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PHNG PHP NGHIN CU KHOA HC Bi 1: Tng quan

TS. L VN HUY
Email: levanhuy@vnn.vn

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

TRONG MN HC NY Mt s vn tng quan v nghin cu khoa hc. Cc loi nghin cu khoa hc. Tin trnh thc hin nghin cu khoa hc. Phn tch d liu trong nghin cu. Cng nhau trin khai nghin cu. Trnh by nghin cu.

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU KHOA HC Nghin cu khoa hc l qu trnh p dng cc tng, nguyn l v phng php khoa hc tm ra cc kin thc mi nhm gii thch hay d bo cc s vn hin tng trong th gii khch quan

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU KHOA HC Nghin cu khoa hc l qu trnh hnh thnh v chng minh lun im khoa hc v mt s vt hoc hin tng cn khm ph (V Cao m, 2008) c im
Tnh mi Tnh tin cy Tnh thng tin Tnh khch quan Tnh ri ro Tnh k tha Tnh c nhn

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

KH KHN CA NGI LM KHOA HC Bit nghin cu ci g?


V d: Bn xc nh ti tt nghip thc s?

Bit bt u t u? Trin khai nh th no? Tr li cu hi g? ng gp ca nghin cu l g?

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

5 CU HI QUAN TRNG NHT ti g? nh lm (nghin cu) ci g hc? Cu hi khoa

Quan im ca nhng nghin cu trc nh th no? hp tuyn l thuyt!!! Lun im (gi thuyt) ca bn ra sao? Bn s chng minh lun im (gi thuyt) ca bn nh th no? Phi xut pht t cu hi khoa hc!
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

BA LOI NGHIN CU Nghin cu m t: nghin cu nhng g xy ra hoc ang tn ti Nghin cu mi quan h: quan st mi quan h gia hai hay nhiu bin Nghin cu nhn qu: xc nh xem mt hay nhiu bin c nh hng n mt hay nhiu bin khc Nghin cu nhn qu hay c s dng nht!
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

PHNG PHP LUN NCKH

QUY NP nh tnh (qu trnh xy dng l thuyt)

L THUYT KHOA HC

SUY DIN nh lng

PHI HP

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

L THUYT KHOA HC
L thuyt khoa hc l mt h thng lun im khoa hc v mi lin h gia cc khi nim khoa hc. L thuyt cung cp mt quan nim hon chnh v bn cht s vt, nhng lin h bn trong ca s vt v mi quan h c bn gia s vt vi th gii hin thc (V Cao m, 2008) L thuyt khoa hc l mt tp nhng khi nim, nh ngha v gi thuyt trnh by c h thng thng qua cc mi quan h gia cc khi nim, nhm mc ch gii thch v d bo cc hin tng khoa hc (Kerlinger, 1986)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

L THUYT KHOA HC L thuyt khoa hc


L h thng lun im v mi lin h gia cc s kin khoa hc Gm:
H thng khi nim Cc mi lin h

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

KHI NIM Khi nim l cng c


gi tn mt s kin khoa hc, t duy v trao i thng tin, l c s nhn dng bn cht ca mt s vt

Khi nim gm 2 b phn hp thnh


Ni hm l tt c cc thuc tnh bn cht ca s kin Ngoi din l tt c cc c th c cha thuc tnh ch trong ni hm
V d: Khoa hc
Ni hm l h thng tr thc v bn cht s vt Ngoi din l cc loi khoa hc: khoa hc t nhin, x hi, k thut
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

KHI NIM c im
Ch hiu thng nht theo mt ngha

Khi nim c biu t bi nh ngha


nh ngha khi nim l tch ngoi din ca khi nim ra khi khi nim gn n v ch r ni hm V d: nh ngha ng trn
l mt ng cong khp kn, c khong cch t mi im ti tm bng nhau
ng trn l s vt cn nh ngha ng cong l s vt gn n khp kn v c khong cch t mi im ti tm bng nhau l ni hm

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

Nhng ci g y? Bao nhiu tay nam, bao nhiu n?

