Th.

S Nguyn Minh Khang

HI SINH VT CNH TP. H CH MINH TRUNG TM NGHIN CU KHOA HC DCH V - SINH VT CNH TP.HCM

HNG DN K THUT TRNG NM RM

Thc S Nguyn Minh khang

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Tp.HCM, 09/2009.

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

1. KHI QUT V NM RM Nm rm c tn khoa hc l Volvariella gm nhiu loi khc nhau: c loi mu xm trng, xm, xm en. Kch thc ng knh ca nm rm ln nh tu thuc tng loi nm rm. Nm rm c cha hm lng cht dinh dng cao: protein, cc acid amin, cht khong v vitamin.Vic tn dng ht cc ngun nguyn liu nng nghip sn c a phng pht trin ngh trng nm rm, nhm em li hiu qu kinh t cao v tng thu nhp cho nng dn. Nm rm l mt loi nm rt d trng, vng quay nhanh. Nng dn cn ch trng nm vo cc ngy rm, ngy chay v ngy tt. Hin nay c 2 cch trng nm rm ph bin: Trng nm nm rm ngoi tri v trng nm rm trong nh. 2. K THUT TRNG NM RM 2.1. THI V TRNG NM RM Nu mi trng nm ln u th nn trng vo ma kh, ch ng vic ti nc. Trng vo ma ma, m c thch hp hn, nhng khi ma lin tip lm lnh m nm, t kh pht trin hoc lm n nm d ng. Nu nm vng k thut trng nm rm th c th trng vo ma ma. 2.2. VT LIU Rm, r ca la di ngy hoc ph liu mn ca Meo ging Tm dy v vi 2.2.1. NGUYN LIU - Rm r: Chn rm r tt, em phi kh: rm la np, rm la ma trng ra nm tt hn rm r thn nng. Rm r b mc, b nhim thuc tr su - ry, rm la b bnh mt ma, trng nm nhiu khi khng ln hoc c nm th nng sut rt thp. Rm cn xanh khng th trng nm c. Do , rm r sau khi thu hoch v phi c phi kh, nh ng, bo qun tt.

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

- Mn ca: cc loi mn ca g mn, khng c tinh du. phi kh hoc tn dng mn ca s dng trng nm mo v nm bo ng trng nm rm li. - Cc loi ph gia: phn v c, phn hu c, cm bp, vi 2.2.2. MEO GING Mun trng nm c nng sut cao, nn t meo ni c tn nhim. Khng ly meo nhiu ngun khng r ngun gc. Meo tt phi m bo cc ch tiu sau: + Khng b nhim bnh: Chai meo ht hoc bch meo cng c cc si nm mc u t trn xung di, khng c khoan, m en, xanh, vng m ch c mu trng ca t hoc c lm m mu nu , nu hng ca hu bo t. + Gng c mi thm d chu: Nu c mi chua kh chu l ging b nhim vi khun, nm di. + Gng khng qu gi hoc qu non: Lc chun b cy meo phai coi ngy cy ghi trn chai. Nu qu 2 tun l meo hi gi, meo gi c m so hay cy nm mc trong chai. Mu chai ging chuyn sang vng, nu en l ging qu gi. Nu ging cha n kn y chai hoc bch nylong l ging cn non. Nn s dng ging n kn ht y chai/ti sau 3 4 ngy. Mun lu phi bo qun nhit lnh 4 8 ko di 30 50 ngy. + Vn chuyn ging: Vn chuyn ging phi nh nhnh, trnh va chm mnh, dng ng chai ging nt bng quay ln pha trn. V nh khng meo ni qu nng hoc qu nng, khng lm tut nt bng ra ngoi. Ngoi ra khng meo ni c nhiu thuc BVTV, nn ni sch s, thong mt. Sau khi ging mang v phi 2 ngy cho ging n nh mi em i cy ging. 2.2.3. NH TRI Vic trng nm rm trong nh cn phi c nh tri, khi thit k yu cu m bo yu t sau: C h thng ca iu chnh thng thong khi cn thit, sch s, cng mt cng tt, m cao.

