Chng 1: Gii thiu chung

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung
1.1. Nhng hn ch ca k thut hin hnh
K thut n sng mang
Cc k thut tri ph c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin di ng th h ba c
kh nng chng li pha inh v nhiu, song tn ti nhng yu cu khng thc hin c
chng hn: nu ngi dng cn c tc 20 Mbps giao din v tuyn v h s tri ph
l 128 (gi tr in hnh hin nay), dn n phi x l tc 2,56 Gbps theo thi gian
thc v th cn c rng bng tn ln khng thc t. Mt khc, thy r
Do ti nguyn ph tn hn hp, v vy cn phi s dng hiu qu.
Do nhng kh khn lin quan n hiu ng gn xa v c s tiu th cng sut
ln.
Ngoi ra, cc k thut n sng mang i ph km hiu qu i vi pha inh v truyn
lan a ng c bit trong trng hp tc bit rt cao. cc phng php iu ch
truyn thng M-QAM, M-PSK, khi tc d liu truyn cao th ko theo rng k
hiu s gim, n mt gi tr m rng k hiu < tri tr cc i ca knh, khi knh
s l knh la chn tn s v gy ISI cho tn hiu thu. y l mt nhc im chnh
khin cc h thng s dng cc phng php iu ch truyn thng khng th truyn d
liu vi tc cao, hoc gi thnh rt cao i vi nhng dch v yu cu tc d liu
cao.
K thut a sng mang trc giao OFDM
OFDM l mt cng ngh cho php tng rng k hiu truyn dn do dung sai a
ng ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc k thut s dng trc y, cho php khc phc
nhng nhc im cn bn ca k thut n sng mang.
1.2. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) l mt k thut iu ch c th thay
th cho CDMA. OFDM c u im vt tri so vi nhng h thng CDMA v cung cp
phng php truy cp khng dy cho h thng 4G.
tng ca OFDM l chia ton b bng tn truyn dn thnh nhiu sng mang con trc
giao nhau truyn cc tn hiu trong cc sng mang con ny song song. Theo , lung
d liu tc cao c chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn lm cho chu k k hiu
tng theo s sng mang con.
u im
OFDM l gii php phn tp tn s. OFDM chia nh bng tn knh v tin hnh
truyn d liu c lp trn cc bng tn knh con ny.
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung
OFDM t hiu qu s dng ph tn cao, do tnh trc giao ca cc thnh phn
sng mang con.
OFDM l ng c vin ha hn cho truyn dn tc cao trong mi trng di
ng. S d OFDM lm c nh vy bi v, chu k k hiu tng cho nn dung
sai tri tr ca h thng tng v hiu qu s dng ph tn cao ca cng ngh
OFDM.
OFDM cho php gim c nh hng ca tr a ng v knh pha inh chn
lc tn s chuyn thnh knh pha inh phng. V vy, OFDM l gii php i vi
tnh chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh. Thun li ny ca OFDM cho php cn
bng knh d dng.
Do tri rng pha inh tn s trn nhiu k hiu, nn lm ngu nhin ho li cm
(do pha inh Rayleigh gy ra), nn thay v mt s k hiu cnh nhau b mo hon
ton l mt s k hiu cnh nhau b mo.
Tnh kh thi ca OFDM cao do ng dng trit cng ngh x l tn hiu s v
cng ngh vi mch VLSI.
Nhc im
OFDM nhy cm vi dch Doppler cng nh lch tn gia cc b dao ng ni
pht v thu. Do tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con rt nhy cm vi knh
truyn c dch Doppler ln.
Vn ng b thi gian. Ti my thu kh quyt nh thi im bt u ca k
hiu FFT.
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Chng 2
c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
2.1. M u
Trong thng tin v tuyn di ng, cc c tnh knh v tuyn di ng c tm quan trng
rt ln, v chng nh hng trc tip ln cht lng truyn dn v dung lng. Trong
cc h thng v tuyn thng thng (khng phi cc h thng v tuyn thch ng), cc
tnh cht thng k di hn ca knh c o v nh gi trc khi thit k h thng.
Nhng trong cc h thng iu ch thch ng, vn ny phc tp hn. m bo
hot ng thch ng ng, cn phi lin tc nhn c thng tin v cc tnh cht thng
k ngn hn thm ch tc thi ca knh.
Cc yu t chnh hn ch h thng thng tin di ng bt ngun t mi trng v tuyn.
Cc yu t ny l:
Suy hao: cng trng gim theo khong cch. Thng thng suy hao nm
trong khong t 50 n 150 dB ty theo khong cch
Che ti: cc vt cn gia trm gc v my di ng lm suy gim thm tn hiu
Pha inh a ng v phn tn thi gian: phn x, nhiu x v tn x lm mo
tn hiu thu bng cch tri rng chng theo thi gian. Ph thuc vo bng thng
ca h thng, yu t ny dn n thay i nhanh cng tn hiu v gy ra
nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI: Inter Symbol Interference).
Nhiu: cc my pht khc s dng cng tn s hay cc tn s ln cn khc gy
nhiu cho tn hiu mong mun. i khi nhiu c coi l tp m b sung.
C th phn cc knh v tuyn thnh hai loi: "pha inh phm vi rng" v "pha inh
phm vi hp". Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng sut trung bnh thu
c ti cc khong cch cho trc so vi my pht. i vi cc khong cch ln (vi
km), cc m hnh truyn sng phm vi rng c s dng. Pha inh phm vi rng c
biu th bng tn hao do truyn sng khong cch xa. Pha inh phm vi hp m t s
thng ging nhanh sng v tuyn theo bin , pha v tr a ng trong khong thi
gian ngn hay trn c ly di chuyn ngn. Pha inh trong trng hp ny gy ra do
truyn sng a ng.
Cc knh v tuyn l cc knh mang tnh ngu nhin, n c th thay i t cc ng
truyn thng n cc ng b che chn nghim trng i vi cc v tr khc nhau. Hnh
2.1(a) cho thy rng trong min khng gian, mt knh c cc c trng khc nhau (bin
chng hn) ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc khng gian
(hay phn tp khng gian) v pha inh tng ng vi n l pha inh chn lc khng
gian. Hnh 2.1(b) cho thy trong min tn s, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc tn
s khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh ny l tnh chn lc tn s (hay phn tp tn s) v pha
inh tng ng vi n l pha inh chn lc tn s. Hnh 2.1(c) cho thy rng trong min
thi gian, knh c cc c tnh khc nhau ti cc thi im khc nhau. Ta gi c tnh
ny l tnh chn lc thi gian (hay phn tp thi gian) v pha inh do n gy ra l pha
inh phn tp thi gian. Da trn cc c tnh trn c th phn chia pha inh knh thnh:
Phan Minh c K54B 3
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
pha inh chn lc khng gian (pha inh phn tp khng gian), pha inh chn lc tn s
(pha inh phn tp tn s), pha inh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi gian ). Chng
ny s xt cc tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, thi gian v tn s.
2.2. Min khng gian
Cc thuc tnh trong min khng gian gm: tn hao ng truyn v chn lc khng
gian. Tn hao ng truyn thuc loi pha inh phm vi rng cn chn lc khng gian
thuc loi pha inh phm vi hp. Cc m hnh truyn sng truyn thng nh gi cng
sut thu trung bnh ti mt khong cch cho trc so vi my pht, c gi l nh gi
tn hao ng truyn. Khi khong cch thay i trong phm vi mt bc sng, knh th
hin r cc c tnh ngu nhin. iu ny c gi l tnh chn lc khng gian (hay
phn tp khng gian).
Tn hao ng truyn
M hnh tn hao ng truyn m t suy hao tn hiu gia anten pht v anten thu l
mt hm ph thuc vo khong cch v cc thng s khc. Mt s m hnh xt chi tit
v a hnh nh gi suy hao tn hiu, trong khi mt s ch xt tn s v khong
cch. Chiu cao anten l mt thng s quan trng. Tn hao do khong cch truyn dn
s tun theo quy lut hm m.
PL d
-n
(2.1)
trong n l m tn hao (n=2 cho khng gian t do, n<2 cho cc mi trng trong nh,
a>2 cho cc vng thnh ph ngoi tri), d l khong cch t my thu n my pht.
T l thuyt v cc kt qu o lng cho thy cng sut thu trung bnh gim so vi
khong cch theo hm log i vi mi trng ngoi tri v trong nh. Hn na ti mi
khong cch d, tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti mt v tr nht nh l qu trnh ngu
nhin v c phn b log chun xung quanh mt gi tr trung bnh (ph thuc vo khong
cch). Nu xt c s thay i theo v tr, c th biu din tn hao ng truyn PL(d) ti
khong cch d nh sau:
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.1. Tnh cht knh trong min khng gian, min tn s v
min thi gian
(a) (b) (c)
4
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
( ) [ ] ( ) ( )

+

,
_

+ + X
d
d
lg n 10 d PL X d PL dB d PL
0
_________
0
________
(2.2)
Trong
( )
_______
d PL
l tn hao ng truyn trung bnh phm v rng i vi khong cch
pht thu d; X

l bin ngu nhin phn b Gauss trung bnh khng (o bng dB) vi lch
chun (cng o bng dB), d
0
l khong cch tham chun gia my pht v my thu, n
l m tn hao ng truyn.
Khi cc i tng trong knh v tuyn khng chuyn ng trong mt khong thi gian
cho trc v knh c c trng bi pha inh phng i vi mt rng bng tn cho
trc, cc thuc tnh knh ch khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Ni mt cch khc, pha
inh ch n thun l mt hin tng trong min thi gian (mang tnh chn lc thi
gian).
T phng trnh 2.2 thy tn hao ng truyn ca knh c nh gi thng k phm
vi rng cng vi nh hng ngu nhin. nh hng ngu nhin xy ra do pha inh
phm vi hp trong min thi gian v th hin cho tnh chn lc thi gian (phn tp thi
gian). nh hng ca chn lc khng gian c th c loi b bng cch s dng nhiu
anten. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output: Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra) l mt k
thut cho php li dng tnh cht phn tp khng gian ny ci thin hiu nng v
dung lng h thng.
2.3. Min tn s
Trong min tn s, knh b nh hng bi hai yu t: iu ch tn s v chn lc tn s.
2.3.1. iu ch tn s
iu ch tn s do hiu ng Doppler gy ra, khi c s chuyn ng tng i gia my
thu v my pht dn n thay i tn s mt cch ngu nhin. Do chuyn ng tng
i gia BTS v MS, cc thnh phn sng a ng b dch tn s. Dch tn s trong tn
s thu do chuyn ng tng i ny c gi l dch tn s Doppler, n t l vi tc
chuyn ng, phng chuyn ng ca MS so vi phng sng ti ca thnh phn sng
a ng. Dch Doppler B
D
c th c biu din nh sau:
( ) ( )