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MI LIN H GIA CC KHI NIM Mi lin h:


Ni tip, song song, hnh cy, mng, hn hp

S dng cng c ton trnh by cc dng lin h:


S=vt Y=f(x)
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THNH PHN CA L THUYT KHOA HC


Cc gii hn trong nghin cu: gi tr, thi gian v khng gian gi thuyt

Kh nng suy rng

Khi nim A
Gi thuyt 3

Gi thuyt 1

Khi nim B

Gi thuyt 2

Khi nim C
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THNH PHN CA L THUYT KHOA HC


Cc gii hn trong nghin cu: gi tr, thi gian v khng gian gi thuyt

Kh nng suy rng

Khi nim nghin cu

Gi thuyt l thuyt

Khi nim nghin cu

Bin quan st

Gi thuyt kim nh

Bin quan st

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

4 THNH PHN CB TRONG XD LTKH W-What?


Khi nim no cn nghin cu? Nhng yu t (khi nim) no c xem xt c kh nng gii thch hin tng khoa hc cn nghin cu?
y n gin

H-How?
Mi lin h gia nhng khi nim nh th no?

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

4 THNH PHN CB TRONG XD LTKH W-Why?


Ti sao chn cc yu t (quan nim ?) Ti sao cp n mi quan h ?

W3-Who/Where/When?
Who : i tng no c chn nghin cu? Where: u? When : Khi no

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU KHOA HC: suy din vs quy np L thuyt


Suy din

Tng qut ha

Vn nghin cu
Quy np

Gi thuyt

Quan st

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU KHOA HC: suy din vs quy np


Quy np (nh tnh)

L thuyt

L thuyt

Suy din (nh lng)

Gi thuyt

Gi thuyt

Tng qut ha

Quan st

Quan st

Khng nh
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

XY DNG L THUYT KHOA HC: nh tnh

Mc tiu nghin cu M hnh/ L thuyt mi Phn tch d liu

C s l thuyt

Thu thp d liu

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

XY DNG L THUYT KHOA HC: nh lng

Mc tiu nghin cu M hnh/ l thuyt mi Phn tch d liu

C s l thuyt

Thu thp d liu

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU SUY DIN (nh lng)


Vn (khe hng) nghin cu L thuyt/m hnh, gi thuyt Xy dng thang o Kim nh thang o Kim nh m hnh, gi thuyt Xem xt li l thuyt
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

(T)
L thuyt
Phng php NC

(R)
Nghin cu

Phng php lun nghin cu

CC BC THC HIN MT NCKH


Nghin cu cc khi nim v l thuyt

Xc nh vn nghin cu

Tm hiu cc nghin cu trc

Thit k nghin cu

Thu thp d liu

Phn tch d liu

Vit bo co nghin cu

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B1. XC NH VN NGHIN CU
Vn nghin cu Cu hi nghin cu

a. Xut pht t kinh nghim thc tin. b. Xut pht t thc t kinh doanh. c. T cc l hng ca nhng nghin cu trc phi tng hp, phn tch cc nghin cu trc. Nghin cu trn th gii
Nghin cu ti Vit Nam

d. T kin ca cc chuyn gia.


Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MT V D C TH Hy suy ngh Khi bn giao dch ti mt ngn hng, bn ch n vn g? Bn ngh c tip tc giao dch vi ngn hng hay khng?

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MT V D C TH Cht lng dch v v s trung thnh ca khch hng trong lnh vc ngn hng Quan nim v cht lng dch v nh th no?
u l cc yu t cu thnh nn cht lng dch v? Cch thc o lng?

Nh th no l s trung thnh? Mi quan h gia cht lng dch v v s trung thnh ca khch hng?
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B2. XEM XT L THUYT V CC KHI NIM Cc l thuyt


Nghin cu nc ngoi: Nghin cu c s
SERVQUAL (SERVice QUALity) SERVPERF (SERVice PERFormance)

Cc nghin cu ng dng Nghin cu ti Vit Nam

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

CC KHI NIM
TNH HU HNH

TNH NG TIN CY S TRUNG THNH CA KHCH HNG

P NG Cu hi: Lm th no o lng cc khi nim? Mi quan h gia cc khi nim ny nh th no? NNG LC PHC V

NG CM

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

CC KHI NIM
Items 1.1 Items 1.2 Items 1.3 Items 1.n

TNH HU HNH

TNH NG TIN CY S TRUNG THNH CA KHCH HNG

Items 2.1 Items 2.2 Items 2.3 Items 2.n

P NG

NNG LC PHC V

NG CM BIN CP II BIN CP I
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B3. THIT K NGHIN CU Cng c thu thp d liu


Thang o Thit k BCH

Bn cu hi

Mu v phng php chn mu Phng php thu thp d liu M hnh v gi thuyt nghin cu D kin phng php phn tch mt k hoch phn tch c th nn xy dng

