Các dạng gia công thuốc BVTV

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt
Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06
M U
(Ha hc ngy nay-H2N2)-Khong 20 nm tr li y trong ngnh nng ha c nhiu thay i v cng ngh: pht minh ra cc hot cht mi, thay i phng php gia cng, ng gi v thay i cch s dng, v.v ng thi vi nhng s bin i trn, ngi ta cng thay i c nhng quy nh trong qun l sn xut v s dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV).
Nm 1973, M c xut bn cun sch vi ta Gia cng thuc tr su - Pesticid Formulation) [1] . Cun sch c trnh by mt s phng php v k thut gia cng, sn xut cc loi thuc BVTV thi .
Theo nh gi, cng nghip nng ha ton th gii sn xut ra cc sn phm nng ha, c tnh t 30 t USD/ nm (1997) v ngnh ny ng vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t nhiu nc. Hin nay trn th gii s tng dn s v s th ha, cng nghip ha ang buc ngi ta phi chuyn t qung canh sang thm canh v s dng t ai dng cho sn xut nng nghip ngy cng hiu qu hn. Cc chuyn gia ca Lin Hp Quc tin on dn s ton th gii s c 10 t ngi vo nm 2040 v c bit tng nhanh khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng. iu ny dn n yu cu cng cao v cc sn phm nng nghip v ko theo nhu cu v thuc BVTV.
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Trc y vi chc nm ngi ta ch pht trin cc loi hot cht mi, cc phng php gia cng mi v a ra cc ch phm t ri ro hn, an ton hn, d s dng v thn thin vi mi trng hn. Ngoi ra cng cn mt yu cu rt thc t na l lng thuc BVTV c s dng trn mt din tch canh tc cng t cng tt gim gi thnh sn xut nng nghip, v gi ca cc ch phm thuc BVTV, nht l cc ch phm mi, thng rt cao. Ngi ta c lng rng chi ph pht trin cc ch phm mi, l vo c 150 200 triu USD v phi cn mt 7 n 10 nm t khi ha cht c pht minh n khi c sn phm u tin c a ra th trng. Qu trnh ny cng i hi s lin kt ca nhiu c s nghin cu v cc n v sn xut.
Bi v c nhiu hot cht c s dng, nn thc t c rt nhiu dng ch phm c gia cng, sn xut. iu ny ph thuc vo cc tnh cht ha l ca hot cht dng. Trc y, hu ht cc ch phm gia cng u l cc dung dch tan trong nc thng thng, hoc l dng huyn ph m c trong mt dung mi no , hoc dng bt phn tn. Xu hng mi y trong gia cng cc ch phm l hn ch ti a s dng cc dung mi gc du m v thay th bng nc hoc bng cc dung dch huyn ph (hoc nh tng) nn nc. Ngoi ra cn c xu hng khng dng cc loi bt kh gy bi, ng thi chuyn sang dng cc loi ch phm dng ht phn tn trong nc v khng gy bi.
S thay i mnh cc cng ngh gia cng cc ch phm nng ha i hi ngi ta ngy cng phi s dng nhiu cc loi ph gia sn xut khc nhau. Quan trng nht trong cc loi ph gia ny l cc cht hot ng b mt (HBM). y l cc cht ng vai tr quan trng lm cht phn tn v huyn ph ha. Cc cht HBM c bit trc y thng i t cc ch phm t nhin (x phng). Tuy nhin hin nay cc cht HBM tng hp li ng vai tr chnh trong lnh vc ny. Trong u th k 20, cc cht HBM sunfat v sunfonat vi mch cacbon di c pht trin mnh. Cui th k 20 cn ra i mt s cht HBM c mt s tnh cht ring do ngi ta thm vo phn t ca chng mt s nhm chc c bit. Ngoi ra cc cht HBM non - ionic, vi nhm a nc cha nhm chc etylen oxit, cng c s dng nhiu. Nhn chung, cc cht HBM c dng ci thin tnh thm nc, tnh phn tn, tnh to nh v n nh dung dch trong qu trnh gia cng ch bin cc loi thuc BVTV.
Chnh cc cht HBM s xc nh nng ti a ca ch phm, hoc cc tnh cht v c ht, c git, thi gian n nh v i khi c hot tnh sinh hc ca hn hp phun ca ch phm. Mt s ph gia khc cng c s dng ty theo mc ch ra nh: ph gia chng lng, chng lnh ng, chng bt, ph gia lm y hoc chng vn cc, v.v Ngoi ra, cht ph gia bo qun cng c s dng tng kh nng bo qun ca ch phm, trnh tnh trng b phn hy sinh hc trong qu trnh bo qun, lu kho, nht l nhng ch phm c cha nc, hydratcacbon hoc ch phm ang dng d.
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Cc c s gia cng cc ch phm thuc BVTV hin nay cng cn phi ch n vn bao gi, sao cho ch phm lm ra phi thc s an ton i vi ngi dng. Lin quan n vn ny, cc vn nh trng ra v thi b cc loi chai l, bao b ng ch phm thuc BVTV cng l nhng vn rt quan trng. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy khi phun cc ch phm thuc BVTV vo cy ci cn bo v, th ch c 10 20% lng ch phm phun ra bm vo mc tiu. Phn ch phm cn li s trn ln vo t, hoc chuyn vo mi trng. Nh vy phi thy ngoi cc hot cht th cc ph gia ca ch phm cng tham gia vo qu trnh gy nhim. Vn thi b cc cht thi ca cc nh my sn xut, gia cng thuc BVTV cng nh ca cc nng tri c dng ch phm BVTV, hin ang l nhng vn nhy cm c x hi ht sc lu . Gim thiu cht thi v nc thi bng cch ti sinh hoc quay vng, ang l vn c khuyn khch v l tiu im trong thit k, u t cc c s gia cng, sn xut cc ch phm thuc BVTV.
Ti y, chng ti s gii thiu mt s kh nng cng ngh ang c p dng nhiu trn th gii trong lnh vc gia cng, ch bin v sn xut cc ch phm thuc BVTV. Nhm p ng nhng yu cu mi v an ton v mi trng, nhng dng ch phm mi ang l s la chn ca nhiu nh sn xut cc ch phm nng ha. Tuy nhin, ty iu kin v u t cng nh c tnh ca h cy trng m ngi ta c th la chn mt s dng ch phm thch hp nht.
Chng 1
TNH HNH SN XUT KINH DOANH V PHT TRIN CC CH PHM THUC BVTV
I. TH TRNG MT S HA CHT NNG HA CH YU
I.1. Yu cu p dng khoa hc cng ngh (KHCN) trong pht trin cc ch phm nng ha
Nhu cu v thuc BVTV vn tng do nhu cu cho nng nghip vn tng. n nm 2050 dn s ton th gii c nh gi l trn 11 t ngi v lng lng thc cng phi tng tng ng. Nu nh nm 1960 lng t canh tc cho mt u ngi l 0,5 ha th vo nm 1989 con s ny ch cn 0,33 ha. Vi t l tng dn s th gii c 1,7%/ nm (thm 90 triu ngi
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cn c cung cp lng thc v qun o mi nm) trong khi tc tng t canh tc ch nh hn 1/10 tc tng dn s (ch vo khong 0,15%/ nm, ngha l din tch canh tc ch tng khong 50 - 60 triu ha cho nm 2010). Ch t nm na din tch t canh tc bnh qun ng vi mi u ngi ch cn xp x 0,2 ha. iu ny cho thy c lng thc nui sng nhn loi th ch cn cch ngoi tng nng sut cy trng, cn phi tnh n ci thin kh nng bo v ma mng. iu ny s khng th thc hin c nu nh khng tng cng p dng KHCN trong canh tc v p dng cc hot cht bo v ma mng mi. Ci tin cht lng cc ch phm nng ha nm trong nh hng chung v tng cng p dng KHCN trong pht trin nng nghip.
I.2. Th trng cc loi thuc BVTV
Doanh s cc loi sn phm nng ha ton cu tng hng nm mc t 4 n 5%. Th trng ch yu cc sn phm nng ha ton th gii do 25 nh sn xut ln nht (chim n 90% doanh thu) kim sot. iu ny cho thy mun thnh cng trong cng nghip cc thuc BVTV, cn phi c mt t chc rng, c kh nng u t mnh vo lnh vc nghin cu, pht minh (trong a s cc trng hp), pht trin sn xut v pht trin th trng. Thc t c mt s c s sn xut thnh cng trong vic gia cng ch phm tng c pht minh trc y. Chnh cc nh gia cng ny sn xut v a ra th trng nhiu loi sn phm nng ha.
a phn trong s 25 cng ty ln nht t mc tiu nghin cu tng hp cc ha cht mi c cu trc mi, c kiu tc ng mi, liu lng s dng t. Nhng ch phm mi ny c th c ng k bn quyn v to li th ln cho ngi pht minh trc cc i th cnh tranh. Khi nh gi v th trng cc ch phm BVTV, c th thy trong cc nc pht trin, th trng thuc BVTV ch yu p ng cho cc loi cy ly ht nh u tng, ng, la v th phn cc loi thuc dit c l ln nht (48%) trong khi th phn thuc tr su nh hn (28%) cn th trng thuc nm bnh cn nh hn na (19%).
Tri li, cc nc pht trin, thuc tr su li chim th phn ch yu v su l yu t gy hi mnh nht, c kh nng lm mt ma nng sn cc vng ny. Cc sn phm cn li ch chim th phn nh hn, trong cc thuc iu ha sinh trng chim th phn kh ln.
II. GII THIU MT S THUC BVTV
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- Thuc tr c: Thuc tr c c rt nhiu chng loi, ty theo kiu tng tc, theo phn ng quang ha, phn ng tng hp sinh hc amino axit, tng hp sinh hc lipid, hoc theo nh hng ti cc hocmon (nh hot cht 2,4D; MePA...), ti s phn chia t bo, ti s tng hp sinh hc cc xenlul v ti cc hot ng sng khc ca c di.
- Thuc tr su: Thng thng cc thuc tr su tc ng n su b, cn trng... l theo c ch u c cc chc nng thn kinh. Cng do iu ny m nhiu loi thuc tr su gy ng c khng mong mun n cc i tng ng vt khc (k c thin ch) v con ngi. Cc hot cht tr su thng dng l hot cht c phtpho (ph hy h thng enzym ca su b), hot cht cacbamat (ph hy h thng enzym ca su b v gy hu qu mt nc su b) v git cht su b. Cc hot cht tng tc vi cc v tr pht cc tn hiu thn kinh hoc vo knh dn ion (nh DDT) hoc tc ng vo qu trnh vng i ca cn trng, v.v...