cos f
c
cos B
c D
(2.3)
Trong l tc ca MS, l bc sng, l gc gia phng chuyn ng ca
MS v phng sng ti, c l tc nh sng v f
c
l tn s sng mang. T phng trnh
cho trn thy nu MS di chuyn v pha sng ti dch Doppler l dng v tn s thu s
tng, ngc li nu MS di chuyn ri xa sng ti th dch Doppler l m v tn s thu
c s gim. V th cc tn hiu a ng n MS t cc phng khc nhau s lm
tng rng bng tn tn hiu. Khi v (hoc ) thay i dch Doppler thay i dn n
tri Doppler.
2.3.2. Chn lc tn s
Sau y, chng ta s phn tch chn lc tn s cng vi mt thng s khc trong min
tn s: bng thng nht qun. Bng thng nht qun l mt s o thng k ca di tn s
trn mt knh pha inh c coi l knh pha inh "phng" (l knh trong tt c cc
thnh phn ph c truyn qua c khuch i nh nhau v pha tuyn tnh). Bng thng
Phan Minh c K54B 5
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
nht qun cho ta di tn trong cc thnh phn tn s c bin tng quan. Bng
thng nht qun xc nh kiu pha inh xy ra trong knh v v th c ngha c s
trong vic thch ng cc thng s iu ch. Bng thng nht qun t l nghch vi tri
tr (xem phn 2.5). Pha inh chn lc tn s rt khc vi pha inh phng. Trong cng
mt knh pha inh phng, tt c cc thnh phn tn s truyn qua bng thng knh u
chu nh hng ca pha inh. Ngc li pha inh chn lc tn s (cn gi l pha inh vi
sai), mt s on ph ca tn hiu qua knh pha inh b nh hng nhiu hn cc phn
khc, th hin r tnh chn lc tn s ca knh ny. Nu bng thng nht qun knh nh
hn rng bng tn ca tn hiu c truyn qua knh ny, th tn hiu ny chu nh
hng ca pha inh chn lc ( phn tp tn s). Pha inh ny s lm mo tn hiu.
2.4. Min thi gian
S khc bit gia cc knh hu tuyn v cc knh v tuyn l knh v tuyn thay i
theo thi gian, ngha l pha inh chn lc thi gian. C th m hnh ha knh v tuyn
di ng nh l mt b lc tuyn tnh c p ng xung kim thay i theo thi gian. M
hnh knh truyn thng s dng m hnh p ng xung kim, y l mt m hnh trong
min thi gian. C th lin h qu trnh thay i tn hiu v tuyn phm vi hp trc tip
vi p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn di ng. Nu x(t) l tn hiu pht, y(t) l tn
hiu thu v h(t,) l p ng xung kim ca knh v tuyn a ng ph thuc vo thi
gian, th tn hiu thu l tch chp ca tn hiu pht vi p ng xung kim ca knh nh
sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

, t h t x d , t h t x t y
(2.4)
Trong t l bin thi gian, l tr a ng ca knh i vi mt gi tr t c nh, *
l k hiu tch chp.
nh hng a ng ca knh v tuyn thng c bit n dng phn tn thi gian
hay tri tr. Phn tn thi gian (tn thi), hay tri tr xy ra khi mt tn hiu c truyn
t anten pht n anten thu qua hai hay nhiu ng c cc di khc nhau. Mt mt
tn hiu ny c truyn trc tip, mt khc n c truyn t cc ng phn x khc
nhau c di khc nhau vi cc thi gian n my thu khc nhau. V vy tn hiu ti
anten thu chu nh hng ca tn thi ny s b mo dng. Khi thit k v ti u ha cc
h thng v tuyn s truyn s liu tc cao ta cn xt cc phn x ny.
Tn thi c th c c trng bi tr tri, tr tri trung bnh hay tr tri trung bnh
qun phng.
2.4.1. Tr tri trung bnh qun phng
Thng s thi gian quan trng ca tn thi l tri tr trung bnh qun phng (RDS:
Root Mean Square Delay Spread): cn bc hai mment trung tm ca l lch tr cng
sut. RDS nh gi cho tri a ng ca knh. V th c s dng nh gi nh
hng ca nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu (ISI).
2
__
___
2

(2.5)
Phan Minh c K54B 6
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
( )
( )

k
k
k
k k
P
P
(2.6)
( )
( )

k
k
k
2
k k ____
2
P
P
(2.7)
trong P(
k
) l cng sut trung bnh a ng ti thi im
k
.
2.4.2. Tr tri cc i
Tr tri cc i (XdB) ca l lch tr cng sut c nh ngha l tr thi gian m
nng lng a ng gim XdB so vi nng lng cc i.
2.4.3. Thi gian nht qun
Mt thng s khc trong min thi gian l thi gian nht qun. Thi gian nht qun
xc nh c tnh "tnh" ca knh. Thi gian nht qun l thi gian m knh
tng quan rt mnh vi bin ca tn hiu thu, c k hiu l T
c
. Cc k hiu
khc nhau truyn qua knh trong khong thi gian nht qun chu nh hng pha inh
nh nhau. V th nhn c mt knh pha inh kh chm. Cc k hiu khc nhau
truyn qua knh bn ngoi thi gian nht qun s b nh hng pha inh khc nhau.
Khi ny knh pha inh kh nhanh. Nh vy di tc ng ca pha inh nhanh, mt s
phn ca k hiu tin s chu tc ng pha inh ln hn cc phn khc.
2.5.Quan h gia cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau
Trn y ch ra cc c tnh knh v cc thng s ca n trong cc min khng gian,
tn s v thi gian. Cc c tnh ny khng tn ti c lp nhau m c quan h mt thit
gia cc min xt. Mt s thng s trong min ny nh hng ln cc c tnh ca min
khc.
2.5.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng
Thy r, l lch tr cng sut v p ng tn s bin ca knh v tuyn di ng quan h
vi nhau qua bin i Fourrier. V th, c th trnh by knh trong min tn s bng cch
s dng cc c tnh p ng tn s ca n. Tng t nh cc thng s tri tr trong
min thi gian, ta c th s dng bng thng nht qun c trng knh trong min tn
s. Tuy tri tr trung bnh qun phng t l nghch vi bng thng nht qun v ngc
li, song quan h chnh xc ca chng l mt hm ph thuc vo cu trc a ng. Nu
k hiu bng thng nht qun l B
C
v tri tr trung bnh qun phng l

, th khi hm
tng quan ng bao ln hn 90%, bng thng nht qun c quan h sau y vi tri
tr trung bnh qun phng:

50
1
B
C (2.8)
Cho thy hai thng s trn lin quan cht ch vi nhau, nn ch cn xt mt thng s
trong qu trnh thit k h thng.
Phan Minh c K54B 7
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
2.5.2. Thi gian nht qun v tri Doppler
Thi gian nht qun chu nh hng trc tip ca dch Doppler, l thng s knh trong
min thi gian v c tnh i ngu vi tri Doppler. Tri Doppler v thi gian nht qun
l hai thng s t l nghch vi nhau. Ngha l:
D
C
B
1
T
(2.9)
Khi thit k h thng ch cn xt mt trong hai thng s ni trn l .
2.6. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp
Tu vo quan h gia cc thng s tn hiu ( rng bng tn, chu k k hiu,) v cc
thng s knh (tri tr trung bnh qun phng, tri Doppler, ), m xc nh loi pha
inh phm vi hp da trn hai c tnh: Tri tr a ng v pha inh chn lc tn s.
Tri tr a ng l mt thng s trong min thi gian, trong khi vic knh l pha
inh phng hay chn lc tn s li xt trong min tn s. V th thng s min thi gian,
tri tr a ng, nh hng ln c tnh knh trong min tn s. Tri Doppler dn n
tn tn v pha inh chn lc thi gian, v th da vo tri Doppler phn loi pha inh
phm vi hp thnh pha inh nhanh v pha inh chm. Tri Doppler l mt thng s
trong min tn s trong khi hin tng knh thay i nhanh hay chm li thuc min
thi gian. Vy trong trng hp ny, tri Doppler, thng s trong min tn s, nh
hng ln c tnh knh trong min thi gian. Bit c cc quan h ny s tr gip
trong qu trnh thit k h thng. Bng 2.1 lit k cc loi pha inh phm vi hp.
Bng 2.1. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp
C s phn loi Loi Pha inh iu kin
Tri tr a ng Pha inh phng
B
S
<<B
C
; T10

Pha inh chn lc tn s

B
S
>B
C
; T<10

Tri Doppler Pha inh nhanh T>T

C
; B
S
<B
D
Pha inh chm T<<T
C
; B
S
>>B
D
Cc k hiu c s dng trong bng 2.1 nh sau: B
S
k hiu cho rng bng tn tn
hiu, B
C
k hiu cho bng thng nht qun, B
D
k hiu cho tri Doppler, T k hiu cho
chu k k hiu v

tri tr trung bnh qun phng.

Nu bng tn nht qun knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi rng bng tn tn hiu pht, tn
hiu thu s b pha inh phng. Khi ny chu k k hiu ln hn nhiu so vi tri tr a
ng ca knh. Ngc li, nu bng thng nht qun knh nh hn rng bng tn
tn hiu pht, tn hiu thu s b pha inh chn lc tn s, khi ny chu k tn hiu nh hn
tri tr a ng knh. Khi , tn hiu thu b mo dng dn n nhiu giao thoa gia
cc k hiu (ISI). Ngoi ra vic lp m hnh cc knh pha inh chn lc tn s phc tp
hn nhiu so vi lp m hnh knh pha inh phng, v lp m hnh cho knh pha inh
chn lc tn s phi s dng b lc tuyn tnh. V th ta cn c gng chuyn vo knh
pha inh phng cho tn hiu truyn dn. Tuy nhin do khng th thay i tri tr a
ng hay bng thng nht qun, nn ch c th thit k chu k k hiu v rng bng
tn tn hiu t c knh pha inh phng. V th nu cho trc tri tr, ci thin
Phan Minh c K54B 8
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
hiu nng truyn dn, cn chn gi tr chu k k hiu trong gii thut iu ch thch ng
t c knh pha inh phng thay v knh pha inh chn lc.
Da trn tri Doppler, phn loi knh thnh pha inh nhanh v pha inh chm. Nu
p ng xung kim knh (trong min thi gian) thay i nhanh trong chu k k hiu,
ngha l nu thi gian nht qun knh nh hn chu k k hiu ca tn hiu pht, knh s
gy ra pha inh nhanh i vi tn hiu thu. iu ny s dn n mo dng tn hiu. Nu
p ng xung kim knh thay i vi tc chm hn nhiu so vi k hiu bng gc
pht, knh s gy ra pha inh chm i vi tn hiu thu. Trong trng hp ny knh t ra
tnh i vi mt s chu k k hiu. Tt nhin ta mun c pha inh chm v n h tr
cht lng truyn dn n nh hn. Ta khng th xc dnh Doppler khi thit k h thng.
V th, khi cho trc tri Doppler, ta cn chn rng bng tn tn hiu (bng thng
sng mang con) trong gii thut iu ch thch ng nhn c knh pha inh chm
thay v knh pha inh nhanh. Nh vy ta s t c cht lng truyn dn tt hn.
2.7. Phn b Rayleigh v Rice
Khi nghin cu cc knh v tuyn di ng, thng cc phn b Rayleigh v Rice c
s dng m t tnh cht thng k thay i theo thi gian ca tn hiu pha inh phng.
Sau y, chng ta s xt cc phn b ny v a ra cc c tnh c bn ca chng.
2.7.1. Phn b pha inh Rayleigh
C th coi phn b pha inh Rayleigh l phn b ng bao ca tng hai tn hiu phn
b Gauss vung gc. Hm mt xc sut (PDF) ca phn b pha inh Rayleigh c
biu din nh sau:
( )

