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com
MT S DNG PHNG TRNH QUY V PHNG TRNH BC HAI
c bin son bi Trng Quang Ph 3
Dng 1: (x+a)(x+b)(x+c)(x+d) = m (1)
vi a+b=c+d v m 0
Cch gii:
Phng trnh (1) c vit li:
[x
2
+(a+b)x +ab][ x
2
+(c+d)x +cd] =m
V a+b = c+d nn ta t t=x
2
+(a +b)x= x
2
+(c+d)x lc
phng trnh (1) c vit li nh sau:
(t +ab)(t+cd) = m t
2
+(ab+cd)t +abcd m =0
Gii phng trnh theo t x
V d: gii phng trnh sau
(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4) = 120
(x+1)(x+4)(x+2)(x+3)=120
(x
2

+5x +4)(x
2

+5x+6)=120
t t = x
2

+5x Lc phng trnh c vit li:
(t+4)(t+6)=120
t
2

+10t-96 =0
t=6, t=-16
Vi t=6 th x
2

+5x-6=0 x=1, x=-6
Vi t=-16 th x
2

+5x+16=0 ( v nghim)
BI TP
1. (x+4)(x+5)(x+7)(x+8)=4
2. (2x-1)(2x+3)(x+2)(x+4)+9=0
3. (x+2)(x+4)(x
2

+6x+1)=8
4. (x+1)(x+2)(x+5)(x+6)=252
5. (16(x
2

-1)(x
2

+8x+15)=105
Tm m phng trnh sau
6. (x+4)(x+5)(x+7)(x+8)=m c nghim
7. x(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)=m c 4 nghim phn bit.
8. (x+2)(x+4)(x
2

+4x +m)=8m c 4 nghim dng phn
bit
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Dng 2:
mx
ax
2

+bx+c
+
nx
ax
2

+dx+c
=k
Vi gi thit biu thc mu lun khc khng

Cch gii:
Trc tin ta nhn xt x=0 khng phi l nghim ca
phng trnh cho.
Khi x 0 ta chia c t v mu ca mi phn thc cho x,
lc phng trnh cho (2) c vit li nh sau:
m
ax+b+
c
x
+
n
ax+d+
c
x
=k (2.1)
t t= ax+
c
x
lc phng trnh (2.1) c vit li:
m
t+b
+
n
t+d
=k (2.2)
Gii phng trnh (3) ta c nghim gi s t

1
, t

2
ri
t ta suy ra nghim ca phng trnh (2) bng cch
gii cc phng trnh
ax+
c
x
= t

1
, ax+
c
x
= t

2

V d: gii phng trnh
4x
4x
2

-8x+7
+
3x
4x
2

-10x+7
=1 (2.3)
Nhn xt x=0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh
cho.
Xt x 0 lc chia c t v mu ca mi phn thc
cho x ta c
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4
4x-8+
7
x
+
3
4x-10+
7
x
=1 (2.4)
t t = 4+
7
x
khi phng trnh (2.4) dc vit li l
4
t-8
+
3
t-10
=1
Quy ng mu th ta c phng trnh
t
2

-25t +144=0.
Phng trnh ny c hai nghim t

1
=16, t

2
=9
Vi t

1
=16 ta c phng trnh 4x+
7
x
=16
4x
2

-16x +7=0 x

1
=
7
2
, x

2
=
1
2

Vi t

2
=9 ta c phng trnh
4x +
7
x
=9 4x
2

-9x+7=0 (khng c nghim thc)
Vy phng trnh cho c 2 nghim l x

1
=
7
2
, x

2
=
1
2

BI TP
Gii cc phng trnh sau
1.
2x
3x
2

-x+1
+
x
3x
2

-4x+1
=
3
2

2.
2x
2x
2

-5x+3
+
13x
2x
2

+x+3
=6
3.
2x
x
2

+8x+5
+
6x
x
2

+x+5
=1
4.
3x
x
2

-4x+1
-
2x
x
2

+x+1
=
8
3

Cho phng trnh sau
2x
x
2

+8x+5
+
6x
x
2

+x+5
=m
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Tm m phng trnh cho tho mn cc iu kin
sau:
5. Phng trnh cho c nghim
6. Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht
7. Phng trnh cho c 2 nghim phn bit
8. Phng trnh cho c 4 nghim phn bit
9. Phng trnh cho c 4 nghim dng phn bit
10. Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh
3x
x
2

-4mx+1
+
2x
x
2

+mx+1
=1 c 4 nghim dng phn bit
x

1
, x

2
, x

3
, x

4
tho mn x

1
+x

2
+x

3
+x

4
= 14
Nhn y ti cng mun ni n dng phng trnh
cng h hng vi dng ton trn.
1
x
2

+9x+20
+
1
x
2

+11x+30
+
1
x
2

+13x+42
=
1
18
(*)
Gii nh sau:
Ta thy (*) c vit li:
1
(x+4)(x+5)
+
1
(x+5)(x+6)
+
1
(x+6)(x+7)
=
1
18

1
x+4
-
1
x+5
+
1
x+5
-
1
x+6
+
1
x+6
-
1
x+7
=
1
18

1
x+4
-
1
x+7
=
1
18
x
2

+11x-26 =0 x

1
= 2, x

2
= -13
Tng t gii phng trnh sau:
1
x
2

+3x+2
+
1
x
2

+5x+6
+ +
1
x
2

+(2n-1)x+n
2

-n
= k

Gi s A l s thnh cng trong cuc sng. Vy
th A=X+Y+Z trong X=lm vic, Y=vui chi,
Z=im lng (Albert Einstein's).
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Dng 3 (x+a)
4

