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Bi 1.

Vect v cc php ton

1. Cc khi nim c bn 1.1 Dn dt n khi nim vect Vect i din cho nhng i lng c hng v c ln v d: lc, vn tc, 1.2 nh ngha vect v cc yu t lin quan. nh ngha: Vect l an thng c hng, tc l trong hai u mt ca on thng, ch r im no l im u, im no l im cui. K hiu MN , AB hoc a, b .

Vect c im u v im cui trng nhau c gi l vect khng. V d: AA, BB ,

Gi ca vect AB (khc vect khng) l ng thng i qua A, B.

di ca vect AB l di on thng AB, k hiu l AB . Ta c AB = AB . di vect

khng bng 0. 1.3 Hai vect cng phng, cng hng v hai vect bng nhau. Hai vect cng phng khi gi ca chng song song hoc trng nhau. Quy c: Vect khng cng phng vi mi vect Hai vect cng phng th cng hng hoc ngc hng. Quy c: vect khng cng hng vi mi vect Hai vect bng nhau khi chng cng hng v cng di.

Mi vect - khng u bng nhau v uc k hiu l 0

1.4 Dng mt vect bng vect cho trc. Cho vect a v im M. Khi ta c th dng c duy nht im N sao cho MN = a . Ch : + Chng minh hai im trng nhau: AM = AM M M + Chng minh 3 im thng hng: AB, AC cng phng khi v ch khi A, B, C thng hng. 2. nh ngha cc php ton trn vect 2.1 Php cng hai vect Cho hai vect a, b . Ta dng vect AB = a , vect BC = b . Khi vect AC l vect tng ca hai vect a, b . K hiu AC= a + b . Vy ta c AC AB + BC . = 2.2 Php tr hai vect Cho vect a , khi tn ti vect b sao cho a + b =. Ta gi b l vect i ca vect a . Ta 0 0 k hiu vect i ca vect a l a . Vy a + a = . V d vect i ca vect AC l CA , v AC + CA = AA = 0 . Vy AC = CA . Cho hai vect a, b . Khi vect

( )

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a + b c gi l vect hiu ca hai vect a v b k hiu l a b . Nh vy ta c: a b = a + b . T ta c AB AC = AB + CA = CB . 2.3 Php nhn vect vi mt s. Cho s thc k v vect a ( 0 ). Khi php nhn vect a vi s thc k l mt vect xc nh nh sau: k .a cng hng vi a nu k 0 v ngc hng a khi k < 0. V k .a = k . a c bit: k .0 0 k =

( )

( )

k = 0 Ch : k .a= 0 a = 0 Ch quan trng: khng c nh ngha php chia hai vect, do khng c b b = k .a k = a 3. Cc cng thc c bn 3.1 Quy tc 3 im, n im.

Cho 3 im A, B, C ta lun c AB + BC = (1.1) AC Cho n im A1, A2, , An, khi ta c A1 A2 + A2 A3 + ... + An 1 An =1 An (1.2) A Quy tc hnh bnh hnh. Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Khi ta c AB + AD = (1.3) AC 3.2 Mi quan h gia hai vect cng phng. Hai vect a, b ( b 0 ) cng phng khi v ch khi tn ti s thc k sao cho a = k .b T y suy ra nu a, b khng cng phng th x.a + y.b = 0 x = y = 0 3.3 nh l v biu din mt vect theo hai vect khng cng phng. Cho hai vect a, b khng cng phng. Khi vi vect c bt k th tn ti duy nht hai s x, y sao cho = x.a + y.b c H qu: Cho 3 vect a, b, c khng cng phng. Chng minh rng tn ti 3 s thc x, y, z khng ng thi bng 0 sao cho x.a + y.b + z.c =B s (x, y, z) c phi duy nht khng? V 0. sao? 3.4 Cng thc im chia v h qu. Cho hai im A, B phn bit. M l im tha MA k .MB ( k 1) . Khi vi im O bt k ta lun =
OA k .OB (1.4) c OM = 1 k

H qu 1 Khi k = - 1 ta c cng thc ng trung tuyn: = OM

1 OA + OB (1.5) 2

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H qu 2 Nu M nm gia A v B, cho k = -MA/MB ta c cng thc. OM = (1.6) H qu 3. Cho tam gic ABC vi BC = a, AC = b v AB = c, AD l phn gic trong. Khi ta c
DC DB b c AD = . AB + . AC = . AB + . AC (1.7) BC BC b+c b+c MB MA .OA + .OB AB AB