- Cc loi thuc tr nm:
Cc loi thuc tr nm c dng kim sot nm bnh trn cy trng. C th c cc loi thuc phng nga hoc dit nm. Hu ht cc loi thuc dit nm cng c tnh c hi v chng thng c tnh dit nm bnh mt cch chn lc. Cc ch phm phng nga nm thng c dng trc y l cc mui ca ng, thic v thy ngn. y thng l cc cht kh c v ngy nay ngi ta c xu hng thay th chng bng cc loi khc t c hn. C ch tr nm ca cc ch phm cha mui kim loi l tc ng ln h enzym ca nm bnh. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng cc ch phm cha cc hot cht hu c h ditiocacbamat (maneb, mancozeb...) v dimetylditiocacbamat (thiram, v.v...) hoc cc cht cha hyrocacbon thm nh quitozene, N-trihalometyltio, v.v... phng tr nm bnh cho cy. Mt s hot cht khc li gy nh hng n s phn chia t bo cng nhiu c ch sinh ha khc ca nm.
- Cc cht iu ha sinh trng cy trng.
Cc cht iu ha sinh trng cy trng thng chim v tr th yu trong s cc ch phm nng ha do nhng vn c lin quan n lng d ca cc cht ny trong thc phm.
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III. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V SN XUT CC CH PHM THUC BVTV
III.1. Tnh hnh nghin cu pht hin v pht trin cc ch phm thuc BVTV
Hin nay trn th gii c mt th trng ht sc rng ln cho cc loi thuc BVTV, ch yu l cc ch phm cho cc loi cy nng sn nh la m, la mch, la nc, ng, u tng, bng, cc loi cy c mi v mt s hoa qu cao cp. Th trng ny cng c c cc loi thuc dit c.
Cc vng min pht trin cc ch phm trn th gii phi k n l M, Ty u, Nht Bn, Nam v Trung M. Cc nc ng u v cc nc Cng ha thuc Lin X c, n , Trung Quc cng ang bt u thc hin nghin cu v pht trin theo hng ny. Tuy nhin vn cn nhng vn v lin quan n s hu tr tu v nhng vn ny vn hn ch s pht trin vic nghin cu thuc BVTV. Mc d cng c v thu quan v thng mi (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT), cng ang dn c thay i.
C rt nhiu cch, theo ngi ta pht hin ra cc hp cht mi dng th hiu lc nng ha. Thng thng cc hng hay dng php th nghim ngu nhin xc nh hiu lc ca mt ch phm. Cc ch phm c th do mt nh ha hc tng hp hoc ly t mt b su tp cc cht c ngun gc t ngoi (mua t cc trng i hc, hoc nhm chuyn gia ca cc ngnh ha hc khc).
c mt ch phm ra th trng, cn qua nhiu giai on sng lc v sinh hc v nh gi v cc phng din khc.
III.2. Tnh hnh gia cng cc ch phm nng ha trn th gii
Nng dn ti tt c cc vng min trn th gii u tin cy vo cc ha cht bo v cy trng.
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Cc ch phm ny gip h tha mn nhu cu ngy cng tng v s v cht lng nng sn v th h cng tm kim cc ch phm c cht lng cao hn. Trc y cc ch phm dng bt v dng nh du c s dng nhiu. T nm 1940 cng nghip ha cht c gng tha mn cc yu cu ca nng dn. Cng t xut hin nhiu yu cu v cng ngh v k thut gia cng ch phm, v cc ph gia, v.v... t c cc tnh cht ha l rt a dng cho cc ch phm v ph hp vi hot cht s dng. V d: hot cht tan trong nc cn c gia cng thnh dng dung dch nc hoc dng bt; trong khi hot cht dng nh du, lng cn c gia cng thnh dng nh tng m c hn vi nn hyrocacbon; cc hot cht rt t tan trong c nc v du hyrocacbon th c th gia cng thnh dng huyn ph, dng bt hoc dng ht phn tn trong nc, v.v...
IV. XU HNG PHT TRIN HIN TI CA CC SN PHM NNG HA AN TON
Trn th gii c nhu cu cng ngy tng i vi cng nghip bo v ma mng vi mc ch tip tc pht trin cc sn phm mi v cc h c kh nng ti u v mt an ton cho con ngi, m bo mi trng, c hiu qu sinh hc, ng thi c gi thnh chp nhn c. Cc sn phm nng ha thng l cc sn phm c hi. Chng thng c c cao v gy nhiu vn khi phi tip xc, s dng chng. Mi n lc hin nay l ci thin cc ch phm BVTV thun tin trong qu trnh chuyn t bao gi (hoc chai ng) sang bnh phun; dng cc h chuyn kn v cc kin thc tin tin v p dng thuc BVTV, ng thi cc nh khoa hc cng ang c gng nghin cu tng ti a hot tnh ca cc loi thuc c th. iu ny c th t c khi ngi ta nm c phng cch tc ng ca hot cht BVTV, hiu thuc BVTV tc ng vi t dc nh th no v bng cch no cho mt hn hp thuc c tc dng sinh ha ti u. C s nh nghin cu la chn mt ch phm thch hp l:
- Cc tnh cht ha, l ca ch phm l g.
- Tnh cht sinh hc ca ch phm (hot tnh, tnh chn lc vi cy trng) nh th no.
- p dng ch phm ra sao.
- an ton ca ch phm th no.
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- Cc yu cu v ng k ch phm ra sao.
- Chi ph sn xut v gi thnh bao nhiu.
- C th sn xut i tr c khng.
- Vng i ca ch phm ra sao.
- v.v...
Vi th trng thuc BVTV tr tr nh hin nay, cng vi cc yu cu v tnh an ton v mi trng, th cch gii quyt khn ngoan nht l tm mi cch khai thc nhu cu ti a ca khch hng. c bit, hin nay vi cc hot ng chm sc trch nhim (Responsoble care RC) th ngi ta ngy cng yu cu cc nh sn xut thuc BVTV phi thng bo cho cng chng nhng li ch v ri ro gp phi khi s dng cc thuc BVTV. Mc ch chnh ca vn ny l nhm bo v mi trng, trong bao gm bo v ngun lc lin quan n s hu, sn xut cc loi thuc BVTV tt nht. Ngoi ra, mc ch ca RC cng nhm gii thiu cc sn phm thn thin mi trng, gim thiu cht thi trn c s ti u qu trnh thit k, sn xut v ng gi sn phm, v.v...
Thc s cho n nay, ngi ta c nhiu tin b trong thit k v pht trin cc sn phm mi, ng thi cng a ra rt nhiu phng php ng gi khc nhau. Ring vic gim s dng cc dung mi hu c trong cc ch phm dng lng c th lm gim bt cc tc ng c hi n mi trng v tc ng gy c khi sn xut v s dng cc ch phm ny. Cng ngh bc nang cng gp phn lm gim kh nng gy c tip xc ca cc hot cht BVTV. Vic thay th cc ch phm dng bt tan trong nc (WP) sang cc ch phm dng ht phn tn trong nc (WG) hoc bng cch ng gi ch phm dng WP trong cc bao tan trong nc cng lm gim thiu kh nng gy bi c trong qu trnh tip xc. Bng cng ngh x l ht ging v dng trc tip khi cn vo ng ch cn, ngi ta cng gim thiu c lng ha cht cn s dng, v.v...
Nguyn vn ci thin cch ng gi ch phm cng l vn hay c xem xt nht
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nng cao tnh an ton ca ch phm.
Chng 2
PHNG PHP GIA CNG CC CH PHM THUC BVTV
I. GII THIU CHUNG
Vo nhng nm 1980 - 1990, chnh ph cc nc v ngi tiu dng u nhn mnh n cc yu cu cao v sn phm thuc BVTV cng nh cc vn lin quan n gia cng cc sn phm ny t c cc tnh nng thun tin nht cho ngi s dng, ng thi s dng hiu qu hn, dng liu lng t hn, khng c hi i vi cc loi sinh vt khc v thn thin vi mi trng.
Trc y, phng php hay s dng cc loi ch phm thuc BVTV l phun sng, thng vi nc, hoc i khi vi du. Cc ch phm cng c th dng s dng trc tip rc vo t trng trt (x l t) x l ht ging trc khi gieo, hoc bo qun nng sn trong kho khi cc tc nhn ph hoi (nm, cn trng, chut...), v mt s nc v khu vc, chnh cc tc nhn ny c th lm thit hi n 30 - 40% ma mng.
Cc hot cht BVTV thng bao gm hng lot ha cht, mi cht c tnh cht ha, l v kiu tc ng ring. Danh mc cc cht BVTV gm cc thuc tr c, tr cn trng (su), tr nm, iu ha sinh trng, tr sn v chut. Hin ti c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v kiu tc ng v cc hiu ng sinh l ca cc hot cht cng nh nh hng ca loi hnh gia cng ch phm thuc BVTV i vi cc i tng gy hi. [2]
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Vic s dng c hiu qu mt hot cht trong ch phm thuc BVTV ph thuc trc tip vo dng ch phm c gia cng. Theo thuc phi m bo bo v c cy trng vi s ri ro ti thiu cho ngi s dng, t c cho cc loi sinh vt khc (k c thin ch) v t nh hng n mi trng ni chung. Cc ch phm BVTV mi nht u l dng bt, ht, dung dch nc v nh du trong nc. Gn y ngi ta c xu hng pht trin cc phng php gia cng hin i v tinh t (sophisticate) hn. Cc phng php ny da trn c tnh ca cc cht HBM mi hoc cc cht ph gia mi v trn c s hiu bit su hn v ha hc cht keo v ha hc b mt. Cng ngh ch bin mi cng c pht trin to ra cc ch phm ht mn hn, bn hn, hot ng hn, c bit vi cc hot cht khng tan trong nc hoc trong cc dung mi.
Hin nay, mc tiu chnh ca cc phng php gia cng thuc BVTV l to c cc ch phm d s dng, an ton, khng b hng trong thi gian bo qun v m bo cho cc hot cht th hin c ti a hot tnh vn c ca chng.