+ (x+b)
4

=c (3)
Cch gii: t t= x+
a+b
2
lc phng trnh (3) c
vit li nh sau:
t+
a-b
2
4
+
t-
a-b
2
4
=c
2t
4

+3(a-b)
2

t
2

+
(a-b)
4

8
-c=0
Gii phng trnh trng phng ny ta tm c t ri t
t suy ra gi tr ca x
V d: Gii phng trnh (x+1)
4

+ (x+3)
4

= 272
Gii: t t=x+2 Lc phng trnh cho c
vit li l: (t-1)
4

+(t+1)
4

=272
t
4

+6t
2

-135=0 t X=t
2

0 khi ta c
X
2

+6X-135=0 X=9, X=-15<0 (loi)
Khi X=9 t
2

=9 t

1=
3, t

2
=-3 x

1
= 1, x

2
= -5
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l x

1
=1,x

2
=-5
BI TP
Gii phng trnh sau:
1. (x-2)
4

+ (x-4)
4

=2
2. (x+4)
4

+ (x+6)
4

=82
3. (x+3)
4

+ (x+5)
4

=2
Tm m phng trnh (x+1)
4

+(x+5)
4

=m
4. c nghim
5. c 2 nghim phn bit
6. c 4 nghim phn bit
7. c bn nghim lp thnh cp s cng
8. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
(x+1)
4

+(x+m)
4

=82
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Nhn y ti cng mun m rng dng ton ny
thng qua v d sau:
V d: Gii phng trnh: (x-2)
6

+ (x-4)
6

=64
t t=x-3 khi phng trnh vit li nh sau:
(t+1)
6

+ (t-1)
6

=64 t
6

+15t
4

+15
2

-31=0
t X=t
2

0 lc phng trnh vit li nh sau:
X
3

+15X
2

+15X-31=0
(X-1)(X
2

+16X+31)=0
X

1
=1, X

2
=-8+ 33 <0( loi) X

3
=-8- 33<0(loi)
Vi X=1 t
2

=1 t

1
=1, t

2
=-1 x

1
=4, x

2
=2
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l: x

1
=4, x

2
=2
Tng t gii phng trnh sau:
1. (x-1)
6

+(x-2)
6

=1
2. (x+2)
6

+ (x+4)
6

=64
3. Tm m phng trnh (x-1)
6

+ (x-3)
6

=m c nghim

NGHIM CA I ANH
Li vo tim em nh mt ng hm s
Un vng vo nh th hm sin
Anh tm vo ta tri tim
M khong nghim c tnh em trong
i mt em phng trnh ng
Rm mi mn mng nghing mt gc anpha
Mi tc em di nh nh l Bunhia
V mi em ng trn hm s cos
Xin em ng bo anh l ngc
Sinh nht em anh tng tri cu xoay
V m Noel hnh chp ct trn tay
Anh gin em c con tim thc thc
Mi em i phng trnh khng mu mc
Em l nghim duy nht ca i anh.

Mc ch sng trn i l sng c mc ch.
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Dng 4: af
2

(x) + bf(x)g(x) + cg
2

(x) =0 (4)

Vi dng ny ta xt hai trng hp:
TH1: g(x)=0 , gi x= x

o
l nghim ca phng trnh
g(x)=0
Lc nu f(x

o
)=0 th x=x

o
l nghim ca phng trnh
(4) cho.
Ngc li nu f(x

o
) 0 th kt lun nghim ca phng
trnh g(x)=0 khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh
cho.
TH2: g(x) 0, ta chia c hai v ca phng trnh (4)
cho g(x).Khi ta c:
a
f(x)
g(x)
2
+ b
f(x)
g(x)
+c =0 (4.1)
t t=
f(x)
g(x)
khi phng trnh (4.1) cho tr thnh
at
2

+bt +c=0 (4.2)
Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c t
Gi s t=t

o
l nghim ca phng trnh (4.2) Khi
nghim ca phng trnh (*) cho l nghim ca
phng trnh
f(x)
g(x)
=t

o
f(x)=t

o
g(x)
V d:Gii phng trnh: (x
2

+6)
2

-8x(x
2

+6)+7x
2

=0
Ta c nhn xt x=0 khng phi l nghim ca phng
trnh cho.Khi vi x 0 ta chia hai v ca phng
trnh cho x
2

