Chuyn 1: Nguyn t

CHUYN 1: NGUYN T dng 1: Bi tp v cc loi ht trong nguyn t Bi ton 1: Cho tng s ht. Da vo 1 N/Z 1,5 (vi Z 82) bin lun tm tng loi ht Cu 1: Tng s ht p, n, e ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 22. Tm s p, n, e, vit k hiu nguyn t X. Cu 2. Cho tng s ht ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 10. Xc nh nguyn t X, vit k hiu nguyn t. Cu 3. Tng s ht p, n v e trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 13. a. Xc nh nguyn t khi b. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t. Bi ton 2 : Cho tng s ht, mi quan h gia cc loi ht. Gii h pt tm cc ht Cu 4. Cho cc nguyn t X, Y, Z. Tng s cc loi ht p, n, e trong cc nguyn t ln lt l 16, 58 v 78. S ntron trong ht nhn v s hiu nguyn t ca mi nguyn t khc nhau khng qu 1 n v. Hy xc nh cc nguyn t v vit k hiu ca nguyn t. Cu 5.Nguyn t X c tng s ht l 60, trong s ht n bng s ht p. Xc nh nguyn t X. Cu 6. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht l 82. Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn khng mang in l 22 ht. Xc nh A v vit k hiu nguyn t. Cu 7.Tng s ht p, n, e trong mt nguyn t nguyn t X l 155 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Xc nh nguyn t X. Cu 8. Tng s ht p, n, e trong mt nguyn t nguyn t X l 115 trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25 ht. Xc nh nguyn t X. Cu 9. Mt nguyn t A c tng s ht cc loi l 46, s ht khng manh in bng 8/15 s ht mang in. Xc nh nguyn t A . Cu 10: (H Quc Gia TPHCM 2001) Nguyn t ca nguyn t A c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t B c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in ca A l 8. Xc nh A v B Cu 11. X, Y, R, A, B theo th t l 5 nguyn t lin tip trong HTTH c tng s in tch ht nhn l 90 ( X c in tch ht nhn nh nht ) Xc nh s in tch ht nhn ca X, Y, R, A, B, gi tn cc nguyn t . Cu 12: (H Cn Th 2001) Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht l 34, trong ht mang in gp 1,833 ln s ht khng mang in. Xc nh R v v tr R trong bng HTTH. Cu 13. Oxit B c cng thc l X2O. Tng s ht c bn p, n, e trong B l 92, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 28. Xc nh B. Cu 14. Phn t MA2 c tng s ht l 164. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c s p bng s n, cn trong ht nhn nguyn t A c s n nhiu hn s p l 1 ht. S khi ca M ln hn ca A l 5 n v. Xc nh cng thc phn t MA2. Cu 15. Mt hp cht ion cu to t ion M+ v ion X2-.Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht l 140 ht, trong ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca M nhiu hn X l 23. Tng s ht trong M nhiu hn trong X l 34 a. Vit cu hnh e ca X v M b. Vit CTPT ca hp cht. Bi 16: (H khi B 2003)Tng s ht p v n ,e trong hai nguyn t kim loi A, B l 142. Trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn nguyn t A l 12. Xc nh 2 kim loi A, B Bit 11Na , 12Mg , 20Ca , 30Zn , 26Fe Cu 17. Mt hp cht ion cu to t ion M2+ v ion X-. Tng s gt p, n, e trong phn t MX2 l 186 ht, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 54 ht. S khi ca ion M2+ nhiu