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

M HNH V CC GI THUYT
TNH HU HNH Gi thuyt: H1: Tn ti mi quan h gia tnh hu hnh v s trung thnh ca khch hng trn tng th S TRUNG THNH CA KHCH HNG Hoc: H1: Tn ti mi tng quan dng gia tnh hu hnh v s trung thnh ca khch hng trn tng th

TNH NG TIN CY

P NG

NNG LC PHC V

NG CM

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B4. D LIU V PHNG PHP THU THP D liu


Th cp S cp

Phng php thu thp


Quan st Phng vn
Trc tip Qua th Qua in thoi Qua mail (Internet)
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B5. PHN TCH D LIU M ho d liu Nhp liu Lm sch d liu Kim tra tin cy v gi tr ca d liu (EFA v Cronbach Alpha) Phn tch
Cc thang o o lng cc bin s Mi quan h gia cc bin s phn tch da trn m hnh

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B6. BO CO NGHIN CU GII QUYT VN THC TIN Tng quan: Gii thiu ton b nghin cu, quy trnh, ngha ca nghin cu C s l thuyt: Tm lc cc l thuyt i trc Phn tch thc trng Cc gii php v quyt nh Kt lun

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B6. BO CO NGHIN CU HN LM: quy np (nh tnh) 1. Tng quan: Phn tch thc trng ca vn thc tin + cc l thuyt c vn nghin cu 2. Hp tuyn CS l thuyt: Phn tch l thuyt v hn ch ca n 3. Phng php nghin cu (nh tnh + nh lng): Cch thc thu thp, phn tch d liu 4. Phn tch kt qu: Kt qu, m hnh l thuyt gii quyt vn 5. Kt lun: Tm tt kt qu, hn ch, hng nghin cu trong tng lai
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

KT CU BO CO NGHIN CU HN LM: suy din (nh lng) 1. Tng quan: Thc trng ca vn thc tin + cc l thuyt c vn nghin cu 2. Hp tuyn CS l thuyt v (hoc) NC khm ph: Thit k MH NC v cc gi thuyt lin quan 3. Phng php nghin cu (nh tnh + nh lng): Cng c o lng (BCH), chn mu, phng php thu thp v phn tch d liu. 4. Phn tch kt qu: Kt qu kim nh + bnh lun 5. Kt lun: Gii thiu, tm tt kt qu, hn ch, hng nghin cu trong tng lai
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

PHNG PHP NGHIN CU KHOA HC Bi 2: Cc phng php nghin cu Thang o lng v Thit k cng c o lng (BCH)
TS. L VN HUY
Email: levanhuy@vnn.vn
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

CC PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU NH TNH

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU NH TNH Phn tch v din gii d liu dng nh tnh nhm mc ch khm ph qui lut ca hin tng khoa hc
Xy dng l thuyt khoa hc (gi thuyt) Kim nh l thuyt khoa hc (gi thuyt)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

PHNG PHP V CNG C NC NH TNH Phng php


Grounded theory Nghin cu tnh hung (Case studies) Ethnography/phenomenology/action research

Cng c
Phng vn (tho lun) nhm (focus groups) Phng vn (tho lun) tay i (in-depth interviews) Quan st (observations)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

K THUT NGHIN CU NH TNH: Quan st Tham gia nh mt thnh vin: khng cho bit mnh l nh nghin cu Tham gia ch ng quan st: thng bo cho bit mnh l nh nghin cu Tham gia th ng quan st: khng thng bo, c th khng l thnh vin Ch quan st

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

K THUT NGHIN CU NH TNH: Quan st


u im Thu nhn c kin thc ban u v vn nghin cu Khai thc c nhng vn m nh nghin cu c th khng ngh n Thc v ng cnh, thi gian Nhc im Kh khn trong quan h v thi gian tham gia Nhng tnh hung t nh

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

K THUT NGHIN CU NH TNH: Phng vn


Gm: Tho lun nhm v tho lun tay i Cc k thut Khng cu trc (cu hi m) Bn cu trc Cu trc (cu hi ng)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MT S CU HI S DNG KHI PHNG VN Cu hi gii thiu:


Bn c hiu bit g v. Bn cho ti bit v v?

Cu hi chuyn su:
Nu c gii thch thm, bn c th gii thch thm v? Nh vy th n c ngha g?

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MT S CU HI S DNG KHI PHNG VN Cu hi trc tip:


Khi mua hng, bn c tham kho v gi?

Cu hi gin tip:
Theo bn, v sao sinh vin thng xuyn ngh hc?