. Lc phng trnh c vit li nh sau
(x
2

+6)
2

x
2

-8
(x
2

+6)
x
+7=0
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t t=
(x
2

+6)
x
khi phng trnh cho c vit li
nh sau: t
2

-8t+7=0 t

1
=1, t

2
=7
Khi t

1
=1 th ta c phng trnh x
2

- x +6 =0 (V
nghim)
Khi t

2
=7 th ta c phng trnh x
2

-7x+6 =0
x

1
=1, x

2
=6
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x

1
=1, x

2
=6
BI TP
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1. (x+3)
2

- x
2

-x+6 = 2(x-2)
2

2. 2(x
2

+x+1)
2

-7(x-1)
2

=13(x
3

-1)
3. 4
x

+ 6
x

= 9
x

4. 2(x-1)
2

+ 3(x
2

-1)=5(x+1)
2

5. 2010
2x
-3.4002
x
+2.4
x
=0
6. 3.16
x
+2.81
x
=5.36
x

7. 2.4
1
x
+6
1
x
=9
1
x

8. Gii v bin lun cc phng trnh sau:
a. 2(x
2

+x+1)
2

+(m-1)(x
3

-1) +(x-1)
2

=0
b. 49
x
- 4.21
x
+m.9
x
=0
9. Tm m phng trnh sau c hai nghim phn bit
x

1
, x

2
tho mn 2< x

1
x

2
5
2+ 5
2x
+
5-2
2x
+ m = 0
- Khng g gn st ci ng bng ci sai. (Albert Einstein's)
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Dng 5
m
x+a
+
m
x+b
-
m
x+c
-
m
x+d
= n (5)

Trong a+c = b+d = p v gi thit phng trnh cho
l xc nh.
Vi loi ny ta c phng php gii nh sau:
a phng trnh v dng:
m
x+a
-
m
x+c
+
m
x+b
-
m
x+d
=n quy ng ta c:
m(c-a)
x
2

+px+ac
+
m(d-b)
x
2

+px+bd
=n
Khi t t=x
2

+px ta c phng trnh c dng
k
t+
+
h
t+
=n
Phng trnh trn th cc bn c th gii c d dng
nh phng php quy ng ri t c th suy ra
nghim ca (1)
V d:
Gii phng trnh
1
x+3
+
1
x+4
-
1
x+5
-
1
x+6
=
59
420
(5.1)
Theo cch lm nh hng dn ta c phng trnh (5)
tng ng vi phng trnh sau:
3
x
2

+9x+18
+
1
x
2

+9x+20
=
59
420

t t = x
2

+9x khi ta c phng trnh sau
3
t+18
+
1
t+20
=
59
420

Gii phng trnh trn ta c nghim l
-1152
59
, 10
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Khi ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho
l: 1, -10,
-9
2
+
3 1121
118
,
-9
2
-
3 1121
118

BI TP
1.
1
x+2
+
1
x+5
-
1
x+4
-
1
x+7
=
29
252

2.
4
x
2

-3
+
4
x
2

-5
-
4
x
2

+7
-
4
x
2

+9
=
43
36

3. Gii v bin lun phng trnh sau:
3
x
2

+1
+
3
x
2

+2
-
3
x
2

+3
-
3
x
2

+4
=m (5.2)
4. Tm m phng trnh (5.2) c hai nghim phn bit
m hai nghim y phi thuc [-2, 2], khi no th (5.2)
c 4 nghim phn bit.

- Ai v ngi theo ngh gio nh nhng ngi
cho cn mn a khch sang sng. Bao th h
ngi n ri i v ch c ngi li li... Thy
c l th, lun mit mi vi cng vic ca mnh
du dt bao th h tr thc, lun sn sng cho i
nhng g tinh ty nht cuc i mnh m khng
mong nhn li iu g...

- ng khc v nhng g mt m hy ci vi
nhng g ang c.
- Mi sng to v ci mi ch c th ti c trn c
s cch nhn nhn mi, cch ngh mi, khng theo
li mn c.
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Dng 6
*

x
4

=ax
2

+bx+c (6) trong a, b,c
l hng s.
Vi dng ny ta c phng php gii nh sau:
Chn gi tr meR sao cho m tho mn
(2m+a)x
2

+bx +c+m
2

= (ox+|)
2

(6.1)
Thc cht xy ra (6.1) th iu kin cn v l
b
2

-4(2m+a)(c+m
2

)=0
T gii phng trnh ny theo m th ta c th tm
c gi tr m cn tm.
Ta c x
4

=ax
2

+bx+c
x
4

+2mx
2

+m
2

=(2m+a)x
2

+bx +c+m
2

Vi cch chn gi tr m nh trn ta c th a v
dng (x
2

+m)
2

= (ox+|)
2

(x
2

-ox-|+m)(x
2

+ox+|+m)=0
y l phng trnh tch nn bn c th gii c d
dng
V d: Gii phng trnh: x
4

=6x
2

- 37x +3 (6.2)
Trc ht ta cn chn gi tr m sao cho
37-4(2m+6)(m
2

+3)=0
Phng trnh ny c mt nghim thc duy nht l
m=-
5
2

Nh trnh by trong phn cch gii (6) ta c
x
4

-5x
2

+
25
4
= x
2

- 37x+
37
4

\
|
.
|
|
x
2

-
5
2
2
=
\
|
.
|
|
x-
37
2
2

\
|
.
|
|
x
2

+x-
5
2
-
37
2
\
|
.
|
|
x
2

-x+
37
2
-
5
2
=0
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, , ,
1
2
11 2 37
2

1
2
11 2 37
2

1
2
11 2 37
2

1
2
11 2 37
2
Gii phng trnh tch ny ta c cc nghim l:

Ch i vi phng trnh x
4

=6x
2

+bx+3 th ta
chn gi tr m cn chn l m=
(b
2

-64)
1
3

2
-1
BI TP
Gii phng trnh sau
1. x
4

= 6x
2

+ 56x+3
2. x
4

=x
2

+2x-
19
5

3. Tm iu kin phng trnh sau c nghim
phn bit
x
4

= 6x
2

+ (8m
3

+64) x +3 (6.3)
4. Khi no th phng trnh (6.3) c 2 nghim dng
phn bit nm thuc vo [-2, 2]