Chuyn 1: Nguyn t
hn nhiu hn trong X- l 21 ht. Tng s ht p, n, e trong M2+ nhiu hn trong X- l 27 ht. Xc nh v tr ca M, X trong bng tun hon, Cu 18: Hp cht M2X c tng s cc ht trong phn t l 116, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 36. Khi lng nguyn t X nhiu hn M l 9. Tng s ht p, n, e trong X2nhiu hn trong M+ l 17 ht. Xc nh s khi ca M v X. Cu 19: Tng s ht p, n, e trong phn t MX3 l 196, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60. Khi lng nguyn t ca X ln hn ca M l 8. Tng s ht p, n, e trong X nhiu hn trong M3+ l 16. Xc nh M v X. dng 2: Bi tp v ng v: Cu 1. Cho cc nguyn t sau 147A, 168B, 178 C, 715D, 2010 E, 1122F, 2210G, 716H. Hy cho bit nguyn t no l a. ng v b. ng khi. Cu 2. Oxi c 3 ng v 16 O , 17 O , 18O , Cu c 2 ng v: 63Cu, 65Cu. Vit cc cng thc phn t ca 8 8 8 ng oxit c to thnh t cc ng v trn. Cu 3.Oxi c 3 ng v l 16 O , 17 O , 18O . Cacbon c 2 ng v l 12C v 13C. Xc nh cc loi phn t 8 8 8 CO2 c th to thnh. Tnh M CO2. Cu 4: Trong cc ng v sau y ca M th ng v no tha mn iu kin: S proton : sntron =13: 15 . (55M, 56M , 57M, 58M ). -Vit phng trnh phn ng ca M vi Cl2 , HCl , H2SO4. Cu 5. Bo c 2 ng v 105B chim 18,89% v 511B chim 81,11%. Tm nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Bo 35 37 Cu 6. Clo c hai ng v l 17 Cl ; 17 Cl . T l s nguyn t ca hai ng v ny l 3 : 1. Tnh

nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Clo.

Cu 7: Cho H c 3 ng v 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 vi t l % t-ng ng l:99,1%; 0,6%; 0,3% O c 3 ng v 8O16, 8O17, 8O18 vi t l % t-ng ng l: 97,3%; 2%; 0,7%. Nu cho mt mol phn t H2O hp th vo bnh P2O5 thy khi l-ng bnh tng m gam, tinh m Cu 8. Nguyn t X c 2 ng v A v B.T l s nguyn t ca 2 ng v A v B l 27: 23. ng v A c 35p v 44n. ng v B nhiu hn ng v A 2 ntron. Xc nh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X. Cu 9. Nguyn t X c 3 ng v l X1 chim 92,23%, X2 chim 4,67% v X3 chim 3,1%. Tng s khi ca 3 ng v bng 87. S ntron trong X2 nhiu hn trong X1 1 ht. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X l 28,0855. Tm X1, X2, X3 Cu 10. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v. Bit 3579Br chim 54,5%. Tm khi lng nguyn t ca ng v th 2. Cu 11. Trong t nhin ng v 37Cl chim 24,23,% s nguyn t clo.Cho khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Clo l 35,5 a.Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng 37Cl c trong HClO4 ( vi hidro l ng v 1H, oxi l ng v 16O). b.Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng 37Cl c trong KClO3(K=39, oxi l ng v 16O). Cu 11.Trong t nhin Cu c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu . Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54. Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca 63Cu trong CuCl2 l bao nhiu ( bit Cl = 35,5)

Chuyn 1: Nguyn t
Cu 12. Trong t nhin Brom c 2 ng v l 79Br v 81Br c nguyn t khi trung bnh l 79,92. Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca 81Br trong NaBr l bao nhiu. Cho MNa = 23 Cu13.Hidro c nguyn t khi l 1,008. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t ca ng v 2H trong 1ml nc ( cho rng trong nc ch c ng v 1H v 2H, cho M H O = 18, khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/ml Cu 14. Trong t nhin Cu c 2 ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu. Nguyn t trung bnh ca Cu l 63,546. a. Tnh s nguyn t ca Cu c trong 32g Cu b. Tnh s nguyn t 63Cu c trong 32g Cu . Bit NA = 6,022.1023 Cu 15. Trong t nhin Clo c 2 ng v l 35Cl v 37Cl c nguyn t khi trung bnh l 35,5. Tnh s nguyn t ca ng v 37Cl, trong 3,65g HCl.
2