Cc yu t ch yu c ch la chn khi gia cng cc ch phm nh trnh by mc IV, Chng 1, trong ch nht l cc yu t:
- Cc tnh cht ha - l.
- Hot tnh sinh hc v kiu tc ng.
- Phng php p dng.
- an ton khi s dng.
- Gi gia cng.
- Trin vng th trng.
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Tng yu t k trn s c xc nh bng cch to ring cc mu ch phm ch cha cht tr cng vi cc ph gia v cht HBM. Ch phm c lu gi t nht 2 nm cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau. Cc ch phm sau thi gian lu gi bnh thng vn phi gi c tnh cht ban u ca chng nh: tnh tan trong nc i vi cc ha cht tan, vn gi c tnh nh tng i vi cc ha cht tan trong du, tnh cht thm nc v tnh huyn ph i vi cc hot cht dng rn khng tan.
Di y l mt s dng thng phm ca cc ch phm BVTV trn th trng:
- Ht (Granules - GR).
- Dung dch m c (Solution concentrates - SL).
- Nh tng m c (Emulsifiable concentrates - EC).
- Nh tng c c (Concentrated emulsion - CE).
- Bt thm nc (Wetlatle powders - WP).
- Huyn ph m c (Suspension concentrates - SC).
- Nh tng du/ nc (O/W emulsions - EW).
- Nh tng - huyn ph (Suspoemulsions - SE).
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- Vi nh tng (Microemulsions - ME).
- Ht phn tn trong nc (Water - dispersible granules - WG).
- Huyn ph vi nang (Microcapsulated suspension - CS).
- Thuc x l ht ging (Seed treatments - DS, WS, LS, FS).
- v.v...
Di y l c tnh ca mt s loi ch phm thuc BVTV hin ang c mt trn th trng.
Bng 1. c tnh ca mt s loi ch phm thuc BVTV
Dng ch phm
Thnh phn chnh
u im
Nhc im
Bt thm nc Wettable powders - (WP)
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- Hot cht
- Cht mang, cht hp ph
- Cht thm t
- Cht phn tn
- Chi ph sn xut v bao b r
- D vn chuyn
- Khng dng dung mi hu c m dng nc
- Gy bi c
- Kh ong o v pha trn
- D b nc ma ra tri
- ng cn vi phun
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- C th b gim hot tnh khi qua lc
Nh tng m c (Emusifiable concentrates - EC)
- Hot cht
- Dung mi
- Cht nh ha
- Cht hot ha
- D sn xut
- D di chuyn, pha trn
- Dng cho cc hot cht khng tan trong nc, nng chy thp
- Hiu lc cao
- Chi ph ng gi v chuyn ch cao
- D b ng lnh
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- C th n mn kim loi, cht do
- c
Ht (GR)
- Hot cht
- Bin (cht kt dnh)
- Cht mang
- D cm nm, tip xc v ng gi
- Khng cha dung mi
- t b ra tri
- Hiu lc ko di
- t gy c
- C th b chim... n phi
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- Vn chuyn t hn
- Khi s dng cn dng cc dng c chuyn dng v cn c tay ngh
Dung dch m c (SL)
- Hot cht
- Cht thm t
- Cht HBM
- Nc hoc dung mi tan trong nc
- R v d sn xut
- Khng dng dung mi
- t bay hi
- t c
- D pha trn
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- Chi ph ng gi v chuyn ch cao
- D b ng lnh
- C th n mn kim loi
- Nng hot cht thng thp
- D b nc ma ra tri
Huyn ph m c (Suspension concentrates - SC)
- Hot cht
- Cht hp th hoc pha long
- Cht thm t
- Cht phn tn
- Cht lm c
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- Cht chng ng
- Cht bo qun
- Nc
- Khng cha dung mi
- Nng hot cht c th cao
- D pha trn, lu tr
- Tng hp vi cc ch phm dung dch m c
- Kh sn xut
- C th b lng khi lu tr
- D b ng lnh
- c
- Nhy cm vi c tnh ca tng loi hot cht
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Nh tng c c (Concentrated emulsion - CE)
- Hot cht
- Cht nh ha
- Dung mi
- Cht lm c
- Cht chng ng
- Cht chng bt
- Cht bo qun
- Nc
- t gy vim mt v da
- t hoc khng cha dung mi
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- t c
- D tng hp vi cc t dc
- Tn nhiu thi gian sn xut
- C hoc pht sinh cc vn lin quan n tiu hy bao b ng
- Kh linh hot trong sn xut
Huyn ph cha vin nang (Capsule suspension hoc Microcapsulated
suspension - CS)
- Hot cht
- Dung mi
- Cht nh ha
- Cht phn tn
- Cht lm c
- Cht chng bt
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- Cht bo qun
- Cht to mng
- t bi
- D cm nm, tip xc
- t dung mi
- t c
- Hiu lc ko di
- Cn cc thit b sn xut t tin
- D b ng lnh
- Vn m bo c c khi nhit cao
- Chi ph bao b cao
Vin (Tablets)
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- Hot cht
- Du nht
- Cht kt dnh
- Cht lm r
- D s dng
- t gy ri ro khi s dng khng ng liu lng
- Chi ph bao b ti thiu
Ch thch hp vi cc loi hot cht cao cp
Ht phn tn trong nc (Water - dispersible granules WG)
- Hot cht
- Cht hp th/ cht mang
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- Cht thm t
- Cht phn tn
- t bi
- Chi ph bao b r
- D cm nm v ong o
- Chng chu ng lnh
- Khng cha dung mi
- Cn cc thit b sn xut t tin
- Ch phn tn tt nhit thp
Cc dng ch phm cn c gia cng c th ha tan ngay trong bnh phun. t mc ch ny, ch phm phi c to dng sao cho n d dng trn ln v ha tan. C mt vi trng hp, mt s ch phm cng c trn ln v ha tan ngay trong bnh phun cng vi mi cht tr phun. Cc ch phm dng ht hoc mt s cht x l ht ging c th dng theo kiu rc trc tip dng khng tan vo t. C mt s t ch phm c to dng d ha tan v phun vi dung mi du hoc c gia cng di dng mi b, vin t, bnh xng khi, bnh xt kh, v.v... ty theo mc ch s dng.
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II. MT S DNG GIA CNG THNG DNG I VI CH PHM THUC BVTV
II.1. Cc ch phm dng rn
1. Dng ht (Granules - GR):
Dng ny thng c dng phn tn trc tip trn rung phng nga c di hoc dit cn trng trong t.
Nng cc hot cht trong ht thuc thng vo c 1 40% v c ht thng l 250 1000 m (0,25 1mm). Ch phm dng ht cn khng c ng vn, khng gy bi, khng dnh nhau v d tan r trong t gii phng hot cht.
Cc ht thng c gia cng hoc bng cch bc bt mn trn mt cht mang (v d ct) cng vi mt loi keo dnh (v d dung dch PVP) hoc dng mt loi dung mi cho ngm trn b mt cht mang c kh nng hp th. Ngi ta dng cc loi nha hoc polyme phun ln b mt ht iu chnh mc gii phng hot cht ca ht. Cht mang hp th c th l cht khong hoc cc sn phm thc vt.
Bng 2. Mt s loi cht mang s dng khi gia cng thuc BVTV
Loi
V d
t st pha
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Attapulgit,
montmorillonit, cao lanh, bt talc, mica, vermiculit
Khong cacbonat
Calxit ( vi), dolomit
Ha cht tng hp
Canxi silicat, silic oxit
kt ta, bi silic oxit
Sn phm thc vt
Ht ng xay mnh, tru,
ht mnh go da, v.v...
Dung lng hp th ca cht mang l mt thng s quan trng v thng s ny ph thuc vo yu t b mt ring cng nh cu trc tinh th ca ht cht mang. nh gi c trng dung lng hp th ca cht mang, ngi ta dng tr s hp th du ca cht mang so snh (bng 3).
Bng 3. hp th du ca mt s loi cht mang
Cht mang
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ngm du (g/100g)
Silic oxit
Attapulgit
Montmorillonit
Cao lanh
Talc
Canxi cacbonat
Mnh ng ht
200
100
23 - 70
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20 - 54
20 - 40
5 - 18
60 - 80
2. Cc loi bt thm nc (Wettable powders - WP)
Cc loi ch phm tr su dng WP c sn xut v s dng t lu, v thng c sn xut t cc loi hot cht dng rn c nhit nng chy cao, thch hp nghin kh bng my nghin ba, nghin mn, hoc mt s kiu nghin c bit khc.
Ch phm WP thng cha cc cht HBM dng kh, c tc dng l tc nhn thm t v phn tn. Ngoi ra, WP cn cha c cc cht mang tr v cc cht lm y. WP thng cha n hn 50% hot cht. Nng cao nht ca hot cht ty thuc vo kh nng a cht n tr (v d silic oxit) vo khi gia cng. Cc cht n tr c tc dng ngn khng cho cc ht hot cht b nng chy trong qu trnh nghin kh. Cn khi cn trnh cho sn phm khi b ng vn khi lu gi trong kho, th ngi ta cho thm cht n l cao lanh hoc talc. Cc loi WP thng cha a phn cc ht c nh hn 5m v tt c cc ht u qua c sng l 44 m. Lng ca cht HBM cn phi cc ht phun ra phi thm t v phn tn u trn ton b mt mc tiu, ng thi cc ht ny phi kh b nc ma ra tri.
Hn na, tc nhn lm t cn c tc dng lm gim sc cng b mt gia cc ht rn v nc v m bo cho bt d c thm t v d dng trn ln vi nc trong bnh phun. Ngoi ra khi gia cng ngi ta cn thm tc nhn phn tn ngn cho cc ht trong bnh phun khng b kt vn v duy tr trng thi huyn ph ca dung dch phun trong sut c qu trnh phun thuc.
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Mt s tc nhn thm t hay c s dng l:
- Natri xibenzen sunfonat.
- Natri lauryl sunfat.
