Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

LI NI U
Bi ging mn Trc c c bin son tng hp t nhiu sch v gio trnh ca nhiu tc gi nhm phc v cho vic ging dy mn Trc c cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut nh: Cng thn, Thy cng, C kh, Qun l t ai .v.v... Bi ging nhm trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v o v bn . Ni dung bi ging gm c 14 chng nh sau: Chng I: M u & nhng kin thc c bn v trc a Chng II: Khi nim v sai s o c Chng III: nh hng ng thng Chng IV: o chiu di Chng V: o cao Chng VI: o gc Chng VII: Li khng ch Chng VIII: o v bn t l ln Chng IX: S dng bn a hnh Chng X: Cc yu t c bn trong b tr cng trnh Chng XI: o c xy dng Chng XII: o c cng trnh giao thng Chng XIII: o c cng trnh thy li Chng XIV: o bin dng v chuyn dch cng trnh.

Bi c son t nhiu gio trnh nn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Tc gi rt mong nhng kin ng gp, ph bnh ca cc bn ng nghip v cc bn sinh vin c tham kho bi ging ny.

Cn Th, ngy 22 thng 9 nm 2005 Tc gi Bi Quang Tuyn Nguyn Phc Cng Trn V An

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trc a i cng. Nguyn Tn Lc - Trn Tn Lc - L Hon Sn - o Xun Lc. NXB H. Bch Khoa TP. HCM nm 1996. 2. Trc a. Nguyn Quang Tc. NXB Xy Dng - H Ni nm 1998. 3. Trc a. o Duy Lim - Hu Hinh - L Duy Ng - Nguyn Trng San. NXB Gio Dc - H Ni nm 1992. 4. S Tay Trc a Cng Trnh. Phm Vn Chuyn - L Vn Hng - Phn Khang. NXB Khoa Hc k Thut - H Ni nm 1996. 5. o c Cng Trnh. inh Thanh Tnh - Bi c Tin. NXB Khoa Hc k Thut - H Ni nm 1979. 6. Trc a v Bn K Thut S. Nguyn Th Thn - Nguyn Hc Dng. NXB Gio Dc - nm 1999. 7. Trc a i cng. Nguyn Vn Chuyn NXB Xy Dng 2003. 8. Trc a c s. Nguyn Trng San NXB Xy Dng 2002. 9. Trc a i cng. Hong Xun Thnh NXB Xy Dng 2005 10. Trc a Xy Dng thc hnh. V Thng NXB Xy Dng 2002 11. Hng dn thc hnh Trc a i cng. Phm Vn Chuyn NXB GTVT 2005 12. Hng dn gii bi tp Trc a i cng. V Thng NXB KH&KT 2000

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

PHN I:
CHNG I:

M U & NHNG KIN THC C BN V TRC A

I. M U: I.1. Khi qut v trc a: I.1.1. nh ngha: Trc c l mn khoa hc v tri t c nhim v xc nh hnh dng v kch thc ca qu t v th hin mt phn b mt tri t di dng bn , bnh mt ct .... I.1.2. Phn cp: Ty theo phm vi v mc ch o v, trc c cn chia ra nhiu ngnh hp : - Trc a cao cp : nghin cu hnh dng v kch thc qu t, nghin cu s chuyn ng ngang v chuyn ng ng ca lp v qu t, xc nh ta v cao cc a im trc a c bn ca mi quc gia lm c s cho vic thnh lp bn cho ring mi nc. V khu vc o v rt rng ln nn phi xt n cong ca mt t. - Trc a ph thng : nghin cu vic o v bn mt khu vc nh trn mt t, v khu vc nh nn c th mt t y nh l mt phng, do vic tnh ton s n gin hn. - Trc a cng trnh : nghin cu vic xy dng li trc a c s phc v thit k v thi cng cng trnh, lp bnh t l ln v mt ct phc v cng tc thit k, hng dn thi cng lp rp phn v v rut cng trnh, lp bn v nghim thu, quan st s bin dng ca cng trnh. - Trc a nh : nghin cu cc phng php chp nh v khai thc cc nh chuyn thnh lp bn a hnh. - Bn hc : nghin cu vic thnh lp cc loi bn chuyn . Phn gio trnh ny nhm mc ch cung cp cho sinh vin cc ngnh xy dng thy li, giao thng, kin trc ... mt s kin thc c bn v trc a ph thng v trc a cng trnh, tc l nhng kin thc v o v bn t l ln ca mt khu vc nh, ng thi cng cung cp nhng kin thc v trc a phc v xy dng v thi cng cng trnh. gii quyt nhiu nhim v khoa hc k thut khc nhau, trc a s dng nhng kin thc thuc cc ngnh khoa hc khc nh: ton, thin vn, a mo, a cht, chp nh, tin hc I.2. Nhim v v vai tr ca mn hc: - i vi x hi Thnh qu ca mn hc trc c c ngha khoa hc v thc tin rt ln i vi nn kinh t quc dn. Cc loi bn , bnh l c s th hin kt qu nghin cu ca cc ngnh a cht, a l, a vt l, a mo ... cc loi bn a hnh rt cn thit cho cc cng tc qui hoch, phn b lc lng lao ng, thm d khai thc v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, cn thit cho vic thit k cc loi cng trnh, qui hoch t ai, t chc sn xut nng nghip, xy dng h thng ti tiu trn ng rung. S pht trin ca nn i cng nghip trong c ngnh in nng, luyn kim ... c cho ngnh trc a cng trnh nhiu nhim v: Trc c phi i u trong vic kho st, thi cng, lp rp, v nghim thu cc cng trnh xy dng. - Trong quy hoch, thit k v xy dng cng trnh: i vi ngnh xy dng, trc c lun gi v tr quan trng hng u, c th thy r iu ny khi nghin cu cc giai on thc hin mt cng trnh: mt con ng quc l, mt chic cu, mt trm thy in, mt chung c.... 3