Dng 3:bi tp v kch th-c, khi l-ng , khi l-ng ring,bn knh nguyn t Kin thc cn nh 1u= 1,6605.10-27kg 1A0 = 10-8cm = 10-10m nguyn t c dng hnh cu nn Vnguyn t = 4/3.II.R3 (R l bn knh nguyn t) 1 mol cha N= 6,02.10-23 nguyn t Do me b hn nhiu so vi mp, mn nn khi l-ng nguyn t ch yu tp trung ht nhn nguyn t. Bi tp p dng. Cu 1: Nguyn t khi ca neon l 20,179. hy tnh khi l-ng ca mt nguyn t neon theo kg. Cu 2. Cho nguyn t Kali co 19p, 20n v 19e a, Tnh khi l-ng tuyt ca 1 nguyn t K theo kg. b,Tnh s nguyn t K c trong 0,975 gam K. Cu 3. Nguyn t Al c bn knh 1,43 A v c khi lng nguyn t 27 vC. a. Tnh th tch ca nguyn t Al b. Tnh khi lng ring ca Al Cu 4: Bn knh nguyn t v khi l-ng mol nguyn t Fe ln l-t l 1,28A v 56g/mol. a. Tnh th tch ca nguyn t Fe. Bit rng trong tinh th, cc tinh th Fe chim 74% th tch, phn cn li l rng b. Tnh khi lng ring ca Fe. Cu 5. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca nguyn t Ca bit V ca mt mol Ca bng 25,87 em3. Bit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Ca chim 74% th tch, cn li l khe rng. Cu 6. Tnh bn knh nguyn t gn ng ca nguyn t Au 200C bit nhit khi lng ring ca vng l 19,32g/cm3 vi gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Au l nhng hnh cu chim 75% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Cho khi lng nguyn t ca Au l 196,97. dng 4: cu hnh electron nguyn t v ion t-ng ng ph-ng php - Nm k cch vit cu hnh e nguyn t. - Da vo s e lp ngoi cng suy ra tnh cht ca nguyn t ha hoc (KL,PK,KH). Bi ton 1: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t

Chuyn 1: Nguyn t
Cu 1. Trong cc cu hnh electron sau, hy gch chn ch sai mi cu hnh, vit li cho ng. Xc nh tn, tnh cht (kim loi, phi kim, kh him) ca tng nguyn t nguyn t . Hy vit mt phng trnh phn ng chng minh tnh cht ho hc in hnh ca nguyn t nguyn t . 1s22s22p63p63s2 1s22s22p53s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 1s22s22p63s23p54s2 1s22s12p5 1s22s22p63s24p6 Cu 2 Khng vit cu hnh xc nh s hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau: 2s22p5, 3s23p3 , 4s24p4, 3d104s2. Cu 3. Nguyn t A khng phi l kh him , nguyn t c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3p x.Nguyn t nguyn t B c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3sy. Cho x + y = 7. Vit cu hnh electron ca A, B. Xc nh tnh cht (kim loi, phi kim, kh him) Cu 4. a. Tng in tch ca electron nguyn t A l 9,612. 10-19 C. Xc nh s electron ca A, vit cu hnh e, xc nh tnh cht ha hc ca A. b. Mt nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X ha hc c Z = 12,8.10-19C, vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t , tnh cht ho hc c trng ca X l g? Vit phng trnh minh ha. Cu 5. Vit cu hnh e ca cac nguyn t sau : - Nguyn t nguyn t A, B ln lt c 5 e, 10e phn lp p. - Nguyn t nguyn t C, D ln lt c 7e, 5e phn lp s. Bi ton 2 : Cu hnh electron ca ion Cu 6: Cho 2 nguyn t A v B c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 11 va13 Vit cu hnh e v cho bit v tr ca chng trong bng h thng tun hon A c kh nng to ra ion A+ , B to ion B3+. Hy vit cu hnh e ca A+ v B3+ Cu 7. Cho S c Z = 16. Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b vo cc orbital ca cc electron ca S. Vit cu hnh electron ca ion S2-, S6+, S4+. Nhn xt c im lp electron ngoi cng ca cc ion trn. Cu 9. Cho bit st c s hiu nguyn t l 26. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion Fe2+, Fe3+. Cu 8 Vit cu hnh electron ca Ni v Ni2+ bit Ni th 28 trong bng tun hon. Cu 9: Mt ion M3+ c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 79, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 19. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l Cu 10. Nguyn t X, anion Y-, cation Z+ u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 2s22p6. a) Vit cu hnh electron y v s phn b electron vo cc obitan trong nguyn t X, Y, Z b) X, Y, Z l kim loi, phi kim hay kh him? V sao? Cu 11. Cation R+ v anion Y- u c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6. a) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R,Y, t cho bit tn ca R v Y. b) X l hp cht to bi 2 nguyn t R v Y. Cu 12: Cation X3+ v anion Y2- u c cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng l 2p6. Vit cu hnh electron v xc nh tnh cht ca X,Y. Cu 13:Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c electron mc nng lng cao nht l 3p. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y cng c electron mc nng lng 3p v c mt electron lp ngoi cng. Nguyn t X v Y c s electron hn km nhau l 2. Xc nh tnh cht ca X, Y.