- Th gii qu rng ln. Nhng con ngi b nh c
i mi, i mi trn khp cc con ng. Th ri tnh
c, hai trong s h gp nhau. Ni vi nhau vi cu
ri ri i. Gip nhau t cht tr thnh bn b.
Hay nhiu hn na, h li bn nhau, nng ta,
nng tm hn nhau. Bao nhiu phng n c th
xy ra. Ti cht hiu, tm thy mt ngi khin
tht tm mnh rung ng, yu thng khng tnh
ton, trao gi ht tt c b mt mi kh khn v
thing ling lm sao... (Dt vm Phan Hn Nhin)

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, 5 1 1 5
Dng 7 a(ax
2

+bx+c)
2

+b(ax
2

+bx+c) +c=x (7)

t t= ax
2

+bx+c khi ta c h phng trnh sau:
ax
2

+bx+c=t
at
2

+bt+c=x

Gii h phng trnh ny ta thu c nghim ca
phng trnh cho.
V d: Gii phng trnh sau:
(x
2

+3x-4)
2

+3(x
2

+3x-4) =x+4 (7.1)
t t=x
2

+3x-4 Khi ta c h phng trnh sau:
x
2

+3x-4=t
t
2

+3t-4=x
(7.2)
Gii h (7.2) bng cch ly phng trnh th nht tr
phng trnh th hai khi ta c
(x
2

-t
2

)+4(x-t)=0 (x-t)(x+t+4)=0
Vi t=x th ta c cc nghim l
Vi t=-x-4 th cc nghim l 0, 4
Vy phng trnh (7.1) c 4 nghim l
0, 4, 5-1, - 5-1

BI TP
1. (x
2

+4x+2)
2

+4(x
2

+4x+2)=x-2
2. (x
2

-4x+3)
2

-4x
2

+15x-9=0
Cho phng trnh (x
2

+5x+m)
2

+5x
2

+24x+6m=0
3. Gii phng trnh khi m=-12
4. Gii phng trnh khi m=-22
5. Gii v bin lun nghim ca phng trnh cho.
6. Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh cho c it
nht hai nghim dng phn bit.
Cho phng trnh sau:
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2m(2mx
2

+3x+m)
2

+6mx
2

+8x+4m=0
7. Gii phng trnh khi m=-
2
3

8. Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh cho ch c
hai nghim phn bit.
9. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim
(x
2

-2x+2)
2

+2(1-m)(x
2

-2x+2)+m
2

-2m+4=0

Yu Ton nht
Tng IMO-48 ln u tin t chc ti Vit Nam 7/2007
(Ti ch trch dn)

Bn i, Ton hc l g?
l th thut, l tinh khn!
L t duy lgic, ma lanh,
Gip cho i nhng gii php nhanh,
Rt ngn thi gian v u t cng ca,
thu v cuc sng optimal!

Chnh v th m ta yu!
Yu, yu nht sut i ta l Ton!
Ton cho ta mt bu tri tr tu,
Mt kho tng cha kha t duy.

H thng cng thc, nh l Ton l mt loi hoa,
N r hng ngy v p mi trong ta.
Song c bit chng khng bao gi tn li,
Ch c p thm, p thm, trn y sc sng!

Nay Ton yu ca ta c thm Tin cng lc
D yu Tin, ta vn yu Ton nht trn i!

H Ni, 30/7/2007

- Thnh cng c 99% l m hi v nc mt.
w w w .VNMATH.com
Dng 8: ax
2

+bx+c= px
2

+qx+r
trong aq=bp 0 v gi thit biu thc trong cn l
khng m

Vi loi ny ta c cch gii nh sau:
Vit phng trnh cho di dng:
a.
\
|
.
|
|
x
2

+
b
a
x+
c
a
= p x
2

+
q
p
x+
r
p
(8.1)
Khi t t = x
2

+
b
a
x= x
2

+
q
p
x (do aq=bp 0)
Phng trnh (8.1) c vit li l:
a
p

\
|
.
|
|
t+
c
a
= t+
r
p
(vic gii phng trnh ny d
dng hn ri bn nh !).
Tin hnh gii phng trnh ny ta c t ri t
suy ra nghim x ca phng trnh cho
V d Gii phng trnh sau
x
2

-3x+2= 2x
2

-6x+28 (8.2)
t t= x
2

-3x khi phng trnh cho vit li
nh sau:
t+2= 2 t+14
t+2>0
(t+2)
2

=2(t+14)
t

1
=4, t

2
=-6
Khi t=4 th ta c x
2

-3x =4 x

1
=-1, x

2
=4.
Khi t=-6 th ta c x
2

-3x=-6 phng trnh khng c
nghim thc.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim thc l -1, 4

BI TP
1. 2x
2

-3x+2= 4x
2

-6x+28
w w w .VNMATH.com
2. x
2

-7x +2= 2x
2

-14x+84
Cho phng trnh sau x
2

-7x+m - 3x
2

-21x+85 =0
3. Gii phng trnh khi m=19
4. Gii v bin lun theo m nghim ca phng
trnh.
Cho phng trnh 6x
2