Cu hi din ngha:
Nu ti hiu ng anh/ch th vn nh th ny

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THO LUN NHM


Nhm bao gm 8-10 thnh vin Vai tr ngi iu khin S dng ph bin trong nghin cu nh tnh - hn lm v ng dng khm ph cc hin tng khoa hc (hn lm) hay vn (ng dng)
Phng php thu thp d liu Cho php s tng tc gia cc thnh vin nghin cu Nh nghin cu tham gia ch ng trong qu trnh thu thp d liu
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MT S CH
Cng nhm ng nht - khc nhm d bit i tng nghin cu khng quen bit nhau (c bit cho mt s phn t) v khng quen thuc vi phng php Cn phi chn i tng nghin cu: s dng mt s cu hi gn lc Thnh cng ca tho lun nhm ph thuc vo ngi iu khin chng trnh Khng th tng qut ha kt qu nh nh lng (chn mu l thuyt).
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

KHNG GIAN THC HIN NC NH TNH


Knh mt chiu

Bn tho lun

Phng theo di

Ngi iu khin i tng nghin cu (subjects) chng trnh (moderator)


Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU NH LNG

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

NGHIN CU NH LNG (SUY DIN)


Vn (khe hng) nghin cu L thuyt/m hnh, gi thuyt Xy dng thang o Kim nh thang o Kim nh m hnh, gi thuyt Xem xt li l thuyt
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

L thuyt
Phng php NC

Nghin cu

Phng php lun nghin cu

QUY TRNH NGHIN CU THNG THNG


C s l thuyt v cc nghin cu trc Nghin cu chnh thc: Nghin cu nh lng (mu phi ln) Cronbach Alpha Phn tch nhn t khm ph EFA MH iu chnh (nu c) Kim tra thch hp ca m hnh CFA (nu c) Thc hin cc phn tch thch hp vi PPNC
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

Thang o ban u Thang o chnh thc

Nghin cu s b: Phng vn th (mu nh)

iu chnh thang o M hnh nghin cu (nu c)

- Loi cc bin c h s tng quan bin tng nh. - Kim tra h s alpha. - Loi cc bin c trng s EFA nh. - Kim tra yu t trch c. - Kim tra phng sai trch c

GI THUYT hng cho bn la chn hp tuyn cc nghin cu trc y (literature) hng cc quyt nh ca bn theo dng thit k nghin cu (design) cn c s dng hng cc quyt nh ca bn theo s liu cn thu thp hng dn phn tch cc s liu ca bn

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

PHN BIT GI THIT V GI THUYT Gi thit (assumption)


l iu kin gi nh ca nghin cu khng c thc trong i tng kho st gt bt nhng yu t nh hng gi thit khng cn chng minh c th tn ti hoc khng trong nghin cu!!! V d: Nghin cu so snh nh hng ca 2 qung co Gi thit: Trnh ca 2 nhm (ngi) da vo th nghim l nh nhau
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

PHN BIT GI THIT V GI THUYT Gi thuyt (hypothesis)


l nhn nh s b, l kt lun gi nh l lun im khoa hc ca nghin cu Gi thuyt cn phi chng minh v bc b vic kim nh thng qua

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

GI THUYT Gi thuyt l mt kt lun gi nh v bn cht s vt, do ngi nghin cu a ra chng minh hoc bc b Gi thuyt l khi im ca mi nghin cu khoa hc (L T Thnh, 1993) Khng c khoa hc m khng c gi thuyt (Varshavshii, 1975) Vn nghin cu l cu hi th gi thuyt chnh l cu tr li cho cu hi nu
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

GI THUYT Gi thuyt phi kh c th ngi c c th hiu r rng nhng g m nghin cu mun chng t M t chnh xc v hot ng m ngi ta ngh l s xy ra trong nghin cu

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

V D Vn quan tm ca nghin cu
Cht lng dch v ngn hng S trung thnh ca khch hng

Cu hi nghin cu
u l nhn t tc ng n s trung thnh ca khch hng i vi ngn hng?