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Trc, sau mi t trng nm cn phi v sinh khu vc nui trng v trong nh: c th xng (t) bt lu qunh hay phun foocmon t l 0,5% trc khi a nguyn liu vo nh trng nm 1 tun.

Kiu nh: thng ch A + Din tch: 24m2 ( 6m x 4m) + Vt liu: tm vng, ct ko, xuyn, tr , tn dng bng cc loi cy nh c chiu di 2 m 4 m, ng knh 10cm 15cm. + Nylong trng (dy): khong m2 + Sau khi dng sn tri xong, ta dung nilon lp mi v bao kn xung quanh vch, ph l da hay l chui kh, c tranhln trn mi sao cho ch cn 30% nh sng trc tip.

HNH 1: Kiu nh ch A AB: Chiu di (6m) CD: Chiu rng (4m) E: Mi nh bng tre, lp nilon 2.2.4. Cc dng c khc - Khun g: trng nm rm ngoi tri. F: Rnh thot nc 2 bn mi (nu cn) G: Ca ra vo c cnh H: Chiu cao (1,8m 3m)

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Hnh 2: Khun g a: Chiu rng y di 0,4m b: Chiu rng y trn 0,3m c: Chiu y trn 1,1m d: Chiu y di 1,2m h: Chiu cao khun 0,4m Hp p rm: Trng nm trong nh

Hnh 3: Hp p rm Dng c ti: bnh doa, bnh xt. Cc dng c khc: nhit k, x, chu.

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

2.3.

X L NGUYN LIU

Rm, r c nhng vo nc vi pha vi t l 3 kg 5kg vi cho 100 lt nc ngm rm va ngp. Mc ch dit nm tp, ty ra cht phn, cht mn trong rm r. tng nng sut v cht lng nm nn ha vo nc mt lng phn v c khng qu 0,4% theo t l: 1 Urea + 1 Ln + 1 NPK hoc s dng phn hu c vi sinh vi t l 2%. * Thi gian ngm trong nc vi t 20-30 pht, sau vt ra ro nc, cht thnh ng vi chiu rng 1,5-2 m, chiu di 4-8 m cn dm nh cho d, ly nylon, rm hoc l chui t quanh gi m v gi nhit. * Thi gian 5-6 ngy: trong thi gian u sau khi cht ng 2-3 ngy o rm mt ln. Nu rm qu t cn gim bt dng c y bn ngoi, nu rm b kh cn b sung thm nc vi vi t l 3 kg vi cho 100 lt nc, ti va . * n ngy th 5-6 kim tra li ng rm, rm t khi vt vi cng thy c nc nh vi git l tt nht. Ch : rm iu kin cht nm phi t yu cu: - Rm r mm hn. - C mu vng ti. - C mi thm c trng ca rm r khi ln men.

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

3. CC PHNG PHP TRNG NM RM Nm rm c th trng trn t rung, t ct, t st, thm ch c trn nn xi mng. Trng ch c nng hay ch mt u c. Nhng nu trng v tr thng xuyn c gi th phi chn gi. Khng nn trng ni ng nc, ni d bn, trng gn ngun nc tin lm m nguyn liu v nc ti. 3.1. TRNG NM RM TRONG NH Sau khi o rm c 3 ngy th tin hnh a rm ng gi, cng on ny gm cc bc: + Cho rm vo khun hp p cht + Cy meo ging 2 u + Ph li bng nylong trng + Ct cht bng dy nylon, sau khi ng gi cc rm c kch thc (15cm x 18cm x 20cm) 3.2. TRNG NGOI TRI + t khun theo din tch hin c sao cho thun li i li, tin chm sc v tit kim din tch. Tri mt lp rm r vo khun dy 10 12cm, cy mt lp ging vin xung quanh cch mp khun 4 5 cm tip tc lm nh vy 3 lp, lp trn cng ( lp th t) cn cy ging u khp trn b mt rm r. + Lng ging cy cho 1 m khong 200 250 gram ( trung bnh 1 tn rm r kh trng c 70 80 m nm). Ch ging cy xong dng tay n cht, nht l xung quanh khun.
20 cm
5 cm