'

<

0 r , 0
r 0 , e
r
r p
2
2
2
r
2
(2.10)
Trong r l in p ng bao tn hiu thu, l gi tr trung bnh qun phng ca tn
hiu thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss, l cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian ca tn hiu
thu ca tng thnh phn Gauss.
Gi tr trung bnh, r
tb
, ca phn b Rayleigh tr thnh:
[ ] ( )

253 , 1
2
dr r rp r E r
0
tb
(2.11)
Phng sai ca phn b Rayleigh,
2
r
(th hin thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu trong
ng bao) c xc nh nh sau:
[ ] [ ] ( )
2 2
2
0
2 2 2
r
4292 , 0
2
2
2
dr r p r r E r E

,
_

(2.12)
Phan Minh c K54B 9
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Trong phn trn c ni n phn b Gauss ca cc thnh phn tn hiu thu. Hm mt
xc sut a bin (PDF) ca phn b Gauss c biu din:
( )
( )
( ) ( )

,
_

x
1
x
T
x
2
1
x
2
N
x
m x C m x
2
1
exp
C 2
1
x p
(2.13)
Trong x l vector ngu nhin N chiu c phn b Gauss, m
x
l vector gi tr trung
bnh ca vector x, C
x
l ma trn ng phng sai. Hm phn b Gauss mt bin gi tr
thc s c dng:
( )
( )

,
_

2
2
x
x
2
m x
exp
2
1
x p
(2.14)
Hm phn b Gauss cho vector hai chiu c cho trong hnh 2.4.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.3 Phn b xc sut Rayleigh trong khng gian, , [sim_rayleigh.m]
10
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
2.7.2. Phn b Pha inh Rice
Khi tn hiu thu c thnh phn n nh (khng b pha inh) vt tri, ng truyn trc
tip (LOS), phn b ng bao pha inh phm vi hp c dng Rice. Trong phn b Rice,
cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n my thu theo cc gc khc nhau v xp chng
ln tn hiu vt tri ny.
Phn b Rice c biu din nh sau:
( )
( )

'

<

,
_

0 r , 0
0 r , 0 A ,
Ar
I e
r
r p
2
0
2
A r
2
2
2 2
(2.15)
trong A l bin nh ca tn hiu tri v I
0
(.) l hm Bessel ci tin loi mt bc
khng c xc nh nh sau:
( )
( )

dt e
2
1
y I
t cos y
0

Phn b Rice thng c m t bng tha s K nh sau:
A

Cng sut trong ng v t tri

K =
Cng sut trong cc ng tn x
2
2
(2.16)
Khi K tin n khng, knh suy thoi thnh knh Rayleigh, khi K tin n v hn knh
ch c ng trc tip.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.3 Phn b xc sut Gauss hai bin, [sim_gaussian.m]
11
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
2.8. Cc m hnh knh trong min thi gian v min tn s
2.8.1. M hnh knh trong min thi gian
Xy dng m hnh knh l iu khng th thiu c khi nghin cu thng tin v tuyn.
Knh v tuyn pha inh a ng c th c c trng theo ton hc bng b lc
tuyn tnh thay i theo thi gian. Trong min thi gian, c th rt ra tn hiu u ra
knh bng tch chp tn hiu u vo knh vi hm p ng xung kim knh thay i
theo thi gian h(,t). C th biu din hm p ng xung kim knh nh sau:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ), t e t t , h
i
i
t j
i
i

(2.17)
Trong
i
(t),
i
(t),
i
(t) biu th cho bin , pha v tr vt tri i vi xung thu th
nht (ng truyn i); biu th cho tr vt tri, s ph thuc t cho thy thay i theo
thi gian ca chnh cu trc xung kim v (.) biu th cho hm Delta Dirac. Thng
thng th tr ca tia u tin (ng truyn ngn nht) c nh ngha
0
=0, v th
i
>0 c gi l tr vt tri v p ng xung kim knh mang tnh nhn qu.
Lu rng trong mi trng thc t, {
i
(t)}, {
i
(t)}, {
i
(t)} thay i theo thi gian.
Trong phm vi hp (vo khong vi bc sng , {
i
(t)}, {
i
(t)} c th coi l t thay
i. Tuy nhin cc pha {
i
(t)} thay i ngu nhin trong khong [- ; ].
Tt c cc thng s knh c a ra y u c nh ngha t l lch tr cng sut
(PDP), PDP l mt hm c rt ra t p ng xung kim. PDP c xc nh nh sau:
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.5 Phn b xc sut Rice vi cc gi tr K khc nhau, , [sim_rice.m]
12
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
( ) ( ), p
i
i
2
i

(2.18)
Thng s u tin l cng sut thu (chun ha), l tng cng sut ca cc tia:

l
2
i 0
p
(2.19)
Tha s K l t s ca cng sut ng truyn vt tri v cng sut ca cc tia tn x,
c xc nh nh sau:
,
p
K
max , i 0
max , i

Trong
{ }
i
i
max , i
max
(2.20)
Lu rng khi c tia i thng, tia vt tri l tia u tin v l tia i thng, tng ng
vi i=0,
i,max
=
0
ti
0
=0.
Thng s th hai l tri tr trung bnh qun phng,

l mment bc hai ca
PDP chun ha, c biu din nh sau:

t
o t t
2
2
(2.21)
trong :
2 , 1 m , p
i
0
2
i
m
i
____
m



V pha ca cc tia khng cn na, cc thng s knh phi hu nh khng i trong din
hp, vi iu kin l cc ng truyn hon ton phn gii.
R rng rng bin , pha v tr tri ca tt c cc xung thu to nn m hnh knh min
thi gian. Quy lut phn b i vi bin , pha v m hnh l lch tr cng sut cho
knh trong nh:
Cc pha ca cc ng truyn c lp tng h so vi nhau (khng tng quan)
v c phn b u trong khong [-, ]
Nu ta coi rng tt c cc ng truyn u c to ra t cng mt qu trnh
thng k v qu trnh to ng truyn ny l qu trnh dng ngha rng so vi
bin t, th bin ca cc dng truyn tn x s tun theo phn b Rayleigh
(c xc nh theo phng trnh 2.10) v PDF bin ca tt c cc ng
truyn (gm c LOS) s tun theo phn b Rice (xc nh theo phng trnh 2.15)
Hnh 2.6 cho thy m hnh ca l lch tr cng sut trung bnh (PDP: Power
Delay Profile) cho mt knh v tuyn a ng. ng u tin l LOS c cng
sut ln nht. Sau l cc ng c mc cng sut khng i cho n tr tri
m sau cc ng c cng sut gim tuyn tnh theo dB. C th biu din PDP
ny theo dB nh sau:
Phan Minh c K54B 13
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
( )
( )
( )
( )
S
lg ( ) , ( oS)
lg ( ) lg ( ) ,
lg ( ) ( ),
LO
L
Z
p t
p t p A < t < t
p t t t t > t

'

o nmc khng i)
o n gim tuyn tnh)
(
(
2
2 2
1
2
1 1 1
10 0 0
10 10 0 0
10

(2.22)
Trong (0) th hin cho bin tn hiu i thng, () biu th bin ca tn hiu
truyn theo ng n my thu ti tr ,
LOS
th hin hiu s gia cng sut tn hiu i
thng vi cng sut tn hiu ca phn mc khng i v Z l dc ca phn gim
tuyn tnh trong PDP. Nu s dng quan h ni trn cho phn b Rice, s nhn c
cng sut/bin ca tn hiu di thng t tha s K trong phng trnh (2.20) v bin
tn hiu ca cc ng cn li theo quan h ny.
2.8.2. M hnh knh trong min tn s
M hnh knh trong min tn s c trnh by dng ph cng sut tr (DPS: Delay
Power Spectrum) nh hnh 2.6. DPS trong trng hp ny biu din hm truyn t
knh, M hnh ny nhn c t chuyn i Fourier p ng xung ca knh (xem
phng trnh (2.23)). Qu trnh ny cng chng t rng tn thi ca knh dn n knh
mang tnh chn lc tn s nh ni phn 2.5 v 2.6. S dng bin i Fourier cho
p ng xung knh, ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ]

+

i
t t f 2 j
i
f 2 j
i i
e t d e t , h t , f H (2.23)
trong :
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

i
i
t j
i
t e t t , h
i
, m t p ng xung kim trong min thi gian.
Quan h gia cng sut ti tr l
h
() vi p ng xung kim knh c xc nh nh
sau:
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.6. M hnh l lch tr cng sut trung bnh
14
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
2
[ h ( ) ] ( )
h
E t o t
(2.24)
Dng ca DPS (Delay Power Spectrum: Ph cng sut tr) c gi nh ging nh
dng ca PDP trung bnh (Power Delay Profile: L lch tr cng sut), v th c th s
dng mt cng thc biu din c hai m hnh ny. Bng cch nh ngha :
( )
( ) ( )
( )

'

>
<

<


l
l
h
l
e ,
0 ,
0 , 0
0 , 0
(2.25)
Trong p(0)=|h(0)|
2
biu th cng sut thnh phn sng i thng (LOS), biu th
thnh phn khng i ca mt ph cng sut, biu th m gim v c xc nh
nh sau
10 ln
10
Z

, z o bng dB/ns biu th cho dc phn gim tuyn tnh ca PDF.
Ta nh ngha cng sut thu chun ha (NRP: Normalized Received Power) l t s gia
cng sut thu v cng sut pht nh sau:
NRP=P
R
/P
T
(2.26)
Trong P
R
k hiu cho cng sut thu cn P
T
k hiu cho cng sut pht.
T
h
() nh ngha theo (2.24), c th rt ra cc biu thc lin quan n NRP, tha s K
v tri tr trung bnh qun phng

nh sau:
{ } ( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +

1
0 p d RP N E
max
0
h l
(2.27)
{ }
( )
{ } ( )
( )
( ) +

1
0 p
0 p NPR E
0 p
K E
l
(2.28)
{ } ( )

1
]
1

'

max
0
2
2
___
1
2
. .
l l
h
d E NRP E
(2.29)
{ } ( )
1
]
1

'

3
2 3
0
2
___
2
2 2
3
. .
max
l l l
h
d E NRP E
(2.30)
{ } { } ( )
2
___
2
E E E

'