-12x+5= 2x
2

-4x+m (8.3)
5. Gii phng trnh khi m= 85, m=2.
6. Gii phng trnh khi m=
119
72

7. Tm gi tr m phng trnh (8.3)ch c hai
nghim m hai nghim u dng.
8. Tm gi tr ca m phng trnh (8.3) c bn
nghim phn bit.
- Cuc i lm nh gio l hin dng sc lc, tr tu, ti
nng, sc sng cho lp lp hc sinh. l mt cuc i
nng nhc, mn mi tri tim, l nhng m khng ng, l
nhng si tc bc. l mt cuc sng vt v nht nhng
vui ti nht, l mt sng to y hi hp. Chng ta sng
to ra con ngi v chnh v th l mt nim hnh phc
ln lao, mt hnh phc chn chnh. Lao ng ca chng ta
l lao ng khng c g so snh ni, l lao ng t nm ny
qua nm khc, l s nghip trm nm trng ngi. Bi vy,
ngh gio l nhng ngh cao qu. tr thnh mt nh
gio u t phi c mt tnh yu v hn i vi lao ng, c
nng lc chuyn mn, c tinh thn sng khoi, c tr tu
sng sut, c tm hn cao p nhng li ging vang ln
khng phi l nhng m thanh trng rng m chnh l
ngun mch nui ln tm hn v tr tu hc sinh.
- Hn ti mi mi chy bng, hn ti mi mi vun xi v
nng niuNu c kip sau, ti xin c lm thy gio di
bu tri Vit Nam.
(Nhng li trn l ca thy trng Khoa Vn trng HSP
Hu trong dp k nim ngy nh gio Vit Nam(20-11-2009)
w w w .VNMATH.com
Dng 9
1
f(x)+a
2
+
1
f(x)+b
2
= c
(9)
Gi s cc biu thc mu lun khc khng.
Vi loi ny ta t X= f(x)+
a+b
2
v =
b-a
2
khi
phng trnh cho c vit li nh sau:
1
X-
2
+
1
X+
2
= c
Tin hnh quy ng mu ta c phng trnh sau:
cX
4

-2(c
2

+1)X
2

+ c
4

-2
2

=0 (9.1)
Phng trnh (9.1) l mt phng trnh trng phng
theo X m bn c th gii c d dng .
Khi tm c X = X

0
l nghim th da vo cch t
X ta a phng trnh cho v dng:
f(x) +
a+b
2
=X

0

Lc ny bn c th tm c x d dng bng cch
gii phng trnh trn.
Lu : Dng phng trnh
k
f(x)+a
2
+
k
f(x)+b
2
=c ta
lun a v c dng phng trnh (9)

V d: Gii phng trnh:
1
sin(x)-1
2
+
1
sin(x)-2
2
=
40
9
(9.2)

t t=sin(x)-
3
2
khi phng trnh (9.2) vit li
nh sau:
w w w .VNMATH.com
\
|
.
|
|
1
t+
1
2
2
+
\
|
.
|
|
1
t-
1
2
2
=
40
9
18t
2

+
9
2
= 40t
4

-20t
2

+
5
2

40t
4

-38t
2

-2= 0 t

1
=-1, t

2
=1
Vi t=-1 sin(x)=
1
2
x= (-1)
k

t
6
+ kt (keZ)
Vi t=1 sin(x)=
5
2
( v nghim)
Vy phng trnh cho c h nghim l
x= (-1)
k

t
6
+ kt (keZ)
BI TP
1.
\
|
.
|
| 1
x
2

-3
2
+
\
|
.
|
| 1
x
2

-2
2
=
5
4

2.
\
|
.
|
| 3
2cos
2

(x)-2
2
+
\
|
.
|
| 3
2sin
2

(x)+1
2
=40
3.
\
|
.
|
| 4
e
2x

+1
2
+
\
|
.
|
| 4
e
2x

+3
2
=5
4.
\
|
.
|
| 3
x+4 x-2
2
+
\
|
.
|
| 3
x+4 x-6
2
=10
Cho phng trnh
\
|
.
|
| 12
x
2

-3x+5
2
+
\
|
.
|
| 12
x
2

-3x+6
2
=m (9.3)
5. Gii phng trnh khi m=25.
6. Bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh (9.3).
- Bn v ti cng chung mc ch, l tng th t phi i
chung trn mt con ng...ri cui cng s gp nhau.
- ng s hi khi bn phi i u vi mt i th mnh
hn, m phi vui mng v bn c c hi chin u
ht mnh.

w w w .VNMATH.com
Dng 10 (Phng trnh phn phng)
ax
4

+bx
3

+cx
2

bx+a=0 (a 0) (10)

Vi loi ny ta c nhn xt x=0 khng phi l
nghim ca phng trnh cho
Khi x 0 th ta chia hai v xa phng trnh cho x
2

khi ta c ax
2

+bx+c
b
x
+
a
x
2

=0
a
\
|
.
|
|
x
1
x
2
+b
\
|
.
|
|
x
1
x
+c 2=0
t t= x
1
x
khi ta c phng trnh mi
at
2

+bt +c 2=0 (10.1)
Vic gii phng trnh (10.1) l d dng, tm c t
sau da vo cch t t ta suy ra x.
V d: Gii phng trnh x
4

