Ch 2: c tnh chung ca cc phn t g p

Cc h thng iu khin thng bao gm cc loi phn t khc nhau s kt hp gia nhng phn t in, lng, kh, nhit v c. Nhng loi phn t ny u c th c m t thng qua 4 c tnh chung: tr khng, dung lng, qun tnh v thi gian tr. lng tr Bn c tnh chung ny c nh ngha da trn 3 thng s: g g g g g Thng s 1: lng vt cht, nng lng, hoc khong cch Thng s 2: lc tc ng hay th nng lm thay i nhng bin nh lng. Thng s 3: thi gian

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-1

Ch 2: c tnh chung ca cc phn t g p

Tr khng: l s ngn cn chuyn ng ca vt th hoc nng lng. N c o bng tng cc th nng cn thit to nn mt n v dng in, dng lu cht, dng nhit, hoc vn tc. g g g g g g y g Dung lng: l tng lng vt cht, nng lng, hay khong cch cn thit to nn s thay i mt n v th nng. Qun tnh ( t cm): l s ngn cn thay i trng thi ca chuyn ng. N c o bng tng cc th nng cn thit gia tng mt n v dng in, dng lu cht in cht, dng nhit, hoc vn tc trong mt n v thi gian (giy). Thi gian tr: l khong thi gian gia thi im xut hin tn hiu vo v thi im xut hin tn hi ra t ng ng. t hiu tng ng

fo(t) = fi(t - td)

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-2

2.1. Phn t in
in tr: l tnh cht ca vt liu, n ngn cn chuyn ng ca dng in. Vt liu dn in tt c gi tr in tr thp, cn vt liu cch in c gi tr in tr rt cao.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-3

2.1. Phn t in
Th d: Mt phn t in c bit l c c tnh V-A tuyn tnh. Xc nh in tr ca phn t khi in p s dng l 24 V s gy ra mt dng 12 mA chy qua phn t. Gii:

Th d: Bng n l mt phn t in c c tuyn V-A phi tuyn. Xc nh in tr ca phn t khi bng lm vic in th 6 V vi nhng thng tin o c nh sau: 5.95 V gy ra dng 0.500 A 6.05 V gy ra dng 0.504 A Gii:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-4

2.1. Phn t in
in dung: l lng in tch cn thit to nn s thay i mt n v in p. n v ca in dung l farad (F).

Lu : nu

th

v Th d: Cho mt tn hiu dng in c bin 0.1 mA chy qua mt t in trong khong thi gian 0.1 s, in p ca t tng t 0 n +25 V. Hy xc nh gi tr in dung ca t i t in.
C.B. Pham K thut iu khin t ng 2-5

2.1. Phn t in
Gii:

in cm: l lng in p cn thit lm tng mt n v dng in trong mt giy. n v ca in cm l Henry (H).

Lu : nu

th

v
C.B. Pham K thut iu khin t ng 2-6

2.1. Phn t in
Thi gian tr: l khong thi gian cn thit truyn mt tn hiu t im ngun n im ch. i vi phn t in, tc truyn rt ln (t 2 108 n 3 108 m/s) so vi nhng phn t khc trong h thng, v th s nh hng ca thi gian tr ny i vi h thng iu khin thng khng xt n.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-7

2.1. Phn t in
Th d: (a) xc nh thi gian tr cho mt ng truyn di 600 m vi vn tc truyn l 2.3 108 m/s. (b) Phi thuyn trong khng gian cch tri t 2000 km truyn i mt tn hiu vi g gian tn hiu truyn n mt t. y vn tc 3 108 m/s. Xc nh khong thi g

Gii: (a)

(b)

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-8

2.2. Phn t lng g

Tr khng: tr khng ca cht lng l c im ca ng, van, tit din m lm cn tr chuyn ng ca dng chy. N c o bng s thay i p sut cn thit lm tng mt n v lu lng. Mi quan h ny c th hin qua phng trnh dng chy. C hai loi dng chy: chy tng v chy ri - ty thuc vo tr s Reynolds.

Vi : khi lng ring ca lu cht (kg/m3) v: vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy (m/s) d: ng knh trong ca ng dn (m) : h s nht tuyt i ca lu cht (kg/m.s) Dng chy tng Dng chy ri Re < 2000 Re > 4000

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-9

2.2. Phn t lng g

dng chy tng, mi quan h gia p sut v lu lng dng chy l tuyn tnh. Do gi t tr khng l h s. Cn dng chy ri, mi quan h ny l phi t Khi i tr t kh hng C d h i i hi tuyn. lu lng dng chy tng, gi tr tr khng tng theo.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-10

2.2. Phn t lng g

i vi dng chy tng trong ng trn: Cng thc Hagen-Poiseuille: (Pa.s/m3)

i vi dng chy ri trong ng trn: Cng thc Fanning:

Vi Kt l h s chy ri,

, ph thuc thm bi h s ma st f.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-11