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

thc hin c mt cng trnh trn mt t, cng vic phi ln lt tri qua 5 giai on qui hoch, kho st, thit k, thi cng v nghim thu: - giai on qui hoch : th d qui hoch thy li ngi k s phi s dng nhng bn t l nh, trn s vch ra cc phng n xy dng cng trnh, vch ra k hoch tng qut nht v khai thc v s dng cng trnh. - giai on kho st : ngi k s phi bit xut cc yu cu o v bn t l ln ti nhng khu vc giai on qui hoch d kin xy dng cng trnh. - giai on thit k : ngi k s phi c kin thc v trc c tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh trn bn , v cc mt ct a hnh. - giai on thi cng : ngi k s phi c kin thc v kinh nghim v cng tc trc c a cng trnh thit k ra mt t, theo di tin thi cng hng ngay. - giai on nghim thu v qun l cng trnh : l giai on cui cng, ngi k s phi c hiu bit v cng tc o c kim tra li v tr, kch thc ca cng trnh xy dng, p dng mt s phng php trc lng theo di s bin dng ca cng trnh trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng. - i vi cng tc qun l ti nguyn thin nhin: Cc loi bn a hnh rt cn thit cho cng tc thm d, s dng v qun l cc ti nguyn thin nhin. Cng tc t chc qun l v khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ca mt quc gia. I.3. Lch s pht trin ca ngnh trc a: I.3.1. Trn th gii: S pht sinh v pht trin ca ngnh trc c gn lin vi qu trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Trc CN ngi Ai cp thng phi phn chia li t ai sau nhng trn l lt ca sng Nil, xc nh li ranh gii gia cc b tc, do ngi ta sng to ra phng php o t. Thut ng trc a theo ting Hy lp (geodesie) cng c ngha l phn chia t ai v khoa hc v trc a ra i t . Tri qua nhiu thi i, cng vi nhng pht minh pht trin khng ngng ca khoa hc v k thut, mn hc v trc a ngy cng pht trin. Nhng pht minh ra knh vin vng, kim nam chm, logarit, tam gic cu .. to iu kin vng chc cho s pht trin ca ngnh trc c Trong nhng thp k gn y, nhng thnh tu mi v khoa hc k thut lm cho ngnh trc a c mt bc pht trin mnh, thay i v cht: nhng k thut thm d t xa (vin thm) cho php thnh lp bn t nh chp my bay, v tinh. Nhiu nc cng nghip pht trin ch to ra nhng my trc a kch thc nh, nhng c nhiu tnh nng hay v kt hp gia phn c v phn in t lm cho my o c tr nn nh gn chnh xc cao v nhiu tnh nng hn. Vic dng my tnh in t gii cc bi ton trc a c khi lng ln, vic s dng cc nh chp t v tinh hay cc con tu v tr thnh lp bn a hnh l nhng thnh tu mi nht ca khoa hc c p dng trong ngnh trc a. I.3.2. Trong nc: nc ta ngnh trc a pht trin t lu, nhn dn ta p dng nhng hiu bit v trc lng vo sn xut, quc phng: nhng cng trnh xy dng c nh thnh C loa l mt minh chng v s hiu bit trc lng ca nhn dn ta. u th k 20 sau khi thn tnh v lp nn h, ngi php tin hnh cng tc o v bn ton ng Dng nhm mc ch khai thc tt ti nguyn vng ny. Vic o c c tin hnh rt qui m, p dng cc phng php o khoa hc v cc my mc o c cht lng cao, nhng bn , nhng h s cn lu tr ni ln iu . Trong thi khng chin chng thc dn, cng tc trc a ch yu phc v cho mc ch qun s nh trc a pho binh, cng binh, trinh st ... Sau khi cuc khng chin thnh cng, nh nc ta rt quan tm n cng tc trc a, Cc o c bn nh nc c ra i nm 1959 nh du mt bc trng thnh ca ngnh trc a Vit nam.