(2.31)
2.9. nh hng ca tha s K knh Rice v tri tr ln cc
thuc tnh knh trong min tn s
Trong m hnh knh min tn s, ba thng s {NPR, K,

} m t tnh cch bng

rng ca cc knh pha inh Rice thc t. thch ng cc thng s iu ch da trn
Phan Minh c K54B 15
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
cc thng s ca knh, cn phi bit bit nh hng ca cc thng s knh ni trn ln
hiu nng knh.
Hnh 2.7 minh ho dng tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s, khi truyn qua mi trng
knh pha ing Rice. Trn hnh v ta thy ti nhng im trng ca p ng knh th bin
ph tn s ca tn hiu s b gim nhanh chng, v ti nhng im li ca p ng
knh th bin ph ca tn hiu b ko ln theo ng p ng knh. Ti nhng im
trng hay li ca p ng knh u gy thu sai tn hiu sau b quyt nh ti pha thu.
Mc ch ca chng ta l tm gii php i ph nhng v tr m p ng knh b thng
ging bng cch s dng cc b cn bng, dng c ch thch ng chn lc sng mang v
iu ch M-QAM thch ng (AQAM) trong min tn s v thi.
Hnh 2.8 v hnh 2.9 cho thy cc thuc tnh knh trong min tn s ph thuc vo tri
tr (RDS) v tha s K da trn cc kt qu m phng. C hai m hnh min tn s v
min thi gian u c m phng. Trn hnh 2.8, ta gi thit rng K bng 0dB cn trn
hnh 2.9 ta gi thit rng RDS bng 42,1ns.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.7 Ph tn hiu OFDM truyn qua m hnh knh pha inh Rice, vi
s sng mang = 100, kch thc FFT = 256, [plot_ofdm_spectrum.m]
16
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
Hnh 2.8 cho thy rng tri tr cao dn n thay i bin hm truyn t knh trong
min tn s nhanh hn. iu ny cho thy rng cn phi n nh nhiu sng mang con
hn cho h thng OFDM khi tri ph ln hn. T hnh 2.9 cho thy, khi tha s K gim,
bin hm truyn t knh trong min tn s b pha inh nhanh hn. Khi tha s K
ln, bin hm truyn t knh trong min tn s t b pha inh hn nhiu. Ni mt
cch khc khi tha s K ln, cho php n nh bng thng sng mang nh ngay c khi
tri tr ln. Tuy nhin ta cn bit ti tha s K no nh hng tri tr i vi thit k
bng thng sng mang con c th b qua. xc nh iu ny ta xt kt qu m phng
trn hnh 2.10.
Hnh 2.10 Biu th hm truyn t bin knh theo tn s i vi RDS bng 30ns v
tha s K bng 0dB, 6dB v 15dB. Hnh ny cho thy rng tha s K nh dn n bin
knh b pha inh nhanh hn trong min tn s. i vi K=0dB, pha inh bin c
th ln ti 12 dB ti mt tn s no , i vi K=10dB, bin pha inh nh hn
2,2dB trn ton bng tn v i vi K=15dB, pha inh ch gii hn 1dB trn ton bng
tn. Vy c th kt lun rng Khi K ln hn 10dB bin hm truyn t knh trong
min tn s khng b pha inh nhiu v th khng cn t bng thng sng mang con
theo tri tr mc d bin ny pha inh nhanh hn khi tri tr ln.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.8. Ph thuc bin hm truyn t knh min tn s vo tn s
v RDS. a) nhn t trn xung, b) nhn t bn.
Hnh 2.9. Ph thuc bin hm truyn t knh vo K v tn s
17
Chng 2: c tnh knh v tuyn di ng
T cc phn tch trn c th kt lun nh hng ca tha s K v tri tr ln cc thuc
tnh knh trong min tn s nh sau:
Tri tr nh hng ln tc thay i bin trong hm truyn t knh trong min
tn s. Tri tr cng cao th tc thay i bin trong min tn s cng ln.
Tha s K xc nh ln ca thay i bin hm truyn t knh min tn s. K
cng ln th thay i bin cng nh.
Khi tha s K nh hn 10 dB, chng pha inh chn lc tn s, cn n nh
bng thng sng mang con ln hn cho OFDM khi tri tr ln hn.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 2.10. Hm truyn t ca knh khi RDS=30ns vi cc gi tr K khc nhau
18
Chng 3
Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM
3.1. M u
Ghp knh theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
l mt phng php iu ch cho php gim thiu mo tuyn tnh do tnh phn tn ca
knh truyn dn v tuyn gy ra. Nguyn l ca OFDM l phn chia ton b bng thng
cn truyn vo nhiu sng mang con v truyn ng thi trn cc sng mang ny. Theo
, lung s tc cao c chia thnh nhiu lung tc thp hn. V th c th gim
nh hng ca tr a ng v chuyn i knh pha inh chn lc thnh knh pha inh
phng. Nh vy OFDM l mt gii php cho tnh chn lc ca cc knh pha inh trong
min tn s. Vic chia tng bng thng thnh nhiu bng con vi cc sng mang con dn
n gim rng bng con trong min tn s ng ngha vi tng di k hiu. S
sng mang con cng ln th di k hiu cng ln. iu ny c ngha l di k hiu
ln hn so vi thi gian tri rng tr ca knh pha inh phn tn theo thi gian, hay
rng bng tn tn hiu nh hn rng bng tn nht qun ca knh.
3.2. Tnh trc giao
tng
tng OFDM l truyn dn song song (ng thi) nhiu bng con chng ln nhau trn
cng mt rng bng tn cp pht ca h thng. Vic xp chng ln cc bng tn con
trn ton b bng tn c cp pht dn n ta khng nhng t c hiu qu s dng
ph tn c cp pht cao m cn c tc dng phn tn li cm khi truyn qua knh,
nh tnh phn tn li m khi c kt hp vi cc k thut m ho knh kim sot li
hiu nng h thng c ci thin ng k. So vi h thng ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s FDM truyn thng, FDM cng truyn theo c ch song song nhng cc bng
con khng nhng khng c php chng ln nhau m cn phi dnh khong bng tn
bo v ( gim thiu phc tp b lc thu).
Vy lm th no tch cc bng con t bng tng chng ln hay ni cch khc sau khi
c tch ra chng khng giao thoa vi nhau trong cc min tn s (ICI) v thi gian
(ISI). Cu tr li v cng l vn mu cht ca truyn dn OFDM l nh tnh trc giao
ca cc sng mang con. V vy ta kt lun rng nh m bo c tnh trc giao ca cc
sng mang con cho php truyn dn ng thi nhiu bng tn con chng ln song pha
thu vn tch chng ra c, c bit l tnh kh thi v kinh t cao do s dng x l tn
hiu s v tn dng ti a u vit ca VLSI.
Theo trc ht ta nh ngha tnh trc giao, sau ta p dng tnh trc giao ny vo
h thng truyn dn OFDM hay ni cch khc s dng tnh trc giao vo qu trnh to
v thu tn hiu OFDM cng nh cc iu kin cn thit m bo tnh trc giao.
nh ngha
Nu k hiu cc sng mang con c dng trong h thng OFDM l
) t ( s & ) t ( s
j i .
m bo trc giao cho OFDM, cc hm sin ca sng mang con phi tho mn iu kin
sau
( ) ( )

'

+
j i , 0
j i , 1
dt t s . t s
T
1
T t
t
*
j i
s
s
(3.1)
Trong :
( )
( )

'

, 0
N , 2 , 1 k , e
t s
ft k 2 j
k

(3.2)
T
1
f
l khong cch tn s gia hai sng mang con, T l thi gian k hiu, N l s
cc sng mang con v N.f l bng thng truyn dn v t
s
l dch thi gian.
Minh ho
OFDM t tnh trc giao trong min tn s bng cch phn phi mi tn hiu thng tin
ring bit vo cc sng mang con khc nhau. Cc tn hiu OFDM c to ra t tng
ca cc hm sin tng ng vi mi sng mang. Tn s bng tn c s ca mi sng
mang con c chn l mt s nguyn ln ca tc k hiu, kt qu l ton b cc
sng mang con s c tn s l s nguyn ln ca tc k hiu. Do cc sng mang
con l trc giao vi nhau.
Kin trc ca mt tn hiu OFDM vi 4 sng mang con c cho Hnh 3.1. Trong ,
(3.1.1a), (3.1.2a), (3.1.3a) v (3.1.4a) th hin cc sng mang con ring l, vi tn s
tng ng 10, 20, 30, v 40 Hz. Pha ban u ca ton b cc sng mang con ny l 0.
(3.1.5a) v (3.1.5b) th hin tn hiu OFDM tng hp ca 4 sng mang con trong min
thi gian v min tn s.
Tnh trc giao trong min tn s ca tn hiu OFDM c th hin mt cch tng minh
hnh 3.2. Thy r, trong min tn s mi sng mang con ca OFDM c mt p ng
tn s dng sinc (sin(x)/x). Dng sinc c ng bao chnh hp, vi nh suy gim chm
khi bin ca tn s cch xa trung tm. Tnh trc giao c th hin l nh ca mi
sng mang con tng ng vi gi tr 0 ca ton b cc sng mang con khc. Hnh 3.2
cho ta thy vi cng rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng th hiu qu s dng ph
tn ca OFDM ln gp hai ln so vi c ch FDM truyn thng.
p ng tng hp 5 sng mang con ca mt tn hiu OFDM c minh ho ng
mu en m trn hnh 3.3.
Phan Minh c K54B 20
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.1 Dng sng ca mt tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian v tn
s, [sim_ofdm_time_domain.m]
Hnh 3.2 Hnh dng ph ca tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s 5 sng mang,
hiu qu ph tn ca OFDM so vi FDM, [sim_ofdm_mc.m]
21
3.3. M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM
3.3.1. M t ton hc tn hiu OFDM
Tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng tn gc c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( ),

k
kT t s t s
k
(3.3)
Trong s
k
(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM pht phc bng gc th k c xc nh nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )

'

+ +
1
]
1

,
_

khc Nu 0,
T T kT t T T kT
kT t
T
i
j2 exp x kT t w
kt t s
win FFT G win
1 2 N
N/2 i FFT
k i,
k
(3.4)
Trong :
T l di k hiu OFDM
T
FFT
l thi gian FFT, phn hiu dng ca k hiu OFDM
T
G
l thi gian bo v, thi gian ca tin t chu trnh
T
win
l thi gian m ca tin t v hu t to dng ph
f=1/T
FFT
l phn cch tn s gia hai sng mang
N l di FFT, s im FFT
k l ch s v k hiu c truyn
i l ch s v sng mang con, i{-N/2, -N/2+1, -1, 0, +1, ., -N/2}
x
i,k
l vect im chm tn hiu, l k hiu phc (s liu, hoa tiu,
rng) c iu ch ln sng mang con i ca k hiu OFDM th k.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.3 Ph tng hp ca tn hiu OFDM trong bng tn c s vi
5 sng mang con, [sim_ofdm_mc.m]
22
w(t) xung to dng c biu din nh sau:
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]