- Natri dioctyl sunfosuccinat.
- Etoxylat ca ru no.
- Nonylphenol etoxylat (ging nh trong trng hp gia cng EC).
Mt s tc nhn phn tn hay c s dng l:
- Natri lignosunfonat.
- Natri naphtalen sunfonat formaldehyd condensat (cht m c nn formaldehyd ca natrinaphtalen sunfonat).
Cng thc ca mt s loi WP in hnh nh sau (phn trm trng lng):
Hot cht
25 80%
Tc nhn lm t
1 3%
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Tc nhn phn tn
2 5%
Cht n tr (cht mang, cht lm y) va 100%.
Mt s ch phm WP c th c gia cng t hot cht BVTV dng lng bng cch dng cht n hp th nh diatomit hoc silic oxit xp (c b mt ring cao). Tuy nhin trong nhng trng hp ny nng hot cht ch gii hn di 40%. Nhiu thuc BVTV nh cc loi thuc tr c, tr nm v.v... cng c gia cng di dng WP. Tuy nhin, nhn chung do qu trnh gia cng thng vi cng ngh thp v gin n nn cc sn phm ny hay ny sinh vn v gy c hi khi tip xc. V vy dng ny ang dn c thay th bng dng huyn ph m c (suspension concentrate - SC) hoc dng ht phn tn trong nc (water dispersible granules - WG).
II.2. Cc loi ch phm dng lng
y l cc ch phm c nng dn a thch v c nhiu c tnh thch hp khi chun b thuc phun, d ong o bng cch o th tch, d mang sch khi di chuyn, d t to thnh dung dch nh bn v phn tn, d thit k bao b dng, d trng ra bao b qua s dng, v.v... Hin ti c mt s ch phm dng lng hay c sn xut sau y:
1. Dng dung dch m c (Solution concentrate - SL)
y l dng gia cng n gin nht dng cho cc ch phm thuc BVTV thng dng. Khi dng ch cn pha long SL vo bnh phun bng nc. Tuy nhin nhiu ch phm tr su li khng th dng kiu gia cng ny v chng t tan trong nc v b phn hy khi tip xc lu di vi nc. Mt s ch phm kiu SL c cha cht HBM (thng l condensat etylen oxit non-ionic) vi mc ch tng kh nng lm t b mt l cy. Cc ch phm dng SL thng kh bn nn khng gy phin phc v vn lu kho. Tuy nhin mt s ch phm dng SL i khi li b kt ta hoc gy n mn thng ng hoc bnh phun. Thng cc ch phm dng SL c nng (% trng lng) nh sau:
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Hot cht
20 50%
Cht lm t
3 10%
Cht chng ng lnh
5 10%
Nc (hoc dung mi ha tan trong nc) n 100%.
Nonyl phenol hoc cc amin etoxylat thng c dng lm cht lm t cho cc ch phm dng SL.
2. Nh tng m c (Emulsifiable concentrates - EC)
Cc ch phm dng EC rt ph bin i vi hu ht cc loi ch phm thuc tr su. Cc ch phm EC thng c ch to t cc hot cht dng du hoc cc dng sp, dng rn c nhit nng chy thp v tan c trong cc dung mi hyrocacbon khng phn cc (nh xylen, cc dung mi C 9 - C 11 , naptha, du ha).
EC l dng c dng nhiu nht, song EC cng c mt s nhc im, l hu ht cc ch phm EC u cha cc hyrocacbon thm (kiu nh xylen) c, d bay hi v bt chy. Khi kt hp vi mt s dung mi phn cc khc (nh N-metyl pyrolidon hoc imetyl focmamid) th c th to ra loi ch phm EC hiu qu cao. Hin nay, ngi ta ang c gng nghin cu thay th cc dung mi thm bng mt s dung mi khc nh du thc vt alkyl ha (nh metyl oleat, alkyl canolat...), N-alkyl pyrolidon hoc mt s du bo vi cc este glycol ca chng, v.v...
Cc cht HBM dng lm cht nh ha c b sung vo cc ch phm dng EC vi mc ch m bo ch phm t ha nh v to bn trng thi nh ngay trong bnh phun khi s dng. Cc cht to nh cng phi c la chn m bo dung dch nh bn trong mi iu kin kh hu, nhit v cng ca nc pha long. Ht nh phi c kch thc 0,1
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5m khi ch phm EC c trn ln vi nc.
20 nm tr li y, vic gia cng cc ch phm EC d dng hn do ngi ta pht trin thm nhiu tc nhn nh ha mi, trong phn a nc ca phn t cc cht ny c cha mch polyetylen oxit. Cc cht HBM non-ionic thng dng l nonyl phenol c mch k nc cha 12 (hoc hn) phn t etylen oxit. Mt thnh phn khc trong h cn bng cng c th l mt cht HBM anionic nh mui canxi ca axit xibenzen sunfonic (DBSA) (c th tan trong du).
Gn y, cc nonylphenol etoxylat b nghi l nh hng n hot ng ni tit khi cht ny ngm vo ngun nc ung v ang c cc cng trnh nghin cu v vn ny.
Nng tng cng ca cc cht nh ha trong ch phm dng EC thng vo c 5 10% trng lng. Hin nay cha c mt quy tc cht ch xc nh t l ca cc cht HBM nhm anionic v nhm non-ionic trong cht nh ha hn hp, song ngi ta cng hng dn pha theo cn bng a nc - a du (hyrophile - lipophile balance - HLB). HLB cng cao th cht nh ha cng a nc (tc l d tan trong nc). Cht nh ha c HLB c 8 - 18 c coi l trung bnh v s cho kh nng to nh du trong nc tt nht. T l ti u ca cc cht HBM ionic/ cc cht HBM non-ionic thng c xc nh bng thc nghim. Vi t l ny thuc BVTV c th t to nh trong nc v cho dung dch nh tng bn.
Cc ch phm dng EC ch c hn ch p dng trong mt s cc nhm hot cht nht nh. Mt s hot cht thuc tr su khng c ha tan thch hp gia cng theo dng ch phm ny. Tuy nhin ngi ta cng c th lm tng tan ca mt s hot cht bng cch b sung thm cc dung mi phn cc thch hp. Mt s ch phm loi EC thng thng c thnh phn sau (% trng lng):
Hot cht
20 - 70%
Hn hp cht to nh
5 10%
Dung mi cc loi va 100%
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Ngi ta thy i khi s c mt ca cc dung mi v cht nh ha li lm tng hiu qu sinh hc ca ch phm dng EC. Nhiu loi thuc tr su c hot cht phpho hu c v pyrethroid (l cc cht tan trong du) thng c gia cng thnh dng EC, trong c mt s t cc hot cht cn c b sung cc dung mi khi gia cng nng cao hn hot tnh sinh hc ca hot cht.
Cc dung mi gc du m ang chu p lc v mi trng v gy hi sc khe cho ngi s dng nn chng ang c xu hng b loi b trong cng ngh gia cng cc loi ch phm EC.
Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc dung mi c th b loi b v thay th ht. V vy, vn a ra cc kiu bao gi mi nhm gim s tip xc gia thuc BVTV v ngi s dng ang c xc tin nghin cu v p dng mnh m.
3. Huyn ph m c (Suspension concentrat - SC)
y l dng ch phm c a dng vi chc nm trc y. SC chnh l h phn tn m c 50 - 80% (trng lng hoc th tch) hot cht BVTV dng vi ht rn c c ht 0,5 5m. Vn kh nht trong sn xut dng ch phm ny l lm sao cho ch phm n nh, bn t nht 2 nm k c khi c s thay i nh v thnh phn cc cht trong . Vic b sung mt s t dc (ph gia) cng c th lm tng thm hot lc ca hot cht trong ch phm SC.
Ngay t nhng nm 70 ca th k trc, cng ngh gia cng SC c p dng ph bin gia cng cc thuc BVTV c hot cht l tinh th rn. Hot cht c th c huyn ph ha trong mt pha du, song thng th ngi ta hay to SC ngay trong nc. Nhng nm gn y ngi ta sn xut SC trong pha nc theo cng ngh nghin bi t. Mt s cht HBM c dng lm tc nhn thm t. SC trn c s pha nc c nhiu u im nh cho php nng hot cht cao, d chuyn ch v s dng, an ton v m bo mi trng, gim gi thnh gia cng, v.v... Ngoi ra trong khi gia cng ngi ta cn thm mt s ph gia c bit nng cao hiu qu ca hot cht. Cc ch phm dng SC thng c nng dn thch dng hn l loi bt thm nc (WP) v loi ny khng gy bi v d ong rt vo bnh phun.
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Tuy nhin loi ch phm SC cng c mt s nhc im nh kh bo qun trnh b tch lp, vn cc hoc kt tinh khi gp tri lnh ( cc vng lnh).
Hu ht cc ch phm dng SC thng c ch to bng cch phn tn bt hot cht v dung dch nc c cha tc nhn thm t hoc/ v tc nhn phn tn trong my trn c bn thnh phm, sau tin hnh nghin t trong my nghin bi t c c ht 0,1 ,5m. Tc nhn lm t v phn tn c tc dng ngn s ng vn v kt tinh li ca cc tiu phn. Ngoi ra, cht HBM c hp ph trn b mt cc tiu phn mi sinh ra trong qu trnh nghin s ngn cn vic ti ng vn v m bo cho h keo bn hn. Mt s tc nhn thm t v phn tn in hnh sau y thng c dng trong gia cng SC:
- Natri lignosunfonat.
- Natri naptalen sunfonat formaldehyd condensate (cht m c nn formaldehyd ca natri naphtalen sunfonat).
- Etoxylat ca ru no.
- Etoxylat v cc este ca tristyryl phenol.
- Copolyme ca etylen oxyt v propylen oxit.
Mt s cht HBM polyme cng thch hp dng cho mc ch ny. Nhng cht ny b hp ph cht trn b mt cc tiu phn v lm cho ch phm SC bn v n nh hn trong thi gian lu kho. Cng thc in hnh cho nhiu loi SC (phn trm trng lng) nh sau:
Hot cht
20 50%
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Tc nhn thm t/ phn tn
2 - 5%
Propylen glycol (cht chng ng)
5 - 10%
Cht chng lng
0,2 - 2%
Nc
va 100%.