Gi thuyt nghin cu
Tn ti mi quan h tng quan dng gia tnh hu hnh v s trung thnh ca khch hng i vi ngn hng
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

BIN NGHIN CU Mi o lng n nht u l mt ch dn khng hon ho Bin: C th o lng trc tip (thu nhp, gii tnh, tui) hoc khng th o lng trc tip m thng qua mt s bin s khc (bin tim n)
C mt s bin (bin tim n) khng th o lng trc tip m phi thng qua mt s bin khc (gi l cc items) V d:
Bn khng th hi l bn c thch qung co A hay khng!!! Vn lm th no o lng.
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

CC KHI NIM
Items 1.1 Items 1.2 Items 1.3 Items 1.n

TNH HU HNH

TNH NG TIN CY S TRUNG THNH CA KHCH HNG

Items 2.1 Items 2.2 Items 2.3 Items 2.n

P NG

NNG LC PHC V

NG CM BIN CP II BIN CP I
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

M HNH V CC GI THUYT
TNH HU HNH Gi thuyt: H1: Tn ti mi quan h gia tnh hu hnh v s trung thnh ca khch hng trn tng th S TRUNG THNH CA KHCH HNG Hoc: H1: Tn ti mi tng quan dng gia tnh hu hnh v s trung thnh ca khch hng trn tng th

TNH NG TIN CY

P NG

NNG LC PHC V

NG CM

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

XY DNG CC GI THUYT H1: Tn ti mi tng quan dng gia tnh hu hnh v s trung thnh ca khch hng i vi ngn hng trong tng th. H2: Tn ti mi tng quan dng gia tnh ng tin cy v s trung thnh ca khch hng i vi ngn hng trong tng th.

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

O LNG

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

CC LOI D LIU D liu c sn (d liu th cp):


Hao tn thi gian v chi ph Mc ph hp??? Mc tin cy ca d liu thu thp Cng c thch hp: m hnh hi qui, chui thi gian, logit, probit, SEM, vv. thp

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

CC LOI D LIU D liu cha c sn (d liu s cp) thu thp t chc

Thc hin thng qua cc cuc kho st (surveys) Tr li cu hi lin quan n thi gian, chi ph, k nng Vn chn mu vn sai s trong chn mu Cc cng c o lng Kim nh cc thang o lng: Cronbach alpha, EFA, CFA Cng c phn tch: Bng cho, hi qui, h logit, MANOVA, MDA, MDS, m hnh cn bng cu trc (SEM)
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

O LNG Cho d l ci g chng ta cp n, nu chng ta c th o lng n v biu th n bng cc con s, chng ta hiu bit t nhiu v n. Nhng khi chng ta cha th biu din n bng cc con s, kin thc ca chng ta v n rt hn ch, khim khuyt. y c th c th l khi im ca kin thc khoa hc nhng rt kh khn pht trin khoa hc. (Lord Kelvin)
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

O LNG V NGHA CA O LNG ngha


Gip cung cp thng tin cho vic ra quyt nh Bin cc c tnh ca s vt thnh dng c th phn tch c

Bn loi thang o lng


Biu danh (Nominal scale) Th t (Ordinal scale) Khong cch (Interval scale) T l (Ratio scale) Hai thang khong cch v t l l thang im h mt (metric)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THANG O LNG Thang o biu danh (Nominal scale)


Thang o biu danh l thang o s dng cc con s hoc k t nh du phn loi i tng hoc s dng Thang o biu danh ch biu hin v mt ngha biu danh m hon ton khng biu hin v nh lng ca i tng . N tn ti mt quan h tng ng mt - mt gia con s v i tng: mt i tng tng ng ch vi mt con s v mi con s ch gn vi mi i tng.

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THANG O LNG Thang o biu danh (Nominal scale)


V d 1: Gii tnh ca ngi tr li
+ N + Nam

V d 2:

Tnh trng hn nhn ca bn l


+ c gia nh + Cha c gia nh

V d 3:

in thoi
+ S 0511 383 6934 Khoa QTKD

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THANG O LNG Thang o th t (Ordinal scale)


Thang im ny cung cp thng tin v mi quan h th t gia cc s vt. Cp ca thang o lng ny bao gm c thng tin v s biu danh v xp hng theo th t. N cho php xc nh mt c tnh ca mt s vt ny c hn mt s vt khc hay khng, nhng khng cho php ch ra mc s khc bit ny. V d: Xp loi hc tp trong lp theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4,...

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THANG O LNG Thang o th t (Ordinal scale)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

THANG O LNG Thang o khong cch (Interval scale)


Thang im khong c tt c cc thng tin ca mt thang th t v n cn cho php so snh s khc nhau gia cc th t . Cc con s biu th nhng im c th trn thang o lng. S khc nhau gia 1 v 2 bng s khc nhau gia 3 v 4, v d nhin s khc nhau gia 2 v 4 bng 2 ln s khc nhau gia 1 v 2.