* * *

* *

Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Hnh 4 V tr cy meo ln m nm 4. T V A VO TRI 4.1. Trng nm rm trong nh Sau khi ng gi cn a t bng cch: cht cc gi rm thnh ng hnh khi c chiu cao khng qu 4 lp, ngoi cng y nylon hoc bt ( nhit khong 35 380C rm mt), thi gian 2 3 ngy. Sau khi t 4 ngy, tho dy g nylon v chuyn cc cc rm vo k ca tri nm. Chm sc m nm cy ging: Ty theo phng php nui nm rm ngoi tri hay trong nh m c cch thc chm sc khc nhau. Nm trng trong nh: sau 3 ngy u khng cn ti nc, nhng ngy tip theo quan st b mt m nm thy rm r kh cn ti nh xung quanh m nm, v lc ny si nm pht trin ra tn pha ngoi thnh m. Khi rm a vo tri nm c 4 5 ngy, t nm kt thnh nt nm ( nm bng ht nt nh). Sau khi a vo tri nm 7 ngy ta tin hnh thu hoch. Cn ch ti nc m cho m nm: nu nm ra mt dy, kch thc ln cn ti 2 3 t/ngy ( lng nc 1 ln ti 0,1 lt/m/ngy). Nu ti nc qu m th nm d b thi chn v cht ngay t lc nh. 4.2. Trng nm rm ngoi tri ng m nm ngoi tri thng b cc t ma ln hay nng nng lm h hng, cn che ph thm 1 lp rm r kh trn b mt m nm. Lp rm r ny cn tt. Xp theo 1 chiu, ph theo kiu lp mi nh, chiu dy 4 5 cm. Tt c cc b mt ca nhng m mp ngoi khu vc trng nm cng cn che ph bng lp rm ph o. Kim tra nu thy m nm b kh c th ti nc trc tip ln lp o nhiu ln trong ngy, sao cho lp rm pha ngoi ca m nm khng b mt nc. trnh ma v tin cho vic chm sc m nm c th lm gin che cch m nm 10 15 cm, pha ngoi bc nylon, pha trn ph rm r kh. Nhit m nm ngy u 38 400C l tt nht.
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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Vic ti nc tng t nh nm trng trong nh.

* CHM SC T ngy 2 3 ngy m thy t nm mu trng c mc y m th khng phi l t nm rm. T nm rm rt trong v trng, si t rt nh v mn. Khi vch m nm ra t ko di mnh mai nh mng nhn. Trng ngoi tri t khi t t mc thnh chm nh trong phng nn nu thy t mc nh bng gn, mc sm th c th pha nc vi ti cho dp cht t di di hoc vo ngy 7,8,9 m thy nhng nm l lc u mu trng vi ngi sau chuyn sang mu vng, y chnh l n nm di (nm trng c) phi rc vi kh nm l. Nh vy, t ngy 1 n ngy 6 l giai on nui t nm, giai on ny rt quan trng. B con cn phi ch cc thng s v nhit cng nh v gi, nng, m (>80%)Ngy 8, 9 tr i m nm cn hi m, cn thong kh nhng khng a gi, khng a ti nc trc tip.

CH : Trong qua 1trnh trng nm, giai on meo cho t pht trin khng cn nh sng. Giai on ny ch cn m v m thch hp. nhng lc ra n nm nu thiu nh sng d lm n nm b bnh. Trng hp nh sng chiu trc tip vo m nm cng khng tt, hng ngy vo bui chiu d tm che trong chc lt va thong m va thm nh sng cho m nm Vo ma nng, ban ngy m thng b thiu do nng nng, i khi v m trong nhng ngy nm ra n, ngi ta cn d o m ra ly hi sng cho m nm bn ngoi c m. V th, khng nn lm nm trong ma ma v c th nhng cn ma m s lm h ht n nm v cng khng nn lm lc tri qu lnh.