Cht chng lng c b sung vo khi gia cng ch phm dng SC vi mc ch tng nht ca ch phm v to ra cu trc 3 chiu trong khi ch phm, nhm ngn s tch cc ht rn hot cht trong sut thi k bo qun. Cc cht chng lng thng c dng l t st qua x l kim - bentonit (natri montmorillonit) hoc hn hp ca t st vi mt s polyme tan trong nc. Cc polyme tan trong nc cng thng c dng vo mc ch trn, v d cc dn xut ca xenlul, cc loi gm (nha) t nhin hoc mt s polysacarit nh: gm xanthan, v.v... Tuy nhin nhng cht ny li to cho SC d b i hng (do vi khun) nn ngi ta li phi b sung vo ch phm SC mt s cht bo qun.
Hin nay trn th gii, nht l cc nc Ty u v M, vn v x l trng ra v tiu hy cc bao b ng ch phm SC sau khi s dng vn ang b p lc ln v iu ny ang nh hng nghim trng n tng lai ca ch phm SC.
4. Bin php v ch phm x l ht ging
Mc d hu nh tt cc loi thuc BVTV ang c p dng phun trc tip vo cy trng v c di, nhng vn cn mt lng ln thuc dit c v dit cn trng c dng x l ht ging trc khi gieo. Ngi ta c on tng gi tr ca cc ch phm hin ang dng theo cch ny l c 3 3,5% tng lng cc ch phm nng ha ni chung v chu u l ni c dng nhiu nht (n 50% tng lng ton cu) lng ch phm BVTV trong x l ht ging.
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Lng hot cht dng x l tr nm chim t l ln nht, n 70% tng lng chung ca ha cht dng x l ht ging. Cc loi ht ging nh l cc loi c x l nhiu nht, chim 50% tng lng trn ton th gii v 60% tng lng ti chu u.
Cc ch phm dng x l ht ging hay dng thng l thuc mt trong 4 loi sau:
- Bt dng x l ht ging kh (Powder for dry seed treatment - DS).
- Bt to bn x l ht ging (Water slurrgable powder for seed treatment - WS).
- Dung dch khng nc x l ht ging (Non aqueous solution for seed treatment - LS).
- Huyn ph linh ng x l ht ging (Flowable suspension for seed treatment - FS).
Vic la chn loi ch phm dng trong x l ht ging l ty thuc vo cc tnh cht ha l ca hot cht, vo thit b x l hoc kh nng mua c ch phm trn th trng hay khng. Loi DS hay gy bi v t bm vo ht ging. Loi WS c dng nhiu mt s nc, c bit Php. Loi LS ang dn dn b loi b do t an ton cho ngi s dng. Cn loi FS c tnh thn thin vi mi trng hn cc loi trn, ng thi bm tt vo ht ging, nn loi ny ngy cng c dng ph bin.
Hin ti cng ngh sn xut cc loi FS cng tng t nh cng ngh sn xut SC nh m t trn v cc cht HBM c dng trong trng hp ny cng tng t nh trong trng hp vi SC. Khi sn xut FS ngi ta cng dng cc cht lm c v cht chng lng ngn nga hin tng tch cc pha phn tn, v ni chung cc loi FS c dng trc tip x l ht ging m khng cn phi pha long.
Ht ging c x l trong thng quay. Mt s loi ht ging ng cc, ht ging rau hoc cy cng nghip i khi cn c bc cht do chng tn hao ha cht x l. Ht ging cng c th c bc bng t st hoc cht do cho d gieo vi khi trng trt.
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Do qu trnh x l trc tip ln ht ging nn trong qu trnh ny hu nh khng c hot cht ph thi. V vy vic x l ht ging l rt hiu qu vi ngha s dng ng thuc BVTV cho i tng cy trng v an ton cho mi trng. Trong tng lai, phng php ny cng rt quan trng khi p dng chng su bnh cho cc ging cy trng chuyn i gen hoc cc ging cy qu, gi tr cao.
III. MT S DNG CH PHM THUC BVTV TH H MI
III.1. Xu hng chung
Trong nhng nm gn y do sc p v mi trng m cc ch phm BVTV c pht trin theo hng gy nh hng t nht n mi trng. Mt s vn chnh c cp trong sn xut cc ch phm BVTV th h mi l:
- An ton trong sn xut v s dng.
- Tin li cho ngi s dng.
- D dng ti s dng hoc tiu hy cc bao b qua s dng.
- Gim n mc ti thiu lng thuc BVTV s dng.
- Gim cht thi v mi nh hng bt li.
Xu hng pht trin thuc BVTV hin nay l:
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- Dng cc dung mi an ton hn hoc hn ch dng dung mi trong mi trng hp c th v tng cng s dng cc ch phm nh tng trong nc.
- Thay th bt thm t (WP) bng huyn ph m c (SC) trong nc hoc bng ch phm dng ht phn tn trong nc (water - dispersible granules - WG).
- Pht trin cc loi ch phm cha cc hot cht t hp.
- S dng cc cht thm (biohancing surfactant wetters) c tc dng lm tng hot tnh ca hot cht.
- Kim sot mc tit v nh hng tc dng ca hot cht bng cng ngh bao vin (bao nang) v dng bin php x l ht ging.
- Pht trin cc ch phm mi v c o nh cc loi vin hoc dng gel.
- S dng cc ph gia h tr qu trnh phun ca ch phm lm tng hot tnh sinh hc v lm gim liu s dng ca ch phm.
Cc ch phm dng lng linh ng, hoc ht chy linh ng l nhng loi d dng s dng nht do nhng ch phm ny khng gy ra cc rc ri khi lc hoc s dng bnh phun. S ngm qua da ca cc hot cht BVTV chnh l con ng chnh a hot cht vo c th. Dng ch phm s gp phn thay i thm ca hot cht qua qun o v qua da ngi tip xc. Cch ng gi ch phm cng l yu t quan trng v cng tng t nh dng ch phm, cch ng gi lun c a vo tiu chun sn phm.
Tm li sn xut mt ch phm BVTV an ton cn s dng 4 gii php sau y:
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- Gia cng cc ch phm cao cp dng lng (EC, SC, EW, SE, SL, ME) dng ny phi m bo tnh cht:
+ t gy vim da.
+ Linh ng, d ong o v trng ra.
+ Cha dung mi mc ti thiu.
+ D phun.
- Gia cng cc dng ch phm c th kim sot mc tit hot cht. y l cc dng ch phm bao nang hot cht.
- Gia cng cc loi ch phm c ng trong cc bao b tan trong nc.
- Gia cng cc loi ch phm khng gy bi.
Ngoi ra p ng c cc yu cu nu, ngi ta nghin cu v p dng cc loi cht HBM v cc cht ph gia mi, c bit ngi ta s dng cc cht HBM, cc cht h tr phun c hot lc mnh v nghin cu su v cc h keo v nhiu vn l thuyt khc [3] . Mt ch phm c coi l l tng phi l mt ch phm khng cha cc dung mi bay hi c hi, khng lm cho ngi s dng b phi nhim bi cc yu t c hi, c hot tnh ti a v mt sinh hc, vi lng s dng ti thiu v hu nh khng c g phc tp lin quan n vn tiu hy bao b sau khi s dng.
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Cc loi WG hoc WP ng trong ci ti c kh nng tan trong nc c th cho thy vic ha tan c ti v thuc trong bnh phun chnh l mt la chn c tnh ton lu nay v cc nh sn xut thuc BVTV trn th gii cng ang c gng thc hin cng ngh ny. Tt nhin khng phi tt c cc ch phm u c th gia cng theo phng php ny v cn c mt s phng php gia cng khc ang c s dng rng ri, chng hn phng php s dng h phun thuc khp kn. Cc ch phm c nn l nc lun c la chn s dng di dng cc ch phm WG hoc SC nh:
- Cc ch phm dng nh huyn ph (Suspoemulsion - SE).
- Nh du trong nc (O/W) hoc nh m c.
- Vi nh tng (Microemulsion - ME).
- Huyn ph vi nang (CS).
Ngoi ra, c trng hp ngi ta cn dng mt s dng c bit nh gel, vin si [4] .
Di y l mt s dng ch phm thuc BVTV th h mi ang c s dng hin nay.
III.2. Mt s dng ch phm thuc BVTV th h mi
1. Nh du trong nc (O/W emulsion - EW)
Cc ch phm nh tng dng ny ang c ch do p ng c yu cu v gim s dng cc dung mi bay hi v an ton khi tip xc. Nh tng dng nn l nc nn EW c u im hn EC v mt gi thnh v an ton khi sn xut, vn chuyn v s dng. Tuy nhin khi sn xut cc ch phm dng ny ngi ta phi la chn cn thn cc cht nh ha
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thch hp m bo cho cc vi ht du khng b phn lp hoc b c li (kem ha), v.v...
Hin ngi ta thng dng cc cht HBM loi non-ionic v loi polymeric to nh tng bn. Trong trng hp dng cc cht HBM non-ionic, i khi ngi ta dng hn hp ca mt s cht HBM to c h s HLB c 11 - 16. C ht nh ti u l di 2m v h nh tng thng c lm c bng cc polysacarit nh gm xanthan. i khi ngi ta cng dng c mt s polyme nh polyvinyl alcol (PVA) va lm cht to nh va lm cht lm c.
Thnh phn c bn ca mt h EW thng l:
+ 1 pha du bn.
+ Cht HBM to v n nh b mt phn chia du - nc.
+ Cht bn keo ( trnh kem ha, sa lng hoc kt t).
+ Cht chng ng (nh glycol hoc mt mui vo ).
+ Cht chng vi khun (chng thi).
+ T dc ci thin tnh nng sinh hc ca ch phm.
2. Cc ch phm dng nh huyn ph (Suspoemulsion - SE)
y l loi ch phm hn hp ngy cng ph bin v tnh tin li v m bo cho nng dn p
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dng trc tip cc hot cht BVTV m khng gp cc tr ngi v thng pha ch phm khi s dng. Trong ch phm c th tn ti 3 pha l:
- Cc vi git dng du.
- Cc tiu phn rn phn tn.
- Pha nn (thng dng l nc).
SE c th c coi l hn hp ca huyn ph m c (SC) v nh tng du trong nc (EW). Cc cht HBM v cht lm c c b sung vo h trnh cho h khi b tch lp hoc vn cc; Cc cht HBM v cc tc nhn phn tn c dng cho SE cng thng l cc cht dng cho SC. Khi nn l nc th cht lm c thng c dng l cc polysacarit. Khi ngi ta phi thm cc cht bo qun chng thi.