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THANG O LNG Thang o khong cch (Interval scale)


Anh ch hy nh gi tm quan trng ca cc yu t ca mt tit mc qung co

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THANG O LNG Thang o t l (Ratio scale)


Thang im t l c tt c cc c im ca thang nh danh, thang th t v thang khong cch v ngoi ra n cn c im 0 (zero) c nh. C th xc nh, xp hng th t, so snh cc khong cch hay nhng s khc bit v cho php tnh ton t l gia cc gi tr ca thang o. Ngi nghin cu c th ni n cc khi nim gp i, mt na.... trong thang o ny.

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THANG O LNG Thang o t l (Ratio scale)


Thu nhp hng thng ca bn l ...................... ng? Hin ti bn ...... tui? T nh bn n trng khong ....... km?

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THIT K CNG C THU THP D LIU

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BN CU HI

nh ngha:
Bn cu hi l mt tin trnh c chnh thc ha nhm thu thp, ghi chp li nhng thng tin xc ng v c ch nh r vi s chnh xc v hon ho tng i.

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NHNG THUC TNH CA BCH TT Phi chuyn ti ni dung mun hi Gip hiu bit r rng cc cu hi. Khuyn khch hp tc Gip xem xt li ni tm k hn, lc li tr nh. Hng dn r rng nhng iu ngi c hi mun bit v cch tr li. Xc nh nhng nhu cu cn bit phn loi v kim tra li cuc phng vn.

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CC BC THIT K BCH
Xc nh cc d kin ring bit cn tm Xc nh cc d kin ring bit cn tm Xc nh phng php phng vn Xc nh phng php phng vn nh gi ni dung bn cu hi nh gi ni dung bn cu hi Quyt nh dng cu hi v cu tr li Quyt nh dng cu hi v cu tr li Xc nh cc t ng trong bn cu hi Xc nh cc t ng trong bn cu hi Xc nh cu trc bn cu hi Xc nh cu trc bn cu hi Xc nh cc c tnh vt l ca bn cu hi Xc nh cc c tnh vt l ca bn cu hi Kim tra, sa cha Kim tra, sa cha
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B1. X D KIN RING BIT CN TM Lit k nhng g cn o lng


danh sch nhng cu hi ring bit, nhng nhm ch hay t ch yu

D tnh xem nhng bin s c o lng s c s dng nh th no Dng loi k thut phn tch no mang li ngha cho d liu.

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B2. X PHNG PHP PHNG VN Cn quyt nh loi phng php phng vn no:
Bng th tn Bng in thoi Trc tip Qua mail (Internet)...

Mi loi s nh hng n cch thc trnh by ni dung bng cu hi sau ny

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B3. NH GI NI DUNG CU HI Mc tiu v ni dung ca vn nghin cu quyt nh ni dung cu hi Khi thit k nn t hi:
Cu hi t ra c cn thit khng? Ngi tr li c hiu c cu hi khng? Ngi tr li c c nhng thng tin cn thit tr li cc cu hi khng? Ngi tr li liu c cung cp cc thng tin khng?

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B3. NH GI NI DUNG CU HI Cch khc phc


Nhng n lc ca ngi tr li Ng cnh Mc ch chnh ng Thng tin mang tnh nhy cm phi khc phc

Kinh nghim
Nn vit li gii thiu v mc ch nghin cu Nhng cu hi nhy cm nn cui

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B4. QUYT NH DNG CU HI V TR LI C hai dng cu hi chnh


Cu hi m Cu hi ng

Cu hi m
Cu hi m l dng cu hi m trong cu hi c cu trc cn cu tr li th khng. Ngi tr li c th tr li vi bt c thng tin no v bt c cu no c coi l thch hp. Ngi phng vn s c nhim v vit li chnh xc nhng g c th thu thp c.
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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Gm
Cu hi t do tr li Cu hi thm d Cu hi thuc dng k thut hin hnh

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi t do tr li
Ngi tr li th t do tr li theo ca mnh ty theo phm vi t do ca cu hi Thun li
thu c nhng cu tr li bt ng, khng d liu trc - bc l r rng hn quan im -Gim bt s tht vng - to mi quan h vi ngi c hi.

Kh khn
Kh cho ngi din t km Kh m ha ph thuc nhiu vo ngi ghi chp i khi mt thi gian

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi thm d


Sau khi dng mt vi cu hi m tm hiu mt ch no , ngi phng vn c th bt u tin hnh nhng cu hi thm d thn mt a vn i xa hn. Nhc: Ging cu hi t do tr li u:
Gi tng thm Khuyn khch tr li
VD: ... c cn iu g khc na khng ? ...c ch bai iu g na khng?...