'

+

+

win FFT FFT win FFT

FFT G
G G win win G
T T t T , T T t cos 1
2
1
T t T 1,
T t T T , T T t cos 1
2
1
t w
(3.5)
Phn tch (3.4) ta thy biu thc ny ging nh biu thc ca dy Fourier sau:
j nf
n

_ 0
u(t) = c(nf )e
0
2
(3.6)
trong cc h s Fourier phc th hin cc vect ca chm tn hiu phc cn nf
0
th
hin cc sng mang con i/T
FFT.
Trong h thng s, dng sng ny c th c to ra bng
bin i Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT). Chm s liu x
i,k
l u vo IFFT v k hiu
OFDM min thi gian l u ra.
Tn hiu u ra ca b iu ch v tuyn c xc nh nh sau:
k

_ RF RF,k
s (t) = s (t - kT)
(3.7)
trong s
RF,k
(t-kT) l tn hiu OFDM v tuyn th k c biu din nh sau:
( )
( ) ( )

'

+ +

'

1
]
1

,
_

khc Nu , 0
T T kT t T T kT
, kT t
T
1
f 2 j exp x kT t w Re
kT t s
win FFT G win
1 2 / N
2 / N i
FFT
c k , i
k , RF
(3.8)
Trong f
c
l tn s sng mang RF.
3.3.2. S h thng truyn dn OFDM
Hnh 3.4 trnh by s khi pht thu tn hiu OFDM in hnh. Theo , di y
trnh by vn tt chc nng cc khi.
My pht: Chuyn lung d liu s pht thnh pha v bin sng mang con. Cc sng
mang con c ly mu trong min tn s, ph ca chng l cc im ri rc. Sau s
dng bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) chuyn ph ca cc sng mang con mang
d liu vo min thi gian. Tuy nhin cc h thng trong thc t dng bin i Fourier
ngc nhanh (IFFT) v n tnh hiu ca n. Tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian c
trn nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn.
My thu: Thc hin hot ng ngc li ca pha pht. Theo trc ht, trn h tn
tn hiu RF thnh tn hiu bng tn c s, sau s dng FFT phn tch tn hiu vo
min tn s. Cui cng thng tin dng bin v pha ca cc sng mang con c
gii iu ch thnh cc lung s v chuyn tr li thnh d liu s ban u.
Phan Minh c K54B 23
Chuyn i
Ni tip
thnh Song
song
IFFT
Khuch i cng
sut v gii iu
ch sng mang
cao tn
iu ch
sng
mang con
Chn
khong
bo v
Chn t
ng b
khung
iu ch
sng mang cao
tn v khuch
i cng sut
Loi b
khong
bo v
Tch
khung
FFT
Gii iu
ch sng
mang con
Chuyn i
Song song
hnh Ni
tip
.
.
.
.
.
.
D liu pht
ni tip
D liu thu
ni tip
Pha sng
mang
Bin
sng mang
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
I
Q
Sa li tn s
Tn hiu trong min
thi gian
LO
Pha sng
mang
Bin sng
mang
My pht
My thu
Hnh 3.4 S khi h thng truyn dn OFDM
ng b
nh thi
Anten
3.2.2.1. Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song
Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song chuyn lung bit u vo thnh d liu pht
trong mi k hiu OFDM, thng mi k hiu pht gm 40-4000 bit. Vic phn b d
liu pht vo mi mi k hiu ph thuc vo phng php iu ch c dng v s
lng sng mang con. V d, i vi iu ch sng mang ca16-QAM th mi sng
mang con mang 4 bit d liu, nu h thng truyn dn s dng 100 sng mang con th s
lng bit trn mi k hiu s l 400. Ti pha thu qu trnh c thc hin ngc li, khi
d liu t cc sng mang con c chuyn ngc tr li l lung d liu ni tip ban
u.
Do tnh cht chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh (pha inh chn lc tn s) tc ng ln
mt nhm cc sng mang con lm chng suy gim nhanh chng. Ti im p ng knh
xp x 0, thng tin gi trn sng mang con gn im ny s b tn tht, hu qu l gy
cm li bit trong mi k hiu. Do c ch FEC l hiu qu cao nu cc li c phn tn
rng (khng tp chung hay cm li), v vy ci thin hiu nng, a phn h thng
dng ngu nhin ho nh l mt phn ca chuyn i ni tip thnh song song. Vn
ny c thc hin bng cch ngu nhin ho vic phn b sng mang con ca mi mt
bit d liu ni tip. Ngu nhin ho lm phn tn cc cm bit li trong k hiu OFDM
do s tng hiu nng sa li ca FEC.
3.3.2.1. Tng iu ch sng mang con
Tng iu ch sng mang con lm nhim v phn phi cc bit d liu ngi dng ln
cc sng mang con, bng cch s dng mt s iu ch bin v pha. Vic xp xp
iu ch sng mang con i vi 16-QAM c cho hnh 3.5, mi k hiu 16-QAM s
cha 4 bit d liu, mi t hp 4 bit d liu tng ng vi mt vector IQ duy nht.
Phan Minh c K54B 24
nh hng ca tp m cng vo tn hiu pht 16-QAM (knh AWGN) c cho hnh
hnh 3.5 (b) vi SNR thu = 18 dB.
3.3.2.3. Tng chuyn i t min tn s sang min thi gian
Sau tng iu ch sng mang con, tn hiu OFDM c dng l cc mu tn s, tn hiu
OFDM mun truyn trn knh phi c dng sng trong min thi gian. Php bin i
Fourier ngc nhanh (IFFT) s chuyn tn hiu OFDM trong min tn s sang min thi
gian. Tng ng vi mi mu ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian (mi u ra ca
IFFT) cha tt c cc mu trong min tn s (u vo ca IFFT). Hu ht cc sng mang
con u mang d liu. Cc sng mang con vng ngoi khng mang d liu c t
bng 0.
3.3.2.4. Tng iu ch sng mang RF
u ra ca b iu ch OFDM l mt tn hiu bng tn c s, tn hiu ny c trn
nng tn ln tn s truyn dn v tuyn. C th s dng mt trong hai hai k thut iu
ch sng mang cao tn l: "tng t" c cho hnh 3.7 v "s" c cho hnh 3.8.
Tuy nhin hiu nng ca iu ch s s tt hn, do ng b pha chnh xc cho nn s ci
thin qu trnh ghp cc knh I v Q.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.5. Tn hiu pht 16-QAM s dng m ho Gray, v tn hiu 16-QAM
truyn qua knh v tuyn, SNR = 18 dB, [sim_generate_qam.m]
Hnh 3.6. Tng IFFT, to tn hiu OFDM
25
Hnh 3.9 m t dng sng trong min thi gian ca mt tn hiu OFDM. S lng sng
mang = 500, kch thc FFT = 2000, khong thi gian bo v = 500. Sng mang iu
ch cao tn c tn s f
c
= 10 GHz.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.7 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s
phc s dng k thut tng t
Hnh 3.8 iu ch cao tn tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s phc
s dng k thut s
26
Hu ht cc ng dng v tuyn, th tn hiu OFDM c to ra ti bng tn c s s
dng cc mu phc, sau chuyn ph tn hiu bng tn c s ln ph RF bng cch
dng mt b iu ch IQ, nh c cho hnh 3.7 v hnh 3.8. B iu ch IQ s dch
ph tn tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln vng tn s v tuyn, v chuyn t
tn hiu phc sang tn hiu thc (ly phn thc). Tn hiu RF pht lun l tn hiu thc
v n ch bin i gi tr cng trng.
Mt tn hiu thc s tng ng vi mt tn hiu bng tn c s phc c tn s trung
tm l 0 Hz trn vi tn s sng mang b iu ch IQ.
off c
f
2
W
f +
(3.9)
Trong
c
f
l tn s sng mang dch tn hiu OFDM t bng tn c s phc ln tn
hiu OFDM cao tn thc, W l rng bng tn tn hiu v
off
f
l tn s dch t DC,
xem hnh 3.10. Trong cc ng dng hu tuyn nh ADSL, hu ht cc sng mang con
u c tng dch DC thp hn rng bng tn tn hiu. iu ny c ngha rng c
th trc tip to tn hiu thc bng cch s dng tng IFFT thay v phi dng b iu
ch IQ chuyn dch tn s.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.9. Dng sng tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian,
[sim_ofdm_signal.m]
27
to ra mt tn hiu OFDM thc ch cn mt na cc sng mang con s dng cho iu
ch d liu, mt khc na gm cc lt tn s cao ca IFFT s c gi tr bin l lin
hp phc ca na cn li gm cc lt c tn s thp hn.
3.4. Cc thng s c trng v dung lng h thng truyn
dn OFDM
3.4.1. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM
Hnh 3.11 cho thy cu trc ca cc k hiu OFDM trong min thi gian.
FFT
T
l thi
gian truyn d liu hiu qu,
G
T
l thi gian bo v. Cng thy cc thng s khc,
win
T
l thi gian ca s. Thy r quan h gia cc thng s l.
win G FFT sym
T T T T + +
(3.10)
Ca s c a vo nhm lm mn bin chuyn v khng ti cc ranh gii k hiu,
v gim tnh nhy cm ca dch tn s. Loi ca s c dng ph bin l loi ca s
cosine tng c nh ngha bi.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.10 Tn hiu OFDM dch DC, W l bng tn tn hiu,
f
off
tn s dch t DC, f
c
l tn s trung tm (sng mang)
Hnh 3.11 Cu trc tn hiu OFDM
28
( )
( )

'

,
_

,
_

+ +

sym sym
sym
sym
sym sym
sym
sym
T 1 t T ,
T
T t cos 5 . 0 5 . 0
T t T , 1
T t 0 ,
T
t
cos 5 . 0 5 . 0
t w
(3.11)
trong l h s dc ca cosin tng v khong thi gian k hiu Sym
T
, n ngn hn
ton b khong thi gian ca mt k hiu v ta cho php cc k hiu ln cn chng ln
mt phn trong vng dc (roll-off region).
Mt k hiu OFDM bt u ti thi im sym k
kT t t
(bt u ca k hiu th k) c
nh ngha bi cc phng trnh (3.12).
( )
( )
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]

'

+ + > <
+ +

'

,
_

1 T t t
1 T t t t , e d t t w Re
) t ( s
sym k k
sym k k
T t t f 2 j
1
i
N i
k
k
prefix k
sym
T
5 , 0 i
c
2
sub
N
2
sub
N
2
1 k
sub
t t 0,