Do SE l dng ch phm kt hp nhiu dng hp cht vo mt sn phm nn ci kh nht khi pha ch cc ch phm ny l bn vt l ca h. ci thin bn ngi ta phi la chn cn thn cc hp phn tr v nhiu thng s khc ca qu trnh iu ch. Nhiu k thut c dng trong qu trnh iu ch nh du trong nc (EW) cng c p dng iu ch SE. Cc cht HBM h alkylglucosid thch hp s dng trong iu ch SE.
3. Vi nh tng (Microemulsion - ME)
ME l mt dng bn nhit ng hc, phn tn ng nht trong mt khong nhit rng ca cc hyrocacbon v nc, c n nh bng cc cht HBM a nc dng ionic hoc t hp. ME thng c dng trong cc ch phm du ct gt cc cht lng ty ra kh, dc phm v dng ch phm ny nhanh chng c p dng trong sn xut thuc BVTV. ME c th gm dng du trong nc (EW) hoc nc trong du (WO) v cha 30 - 50% hot cht.
4. a nh tng (Multiple emulsion)
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Mt ch phm a nh tng l mt ch phm m trong mt git du c th cha nhiu git nc v chnh git du li b nh ha trong pha nn nc. Nh vy h cui cng s l nh tng h nc trong du trong nc (W/O/W). Tng t cng c h du trong nc trong du (O/W/O). Dng ch phm ny c dng nhiu trong dc phm v thuc BVTV [5] . Pha du trong h W/O/W s ngn cho thuc BVTV trong ht nh nc khng b i vo pha nc nn. Loi ch phm a nh s c tc dng gim thiu c tnh ca thuc BVTV.
Ngi ta thng dng h a nh W/O/W cha mt vi hot cht tan trong nc v c tan trong du. Gn y dng a nh c ch s dng lm ch phm c th iu tit hot lc cho cc hot cht thuc tr su dng tan trong nc hoc tan trong du.
Vic pht trin cc ch phm a nh rt tn km v mt nhiu thi gian, trong khi vic p dng dng ch phm ny vn gp nhiu tr ngi do h t bn v mt vt l. Pha du c s dng di dng cht HBM. Dng a nh tng ca thuc BVTV thng dng EW cn loi WO, tuy d pha ch, nhng t c s dng hn. Do cha nhiu cht HBM nn cc ch phm a nh tng thng t so vi EC truyn thng. H a nh tng cha cc vi ht c kch thc nh hn 0,1m vi 3 thnh phn:
- Cht du lng hoc cht rn ha tan trong dung mi hu c.
- Nc.
- Cc cht HBM.
Cc thnh phn ny to mt pha duy nht cha cc mixel trng n, trong pha khng nc ca hot cht v dung mi ha tan vi nhau.
Trong cc ch phm dng ny, c hai dng cht HBM cn c s dng, l mt tan trong nc v mt tan trong du. Cht HBM tan trong nc thng l loi anionic hoc non - ionic
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vi gi tr HLB cao. Phn k nc ca phn t s lin kt vi du. Cc cht HBM tan trong du c gi tr HLB rt thp (chng hn hexanol). Nng tng cng ca cc cht HBM cho a nh tng thng khong 10 30% (trong khi trong nh du trong nc (EW) ch khong 5%). a nh tng c nng hot cht tng i thp nhng hot tnh sinh hc ca hot cht c nng cao.
5. Ht phn tn trong nc (Water dispersible granules - WG)
WG l mt dng ch phm tng i mi v l dng ch phm c pht trin nhm tng s hp dn th trng. WG cng l loi ch phm an ton hn so vi cc loi ch phm dng bt thm nc (WP) v huyn ph m c (SC). Cc ch phm dng WG ang ngy cng ph bin hn v chng rt tin li trong ng gi v s dng, khng gy bi, cc ht linh ng d dng phn tn khi thm nc trong bnh phun. WG l mt bc ci thin ca WP v tng ng vi cc ch phm dng lng v mt an ton khi tip xc song t gy cc vn phc tp v tiu hu bao b ng sau khi s dng.
Vic phn loi WG kh phc tp v c nhiu cng ngh gia cng c p dng khi sn xut loi ch phm ny. Tuy nhin d c c gia cng theo cng ngh no, th cui cng cng phi nhn c ch phm WG d phn tn vo nc trong bnh phun v c ht phn tn cng tng t nh c ht t bt hoc nh dng lm nguyn liu. t c cc yu cu ny, th vic la chn cht HBM v cc ph gia khc cng nh phng php to ht phi c la chn thn trng. C mt s kiu to ht cho WG nh sau:
- Trong thng chuyn dng
- Theo phng php trn
- Bng cch n ht
- Theo phng php tng lng
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- Theo phng php sy phun
Ngi ta thy c nhiu yu t quyt nh n cc tnh cht chnh ca sn phm cui (kiu ht, c ht, tnh d phn tn trong nc, v.v...). Nhng tnh cht ny s m bo cc yu cu mong mun.
Cc ch phm WG thng cha cc cht lm t v cht phn tn ging nh ch phm WP hoc EC. WG cng cn cha cc mui tan trong nc vi mc ch chng s tp hp cc pha trong thng phun. Phn cn li trong thnh phn ca WG l cht lm y (tan hoc phn tn c trong nc).
Mt mu WG in hnh thng c cng thc sau (phn trm trng lng):
Hot cht
50 90%
Cht lm t
1 5%
Cht phn tn
5 20%
Cht chng tp hp
0 15%
Cht lm y (tan hoc khng tan) n 100%
Cc cht lm t v cht phn tn thng c dng trong WG l cc cht tng ng dng trong WP hoc SC.
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6. Mt s dng ch phm c kh nng kim sot s phng hot cht (Controlled - release CR)
Cng ngh sn xut cc ch phm kim sot c lng tit ra ca hot cht ang rt c ch nghin cu pht trin v cc ch phm ny c rt nhiu u im so vi cc ch phm truyn thng. Cng ngh tit hot cht c kim sot l cng ngh nh cc hot cht c iu chnh sao cho hng ng vo mc tiu vi nng v khong thi gian tc ng nht nh v nhm to c hiu qu nh. Vi cc thuc tr su truyn thng th ln s dng u, nng thuc thng t mc qu ln, vt qu rt nhiu nng c ch dch hi ti thiu. Cn cc ch phm kim sot lng hot cht tit ra, th nng thuc dng c la chn duy tr nng hot cht cao hn nng cn c ch dch hi trong sut thi k cn phi duy tr hot lc ca ch phm.
C 4 cng ngh c p dng sn xut cc ch phm dng kim sot mc tit ca hot cht l:
a. To vin c v bc.
b. To h polyme lin kt ha tr vi hot cht.
c. To hn hp vt l ph hp cha hot cht.
d. To vi nang.
Cc ch phm dng kim sot lng tit hot cht c thit k :
+ Tng hot tnh ca hot cht v m bo tc dng sinh hc lu di hn cc ch phm khc. Mc tit ca hot cht ph thuc vo mc khuch tn ra pha ngoi vin thuc, trong ch yu ph thuc dy, chc, xp ca lp v bc.
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+ Gim hao ht v bay hi do gi v nh hng ca thi tit.
+ Gim mc c hi cho mi trng. Hu ht cc thuc BVTV c phun ra s t tp trong t. Cc ch phm kim sot lng tit hot cht thng dng mc hot cht thp hn nhiu nn c th lm gim nh hng bt li cho mi trng (nc mn, nc ngm, khng kh, t...) v cc loi ng thc vt khc, ngha l c kh nng gim c hi sinh thi.
+ Gi cho thuc BVTV khi b h hng do cc yu t mi trng (nh nng, vi khun, gi, ma, v.v...).
+ Gim c cho ngi s dng.
+ Gim bc mi.
+ Chng b nc ma ra tri sau khi phun thuc.
+ Ci thin kh nng phun ca bnh phun.
Mc d cc cng trnh nghin cu v cc ch phm thuc BVTV c kh nng kim sot s phng hot cht ca nhiu hng sn xut nng dc ln c a ra khong 20 nm tr li y, song vic thng mi ha v p dng cc ch phm dng ny li tng i chm.
Cc ch phm vi nang (microencapsulation) l nhng ch phm c p dng kh ph bin trong vi nm gn y. Cc ch phm vi nang thng c gia cng dng huyn ph. Gi l huyn ph vi nang (microencapsulated suspension - CS).
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Mt dng huyn ph vi nang (CS) ca ch phm thuc BVTV in hnh thng c thnh phn sau (phn trm trng lng):
Hot cht
10 30%
Cht nh ha
1 5%
Polyme
10 15%
Dung mi
5 15%
Cht chng lng
1 3%
Nc
va 100%
Ging nh trong trng hp vi SC v EC cc loi ch phm CS c n nh ha bng cc cht HBM v cht lm c quen thuc thng dng. Hin ang c mt s ch phm thuc BVTV dng CS trn th trng. l mt s ch phm tr c c c im chn lc cao v dng t dung mi, mt s ch phm tr su t c vi ngi nhng c hot lc lu di hoc mt s pheromon (cht dn d) duy tr mi lu di (t 10 n 14 ngy). u im ca cc ch phm dng CS so vi cc ch phm thng thng khc l ch chng c hot tnh sinh hc cao hn, ng thi hm lng tc ng ti u ca hot cht c duy tr trong khong thi gian di hn.
Cng ngh vi nang l cng ngh chnh to ra cc ch phm dng ny. Cng ngh ny c dng nhiu trong dc phm, vn phng phm, m phm. D p dng rt thnh cng trong cc ch phm thuc BVTV, nhng cng ngh ny vn cha thc s c p dng rng ri trong lnh vc nng ha.
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Cc ch phm c vin nang c 100 1000 m th c gi l bao nang macro (macroencapsulation) v loi ny t c dng trong cc sn phm nng ha dng phun.
Loi vi nang c c ht n 100nm c phn vo nhm vin nang nan.
Gn y ngi ta p dng cng ngh hn hp iu ch loi ch phm ht phn tn trong nc (WG) bng cch bao nang theo cch phun sng. V d trifluralin c nh ha vo nc v ngi ta tin hnh sy phun nh tng to ra cng vi mt polyme to mng tan trong nc.
Mt s phng php bao nang