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi thuc dng k thut hin hnh


Dng k thut lin kt:
a ra chui t hoc hnh nh v yu cu h a ra suy ngh

Dng k thut dng hnh:


a ra mt s tnh hung gi m t vn yu cu phch ha din

Dng k thut hon tt


Hon tt nhng cu cn dang d V d: Ti khng thch loi bia:............................... Loi bia c a chung nht l...................

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi ng
Cu hi ng l dng cu hi m c cu hi ln cu tr li u c cu trc. Gm
Cu hi phn i Cu hi xp hng theo th t Cu hi ng du tnh hung theo danh sch Cu hi cho nhiu la chn Cu hi bc thang

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi phn i


L dng cu hi m ngi c hi ch c th chn mt trong hai cu tr li nh c hoc khng, ng hoc khng ng . u im:
Thit k nhanh chng -D dng cho ngi tr li -Thun tin trong x l, tnh ton v phn tch.

Hn ch
Cung cp khng thng tin chi tit - Phi t cu hi v s dng t ng chnh xc - Bt buc ngi tr li la chn cho d h c th cha chc chn lm khi chn cu tr li.

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi xp hng theo th t


L loi cu hi m cu tr li c thit k bng nhiu khon mc ngi tr li c th so snh, la chn v xp hng theo th t.

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi xp hng theo th t


u im
Cho thng tin nhanh chng. Hi v lp thnh bng, ct tng i d dng; thun tin khi x l, phn tch. D gii thch cho ngi tr li.

Nhc
Khng ch ra mc cch bit gia cc la chn. Cu tr li b gii hn khng qu 5 hoc 6 mc Ngi tr li phi c kin thc v tt c cc mc. Kh bao qut y cc tnh hung.

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi dnh du tnh hung theo dnh sch


N tng t nh cu hi xp hng th t, tuy nhin khc bit l ngi c hi s nh du mt hay nhiu loi tr li c lit k.

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi cho nhiu la chn


Loi cu hi m cc cu tr li c lit k, cho bit ch chn cu tr li thch hp nht.

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B4. Q. DNG CU HI V TR LI Cu hi bc thang


Thc cht dng cu hi ny l s p dng loi thang im nh gi theo khon mc Loi cu hi ny cho php bin i nhng thng tin nh tnh thnh thng tin nh lng.

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B5. XC NH T NG TRONG BCH Dng t ng quen thuc, trnh dng ting lng v t chuyn mn. Dng t ng n gin. Trnh s dng cc cu hi di. Trnh cu hi lp li (va... va...; ch t v trong cu hi) Trnh cu hi gi Trnh cu hi nh kin Trnh cu hi qu nhiu tng tng

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B6. XC NH CU TRC BCH Phn m u Cu hi nh tnh Cu hi hm nng Cu hi c th Cu hi ph


Ghi tn, h, a ch, s in thoi, ngy.... Thi gian bt u v kt thc phng vn. Ch k ca ngi phng vn. Ch k ca cc c nhn c lin quan.
Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

B7. XC NH CC C TNH VT L Xem xt hnh dng bn cu hi, cht lng giy, cht lng in n... Trnh by ngn gn v r rng. Nu dng cu hi m th nn cha khong trng ln. In thnh tp sch (nu cn) Khi nhy qung cu hi trn bn cu hi th phi ch thch r rng.
VD: Nu bn tr li c Nu bn tr li khng xin chuyn n tr li cu 12 tr li tip cu 6
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B8. KIM TRA, SA CHA Thc hin trn mu nh Vn t ra


Ngi c phng vn c hiu v tr li c bn cu hi khng? Ngi phng vn c thc hin tt khng? Thng tin c ghi nhn tt khng? Thi gian cn thit tin hnh phng vn?

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BIU MU QUAN ST Cn quan st ai? Bt c ai mua sn phm? Bt c ai vo ca hng? Nam? N? Cp? Cn quan st ci g? Ngnh hng bn? Qui m ca vic bn?. Cc mt hng c ch trng? Mt hng no c yu cu trc ht? Vic quan st xy ra khi no: Ngy no trong tun? Gi no trong ngy? Quan st u? Loi ca hng no? khu vc no? Ti sao chn n?
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MU V VN SAI S

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CC K THUT CHN MU
CC K THUT CHN MU CC K THUT CHN MU

Phi xc xut Phi xc xut

Theo xc sut Theo xc sut

Thun tin Thun tin

Phn on Phn on

nh mc nh mc

Ngu nhin n gin Ngu nhin n gin

H thng H thng

Phn tng Phn tng

Theo nhm Theo nhm

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

SAI S TRONG NGHIN CU


Sai s do Sai s khng phi Sai s do Sai s khng phi chn mu SE do chn mu NE chn mu SE do chn mu NE SE SE SE SE NE NE NE NE NE max NE max