H qu 4*. a cng thc (1.6) v dng din tch ta s c cng thc no?
= MBC , Sb H qu 5*. Cho tam gic ABC. M l im nm trong tam gic. t Sa S= S= S MAB . MAC , S c

Chng minh rng Sa .MA + Sb .MB + Sc .MC = (H thc Jacobi) 0 (1.8) H qu 6*. T h thc 5, nu cho M l cc im c bit trong tam gic (trng tm, trc tm, tm ni tip, tm ngoi tip), ta s c nhng h thc no. 3.5 Tm t c ca mt h im Ta bt u t bi ton sau:

Bi ton 1.Vi hai im A, B phn bit cho trc, tm im M tha MA + MB = 0 (1.9)

1 Li gii: Ta c 0 = MA + MB = MA + MA + AB AM = AB , t y suy ra im M cn tm 2 chnh l trung im AB.
T bi ton ny, ta c th ngh ti bi ton tng qut hn cht. Cho hai s thc , . Liu c tn ti im M sao cho .MA + .MB = 0 (1.10) Theo cch gii bi trn ta c th bin i v tri ca (1.10) nh sau: .MA + .MB =MA + .MA + . AB = + ) MA + . AB . . ( n y ta thy xy ra hai trng hp. Trng hp 1: Nu + = 0 th khng tn ti M (1.10) tha v A, B l hai im phn bit.

Trng hp 2: Nu + 0, th (1.10) tha khi v ch khi AM =

ta cch xc nh M v hn na M l duy nht. T iu trn ta c bi ton

AB , biu thc ny cho

Bi ton 2: Cho hai im A, B v cc s thc , tha + 0 th tn ti duy nht im M sao cho .MA + .MB = v khng tn ti M tha (1.10) nu + = 0 v A , B phn bit 0 . (1.10) Bi ton 3: Cho 3 im A, B, C v cc s thc , , khng ng thi bng 0 c tng khc 0. C tn ti im M sao cho .MA + .MB + .MC = 0 (1.11)?

Li gii: Ta c th gi s , c tng khc 0, do tn ti im I IA + IB = v tri 0 . Khi ca (1.11) c th vit li nh sau: .MA + .MB + .MC = + ) MI + MC (
H thc trn cng bi ton 2 cho ta cu tr li cho bi ton 3.

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Hn na nu A, B, C khng thng hng th khi + + = 0, khng tn ti M tha (1.11)

Trng hp = = 0 th (1.11) tng ng vi MA + MB + MC = 0 (1.12) khi M l

trng tm ca tam gic ABC Bng cch quy np ta c bi ton tng qut sau: Bi ton 4: Cho n im A1, A2, ,An v n s thc 1,2,,n khng ng thi bng 0 v c tng khc 0. Khi tn ti im M sao cho 1.MA1 + 2 .MA2 + ... + n MAn = (1.132) (im M c 0 gi l tm t c ca h im A1, A2, ,An vi cc h s 1,2,,n). Chng minh: (dnh cho cc bn) 4. Bi tp chng vect 4.1 Cc bi ton v php cng v php tr Bi 1. Cho cc im phn bit A, B, C, D. Dng cc vect tng sau y: a) AB + CD b) AB + AC + BD Bi 2. Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng 1. Tnh di cc vect: u = + AD, v = + BD AB AC Bi 3. Cho tam gic ABC. Gi A, B, C ln lt l trung im cc cnh BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rng AA + BB + CC = 0. Bi 4. Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng GA + GB + GC = 0. Bi 5. Cho t gic MNPQ. Chng minh: a) PQ + MN = PN + MQ b) Gi A, B, C, D ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh MN, NP, PQ, QN. Chng minh 1. MB + NC + PD + QA = 0 2. Gi O l giao im ca AC v BD. Chng minh OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 Bi 6. Cho t gic ABCD. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB, CD. im K l im i xng ca M qua N. Chng minh a) MK AD + BC =

b) MK AC + BD = Bi 7. Cho c vect a, b, c . Chng minh rng: a) a + b a + b b) a + b + c a + b + c Du = xy ra khi no?

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Bi 8. Cho t gic ABCD. Chng minh rng nu AD + BC = AB + DC th AC BD . Bi 9. Cho 6 im A, B, C, D, E, F. Chng minh rng:
AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD = AF + BD + CE .

