc khu dn c c , v n cng thng c s dng trong cc ta nh lu i Anh v Ai-len. ng m km, vi hm lng km cao, cng c s dng rng ri. ha tan ca ng tng t ngt khi pH di 5,0 , v n cng tng khi nhit tng. ng dn nc nng, khi dn nc c tnh acid bn trong c kh nng b n mn cao nht. Ngi ta pht hin hm lng ng rt cao khong 20mg/l trong ng dn nc lnh v 45mg/l trong ng dn nc nng. T chc sc khe th gii (WHO) ngh hm lng ng trong nc ti a l 1,5mg/l. Nhiu trng hp tr em b mc bnh tiu chy do hm lng ng vt qu mc 0,5mg/l. Cadmium v ch cng c th b ha tan t nhng mi hn hp kim

v km t cc ng dn m km. Hm lng ng, ch v nhm cao cng c tm thy trong nc cp bn trong nh cc vng s dng nc ngm b acid ha. III.8 nh hng ma acid n rng kinh t v rng du lch. Rng l ngun li kinh t khng l v cc k quan trng khng nhng ca Vit Nam m ca nhiu quc gia trn th gii (Canada, Hoa K, Scandinavia). Ma acid dn n s ph hoi tim tng v m e da ti nguyn rng ngi ta chng minh rng cc cy con trong rng c th b ph hoi bi cc trn ma acid trung bnh (pH= 4,6). Mt trong nhng kh khn ln nht m chng ta phi i mt trong nghin cu s tng trng ca cy rng v nh hng c th c ca ma acid i vi n l s thay i rt ln ca s tng trng ca cy t nm ny sang nm khc do s thay i kh hu v s tn cng ca cc loi cn trng. S tng trng ca cy c th khc nhau t nm ny qua nm khc. Chng ra tri hon ton nhng cht dinh dng v nhng vi sinh vt c li. Ma axit cng lm yu i sc khng ca cy ci, d mc bnh v b k sinh trng Cy thng l loi cy c bit nhy cm vi ma axit. V d: Hn mt na cc cnh rng ca min ty nc c ang trong nhng mc b ph hy khc nhau v gi tr lng cy g b hy hoi bi ma axit c tnh t 800 triu la hng nm.

Nm 1984, Thy S b thit hi khong 12 triu cy (14% din tch rng c nc), trong khi din tch rng b ma axit ph hy H Lan l 40%.

III.9 nh hng ln ngi Cc tc hi trc tip ca vic nhim do cc cht kh acid ln ngi bao gm cc bnh v ng h hp nh: suyn, ho g v cc triu chng khc

nh nhc u, au mt, au hng ... v khin bnh tnh ca cc bnh nhn ngy cng trm trng hn.Cc tc hi gin tip sinh ra do hin tng tch t sinh hc cc kim loi trong c th con ngi t cc ngun thc phm b nhim cc kim loi ny do ma acid.
IV.

Cc bin php ngn nga v kim sot ma acid

Ma acid r rng c tc hi rt ln i vi mi trng sng ca chng ta, v vy chng ra phi c hnh ng ngn nga v hn ch nh hng do n gy ra. Khng c mt gii php no gii quyt c vn trong mt thi gian ngn. D cho chng c thc hin nhng bin php ngay by gi cng phi mt vi thp nin mi hi vng gii quyt c vn ny. iu kin tt yu hnh ng l: -Nhn bit c ma acid l mt vn nghim trng -Nhn bit c gii php tt nht gii quyt l gim pht thi cc cht nhim. Cc bin php trc khi t nhin liu: Thay i nhin liu :thay i nhin liu c hm lng sulfur cao bng nhin liu c hm lng sulfur thp. Kh sulfur ra khi du t: kh sulfur trong sut qu trnh lc du bng qu trnh hydro ha. Nghin v loi b sulfur v cc tp cht ra khi bng cc ngm than vo trong dung dch lng.Than sch ni ln trn mt nc cn cht bn chm xung bn di. Cc bin php trong qu trnh t: t bng bung t c tng gin n: trn vi nghin mn vi than v t chng di dng l lng. Phun vi vo bung t c nhiu ngn. Cc bin php sau khi t: Lc hay kh sulfur t kh thi: trn ln tc nhn hp th ha hc nh vi sng hay vi vo dng kh thi kh b sulfur dioxide Cn phi s dng mt h thng tng th cc chnh sch bin php v cc cng c rt a dng thc hin bo v mi trng.Thc y vic nghin cu tm ra cc ngun nng lng sch nh thy in, nng lng mt tri, gi.