-4x
3

+x
2

+4x+1= 0
Nhn xt x=0 khng phi l nghim ca phng
trnh cho.
Vi x 0, th ta chia hai v ca phng trnh
cho x
2

khi ta c
\
|
.
|
|
x-
1
x
2
-4
\
|
.
|
|
x-
1
x
+3=0
t t=x-
1
x
lc ta c phng trnh
t
2

-4t+3=0 t

1
=1, t

2
=3
Vi t=1 th ta c phng trnh
w w w .VNMATH.com
x
2

-x-1=0 x

1
=
1+ 5
2
, x

2
=
1- 5
2

x
2

-3x-1=0 x

3
=
3+ 13
2
, x

4
=
3- 13
2

Vy phng trnh cho c bn nghim
x

1
=
1+ 5
2
, x

2
=
1- 5
2
, x

3
=
3+ 13
2
, x

4
=
3- 13
2

BI TP
Gii phng trnh
1. 9x
4

-9x
3

-52x
2

-9x+9=0
2. x
4

+ 2x
3

-6x
2

-2x+1=0
3. x
4

+10x
3

+26x
2

+10x+1=0
Cho phng trnh x
4

+5x
3

+mx
2

+5x+1=0 (10.2)
4. Gii phng trnh khi m=-12.
5. Gii v bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh.
6. Cho phng trnh sau
x
4

- (m+1)x
3

+(m+2)x
2

- (m+1)x+1=0
Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
7. Cho phng trnh sau
x
4

+mx
3

+x
2

+mx +1=0
Tm m phng trnh c t nht hai nghim m khc
nhau.
8. Bit phng trnh x
4

-bx
3

- cx
2

- bx+1=0 c nghim
Chng minh rng: b
2

+(c+2)
2

>3
Con ng pha trc vn cn nhiu kh khn ,
nhng quan trng ta c bn lnh vt qua hay
khng ? Chnh nim am m s gp thm sc mnh
cho ta
w w w .VNMATH.com
Dng 11 (Phng trnh hi quy)
ax
4

+bx
3

+cx
2

dx+k=0 (11) trong kb
2

=ad
2

y ch xt trng hp k 0, cn khi k=0 th
phng trnh suy bin v phng trnh bc ba.
Vi loi ny ta c cch gii nh sau
Trc ht thun tin ta t o=
d
b
=
k
a

Ta c nhn xt x=0 khng phi l nghim ca
phng trnh (11).
Vi x 0, ta chia hai v ca phng trnh (11) cho
x
2

th thu c phng trnh sau:
ax
2

+bx +c
d
x
+
k
x
2

=0
a
\
|
.
|
|
x
2

+
o
2

x
2

+b
\
|
.
|
|
x
o
x
+c =0
a
\
|
.
|
|
x
o
x
2
+b
\
|
.
|
|
x
o
x
+c 2ao=0
t t= x
o
x
khi ta c phng trnh bc hai
at
2

+bt+c 2ao=0 Vic gii phng trnh ny ta c
th thc hin d dng. Tm c t t ta tm
c x da vo cch t t.

V d: Gii phng trnh: x
4

+x
3

-8x
2

+2x+4=0
Nhn xt x=0 khng phi l nghim ca phng
trnh cho.
w w w .VNMATH.com
Tin hnh chia hai v ca phng trnh cho cho
x
2

khi ta thu c:
x
2

+
4
x
2

+
x+
2
x
-8=0
t t= x+
2
x
lc ta s c c phng trnh l:
t
2

+t-12=0 t

1
=3, t

2
=-4
x
2

-3x+2=0 x

1
=1, x

2
=2
Vi t= -4 th ta c phng trnh
x
2

+4x+2=0 x

3
=-2+ 2 , x

4
=-2- 2
Vy phng trnh cho c bn nghim thc l:
x

1
=1, x

2
=2, x

3
=-2+ 2 , x

4
=-2- 2

BI TP
1. 4x
4

+2x
3

-8x
2

+3x+9=0
2. x
4

+ x
3

-8x
2

-3x+9=0
Cho phng trnh x
4

+x
3

+mx
2

+2x+4=0
3. Tm m phng trnh cho c bn nghim
phn bit.
4. Tm m phng trnh c mt s l nghim.
Cho phng trnh 9x
4

+3x
3

-2m
2

x
2

+4x+16=0
5. Gii phng trnh khi m=4
6. Gii phng trnh khi m= 12-2 3 , m= 12+ 3
7. Tm m phng trnh c mt s chn nghim.
8. Khi no th phng trnh c mt s chn nghim

- Chng c g ng gi bng n ci v tnh yu thng ca bn b.
- Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing.
w w w .VNMATH.com
PHNG TRNH BC BA TNG QUT
AX
3
+BX
2
+CX+D=0(A 0) (12)
Sau y ti xin cung cp cho bn mt ci nhn tng qut
hn v phng trnh bc ba.
Trc ht ta ch rng phng trnh (12) lun lun
c a v dng x
3

+ax
2

+bx+c=0 (12.1) nn ta ch
cn xt phng trnh ny.
t x=t-
a
3
khi phng trnh (12.1) c a v
dng
t-
a
3
3
+a
t-
a
3
2
+b
t-
a
3
+c=0
t
3