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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

4.3.

THU HOCH

Chu k sinh trng v pht trin ca nm rm rt nhanh chng. T lc trng n lc thu hoch ch sau 10 12 ngy. Nhng ngy u chng nh nh ht tm c mu trng (giai on inh ghim), 2 3 ngy sau ln rt nhanh bng qu to. Lc trng thnh ging nh chic d. Thu hoch nm bn khi nm cn nh v trong qu trnh vn chuyn v tiu th nm vn n. Thu hoch nm dng tay nm u nm v xoay trn. Nm ra r vo ngy th 12 15. T 7 8 ngy sau s ra tip t hai v hi trong 3 4 ngy th kt thc 1 t nui trng (thi gian l 25 30 ngy). Dn v sinh sch s ti nc vi 3 4 ngy ri trng v khc. Hi nm rm vo lc 5 6 gi sng v chiu ti l tt nht, thu vo giai on nm hnh trng. Dng c ng nm cn thong, khng nm dy v tiu th nhanh trong 3 4 gi ( mun nm qua ngy th bo qun nhit 10 150C) Nng sut nm dao ng 10 20% so vi khi nguyn liu kh (1 tn rm r cho thu hoch khong 120 200kg nm ti). Nng sut nm cao hay thp tu thuc vo cht lng ging nm, k thut nui trng v yu t kh hu ng vai tr quyt nh s thnh bi trong trng nm. 5. S DNG V CH BIN NM RM + n ti: Ch bin nhiu mn n khc nhau: xo, canh nm, cho nm, sp nm, trc khi n nn chn qua nc si 1 2 pht ( nh lng 1 ngi ln cn 200gram nm/ba n) + Ch bin nm mui xut khu: un nc si, th nm ti vo, dng v tre nn cho nm chm trong nc, un to la cho si nhanh, 5 7 pht vt nm ra th vo chu nc lnh.
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Th.S Nguyn Minh Khang

Thay nc nhiu ln cho n khi mt tay l c, m bo nm chc, nm ra r cho ro nc. Cho nm chn vo cc dng c mui nh: ti nylon, can nha, chum vi, c 1 lp nm 1 lp mui theo t l 1 kg nm + 0,3 kg mui kh mn + 0,2 lt dung dch mui bo ha. Khi nm y cc dng c cn ph thm lp mui kh trn b mt n chm nm trong nc, trnh nm mc pht trin (c th 1 2 thng, nu lu hn cn cho thm 3 4kg axit citric cho 1 tn sn phm nm). + Nm sy kh Thi nm thnh lt mng hoc nguyn qu nm nt bao em phi nng hoc sy nhit 40 450C n khi kh gin ( trung bnh 10kg nm ti cho 1,0 1,1 kg nm kh) 6. CCH PHNG CHNG SU HI Trong qu trnh trng nm rm thng xut hin mt s vn v dch hi: Nm di (nm mc): do m nguyn liu qu cao. Loi nm ny khng gy hi nhng chng cnh tranh dinh dng ca nm rm, cn u chnh Ph v iu chnh m nguyn liu lc em trng, hn ch ti nc khi chm sc. Cc loi nm mc (mc xanh, mc vng, en): Loi ny nguy him nh hng n nng sut nm rm. Nguyn nhn b nhim mc do qu trnh x l nguyn liu khng t, khu vc nui trng b nhim mc t trc. Khi b bnh cn loi b nhng m b bnh ra khi khu vc trng nm. Vic s dng ho cht t hiu qu m tt nht l phng tr bnh t trc khi bt u trng nm. Cn trng ph hoi (chut, gin, kin, mi) chng nhm si nm v cy nm, o hang, n ging nm va cy xong Bin php phng tr l dng cc loi thuc phun xt ngoi ra khu vc trng nm (ch l khng c phun bt k loi ho cht g ln m nm).

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