Bi 10. Cho hai vect a, b . Chng minh rng a b a b . ng thc xy ra khi no? Bi 11. Tam gic ABC l tam gic g nu tha mn: a) AB + AC = AB AC

b) AB + AC vung gc vi AB + CA . 4.2 Chng minh cc ng thc vect Bi 1. Hai tam gic ABC v ABC c trng tm ln lt l G v G. Chng minh rng AA + BB + CC = , t suy ra iu kin hi tam gic c cng trng tm. 3GG Bi 2. Cho lc gic ABCDEF. Gi M, N, P, Q, R, S ln lt l trung im cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DE, EF v FA. Chng minh rng hai tam gic MPR v NQS c cng trng tm. Bi 3. Cho tam gic ABC. Trn cc ng thng AB, BC, CA ta ly cc im tng ng C, A, B sao cho AC k= k= k BA . Chng minh rng trng tm ca hai tam gic ABC = .C B, BA AC , CB v ABC trng nhau. Bi 4*. Cho tam gic ABC u tm O. M l mt im bt k trong tam gic. Gi D, E, F ln lt l hnh chiu ca M trn BC, AC v AB. Chng minh rng: MD + ME + MF = . MO Bi 5*. Cho tam gic ABC u. M l mt im bt k nm trong tam gic. Gi D, E, F ln lt l im i xng ca M qua cc cnh BC, AC v AB. Chng minh rng hai tamg gic ABC v DEF c cng trng tm. Bi 6. Cho tam gic ABC. Gi K l im i xng ca B qua trng tm G. Chng minh
2 1 1 AK = AB, CK = + AC AC AB 3 3 3 3 2

Bi 7. Cho tam gic ABC. Gi M l trung im ca AB v N l mt im trn cnh AC sao cho NC = 2NA. Gi K l trung im ca MN. a) Chng minh rng = AK
1 1 AB + AC 4 6

b) Gi D l trung im ca BC. Chng minh = KD

1 1 AB + AC 4 3

Bi 8. Cho tam gic ABC. M thuc cnh BC sao cho MB = 2 MC. Chng minh rng
1 2 = AM AB + AC . 3 3

4.3 Cc p dng n gin ca tm t c Bi 1. Cho tam gic ABC. Tm im M tha mn: a) MA + 2MB + 3MC = 0

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b) MA 2MB + 4MC = 2 AC c) MA 2MB + 5MC = AC Bi 2. Cho t gic ABCD. Tm im M tha mn h thc MA + MB + MC + MD = 0. Bi 3. Cho 3 im ABC. Chng minh rng cc h thc sau khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im M. a) MA + 2MB 3MC . b) 2MA + 3MB 5MC

Bi 4. Cho tam gic ABC. Tm tp hp cc im M tha mn: a) MA + MB = MB + MC b) MA MB = MA + MC

Bi 5. Cho tam gic ABC. Tm tp hp cc im M tha MA + MB + MC = . AB Bi 6. Cho hai im A, B v ng thng d. Vi mi im N trn ng thng ta dng im M theo cng thc NM 2 NA + 3NB . im M di chuyn trn ng no khi N di ng trn d. = Bi 7. Cho tam gic ABC. Vi mi im M bt k ta dng im P theo cng thc:
MP = MA + MB + MC . Tm tp hp im P khi M thay i trn:

a) ng thng d b) ng trn (O; R). Bi 8. Cho hai im A, B v ng thng d. Tm i m M thuc d sao cho MA + 2MB t gi tr nh nht. Bi 9. Cho tam gic ABC v ng thng d. im M thay i trn d. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: a) MA + MB + MC

b) MA MB + 2.MC . Bi 10. Cho hai im A, B v ng trn (O). Tm m M trn (O) sao cho biu thc i
MA + 2 MB t gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht.

Bi 11. Cho tam gic ABC v ng thng d. im M thay i trn d. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc MA + MB + 2 MC

4.4 Biu din mt vect theo hai vect khc v ng dng

Bi 1. Cho 2 vect a , b khng cng phng, vi mi vect c bt k tn ti x, y sao cho: = xa + yb . Hn na cp s ( x, y ) l duy nht. c
Bi 2. Cho ABC , M l trung im BC . a) Tnh AM theo AB, AC .

b) Ly N tha NB k NC ( k 1) , tnh AN theo AB, AC . =

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Bi 3. Cho ABC , trng tm G , gi D l im i xng ca A qua B v E l im trn cnh 2 AC sao cho AE = AC 5

a) Tnh DE , DG theo AB, AC .

b) Chng minh D, G , E thng hng.

c) Gi K tha KA + KB + 3KC = . Chng minh KG , CD song song. 2 KD

1 = = JB . Tm F AC sao cho I , F , J thng hng. Bi 4. Cho ABC , I , J tha IA + IB 0; JC 2
Bi 5. Cho tam gic ABC. Gi D l im nh bi AD = tha: BM xBC ( x ) . = a) Tnh AI theo AB, AC .