+
b-
a
2

3
t +
2a
3

27
-
ab
3
+c
=0
t p= b-
a
2

3
, q=
2a
3

27
-
ab
3
+c khi ta c phng
trnh t
3

+pt+q=0 (12.2)
TH1: Nu p=0 th ta c phng trnh t
3

+q=0 t=-
3
q
Tc l gii c nn ta khng cn xt tip na
TH2: Nu p>0 th ta t t =
p
3
u khi (12.2) vit li
l:
p
3
u
3
+p
p
3
u +q=0 u
3

+3u=
-3 3q
p p

t m=
-3 3q
p p
khi ta c phng trnh u
3

+3u = m
w w w .VNMATH.com
TH3: Nu p<0 th ta t t=
-p
3
u khi (12.2) vit li
l:
-p
3
u
3
+ p
-p
3
u +q=0 u
3

-3u =
3 3q
p -p

t m=
3 3q
p -p
th ta c phng trnh l u
3

-3u =m
Kt lun:
Mi phng trnh bc ba lun lun c th a v dng
x
3

+3x=m hoc x
3

-3x=m
Ta c th hm y=x
3

+3x nh sau

Da vo th ta nhn xt phng trnh x
3

+3x=m c
duy nht nghim.
w w w .VNMATH.com
th hm s y= x
3

-3x

Da vo th ta c nhn xt phng trnh x
3

-3x=m
C ba nghim phn bit nu -2 < m < 2
C mt nghim nu m > 2 hoc m<-2
C hai nghim nu m=-2 hoc m=2
Gii phng trnh x
3

+3x=m
T ng thc
a-
1
a
3
+3
a-
1
a
= a
3

-
1
a
3

w w w .VNMATH.com
Nn ta suy ra phng trnh x
3

+3x =a -
1
a
c mt
nghim duy nht l x =
3
a -
1
3
a

Xt phng trnh x
3

+3x =m v ta t m= a-
1
a
khi ta
chon mt gi tr a tho mn l
Vic chn a chnh l gii phng trnh bc hai
a
2

-ma-1=0 a

1
=
m+ m
2

+4
2
a

2
=
m- m
2

+4
2

ta chn gi tr no trong hai gi tr trn cng c, gi
s chn a

1

Khi ta c phng trnh:
x
3

+3x =
m+ m
2

+4
2
-
1
m+ m
2

+4
2

x =
3
m+ m
2

+4
2
-
1
3
m+ m
2

+4
2

Gii phng trnh x
3

-3x=m
Trng hp 1: m >2 hoc m < -2
T ng thc
a+
1
a
3
- 3
a+
1
a
=a
3

+
1
a
3

cng lm tng
t nh gii phng trnh x
3

+3x=m ta tm c nghim
l:
w w w .VNMATH.com
x=
3
m+ m
2

-4
2
-
1
3
m+ m
2

-4
2

Trng hp 2:
Nu m=2 th r rng phng trnh x
3

-3x=m c hai
nghim l x

1
=-1, x

2
=2.
Nu m=-2 th phng trnh x
3

-3x=m c hai
nghim l x

1
=1, x

2
= -2.
Trng hp 3: -2 < m<2
Trc tin ta chng minh xe (-2,2) me (-2,2)
Tht vy, ta t x=2cos th phng trnh tr thnh
8cos
3

- 6cos = m 2(4cos
3

- 3cos)= m
2cos3 = m me (-2,2) (pcm)
Vy trong trng hp ny th ta t x=2cos
e(0,t) lc ny phng trnh x
3

-3x=m s c dng l
2cos3 = m cos3 =
m
2

t coso=
m
2
oe(0,t) khi ta c =
o
3
+
k2t
3
(keZ)
Vy nghim ca phng trnh x
3

-3x=m trong trng
hp ny l:
x

1
= 2cos
o
3
, x

2
= 2cos
\
|
.
|
|
o
3
+
2t
3
, x

3
= 2cos
\
|
.
|
|
o
3
+
4t
3

trong coso=
m
2
oe(0,t).
Qu trnh gii phng trnh bc ba tng qut ta phi i
theo cc bc nh trn. Sau da vo cch t cc
bin m ta suy ra nghim ca phng trnh ban u.
- Ti t duy c ngha l ti tn ti!
w w w .VNMATH.com
V d: Gii phng trnh x
3

+2x
2

+3x +4=0 (12.3)

Hng dn:
Bng cch t x = t -
2
3
ta a phng trnh cho
v dng t
3

+
5
3
t +
70
27
=0. (12.4)
Bng cch t t=
5
3
X ta c th a (12.4) v dng
X
3

+3X =
-14
5
(12.5)
Phng trnh (12.4) c duy nht nghim (v c dng 3x
3

+3x=m) v nh trnh by phn gii phng trnh
tng qut ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh (12.5) l
X=
3
3 6-7
5
-
1
3
3 6-7
5

Vy nghim ca phng trnh (12.3) l:
x =
5
3
3
3 6-7
5
-
1
3
3 6-7
5
-
2
3

By gi bn c th th sc mnh vi cc bi sau:
Gii phng trnh:
1. x
3

+3x
2

+4x+5=0
2. x
3

+4x
2

+2x+5=0
3. x
3

- 6x+ 4 2 =0
4. 72x
3

-108x
2

-18x+ 27+8 6 =0
w w w .VNMATH.com
PHNG TRNH TNG QUT BC BN
AX
4
+BX
3
+CX
2
+DX+E=0(A 0) (13)
Trc ht ta ch rng phng trnh (13) lun c th
c a v dng x
4