(3.12)
trong G win prefix
T T T +
c thy trong hnh 3.11.
3.4.2. Cc thng s trong min thi gian TD
T hnh 3.11 c th tch cc thng s OFDM trong min thi gian: chu k k hiu sym
T
,
thi gian truyn hiu qu hay thi gian FFT
FFT
T
, thi gian bo v
G
T
, thi gian ca s
win
T
. Trong m phng ch thc hin i vi
FFT
T
v chu k k hiu chim a phn thi
gian. Nu khng tnh n thi gian ca s, th cng thc (3.10) tr thnh:
G FFT sym
T T T +
(3.13)
Ngoi ra, xc nh mt thng s mi FSR (t s gia thi gian FFT v thi gian k hiu)
c nh ngha bi.
sym
FFT
T
T
FSR
(3.14)
Thng s ny nh gi hiu qu ti nguyn c dng trong min thi gian v c th
c dng tnh ton thng lng (throughput).
3.4.3. Cc thng s trong min tn s FD
Hnh 3.12 trnh by sp xp OFDM trong min tn s. C ba thng s chnh (c cho
trong bng 3.1): ton b rng bng tn cho tt c cc sng mang con B, rng bng
tn sng mang con f, v s sng mang con
sub
N
. Quan h gia chng l
f N B
sub

(3.15)
Phan Minh c K54B 29
Thc t, ton b rng bng tn kh dng B c cho l hn ch trc khi thit k h
thng. V vy, i vi ngi thit k, cc thng s OFDM trong min tn s c th c
xc nh l rng bng tn sng mang con f v s sng mang con
sub
N
. Do rng
bng tn sng mang con v s sng mang con ph thuc nhau dng (3.15), nn ch cn
gn gi tr cho mt thng s l . Nhng c hai u c kim tra bng cch dng tiu
chun cha chng. Ni cch khc, c hn ch v rng bng tn sng mang con cng
nh s sng mang con. Tt c nn c kim tra thit k rng bng sng mang
con v i vi s sng mang con.
3.4.4. Quan h gia cc thng s trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Thng s min thi gian
FFT
T
v thng s min tn s f c quan h vi nhau, ngha l
chng l t l nghch ca nhau. V vy, vic t gi tr cho mt thng s l thit k
h thng. T bng 3.1 cho thy cho trc ton b rng bng tn, cn phi gn cc gi
tr cho rng bng sng mang con (hoc s sng mang con) v thi gian bo v cho
mt h thng OFDM. Theo , c th tm c cc thng s khc, ngha l s sng
mang con (hay rng bng sng mang con), chu k k hiu v FSR.
Bng 3.1. Mi quan h gia cc tham s OFDM
Min kho
st
Tham s
kho st
Mi quan h Tham s dng
thit k
FD B, f , N
sub f N B
sub
f hoc N
sub
TD T
sym
, T
FFT
,
FSR, T
G
G FFT sym
T T T +
sym FFT
T T FSR
f
1
T
FFT

T
G
3.4.5. Dung lng ca h thng OFDM
Mt trong cc muc tiu ca iu ch thch ng l ci thin dung lng. V th trc ht
cn nghin cu cc thng s no nh hng ln dung lng. Phn ny cp cc thng
s ny v a ra cng thc xc nh chng.
Dung lng knh theo Shannon.
Dung lng knh ph thuc vo t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) v rng bng thng
ca tn hiu c xc nh bng cng sau:
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.12 rng bng tn h thng v rng bng tn sng mang con
30
2
C =Blog (1+SNR) [bps], (3.16)
trong C l dung lng knh cn B l bng thng.
iu ch thch ng c s dng thay i cc thng s iu ch thch ng theo trng
thi knh t c dung lng knh tt nht trong thi im xt m khng lm nh
hng n cht lng truyn dn. V th cn bit cch tnh ton dung lng knh theo
cc thng s diu ch ph hp vi tnh trng knh thi im xt. Di y ta s xt
cng thc tnh ton dung lng knh ny.
Dung lng knh cho cc h thng OFDM.
Thy r, mc iu ch v t l m nh hng ln dung lng. Trong cc h thng
OFDM, do truyn dn song song v thi gian m rng nh k nn c nhiu thng s
quyt nh dung lng hn.
Bt u bng vic xt cho trng hp n gin vi gi thit l cu hnh cc sng mang
con ging nhau, ngha l tt c cc sng mang con u c chung mt cu hnh (iu ch,
m ha, bng thng, cng sut). Khi ny tc bit tng ca h thng OFDM bng:
[bps]

tb
(s bit/sng mang con/k hiu) s sng mang con
R =
thi gian k hiu
, (3.17)
Nu gi R
c
l t l m, M l mc iu ch, N
sub
l s sng mang con, T
sym
l thi gian k
hiu, B l rng bng tn ca tn hiu thng tin hay s liu, T
FFT
l thi gian FFT,
khong cch sng mang con l f=1/T
FFT
v FSR l t s thi gian FFT v thi gian k
hiu OFDM, tc bit tng c xc nh nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , FSR . B M log R T T B M log R
T f B M log R T N M log R R
2 c sym FFT 2 c
sym 2 c sym sub 2 c tb


(3.18)
T cng thc (3.18) cho thy, i vi mt sng mang con hay mt nhm cc sng mang
con, bn thng s sau y s quyt nh tc bit: (1) t l m, (2) mc iu ch, (3)
rng bng v (4) FSR. Trong mt h thng OFDM ta c th thay i cc thng s ny
t c tc bit tt nht nhng vn m bo QoS cho hon cnh c th ca knh ti
thi im xt.
Phan Minh c K54B 31
3.5. Cc nhn t nh hng ca knh pha inh ln hiu
nng h thng truyn dn OFDM v cc gii php
khc phc
3.5.1. ISI v gii khc phc
Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca ISI
Nguyn nhn do tnh chn lc ca knh pha inh trong min thi gian, tnh ph
thuc thi gian ca knh pha inh, tnh bt n nh ca knh gy ra giao thoa
gia cc k hiu ISI truyn qua n.
Hu qu ISI: lm cho my thu quyt nh k hiu sai, kh khn trong vic khi
phc nh thi
Gii php khc phc nh hng ca ISI
Chn khong thi gian bo v
Nu khong thi gian k hiu ln hn tri tr cc i ca knh pha inh th knh c
gi l knh pha ing phng. Ngc li knh s c tnh cht chn lc tn s gi l knh
chn lc tn s. Vic thit k my thu i vi knh pha inh chn lc tn s phc tp
hn rt nhiu so vi knh pha inh phng.
Thy r, vi cng rng bng tn h thng nh nhau th tc k hiu OFDM thp
hn nhiu so vi s truyn dn n sng mang ng ngha vi thi gian ca k hiu
OFDM c tng ln, v vy kh nng i ph ISI (do knh gy ra) tng ln. Ngoi ra,
tng dung sai a ng, c th m rng chiu di k hiu OFDM, bng cch thm
mt khong thi gian bo v vo phn u mi k hiu. Mt khc, khong thi gian bo
v ca tn hiu OFDM cng gip chng li li dch thi trong b thu.
to tnh lin tc ca tn hiu OFDM khi thm khong bo v, th khong bo v
trc mi k hiu OFDM c to ra theo cch copy phn cui k hiu ln phn u
ca cng k hiu. S d c iu ny bi v, trong phn d liu ca k hiu OFDM s
cha ton b chu k ca tt c cc sng mang con, nn vic copy phn cui k hiu ln
phn u s lm cho tn hiu c tnh lin tc m khng b gin on ti im ni. Hnh
3.13 minh ho cch thm khong bo v.
Chiu di tng ca k hiu l FFT G sym
T T T +
, trong sym
T
l tng chiu di ca k
hiu,
G
T
l chiu di ca khong bo v, v
FFT
T
l kch thc IFFT c s dng
to ra tn hiu OFDM.
Phan Minh c K54B 32
Hnh 3.14 m phng cu trc mt tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian, vi kch thc
FFT = 256, s lng sng mang = 100, di khong bo v = T
FFT
/4 = 64. c bit l
khong bo v c thit lp bng cc gi tr l 0. Do d dng thy gia cc khi k
hiu OFDM c s phn tch nhau bi mt on gi tr 0.
Hiu qu s dng ph tn cao ca OFDM c th hin hai kha cnh chnh: (1) do c
ch truyn dn song song. (2) dng thm khong bo v lm gim ng k tc k
hiu OFDM. iu ny c ngha c bit quan trng khi truyn dn tn hiu OFDM qua
knh v tuyn v l mt nhn t chnh chng li knh pha inh la chn tn s.
Tnh hu hiu ca khong thi gian bo v
Chng li li dch thi gian
Li dch thi gian l li do quyt nh sai bin gii ca k hiu thu, li ny lm tn tht
ton b thng tin cha trong k hiu b quyt nh sai bin gii.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.13. Chn thi gian bo v cho mi k hiu OFDM
Hnh 3.14. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian,
[sim_ofdm_signal.m]
33
i vi mt knh l tng khng c tri tr th pha thu c th xc nh chnh xc tng
v tr trong k hiu bao gm lun c khong bo v v vn ly c s mu mt cch
chnh xc m khng vt qu ng bin k hiu. Trong mi trng a ng th ISI s
lm v tr cc k hiu b x dch theo thi gian v chng ln ln nhau, lm pha thu quyt
nh sai bin gii k hiu. Tuy nhin do k hiu OFDM c khong bo v nn ISI ch
lm gim chiu di ca khong thi gian bo v m khng nh hng n phn d liu
cho nn s hn ch c li dch thi.
i ph vi ISI
Vic thm vo khong thi gian bo v s cho php gim thi gian bin ng ca tn
hiu. loi b nh hng ca ISI th khong bo v s phi c di ln hn tri tr
cc i ca knh v tuyn. Hnh 3.15 m t nh hng ca ISI ln k hiu thu trong mi
trng a ng, ng thi cng cho thy hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li nhng
tc ng ca mi trng a ng ny. V d ny th hin pha tc thi ca mt sng
mang ti 3 k hiu.
Khong bo v s loi b hu ht nh hng ca ISI. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc thnh
phn a ng c xu hng suy gim chm theo thi gian, hu qu vn tn ti mt cht
ISI thm tr khi s dng khong thi gian bo v di. Hnh 3.16 l kt qu m phng th
hin hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li ISI [8]. Bng tn knh c gi nguyn
trong cc ln m phng. M phng thc hin thay i gi tr chiu di khong bo v v
kch thc FFT i vi tn hiu OFDM, v so snh SNR thu c ng vi mi ln thay
i hai thng s ny. Kt qu cho thy SNR tng khi chiu di khong bo v cng kch
thc FFT tng.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.15 Hiu qu ca khong bo v chng li ISI
34
3.5.2 nh hng ca ICI v gii php khc phc
ICI l hin tng ph bin trong cc h thng a sng mang. Trong h thng OFDM,
ICI cn c gi l nhiu giao thoa gia cc sng mang con, l hin tng nng lng
ph ca cc sng mang con chng ln qu mc ln nhau lm ph v tnh trc giao ca
cc sng mang con.
Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca ICI
ICI xy ra do tnh chn lc tn s ca knh pha inh (knh pha inh chn lc tn
s), nguyn nhn chnh l hin tng dch Doppler do tnh di ng ca my thu.
Hu qu l s khng phn bit c ranh gii gia cc k hiu truyn trn cc
sng mang con, dn n pha thu s quyt nh sai k hiu mt tnh trc giao.
Gii php khc phc
C th hn ch ICI bng cch chn khong thi gian bo v mt cch tun hon,
v dng b cn bng knh c h tr bi hoa tiu (PSAM). Cc hoa tiu gip
cho vic c tnh, cn bng c thc hin b .
Phn tch ICI trong h thng OFDM
Biu thc l thuyt tnh phng sai ICI bng cch m hnh ICI nh l qu trnh ngu
nhin Gauss. S xp x ny l do l thuyt gii hn trung tm v s chnh xc khi s
sng mang ln. Phng sai nhiu ICI c tnh nh sau:
[ ] ( ) ( )