2.2. Phn t lng g

Th d: Mt ngun du 15oC chy dc mt ng nm ngang c ng knh 1 (cm) vi lu lng dng chy l 9.42 (L/min). ng di 10 (m). Hy xc nh tr s Reynolds, tr khng v khong st p trong ng. Cho bit ngun du c khi lng ring: = 880 (kg/m3), v h s nht: = 0.160 (Pa.s).
C.B. Pham K thut iu khin t ng 2-12

2.2. Phn t lng g

Gii: Chuyn i n v:

Vn tc trung bnh:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-13

2.2. Phn t lng g

Th d: Mt ngun nc 15oC chy trong mt ng thp c ng knh 0.4 (in) vi lu lng dng chy l 6.0 (gal/min). ng di 50 (ft). Hy xc nh tr s Reynolds, tr khng v khong st p trong ng. Cho bit ngun nc c khi lng ring: = 1000 (kg/m3), v h s nht: = 0. 001 (Pa.s). Gii: Chuyn i n v:

Vn tc trung bnh:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-14

2.2. Phn t lng g

y l dng chy ri, cn phi tnh h s ma st

H s chy ri:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-15

2.2. Phn t lng g

Dung lng: dung lng ca phn t lng c xc nh bng s thay i th tch cn thit trong thng cha to nn s thay i mt n v p sut u ra ca thng.

S thay i p sut trong thng ph thuc vo 3 yu t: s thay i chiu cao ca khi lu cht (H), gia tc trng trng (g), khi lng ring ca lu cht ().

Vi A l din tch mt ct ngang trung bnh ca khi lu cht

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-16

2.2. Phn t lng g

Th d: Mt thng cha c ng knh 1.83 (m) v cao 10 (ft). Hy xc nh dung lng ca thng cha i vi mi loi lu cht di y. (a) nc (water), = 1000 (kg/m3) (b) du (o ), = 880 (kg/m3) (oil), ( g/ (c) du la (kerosene), = 800 (kg/m3) (d) xng (gasoline), = 740 (kg/m3) Gii:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-17

2.2. Phn t lng g

Qun tnh: qun tnh ca phn t lng c o bng tng st p trong ng dn lm tng mt n v lu lng dng chy trong mt giy.

Ta c:

Th d: Xc nh qun tnh ca dng nc chy trong ng c ng knh 2.1 (cm) v di 65 (m). Gii:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-18

2.2. Phn t lng g

Thi gian tr: lun xy ra khi dng lu cht di chuyn t im ny n im kia.

Th d: Dng lu cht chy trong mt ng di 200 m vi ng knh 6 cm. Lu lng dng chy l 0.0113 m3/s. Hy xc nh thi gian tr. Gii:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-19

2.3. Phn t kh
Tr khng: tr khng ca cht kh l c im ca ng, van, tit din m lm cn tr dng kh. N c o bng s thay i p sut cn thit lm tng mt n v lu lng kh (kg/s). Dng kh chy trong ng c th l chy tng hay chy ri. Dng chy tng: khong st p t l thun vi vn tc dng chy Dng chy ri: khong st p t l thun vi bnh phng vn tc dng chy Trong thc t, dng kh hu nh l chy ri. Nu khong st p nh hn 10% gi tr p sut ban u, phng trnh dng chy (cho lu cht khng nn c) s cho kt qu g y chnh xc v tc dng chy kh.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-20

2.3. Phn t kh
Th d: th quan h gia lu lng kh (W) vi st p (p) c cho hnh bn di. Xc nh tr khng ca phn t kh ny khi lu lng dng kh l 0.6 (kg/s).

Tr khng cn tm l dc ca ng tip tuyn ti im lm vic.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-21

2.3. Phn t kh
Th d: Mt dng khng kh 15oC chy vi vn tc 0.03 (kg/s) trong mt ng nhn di 30 (m) c ng knh 4 (cm). Xc nh st p v tr khng dng kh. Nu p sut ng ra (p2) l 102 (kPa), hy tnh p sut ng vo. i vi dng kh: = 1.22 (kg/m3), v = 1.81 10-5 (Pa.s). Gii: ta c

H s ma st

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-22

2.3. Phn t kh
Dung lng: dung lng ca cht kh c xc nh bng s thay i khi lng kh trong bnh cha to nn s thay i mt n v p sut trong iu kin ng nhit.

Phng t h trng thi ca kh k tng: Ph trnh t t

Vi p: p sut tuyt i ca cht kh (Pa) V: th tch khi kh (m3) m: khi lng kh (kg) n: s mole (mol) M: trng lng phn t R: hng s kh = 8.314 (J/K.mol) T: nhit tuyt i (K)

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-23

2.3. Phn t kh
Khi lng kh:

Th d: Mt ni p sut c th tch l 0.75 (m3). Xc nh dung lng ca ni nu cht kh c dng l Nit nhit 20oC. Gii:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-24

2.4. Phn t nhit

Nhit tr: l c tnh ngn cn s truyn nhit ca vt th. N c c trng bng s chnh lch nhit to nn mt nhit lng bng 1 W (J/s). Thng thng, dng nhit xut hin qua vch ngn gia hai lu cht (lng hoc kh) c nhit khc nhau. Nhit xuyn qua vch t lu cht nng n lu cht lnh hn.