Tuy nhin mt iu nghch l l chnh cc bin php chng nhim, p dng khu vc xung quanh nhng c s sn xut in, li gp phn gieo rc ma axit trn din rng. Do cc nh my buc phi xy ng khi tht cao nhm trnh nhim cho mi trng a phng, cc ha cht gy ma axit lan ta i xa hng trm, thm ch hng nghn km khi ngun. gim lng kh thi SO2 t cc nh my nhit in xung cn 7,84 t tn nm 2020, trc nm 2005, 80% cc nh my nhit in phi lp t thit b kh sunphua. y cng l mt trong nhng gii php hn ch ma axt m nh nc Trung Quc ra nm ngoi. Cc nh my nhit in lp t thit b ny s c bn in vi gi cao hn. Tuy nhin, quy nh ny khng d thc hin i vi cc nh my nhit in lu i. Rt t trong s nh my ny lp t thit b kh sunphua bi v lp t c h thng kh sunphua hiu qu phi chi khon tin tr gi 1/3 tng u t xy dng mt nh my nhit in. H th b pht cn hn phi lp t h thng kh sunphua. Nm ngoi, Chnh ph Trung Quc tng lng pht kh thi SO2 t 210 NDT (Nhn dn t-n v tin t ca Trung Quc) ln 420 NDT/tn, nm ti mc pht s l 630 NDT. tnh Qu Chu, ch c 2 trong s 9 nh my nhit in lp t thit b ny. Cc chuyn gia cho rng, chnh ph nn rt thm tin nng cp nh my lu i. Ngoi ra tit kim l mt trong nhng vic phi lm u tin hin nay. thc tit kim phi c gio dc n tt c mi ngi v c p dng thc t.Nhng thit b khng dng n th tt i nh n, qut. gim s dng xe hi, thay th bng cc phng tin giao thng cng cng.t lng in sn ra s t i, cht thi cng t i. Cc ng c hot ng t i th cht thi cng gim i nhiu. Nhng vic nh m tt c mi ngi lm s to ra mt hiu qu v cng to ln.

Tm li chng ta c th rt ra cc kt lun nh sau:

Hin tng acid ha trong mi trng kh quyn l ma acid, nguyn nhn do hot ng ca con ngi gy ra lm hy hoi n mi trng sng. Ma acid l hin tng tch ng trong kh quyn nhng cht acid, nhng cht rn v nhng phn t khc khin mi trng b acid ha. Ma aicd c th gy tc ng trc tip n thc vt nh: n mn lp cultin, h hi cc t bo bo v ca l, gy ri chc nng h hp v sinh sn, lm chm qu trnh pht trin ca cy to ra hin tng lo ha sm. Ma acid cn c th gy tc ng gin tip thng qua cc nguyn nhn nh: cc cht mui khong- cc cht dinh dng, mi trng khng kh v mi trng khc b nhim, c cu sinh ha ca sinh vt b xo trn, do vt k

sinh v cc c t trong t, s gia tng nng ca kim loi, c s tham gia thm ca cc yu t mi trng khc. Hu qu ca ma acid gy thit hi cho thc vt. i vi ma acid t nhin, hu qu ny pH 5-5,6 i lc khng th hin r rng, nhng vi ma acid pH thp tc ng r nt, nht l vi iu kin pH<3,7 .Thc vt l kim mn cm vi acid hn thc vt l bn. Tuy nhin ,i vi cc sinh vt cp thp nh rong Phytophanton, to Periphanton, cy Macrophytes, vi sinh Zoophankton th nh hng ca ma acid khng biu hin r m hnh nh cn kch thch chng pht trin hn.