'

+
1 N
1 i
sym d 0 sub
2
sub
s
s
2
sub
i T f 2 J i N 2 N
N
E
E c E
l
(3.19)
trong
l
c

l ICI, E

l nng lng cho mi k hiu, N
sub
l s sng mang con, f
d
l tn
s Doppler, T
sym
l rng k hiu v J
0
l hm Bessel loi mt, bc '0'. Lu rng
phng sai ICI khng ph thuc vo tn hiu pht m ch ph thuc vo iu kin knh
truyn. T s li bt i vi PSK nht qun trong knh pha inh Rayleigh c th tnh
nh sau:
b
4 / 1 P
_
e

(3.20)
Bit c cng sut ICI t biu thc (3.19) ta c th tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SIR).
Gi tr SIR ny c thay cho
b

biu thc trn tnh t s li bt. Hnh 3.17 m

Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.16 Hiu qu ca khong bo v loi b ISI
35
phng nhiu nn do ICI i vi iu ch PSK vi gi tr tn s Doppler tng dn. Kt
qu l thuyt tm c cng ph hp vi kt qu m phng trn. Hnh 3.18 m phng
nh hng ca ICI v s gim ca SIR khi gi tr tn s Doppler tng. T hnh 3.17 v
3.18 cho thy cng sut ICI ph thuc vo s lng sng mang con. Khi cng tng s
lng sng mang con th phng sai ICI cng tng v SIR cng gim.
Cng sut ICI c tnh ton v biu din theo hm ca sng mang con th k. Do
u ra ca khi FFT, sng mang con u ra th k c vit nh sau.

+ +
1 N
0 n
k k k k
N / nk 2 j
k
n H d e ) n ( y
N
1
Y
(3.21)
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.17 Nhiu nn do ICI i vi s sng mang con
khc nhau, [sim_var_ICI.m]
Hnh 3.18 nh hng ca ICI ti t s tn hiu trn nhiu,
[sim_SNR_ici.m]
36
Trong y(n) l tn hiu thu c, N l kch thc FFT, d
k
l k hiu pht i ban u,
H
k
l bin i Fourier ca knh sng mang con th k,
k

l thnh phn ICI do tnh

bin i thi gian ca knh v n
k
l thnh phn tp m sng mang con th k. Trong
knh bt bin theo thi gian do tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con nn
k

bng
khng v { } 1 H E
2
k
. Khi tn s Doppler chun ho cao th thnh phn ICI l khc
khng. Cng sut ICI c tnh v biu din theo hm ca sng mang con th k nh
sau:

,
_

+
1 N
k m , 0 m
1 N
1 n
sub sub sym d 0 sub
2
sub
2
sub
2
k
sub sub
) N / ) k m ( n 2 cos( ) N / T f 2 ( J ) n N ( 2 N
N
1
} | {| E
(3.22)
y N
sub
l s lng sng mang con v cng sut ICI chun ho c biu din nh l
{ } { }
2
k
2
k
H E / E trong { }
2
k
H E c nh ngha nh sau:
{ } ) ) N / n T f 2 ( J ) n N ( N (
N
1
H E
1 N
1 n
sub sym d 0 sub
2
sub
2
sub
2
k
sub

+
(3.23)
Hnh 3.19 th hin ICI i vi mi sng mang con l khc nhau. Sng mang trung tm
s c cng sut ICI hn cc sng mang bin. T hnh v 3.20 ta thy khi kch thc FFT
tng ln th cng sut ICI cng tng ln nhanh chng. Do tng kch thc FFT mc
d s tng chiu di k hiu v tt nhin s gim c ISI nhng b li th li lm tng
ICI. Cho nn trong thc t cn la chn kch thc FFT hp l.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.19 Cng sut ICI chun ho i vi tn hiu OFDM.
N=102, [sim_var_ici_smtt_sm_b.m]
37
3.5.3 Ci thin hiu nng h thng truyn dn trn c s kt hp m ho
Gray
Cc nh hng
Tp m tn ti trong ton b h thng truyn thng. Ngun tp m chnh l tp m nhit
nn, tp m in trong b khuch i pha thu. Ngoi ra tp m c to ra trong ni b
h thng nh ISI, ICI v IMD. Chng lm gim SNR v lm gim hiu qu ph tn ca
h thng. V th cn phi nghin cu nh hng ca tp m i vi t l li truyn thng
v ho hp gia mc tp m v hiu qu ph tn.
Hu ht tp m trong cc h thng truyn thng v tuyn u c m hnh ho AWGN.
Tp m cng vi nhiu gy ra nho im vector pht ti my thu v quay pha cc vector
ny, t gy li d liu do quyt nh sai vector thu.
Gii php khc phc
Mt gii php l nu tn ti hai vector cnh nhau ch khc nhau mt bit th khi quyt
nh sai ch xy ra li mt bit, y chnh l phng php m ho Gray.
M ho Gray: l mt phng php m cc im IQ cnh nhau trong chm sao s ch
khc nhau mt bit. M ho Gray cho php ti u t s li bit v gim xc sut li nhiu
bit xut hin trong mt k hiu n. Thng tin hnh m ho Gray khi iu ch M-
QAM hay M-PSK [3].
Phng trnh (3.24) l chui m di dng thp phn cho m ho Gray. M ho Gray c
th s dng cho ton b cc s iu ch PSK (QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK,) v QAM
(16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM,). i vi QAM th mi trc s c ghp ring s
dng m ho Gray.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.20 Cng sut ICI chun ho cho sng mang con trung
tm (fdT=0,2), [sim_var_ici_vs_fft_size.m]
38
{ }
{ }
{ }
( ) ( ) { }
N N N N
N
N
N 1 N
3
2
1
2 1 , , 2 2 , 1 2 , 2 G , 2 , , 3 , 2 , 1 G G
4 , 5 , 7 , 6 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 0 G
2 , 3 , 1 , 0 G
1 , 0 G
+

(3.24)
Bng 3.2 M ho Gray cc bit nh phn
C s 10 M ha
Gray
C s 10 M ha
Gray
0 0,0,0,0 8 1,1,0,0
1 0,0,0,1 9 1,1,0,1
2 0,0,1,1 10 1,1,1,1
3 0,0,1,0 11 1,1,1,0
4 0,1,1,0 12 1,0,1,0
5 0,1,1,1 13 1,0,1,1
6 0,1,0,1 14 1,0,0,1
7 0,1,0,0 15 1,0,0,0
S iu ch tn hiu 16-QAM v 16-PSK s dng m ho Gray, c cho trong hnh
3.21. Hnh 3.22, 3.23 minh ho s IQ cho s trng thi iu ch QAM v PSK khc
nhau.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.21 S IQ iu ch 16-QAM v 16-PSK s dng m ho Gray
39
3.5.4 Gii php nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn ca h thng truyn dn
OFDM
Nguyn nhn
Ph tn hiu OFDM l ph tng hp ca cc thnh phn tn s sng mang con, m ph
tn ca cc sng mang con c dng sinc. Do ph tng hp ca chng s c ng
bao bn chim mt lng bng tn kh ln. Cc ng bao bn ny chnh l cc thnh
phn tn s ngoi bng (aliasing).
Bin php khc phc
Tn s ngoi bng s c loi b khi dng mt b lc bng thng, hoc dng khong
bo v cosin tng.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.22 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64-PSK v 128-PSK,
[sim_generate_psk]
Hnh 3.23 Biu IQ cho tn hiu 64 QAM v 1024-QAM,
[sim_generate_qam.m]
40
3.5.4.1 Phng php dng b lc bng thng
Tn hiu OFDM trc khi truyn c lc bng b lc bng thng chn cc thnh
phn tn s ngoi bng. Qu trnh ct ca b lc rt gn, iu ny cho php phn chia
cc khi tn hiu OFDM, m cc khi ny c xp rt gn nhau trong min tn s, kt
qu s ci thin hiu qu ph tn. Nhng s lc rt kht ny s gim SNR v phi quan
tm nhng nh hng ca n khi thit k mt h thng OFDM.
B lc bng thng s loi b ng bao bn ca ph tn hiu OFDM. S lng ng
bao bn b loi b ph thuc vo hnh dng ca b lc (hnh dng ca s lc). Ca s
Kaiser thng c dng chn cc thnh phn tn s khng mong mun. Hm ca s
Kaiser c nh ngha:
( )
( )

'

,
_

,
_

0
2
1 N
n
I
1 N
n 2
1 I
n W
0
2
0
(3.25)
Trong : I
0
(x) l hm bessel loi mt, bc 0. l tham s dng iu khin dng chp
hai pha ca s, N l kch thc b lc . Hm bessel c xc nh:
( )
( )

<
1
1
1
]
1

+
L
1 k
2
k
0
25 L ,
! k
2
x
1 x I (3.26)
Tham s c xc nh da trn yu cu v suy gim trong di chn:
( )
( ) ( )

'

<
+
>

21 , 0
21 50 , 21 07886 . 0 21 5842 . 0
50 , 7 . 8 1102 . 0
4 . 0
(3.27)
Trong

l tham s xc nh chiu cao ng bao bn (sidelobe) ca b lc FIR.

Tham s

tc ng n s suy gim ng bao bn ca bin i FFT ca b lc. Khi

tng th bin ng bao bn s gim.