Hin c nhiu phng php bao nang, c ha hc v vt l.
Mt s qu trnh nh polyme ha ti ch v polyme ha b mt phn cch... c p dng rng ri bao nang cc ch phm, k c ch phm BVTV. Mt s cng ngh c thng mi ha. Di y l mt s phng php bao nang dng cho ch phm thuc BVTV.
a. Polyme ha b mt tip gip cc pha (gi tt l polyme ha b mt) l phng php c p dng rng ri ch to cc polyme ngng t. Phng php ny khc cc phng php tng hp polyme khc ch phn ng polyme ha ch xy ra trn vng tip gip gia 2 pha khng trn ln m khng xy ra trong lng mt pha n l.
Th thut c bn bao nang mt vt liu kh n gin. u tin mt monome c ha tan trong vt liu to v. Sau dung dch c phn tn trong mt pha lin tc (thng l nc) c cha mt vi tc nhn phn tn hoc/ v tc nhn nh ha. Monome th hai c b sung vo pha nc ca nh tng nhn c bn trn. Khi s xy ra phn ng to v ti vng tip gip pha du/ nc ca cc vi ht nh. Huyn ph nhn c (vi nang) c th c x l tip nhn c sn phm cui.
Cng ngh polyme ha b mt tip gip cc pha l cng ngh quan trng nht bao nang cc thuc BVTV.
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Mt trong nhng qu trnh to huyn ph vi nang theo phng php ny c p dng trn thc t c th c m t nh sau:
Hot cht, thng l cc cht lng hoc cht rn dng sp, c ha tan trong dung mi thm (cha 9 hoc 10 nguyn t cacbon, thng dng cho EC). Mt monome tan trong du (nh toluen diisoxyanat - TDI) c ha tan tip tc vo hn hp. Ngi ta nhn c mt nh tng du nc (O/W) bng cch khuy cao tc mt dung dch nc cha cht nh ha v mt amin phn ng (nh etylen iamin chng hn). H nh tng cha cc vi git c ng knh 10 - 30 m c hnh thnh v qu trnh polyme ha gia isoxyanat vi amin s xy ra ti b mt tip xc pha du - nc to ra mng polyme bao quanh cc vi git. Cn mt phng php khc na polyme ha l cho isoxyanat phn ng vi nc ti b mt tip xc to ra amin ti ch, sau amin li phn ng tip vi isoxyanat to ra mng polyur [6] .
b. Phng php ng pht trin phc (complex coacervation). Trong phng php ny v bao nang xung quanh ht hot cht khng tan trong nc c to ra khi mt polyme anionic tan trong nc phn ng vi vt liu cationic (c th l polyme th hai). Kt qu l to ra cc tp hp khng tan trong nc v tch khi dung dch. Nu c mt pha phn tn trong dung dch th vt liu copolyme to ra c xu hng bc cc tiu phn li v to thnh cc vi nang. Mt v d hay c bit n v qu trnh to copolyme l phn ng ca gelatin vi gm arabic. y l phn ng quen thuc sn xut cc ch phm p dng qu trnh polyme ha b mt cc pha.
c. Phng php bay hi dung mi. Phng php ny thng c p dng cho ch to dc phm v hu nh cha c p dng cho cc cht nng ha. Trong phng php ny v nang c to thnh khi polyme c ha tan vo mt dung mi khng tan trong nc. C hot cht v polyme u tan c trong dung mi song khng tan trong nhau. Dung dch hot cht v dung dch polyme c nh ha trong nc vi mt cht HBM thch hp. Sau cho bay hi dung mi (un nng, gim p sut, v.v...) polyme tch ra s to nn mt lp trn b mt ca vi git nh tng.
d. To nang bng cch phun. y l mt k thut to nang lu i nht v hin nay c chia ra nhiu phng php thc hin. Hu ht cc phng php to nang theo k thut ny dng khng kh lm pha lin tc khi phun. K thut ny c p dng sn xut cc ch phm dng kh. K thut chnh c p dng l sy phun mt h nh tng (hoc huyn ph) c vt liu nhn nang (hot cht BVTV) c phn tn trong mt dung dch nc. Khi nc bay hi, vt liu to v s lu li v bao bc vt liu nhn. To nang bng k thut ny s nhn
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c cc vi nang kch thc c 10 150m; ln hn so vi bng mt s phng php khc.
Tuy phng php ny c s dng t lu nhng hin vn t dng sn xut cc ch phm thuc BVTV do c ht nang thng ln v cng sut sn xut ca hu ht cc thit b hin c kiu ny thng nh, kh p ng yu cu thc t sn xut.
e. Polyme ha ti ch: L mt cng ngh c p dng nang ha ti ch. Thc ra thut ng ny bao gm 2 qu trnh to nang khc nhau s dng cho hot cht BVTV khng tan trong nc. Mt phng php l p dng qu trnh to v nang nh polyme ha polyamin vi mt andehyd trong mi trng nc (melamin formaldehyd hoc ur formaldehyd). Phng php cn li l nang ha ti ch, trong v polyme c to thnh ngay trong pha du c cha hot cht BVTV phn tn do s thy phn ca mt isocyanat.
Phn ng to v nang trong trng hp phng php u c m t k qua phn ng to polyamin formaldehyd [7][8][9] cn qu trnh to v nang bng thy pha isocyanat [10][11][12] .
Ngoi ra cn mt s cng ngh bao nang khc. Mt s u im ca cc ch phm vi nang Ngi ta sn xut cc ch phm vi nang theo nhiu yu cu khc nhau, chng hn lm gim c cp ca ch phm, hn ch s bin cht, gim s bay hi hoc lm bin tnh hot tnh sinh hc ca hot cht v lm gim kh nng ra tri hot cht do ma, v.v...
Cc u im ni tri ca cc ch phm vi nang l:
* Kim sot c s phng hot cht: iu ny s gp phn lm cho thuc BVTV c hiu lc lu di hn.
* C kh nng tng tnh chn lc ca thuc BVTV, hng tc ng ca thuc vo mc tiu.
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* Gim c cp tnh ca ch phm i vi ngi v gia sc.
* Lm chm s bin cht ca hot cht.
* Gim s dng dung mi.
* Gim s tht thot hot cht do bay hi.
* Gim s r r hot cht c ra mi trng.
* Gim mi (kh chu) ca ch phm.
* Ci thin bn ca hot cht, tng hiu lc ca ch phm.
* Gim kh nng b ra tri do ma, v.v... Mt s ch phm dng vi nang Di y l mt s ch phm dng vi nang hin ang c mt trn th trng thuc BVTV quc t (bng 4).
Bng 4. Mt s ch phm thuc BVTV dng vi nang trn th trng
Hot cht
Tn thng mi
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Polyme to v nang
Hng sn xut
Thuc dit c
Alaclo
Alaclo
Alaclo
EPTC
Micro - Tech
Bullet
Partner
Capsolane
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Polyur
Polyur
Polyur
Polyur
Monsanto
Monsanto
Monsanto
Zeneca
Thuc tr su
Clorpyrifos
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Clorpyrifos
Clorpyrifos
Clorpyrifos
Dianizon
Dianizon
Fenitrothion
Fonofos
Parathion
Parathion - metyl
Parathion - metyl
Permethrin
Pirimiphosmetyl
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Tefluthrin
Empire 20
Pyrinex
Kaya tack MC
Pennphos
Knox - out 2 FM
No - Roach
Kareit MC
Dyfonate MS
Penncap - E
Penncap - M
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Parashoot
Penncapthrin 200
Actellic M20
Tefluthrin CS
Polyur
Polyur
Polyur
Polyur
Polyamid/ Polyur
Polyur
Polyurtan
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Polyur
Polyamid/ Polyur
Polyamid/ Polyur
Polyur
Polyamid/ Polyur
Polyur
Polyur
Dow Elanco
Mahkteshim
Nippon Kayaku
Elf Atochem
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Elf Atochem
Kedem Chems
Sumimoto
Zeneca
Elf Atochem
Elf Atochem
Cheminova
Elf Atochem
Zeneka
Zeneka
Xu hng tng lai ca cng ngh vi nang
C 2 vn quan trng quyt nh tng lai pht trin ca cng ngh vi nang, l pht trin
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v kiu v s ci tin, thay i v hon thin v cng ngh.
S hon thin cng ngh s to ra c hi sn phm ny vt qua cc im yu ca cng ngh hin ti v lm tng tnh hu dng ca ch phm.
7. S dng bao b tan trong nc
Hin ngi ta ch n kh nng ng gi cc ch phm nn du di dng mt cht gel bng cc bao b tan trong nc. Kiu ng gi ny c Dez v cc cng s a ra [13] . Ngi ta dng cht lm c tng nht ca gel. iu ny s to iu kin d dng chuyn ch ch phm, ng thi cng hn ch s r r ch phm khi cc l khuyt tt ca bao ng. ng ch phm trong bao ng tan trong nc s to iu kin d dng tip xc vi ch phm, tng an ton cho ngi s dng v d dng tiu hy cc hp ng bn ngoi.
8. Cc ch phm c dng cc cht ph gia c bit
Hin nay nhiu nc cc ph gia (thng l cc cht HBM) trong cc ch phm thuc BVTV c la chn k vi mc ch ti u ha hot tnh sinh hc v gim t l cn s dng ca cc hot cht. Mt s cht HBM c tnh thm t v to cho cc ch phm thuc BVTV cc tnh nng vt tri nh sau:
- Phun tt.
- Cc git thuc bm dnh tt vo i tng.
- Gim c ht sng ca thuc.
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- Tng thi gian kh v gi m tt hn.
Cc cht HBM loi non-ionic thng c dng lm cht thm t dnh thch hp. Chng c th lm tng tan ca hot cht vo trong vi ht do c s mixel ha. Chnh iu ny lm cho hot cht thm su vo i tng b phun thuc.
Cc cht thm t "dnh" thch hp vi cc hot cht a nc (nh paraquat v glyphosate) v chng c tc dng nng ngm thuc ln ton b tn l cy. Cc cht thm t dng ny cng ci thin tng hp ca nhiu ch phm BVTV khc nhau ca hn hp ha tan trong bnh phun. Tuy nhin khng th c mt loi cht thm t a nng no ph hp vi tt c cc hot cht v vy ngi ta cn phi lm cc php th (test) v bn v v hot tnh sinh hc trn mt lot cht HBM tm ra h ti u. Ngi ta hay dng cc cht HBM dng etoxylat ca alcol aliphatic hoc etoxylat ca amin alifatic. C ch tc ng ca ph gia HBM vi c th i tng (su bnh) hin cn nhiu iu cha r, nhng c l l theo c ch lm gim sc cng b mt lm gim gc tip xc v lm tng s chuyn dch ca hot cht xuyn qua b mt l [14] .
IV. VT LIU BAO GI CC SN PHM THUC BVTV
Vic la chn bao b trc ht phi da trn yu cu l bao b phi khng c phn ng vi cht cha bn trong trong sut thi gian tn ti ca ch phm trong bao b v m bo an ton ca ch phm. Ngoi ra vic la chn bao b ng cn gp phn ci thin mu m ca sn phm. IV.1. La chn vt liu bao b cha ch phm thuc BVTV dng rn Cc ch phm thuc BVTV rn in hnh l:
- Cc loi ch phm dng bt thm nc (WP).
- Cc loi ch phm dng ht phn tn trong nc (WG).
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- Cc loi bt kh (dusting powders - DP).
- Cc loi ht (GR).
Polyetylen (PE) l vt liu c a chung trong bao gi thuc BVTV v c th s dng vn nng. PE l loi nha nhit do, d hn, ngn m tt nn rt thun tin bo qun cc ch phm trong iu kin kh hu m t. Ngoi ra tnh mm do ca bao b PE s lm gim th tch bao khng. Pha ngoi bao PE c th s dng bao bng si chu lc. Ngi ta cn tng tnh cch m ca bao PE bng cch trng mt lp nhm (dy c 0,12 m).
Mt dng bao c bit thch hp lm ti ng cho cc ch phm thuc BVTV dng bt, dng gel v cht lng nn dung mi l loi mng tan c trong nc. Loi vt liu thng dng lm mng l polyvinyl alcol (PVA). Tt nhin cc loi bao b t vt liu ny khng th bo v ch phm khi m v nc ma, m ch c tc dng bo v ngi s dng ch phm khi b c khi tip xc hoc ht th khi thao tc, ng thi lm cho bao ng pha ngoi c sch do khng tip xc trc tip vi ch phm.
Vt liu lm bao b ha tan (v d PVA) s i vo dung dch phun v i khi c th lm thay i mt s tnh cht vt l ca dch phun.
Thng dy ca mng loi ny l 0,04 m. Mng khng c thng rch. tan tiu chun ca ti lm t mng PVA c th gim i khi ng cc ch phm cha mt s cht nh axit boric hoc borat, v.v...
Cn phi kim tra cn thn cc loi bao ny trc khi s dng ng ch phm. Loi bao bng mng tan trong nc c th c s dng cha t vi gam n ti a 25 kg ch phm v khi in ch trn bao cng cn in bng loi mc tan trong nc.
Bao bo v bn ngoi c th l bao bng vt liu mng PE, giy trng nhm v hoc giy trng PE m bo chng m, chng nc tt hn.
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IV.2. La chn vt liu bao b cho cc ch phm dng lng.
Cc ch phm BVTV dng lng thng cha mt hot cht v mt h dung mi (c th l nc). Khi hot cht khng tan hoc khng trn ln vi nc th trong thnh phn ch phm dng lng thng cha c cc cht HBM. Thnh phn ca ch phm s quyt nh vt liu bao b phi l vt liu g.
Cc ch phm dng huyn ph m c (EC), cc cht lng tan (SL) thng phn ng vi nhiu vt liu cht do nn cht do nh HDPE ch dng ng cc ch phm l huyn ph m c (SC) hoc cc ch phm dng nh tan trong nc (EW).
Nhn chung, dng cc ch phm dng lng ngi ta dng nhiu loi vt liu lm bao b nh mt s cht do, kim loi (nhm, thic, st ty...) hoc kt hp c kim loi v cht do. Vt liu thy tinh hin cng vn c s dng trong trng hp ny, song rt hn ch.
3. c tnh s dng mt s vt liu lm bao b ng cc ch phm thuc BVTV
- Cht do:
+ HDPE c mm do, ngn m tt song km chng chu cc dung mi hyrocacbon. ci thin tnh cht ca HDPE ngi ta flo ha cht do ny ngay trong qu trnh thi khun hoc p dng mt s cng ngh khc nh to bao nhiu lp kt hp vi cc cht do khc.
+ PET cng l cht do c dng thch hp cho nhiu loi ch phm c nn l dung mi hoc nc. trong ca nha PET c u im gip cho kim sot vic trng ra bao b c d dng. Khi lng bao b PET cn phi tiu hy cng nh hn so vi cc loi nha khc khi cha ng cng mt lng ch phm. Tuy nhin PET c kh nng chng m km hn HDPE.
+ Vic kt hp s dng cc bao cht do mm trong hp l s la chn thch hp nht i vi
62 / 66
cc ch phm thuc BVTV. iu ny s cho php lm gim khi lng bao b qua s dng (thng bn v pht sinh cc vn mi trng).
- Kim loi:
+ Nhm: Cc hp cha bng nhm rt ph bin. Nhm vi u im l tnh do nn c th c gia cng thnh cc dng bao b khc nhau. Trong nhng trng hp cn thit ngi ta c th s dng mng bo v nhm (sn hoc vecni).
+ St ty: L loi thp l cc bon thp trng thic. Bng cc cch gia cng (hn, dp, v.v...) m ngi ta c th to thnh cc loi bao b khc nhau. u im ca loi vt liu ny l gi thnh thp.
Pha bn trong hp st ty thng c ph vcni. Hp st ty c th b n mn do cc tc nhn nh axit, kim, v.v...
- Thy tinh:
V nguyn nhn an ton m thy tinh khng phi l vt liu c thng mi ha. Song thc t n nay cc chai thy tinh c dung tch di 200ml vn c chp nhn rt rng ri.
KT LUN
63 / 66
Trong bi cnh yu cu ngy cng cao v an ton cho ngi s dng, an ton v sinh thi v mi trng, vic gia cng, sn xut cc ch phm thuc BVTV ni ring v ch phm nng ha ni chung ang phi chuyn dch t nhng phng php, cng ngh truyn thng sang nhng phng php, cng ngh mi. Trong khi a s cc dng ch phm thuc BVTV thng dng (nh EC, SE, SC, v.v...) vn c tip tc sn xut v s dng trn c s ci tin phng php gia cng nng cao cht lng sn phm, th c mt s dng ch phm mi (nh cc dng ch phm c th kim sot mc tit hot cht CR, s dng bao ng tan trong nc, dng ch phm ht phn tn trong nc - WG, v.v...) cng ang c nghin cu v pht trin mnh m.
i vi cc nh sn xut thuc BVTV, vic p dng mt cng ngh sn xut c hiu qu lin quan n nhiu yu t. Trong phi p ng c ng yu cu bo v cy trng v ma mng, yu cu v tp qun s dng, gi bn sn phm, cng nhiu i hi khc v mi trng v mt s quy nh khc. Tuy nhin cht lng v s ph hp ca sn phm trn th trng lun lun l yu t quyt nh nht i vi kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm.
Nn nng nghip nc ta ang tng bc vo giai on hi nhp. Nhng g tng xy ra i vi cng nghip sn xut cc ch phm nng ha phc v nng nghip cc nc trn th gii, c th s l nhng bi hc qu gi cho cc nh sn xut cc sn phm nng ha nc ta trong chng ng pht trin ca mnh./.
NHNG CH VIT TT
BVTV:
Bo v thc vt
CE:
Concentratted emuesion = Nh tng c c
CR:
Controlled release = s phng (hot cht) c kim sot
DBSA:
Dodexibenzen sulphonic acid = Axit xibenzen sunfonic
64 / 66
DP:
Dusting powder = Bt kh
EC:
Emulsifiable concentrates = Nh tng m c
EW:
O/W Emulsion = Nh tng du/ nc
FS: Flowable suspension for seed treament = Huyn ph linh ng x l ht ging
GR:
Granul = Ht
HBM:
Hot ng b mt
LS: ging
Non - aqueous solution for seed treatment = Dung dch khng nc x l ht
ME:
Micro emulsion = Vi nh tng
SC:
Suspension concentrates = Huyn ph m c
SE:
Suspo emulsion = Nh tng huyn ph
SL:
Solution concentrates = Dung dch m c
65 / 66
WG:
Water - dispersible granules = Ht phn tn trong nc
WP:
Wettable powder = Bt thm nc
WS:
Water slurrgable powder for seed treatment = Bt to bn x l ht ging
Ngun Hoahocngaynay.com/Vinachem
66 / 66