+ax
3

+bx
2

+cx+d=0 (13.1) nn ta
ch cn xt phng trnh ny.
Khi a
2

+b
2

+c
2

=0 th ta d dng tm c nghim ca
phng trnh.
Khi a
2

+b
2

+c
2

0
t x= y-
a
4
khi phng trnh (13.1) c vit li
nh sau:
\
|
.
|
|
y-
a
4
4
+a
\
|
.
|
|
y-
a
4
3
+ b
\
|
.
|
|
y-
a
4
2
+c
\
|
.
|
|
y-
a
4
+d=0
y
4

+
\
|
.
|
|
b-
3a
3

8
y
2

+
\
|
.
|
| a
3

8
+
ab
2
+c
y+
\
|
.
|
| ba
2

16
-
3a
4

256
-
ac
4
+d
=0
t p= b -
3a
3

8
q=
a
3

8
+
ab
2
+c r =
ba
2

16
-
3a
4

256
-
ac
4
+d
Khi ta a v phng trnh
y
4

+ py
2

+ qy+r = 0

\
|
.
|
|
y
2

+
p
2
+
2
-
(
(
2y
2

-qy+
\
|
.
|
|
2

+p-r+
p
2

4
=0 (13.2)
By gi ta t ra yu cu l chn gi tr biu thc
2y
2

-qy +
\
|
.
|
|
2

+p-r+
p
2

4
(13.3) l bnh phng ng.
Thc cht qu trnh chn gi tr chnh l i tm
A = q
2

- 8
\
|
.
|
|
2

+p-r+
p
2

4
=0 (13.4)
Phng trnh (13.4) l mt phng trnh bc ba theo
bin do phng trnh (13.4) c t nht mt nghim
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(gii phng trnh bc ba tng qut trnh by phn
trc). V vy, ta lun tm c gi tr tho mn yu
cu m t ra.
Gi s =

0
l gi tr lm cho biu thc (13.3) tr thnh
bnh phng ng. Khi
2

0
y
2

-qy +
\
|
.
|
|

0
2
+p

0
-r+
p
2

4
=
(
(
2

0
\
|
.
|
|
y-
q
4

0
2

Nn phng trnh (13.2) c vit li nh sau
\
|
.
|
|
y
2

+
p
2
+

0
2
-
(
(
2

0
\
|
.
|
|
y-
q
4

0
2
= 0

\
|
.
|
|
y
2

+
p
2
+

0
2
=
(
(
2

0
\
|
.
|
|
y-
q
4

0
2

\
|
.
|
|
y
2

- 2

0
y+
p
2
+

0
+
q
2 2

0 \
|
.
|
|
y
2

+ 2

0
y+
p
2
+

0
-
q
2 2

0
=0

y
2

- 2

0
y+
p
2
+

0
+
q
2 2

0
=0
y
2

+ 2

0
y+
p
2
+

0
-
q
2 2

0
=0
(13.5)
A

1
=
-2

0
2

-2

0
p- 2

0
q

0
A

2
=
-2

0
2

-2

0
p+ 2

0
q

0

By gi ta s i vo cc trng hp c th:
a) A

1
<0 v A

2
<0 th phng trnh v nghim.
b) A

1
=0 v A

2
<0 hoc A

1
<0 v A

2
=0 th phng trnh
c mt nghim kp y=
2

0
2
hoc y= -
2

0
2

c) A

1
>0 v A

2
<0
A

1
<0 v A

2
>0
A

1
=0 v A

2
=0
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Trong c ba trng hp ny phng trnh c hai nghim
trong hai trng hp u hai nghim ca phng
trnh l nghim n trng hp th ba l hai ngim kp.

d)

1
>0 v

2
=0

1
=0 v

2
>0
Trong hai trng hp ny phng trnh c ba nghim
trong c mt nghim l nghim kp v hai nghim
n.
e)

1
>0 v

2
>0, trong trng hp ny phng trnh c
bn nghim phn bit( bn nghim n).
y

1
=
2

0
+ -2

0
2

- 2

0
q-2

0
p
2

0

y

2
=
2

0
- -2

0
2

- 2

0
q-2

0
p
2

0

y

3
= -
2

0
- -2

0
2

+ 2

0
q-2

0
p
2

0

y

4
= -
2

0
+ -2

0
2

+ 2

0
q-2

0
p
2

0

Ch rng: Do a, b,c khng ng thi bng khng nn theo
cch t q th q 0 do theo phng trnh (13.4) th gi
tr

0
0.V vy cc biu thc trn lun xc nh.
Sau khi tm hiu mt cch tng qut v phng trnh
bc bn th bn c th th vi mt s v d nh sau
1) x
4

+2x
3

-23x
2

+12x+5=0
2) x
4

+2x
3

+3x
2

+4x+5=0
3) x
4

+2x
3

+3x
2

+4x+5=0
4) x
4

+2x
3

+3x
2

+4x+2=0
5) x
4

+5x
3

-20x
2

+12x-2=0
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Ph lc mt s nh ton hc c cng trong vic
gii cc phng trnh bc hai, bc ba, bc bn v
cao hn

Franois Vite Niccolo Tartaglia

Carl Friedrich Gauss Evariste Galois

Niels Henrik Abel

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