Hiu nng ca b lc c xc nh bi ba tham s chnh:
Bin ng bao bn
rng qu
S lng nhnh
rng qu c chun ho theo s lng nhnh ca b lc nh sau:
s
t
t
f
N
w
f (3.28)
Trong w
t
l rng ca hm ca s, N l s lng nhnh b lc, f
s
l tc ly mu
(Hz).
S lng nhnh ca b lc FIR c xc nh theo cng thc:
Phan Minh c K54B 41

,
_

t
IFFT t
tap
f
N w
ceil N
(3.29)
Trong : N
IFFT
l s lng im ly FFT, hm ceil(x) xem mc 6.2.2
Hnh 3.24 minh ho c tuyn ca b lc dng ca s Kaiser vi cc gi tr f
t
khc nhau,
ta thy f
t
cng nh th tc dng ct cng hiu qu.
Hnh 3.25 minh ho cu trc ca mt ca s Kaiser vi tham s
, 10
v
, 50
Ta
thy dng ca s Kaiser rt gn do hiu qu ct gn ph tn hiu s rt cao, trong
thc t thng dng ca s Kaiser hoc Hamming.
Ph ri rc ca tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian c c tnh nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
L 10 10
W
2
N
log 20 t w . t s FFT log 20 s P +

,
_

(3.20)
Trong s(t) l tn hiu OFDM trong min thi gian, w(t) l hm ca s s dng, W
L
l
gi tr suy gim ca hm ca s, N l s lng mu trong s(t), P(s) l ph cng sut tnh
theo dB. N = kch thc FFT + Kch thc khong bo v. Hnh 3.26 l ph ca tn hiu
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.24 c tuyn b lc dng ca s Kaiser vi f
t
= 0.2 Hz,
f
t
= 0.4 Hz, = 3.4, [sim_filter.m]
Hnh 3.25 Cu trc ca ca s Kaiser vi , v ,
[sim_kaier_window.m]
42
OFDM vi 52 sng mang (chun HiperLAN/2) v 1536 sng mang (chun DAB mode
I).
B lc loi b hu nh ton b cc ng bao bn. Tuy nhin nu chn gi tr rng
ca ca s qu nh (ca s qu hp) th b lc s ct ng k nng lng ca cc sng
mang ngoi cng v gy mo hnh dng ph ca chng, y l nguyn nhn gy ICI do
dng b lc. Hnh 3.28 l mt trng hp nh vy.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.26 Ph ca tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang (a) v 1536 sng mang
con (b), khng dng b lc, [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
(a) (b)
(a)
Hnh 3.27 Ph tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang khng dng b lc (a) v dng b
lc vi ca s Kaiser vi (b), [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
(b)
43
Hnh 3.29 ch ra hiu nng ca mt h thng OFDM tng ng theo chun HiperLAN2
hay IEEE802.11a. Trong trng hp ny s dng 52 sng mang con, v khong thi
gian bo v l 20% chiu di k hiu. SNR thay i theo s lng sng mang con khi b
lc gy mo p ng vi hu ht cc sng mang con ra. S iu ch cao nht c
s dng trong h thng HiperLAN2 v IEEE802.11a l 64-QAM, v s ny yu cu
SNR ln hn 26 dB. Chng ta c th thy kt qu trong hnh 3.29 khi SNR thc vt
qu 26 dB i vi ton b cc sng mang thm tr khi s dng b lc bng thng rt sc
cnh v c tuyn ct trong phm vi mt na khong cch sng mang con [8].
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.28 Ph tn hiu OFDM 52 sng mang, dng b lc vi ca
s Kaiser vi , [sim_ofdm_spectrum.m]
44
Trong : carr.cutoff, l rng qu f
t
ca b lc. Trong hnh 3.29 (a) v 3.29 (b) th
f
t
thay i t 0.5 -10 khong cch sng mang con.
Da trn kt qu trong hnh 3.29 ta thy khi rng qu tng th SNR ca tn hiu s
gim, y cng chnh l mt nhc im chnh ca b lc bng thng. Cho nn ta cn
dung ho gia c tuyn ct ca b lc v SNR yu cu. Tuy nhin b lc bng thng c
u im chnh l cho php loi b ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM v gim bng tn
thc ca h thng, iu ny s ci thin hiu qu ph tn.
3.5.4.2 Phng php dng khong bo v cosin tng
Mt trong nhng phng php n gin nht loi b ng bao bn ca ph tn hiu
OFDM l lm dc khong bo v, p nhn n n 0 trc k hiu tip theo. S p
nhn khong chuyn giao gia cc k hiu s gim cng sut ng bao bn.
Hnh 3.30 minh ho cch to mt k hiu OFDM dng khong bo v cosin tng (RC).
Khong bo v ny do c ly ca s vi hnh dng mt hm cosin bnh phng (cos(
)
2
) v th m c tn l cosin tng.
Phn cosin tng ca khong bo v c th chng ln ln k hiu trc v sau v phn
ny ch to ra s bo v nh chng li a ng v li nh thi. Tnh cht gim dn n
0 ca RC lm ISI do n gy ra s rt thp, mt khc khong bo v RC rt nh v s
c b qua ti pha thu.
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.29 SNR ca mi sng mang con ca tn hiu
OFDM khi s dng b lc
Hnh 3.30 Cu trc ca khong bo v RC
45
Tnh chng ln gip to khong bo v RC hai pha k hiu m khng tng thm thi
gian k hiu. Hnh 3.31 th hin hai k hiu OFDM c khong bo v RC chng ln.
Chiu di khong bo v RC c xc nh theo phn trm ca phn phng ca k hiu
OFDM, l:
%
T T
T
100 RC
GF FFT
GRC
+

(3.21)
Trong RC l phn trm cosin tng, T
GRC
l chiu di ca khong bo v RC, T
FFT
l
chiu di ca phn FFT ca k hiu v T
GF
l chiu di ca phn khong bo v phng.
Bng 3.3 s gii thiu cc tham s RC theo chun IEEE 802.11a.
Bng 3.3 Tham s khong bo v RC ca IEEE 802.11a
Tham s K hiu Gi tr
Thi gian FFT T
FFT
3.2
s
Khong bo v RC T
GRC
100 ns
Khong bo v tng T
G
= T
GRC
+ T
GF
800 ns
Khong bo v phng T
GF
= T
G
- T
GRC
700 ns
T bng 3.2 ta tnh c phn RC l:
% 56 . 2
3200 700
100
100 RC
+

nh hng ca phn cosin tng khi thm vo k hiu OFDM c m phng xc

nh mc tn s ngoi bng. Hnh 3.32, hnh 3.33 v 3.34 minh ho ph ca tn hiu
OFDM vi khong bo v RC thay i [8].
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.31 ng bao k hiu OFDM vi mt khong bo v phng v
mt khong bo v RC chng ln
46
Phan Minh c K54B
Hnh 3.32 Cng sut ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM 20 sng
mang con, vi chiu di khong bo v RC thay i
Hnh 3.33 Cng sut ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM 100 sng
mang con, vi chiu di khong bo v RC thay i
Hnh 3.34 Cng sut ng bao bn ca tn hiu OFDM 4000 sng
mang con, vi chiu di khong bo v RC thay i
47
Xut hin s khc nhau gia bin ca cc ng bao bn khi khng dng hoc dng
mt khong bo v cosin tng nh. M phng cng ch ra rng s lng sng mang con
tng t 20 (hnh 3.32) n 4000 (hnh 3.34) th bin ca ng bao bn (cch bin
ph l 200 khong cch sng mang con) s tng ln 8 dB.
Mc d khi RC tng, tn s ngoi bng suy gim nhiu tuy nhin bng tn tn hiu
OFDM vn kh rng: Theo HiperLAN/2, dng 52 sng mang con, khong cch sng
mang = 312.5 KHz. Do ti ngng SNR = -40 dBc (cng sut so snh vi cng sut
tn hiu) ng bao bn s cch bin ph tn hiu 30 khong cch sng mang.
V vy bng tn tng ca h thng s l
( ) 35 5 . 312 52 2 30 +
MHz, m bng tn h
thng HiperLAN/2 ch c 20 MHz. iu ny cho thy vic thm vo khong bo v RC
l khng gim ng bao bn ng k v th cn phi dng thm b lc bng
thng.
Phan Minh c K54B 48
Mc lc
Chng 1 ................................................................................................................ ....... 1
Gii thiu chung .................................................................................... ....................... 1
1.1. Nhng hn ch ca k thut hin hnh ........................................................................... 1
1.2. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM .......................................................... 1
Chng 2 ................................................................................................................ ....... 3
c tnh knh v tuyn di ng ....................................................................... ............ 3
2.1. M u ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2. Min khng gian ............................................................................................................... 4
2.3. Min tn s ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1. iu ch tn s ..................................................................................................... 5
2.3.2. Chn lc tn s ..................................................................................................... 5
2.4. Min thi gian .................................................................................................................. 6
2.4.1. Tr tri trung bnh qun phng ........................................................................... 6
2.4.2. Tr tri cc i ...................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3. Thi gian nht qun .............................................................................................. 7
2.5.Quan h gia cc thng s trong cc min khc nhau ...................................................... 7
2.5.1. Bng thng nht qun v tri tr trung bnh qun phng ................................... 7
2.5.2. Thi gian nht qun v tri Doppler ..................................................................... 8
2.6. Cc loi pha inh phm vi hp ......................................................................................... 8
2.7. Phn b Rayleigh v Rice ................................................................................................ 9
2.7.1. Phn b pha inh Rayleigh ................................................................................... 9
2.7.2. Phn b Pha inh Rice ........................................................................................ 11
2.8.1. M hnh knh trong min thi gian .................................................................... 12
2.8.2. M hnh knh trong min tn s ......................................................................... 14
2.9. nh hng ca tha s K knh Rice v tri tr ln cc thuc tnh knh trong min tn
s ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Chng 3 ........................................................................................................... ......... 19
Nguyn l hot ng ca OFDM .................................................................... ........... 19
3.1. M u ........................................................................................................................... 19
3.2. Tnh trc giao ................................................................................................................. 19
3.3. M hnh h thng truyn dn OFDM ............................................................................. 22
3.3.1. M t ton hc tn hiu OFDM .................................................................................. 22
3.3.2. S h thng truyn dn OFDM .............................................................................. 23
3.2.2.1. Tng chuyn i ni tip sang song song ........................................................ 24
3.3.2.1. Tng iu ch sng mang con ......................................................................... 24
3.3.2.4. Tng iu ch sng mang RF .......................................................................... 25
3.4. Cc thng s c trng v dung lng h thng truyn dn OFDM ............................ 28
3.4.1. Cu trc tn hiu OFDM .................................................................................... 28
3.4.2. Cc thng s trong min thi gian TD ............................................................... 29
3.4.4. Quan h gia cc thng s trong min thi gian v min tn s. ...................... 30
3.4.5. Dung lng ca h thng OFDM ....................................................................... 30
3.5. Cc nhn t nh hng ca knh pha inh ln hiu nng h thng truyn dn OFDM v
cc gii php khc phc ........................................................................................................ 32
3.5.1. ISI v gii khc phc .......................................................................................... 32
3.5.2 nh hng ca ICI v gii php khc phc ........................................................ 35
3.5.3 Ci thin hiu nng h thng truyn dn trn c s kt hp m ho Gray ........ 38
Phan Minh c K54B 49
3.5.4 Gii php nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn ca h thng truyn dn OFDM 40
3.5.4.1 Phng php dng b lc bng thng .............................................................. 41
3.5.4.2 Phng php dng khong bo v cosin tng .................................................. 45
Ti liu tham kho
1. An introduce to OFDM Over Efods (9/1996)
2. Adaptive techniques for multiuser OFDM - Eric Philip Lawrey (12/2001)
3. T in k thut chuyn ngnh Prodic 2007
4. Tp ch bu chnh vin thng: http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn
Phan Minh c K54B 50