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Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

I. TH TRNG MT S HA CHT NNG HA CH YU

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

I.2. Th trng cc loi thuc BVTV

II. GII THIU MT S THUC BVTV

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

- Cc loi thuc tr nm:

- Cc cht iu ha sinh trng cy trng.

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

III. TNH HNH NGHIN CU V SN XUT CC CH PHM THUC BVTV

III.2. Tnh hnh gia cng cc ch phm nng ha trn th gii

Nng dn ti tt c cc vng min trn th gii u tin cy vo cc ha cht bo v cy trng.

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

IV. XU HNG PHT TRIN HIN TI CA CC SN PHM NNG HA AN TON

- Cc tnh cht ha, l ca ch phm l g.

- p dng ch phm ra sao.

- an ton ca ch phm th no.

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

- Chi ph sn xut v gi thnh bao nhiu.

- Vng i ca ch phm ra sao.

Nguyn vn ci thin cch ng gi ch phm cng l vn hay c xem xt nht

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

nng cao tnh an ton ca ch phm.

PHNG PHP GIA CNG CC CH PHM THUC BVTV

I. GII THIU CHUNG

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

- Hot tnh sinh hc v kiu tc ng.

- Phng php p dng.

- an ton khi s dng.

- Trin vng th trng.

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

Di y l mt s dng thng phm ca cc ch phm BVTV trn th trng:

- Dung dch m c (Solution concentrates - SL).

- Nh tng m c (Emulsifiable concentrates - EC).

- Nh tng c c (Concentrated emulsion - CE).

- Bt thm nc (Wetlatle powders - WP).

- Huyn ph m c (Suspension concentrates - SC).

- Nh tng du/ nc (O/W emulsions - EW).

- Nh tng - huyn ph (Suspoemulsions - SE).

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06

- Vi nh tng (Microemulsions - ME).

- Ht phn tn trong nc (Water - dispersible granules - WG).

- Huyn ph vi nang (Microcapsulated suspension - CS).

- Thuc x l ht ging (Seed treatments - DS, WS, LS, FS).

Di y l c tnh ca mt s loi ch phm thuc BVTV hin ang c mt trn th trng.

Bng 1. c tnh ca mt s loi ch phm thuc BVTV

Thnh phn chnh

Bt thm nc Wettable powders - (WP)

Cng ngh gia cng hin i thuc bo v thc vt

Th t, 26 Thng 5 2010 16:32 - Ln cp nht cui Th hai, 31 Thng 5 2010 17:06