Tng kch thc mu nN

SE 0

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Bi 6: SON THO K HOCH NGHIN CU BO CO NGHIN CU & MT S CH KHI TRCH DN

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O VN TRONG NCKH? o vn l mo nhn (pass off) cng vic ca mt ai nh l cng vic ca chnh mnh v li ch ca chnh mnh d l c ch ch hay khng c ch ch
(Carroll, 2002:9)

Copyright @ 2010, L VN HUY, PhD., Danang University of Economics

MO NHN (Pass off) Cho mt n tng gi to C gng la gt ai Sai lm c tnh Sai lm khng c tnh (C mt s ngi mo nhn m h khng bit mo nhn)

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CNG VIC CA AI Sinh vin khng lm vic m tha nhn Khng ch s dng li ca ngi khc p dng tng cng c th l o vn Lp li, vit li bng ngn ng ca chnh mnh, sao chp li

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C CH CH HOC KHNG Coi l chuyn thng ngy Ti hon ton khng c nh ! Ti hon ton khng bit cch trch dn ti liu tham kho!

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TRNH O VN ng mo nhn cng vic ca ngi khc nh l cng vic ca mnh K tn tt c cc tc gi trong bi vit Trnh trch on trn internet hay cc ngun khc m khng ch thch ti liu tham kho

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TI SAO PHI GHI NGUN Ghi mt li tri n n cc tc gi khi bn k n hay trch dn cng vic ca h Tng hm lng khoa hc ca nghin cu Thng tin ti liu tham kho phi y ngi c c th truy xut c ti liu Cch ghi danh mc ti liu tham kho phi thng nht

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CCH TRCH DN: trc tip


Tn tc gi v nm xut bn Nm xut bn trong ngoc
V d: Huy (1999) cho rng: Cht lng dch v c ngha l khng c cht lng g c

Nu ng tc gi (2 ngi) th ghi l
Huy v Hong (2000) cho rng: Vit Nam cn phi xy dng chin lc pht trin kinh t Min Trung v Ty Nguyn

Nu ng tc gi (3 ngi) th ghi l
Huy v cng s (2000) cho rng: Vit Nam cn phi xy dng chin lc pht trin kinh t Min Trung v Ty Nguyn

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CCH TRNH DN: gin tip Cng nghip Vit Nam ng vai tr quan trng trng trong nn kinh t Vit Nam (Kenichi Ohno, 2005) Khi c nhiu tc gi th bn phi sp xp theo th t theo nm tng dn (Handy, 1979; Johnson, 1992; Brown, 1999)

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TRCH DN CA CC TRCH DN Khi bn trch dn tng ca mt tc gi, m tng ny c trch dn t mt tc gi khc th bn phi ghi l:
(Parasuraman, 1987, trch trong Huy, 2008)

Bn phi trch dn nh vy bi v bn khng phi l ngi c c bn gc ca Parasuraman.

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DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO: Sch Nguyn Trn Quc (2005), n lc phi xy dng v cng c li nn quc hc ca Vit nam, Nh xut bn S Tht, H Ni, 500 trang. Ch Tn sch ghi ch nghing Phi sp xp ti liu tham kho theo ABC ca tn tc gi

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DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO: Tp ch Williamson, P. C. J. (1991), Supplier Strategy and Customer Responsiveness; Managing the Links, Business Strategy Review, 40, 4, 75-90. Ch Tp ch th ch nghing, cn tn bi vit trong tp ch th ghi ch ng bnh thng.

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DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO Kelly. C, (1997) David Kolb, The Theory of Experiential Learning and ESL , The Internet TESL Journal, September, Vol. III, No. 9 (online) http://iteslj.org/Articles/Kelly-Experiential/ (28/02/2009) Nguyn Vn A (2000), Cht lng hay khng cht lng (online) (http://www.tienphong.vn/Tianyon/Index.aspx) ngy truy xut
28/04/2009.
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TRN TRNG CM N V TRI N! GS. DAtous (Canada), GS. Guy Cucumel (Canada) GS. Naufel Daghfous GS. Jean Francois Lemoine (Php) Thy Nguyn nh Th v C Mai Trang Thy Hong Trng Thy V Cao m Thy Nguyn Minh Kiu

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