To
Nhit tr n v:

Ti

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-25

2.4. Phn t nhit

Vch ngn hai lp cht lng ( g p g (c nhit khc nhau) thng l mt thnh phn tng hp. Nu h s dn nhit ca mng lu cht l h, th nhit tr n v ca mng l:

Nu vt liu cch nhit c b dy l x, v dn nhit l k, th nhit tr n v ca lp cch nhit l:

Nhit tr tng tng ng:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-26

2.4. Phn t nhit

Th d: Mt vch ngn c 2 lp nh hnh minh ha trn: 1 lp bng thp dy 1 (cm) v 1 lp bng vt liu cch nhit dy 2 (cm). Mng bn trong l ngun nc tnh ( nhit 45oC) v mng bn ngoi l dng kh ( nhit 85oC) chuyn ng vi vn tc 6 (m/s). Nhit chnh lch Td gia ngun nc v b mt vch c lng l 10oC. Kch thc vch ngn l 2 (m) 3 (m). Xc nh nhit tr n v, nhit tr tng, v nhit lng truyn qua vch ngn. Cho bit dn nhit ca thp l k1 = 45 W/m.K, v vi lp cch nhit l k2 = 0.036 W/m.K. Gii: din tch vch ngn H s dn nhit ca mng nc H s dn nhit ca mng kh:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-27

2.4. Phn t nhit

Nhit tr n v

Nhit tr tng

Nhit lng truyn qua vch

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-28

2.4. Phn t nhit

H s dn nhit ca mng lu cht trong nhng iu kin khc nhau.
Lp cch nhit 2 h Lp cch nhit 1 h

i lu t nhin i vi dng khng kh tnh

Lp cch nhit 2 Lp cch nhit 1 Lp cch nhit 2 Lp cch nhit 1

i lu t nhin i vi dng nc tnh

i lu t nhin i vi du

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-29

2.4. Phn t nhit

i lu cng bc i vi dng khng kh trong ng thng trn nhn

nu va 4.6 (m/s)

va
nu va > 4.6 (m/s) i lu cng bc i vi dng nc ri trong ng thng

vw

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-30

2.4. Phn t nhit

Nhit dung: l lng nhit cn thit lm thay i mt n v nhit .

Vi m: khi lng (kg) Sh: nhit dung ring nhit lng cn thit nung nng mt n v khi lng ca mt cht ln mt n v nhit (J/kg.K). Th d: Xc nh nhit dung ca 8.31 m3 nc.

i vi nc: = 1000 (kg/m3) v Sh = 4190 (J/kg.K)

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-31

2.4. Phn t c
Ma st: l c tnh ngn cn chuyn ng ca h c, v c xc nh bng lc cn thit to nn s thay i mt n v vn tc.

- Xi lanh du p c nh - Thanh piston c ni vi b phn di ng M - Du trong xi lanh chy t bung ny n bung kia qua khe h gia xi lanh v piston. - Lu lng du chy qua khe h t l vi vn tc dch chuyn ca khi M - Lc y cht lng - do hiu p (p2 p1) to nn ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca khi M v t l vi tit din A ca piston.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-32

2.4. Phn t c

Tr khng do dng chy tng ma st t

Tr khng do ma st t v ma st Coulomb

- Ming chn to ra mt ma st khng i c lp vi vn tc ca khi M c gi l ma st Coulomb

Tr khng do dng chy ri C.B. Pham K thut iu khin t ng 2-33

2.4. Phn t c
Th d: Mt thit b gim chn c dng trong mt my ng gi. Dng chy trong b gim chn l chy tng. Mt lc 98 (N) c th nghim to nn mt chuyn ng vi vn tc 24 (m/s). Xc nh h s ma st t. Th d: Mt c h gm c mt khi lng trt trn t h t mt phng v mt b gim chn. th lc t i h l vn tc c th hin nh hnh bn. Xc nh h s ma st t, lc ma st Coulomb, v phng trnh lc theo vn tc. Gii:

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-34

2.4. Phn t c
C dung (th nng): c xc nh bng lng di ng ca l xo to nn mt n v lc. Nghch o ca c dung c gi l hng s l xo ( cng), K.

Th d: Mt l xo c dng to nn th nng trong mt h thng. Mt lc 100 (N) nn l xo mt khong 30 (cm). Xc nh c dung v hng s l xo. Gii:

Qun tnh: c xc nh bng lc cn thit to nn mt n v gia tc. N c nh ngha bi nh lut II ca Newton v thnh phn khi lng m t c tnh ca h thng.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-35

2.4. Phn t c
Th d: Mt xe A nng 1500 (kg). Xc nh lc trung bnh cn thit gia tc khi A t 0 (m/s) n 27.5 (m/s) trong khong thi gian 6 (s). Mt xe B cn mt lc trung bnh 8000 (N) gia tc t 0 (m/s) n 27.5 (m/s) trong khong thi gian 6 ( ) g g g (s). Xc nh khi lng ca B. Gii: ta c Xe A

Xe B

Thi gian tr: l thi gian cn thit di chuyn khi vt liu t ni ny n ni khc.

C.B. Pham

K thut iu khin t ng

2-36