3 AC , I l trung im ca DB. M l im 4

b) Tnh AM theo x v AB, AC . c) Tm x sao cho A, I, M thng hng. Bi 6. Cho hnh thang ABCD (AB // CD). Gi O l giao im ca hai cnh xin AD v BC. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD. a) Tnh OI theo OA, OB . b) t k =
OD . Tnh OI theo k, OA, OB . Suy ra O, I, J thng hng. OA

Bi 7. Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD. M, N l 2 i m ln lt trn on AB v CD sao cho = 3= 2CN . AB AM , CD a) Tnh AN theo AB, AC

b) Gi G l trng tm ca tam gic MNB, tnh AG theo AB, AC c) AG ct ng thng BC ti I. Tnh

BC . BI

= k1= k= k3 PB . ( k1 , k2 , k3 0, 1) MB MC , NC NA, PA 2

Bi 8. Cho tam gic ABC. Trn cc ng thng BC, CA, AB ta ly cc im M, N, P sao cho

a) Tnh PM theo AB, AC . b) Tnh PN theo AB, AC . c) Chng minh rng M, N, P thng hng khi v ch khi k1k2 k3 = 1 4.5 Chng minh 3 im thng hng v 3 ng thng ng quy Bi 1: Cho t gic ABCD, M v N ln lt l trung im ca AD v BC. Chng minh rng trung im cc on thng AB, CD v MN thng hng. Nu im M, N tha AM/DM = BN/CN iu cn ng khng? V sao? Bi 2*: Cho lc gic u ABCDEF. Gi M, N ln lt trn cc on AC v AE sao cho AM/CM = EN/AN = k. Tm k B, M, N thng hng. Bi 3: Cho t gic ABCD. Gi A1, B1, C1, D1 l trng tm cc tam gic BCD, ACD, ABD v ABC. Chng minh cc ng thng AA1, BB1, CC1, DD1 ng quy ti G v G l trng tm ca t gic.

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Bi 4. Chng minh rng trong mt t gic ngoi tip. Trung im hai ng cho v tm ng trn ni tip cng thuc mt ng thng (ng thng Newtn) Bi 5. ng trn tm I ni tip tam gic ABC tip xc vi BC ti D. Chng minh rng trung im BC, trung im AD v I thng hng.

4.6 nh l Ceva, nh l Menelaus v ng dng. Bi 1. (nh l Menelaus v Ceva). Cho tam gic ABC. Cc im M, N, P ln lt chia cc on thng AB, BC, CA theo cc t s ln lt l l m, n, p (u khc 1). Chng minh rng: a) M, N, P thng hng khi v ch khi mnp = 1 (Menelaus). b) AN, CM, BP ng qui hoc song song khi v ch khi mnp = 1 (Ceva). S dng nh l Ceva v Menelaus gii cc bi ton sau: Bi 1. Cho tam gic ABC v cc im A1, B1, C1 ln lt nm trn cc ng thng BC, CA, AB. Gi A2, B2, C2 ln lt l cc im i xng vi A1, B1, C1 qua trung im ca BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rng: a) Nu 3 im A1, B1, C1 thng hng th A2, B2, C2 cng thng hng. b) Nu 3 ng thng AA1, BB1, CC1 ng qui hoc song song th 3 ng thng AA2, BB2, CC2 cng ng qui hoc song song. Bi 2. Cho tam gic ABC, I l trung im ca on thng AB. Mt ng thng d thay i lun qua I, ln lt ct hai ng thng CA v CB ti A v B. Chng minh rng giao im M ca AB v AB nm trn ng thng c nh. Bi 3. Cho im O nm trong hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Cc ng thng i qua O v song song vi cc cnh ca hnh bnh hnh ln lt ct AB, BC, CD, DA ti M, N, P, Q. Gi E l giao im ca BQ v DM, F l giao im ca BP v DN. Tm iu kin ca im O E, F, O thng hng.

Ht. Chc cc em lm bi tt. Bi k tip: Trc ta v h trc ta .