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

i ng nhng ngi lm cng tc trc a cng ngy cng ln mnh. Trc nm 1960 t ch trong nc ch c vi chc k thut vin c o to trong thi k Php thuc ang lm vic trong cc ngnh giao thng, thy li, xy dng... ti nay i ng cc cn b trc a ln ti hng ngn ngi t mi trnh : s cp, trung cp, k s, tin s v trc a. Song song vi vic c ngi i hc nc ngoi, nh nc quyt nh m kha K s Trc a u tin ti Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni vo nm 1962. Hin nay khoa Trc a Trng i hc M a cht l mt trung tm ln nht trn c nc v o to v nghin cu khoa hc v chuyn ngnh ny. Vic o to khng ngng li bc i hc m bt u o to cn b Trc a sau i hc. Cc o c bn nh nc l c quan c chc nng o v bn ton quc ban hnh cc qui phm Trc a chung cho ton quc. Cc b ngnh cng c nhng t chc trc a ring, phc v cho cng tc o v bn t l ln nhm p ng yu cu cng tc thit k, thi cng v qun l cng trnh cho n v mnh. I.4. Cng tc Trc c i vi K s Xy dng: Trong xy dng c th lp cc t thc hin cng tc o c theo cc hnh thc sau: * i hoc t Trc a chuyn nghip trc thuc ban ch huy cng trng, thc hin tt c cc cng tc Trc lng, K s Xy dng c nhim v duyt k honh, d ton chi ph v kim tra qui trnh thc hin cng tc Trc a ca n v. Hnh thc ny thng c p dng cho nhng cng trnh ln, phc tp nh khu cng ngh, khu trm thy in ... * i hoc t trc a chuyn nghip thc hin cc dng cng tc Trc a phc tp, cn K s v Trung cp Xy dng tin hnh cng tc Trc lng n gin hn, ng thi c nhim v nh nhng mc trn. Hnh thc ny thng c p dng cho nhng cng trnh xy dng nh trong thnh ph. * Tt c cc cng tc Trc c u K s hay Trung cp Xy dng m nhn. Hnh thc ny ch p dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng n gin, nh. Ty theo tng cng v m nhn m ngi K s Xy dng c nhng nhim v khc nhau nh dng cng, d tr kinh ph, tin hnh cng tc o kim tra, nghim thu hoc trc tip lm cng tc o. V th, khi cn i hc, Sinh vin ngnh Xy dng phi trang b nhng kin thc ti thiu c th t mnh tin hnh o v bnh khu vc mt cng trnh xy dng loi nh, tin hnh cng tc b tr cng trnh vi chnh xc va, ng thi phi thng hiu ngha ni dung ca cng tc o v c bn trong xy dng c kh nng tham gia vo duyt cng, k hoch thc hin, d tr kinh ph v theo di cng tc ca cc n v Trc a chuyn nghip. I.5. Cc dng cng tc Trc c trong Xy dng: Cc giai on kho st thit k, thi cng v vn hnh cng trnh u cn ti cng tc trc c hoc nhng thnh qu ca n. * Cc cng tc u c xy dng theo cn bn thit k. Nu s dng cc bn thit k nh hnh th cng tc thit k tin hnh thnh hai giai on: thit k nhim v v bn v thi cng. lp bn thit k nhim v phi tin hnh kho st kinh t k thut, trong c kho st Trc c m ch yu l vic lp bnh t l ln 1/10.000; 1/5.000, lp thit k k thut v bn v phi c bnh t l 1/2000; 1/1000. * Trong cng tc qui hoch, c qui hoch mt bng v qui hoch cao. Qui hoch mt bng c tin hnh bng phng php gii tch da vo cc cng trnh c, trong cao v ta cc gc nh v cng trnh c xc nh t cc mc trc a. Phng php gii da vo cc s liu o trc tip trn bnh a hnh. Qui hoch cao v tnh ton khi lng o p c tin hnh trn bnh v mt ct a hnh. * Trc c thi cng cng trnh c tin hnh theo hai giai on: - Thi cng trc chnh v trc c bn. - Thi cng cc trc ph v cc yu t thnh phn cng trnh. 5

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Cc trc chnh v trc c bn c b tr da vo cc mc trc a. Cc trc ny v sau s l c s thi cng cc trc ph v cc chi tit cng trnh. Cn ch l cht lng thi cng ph thuc rt ln vo cng tc o dc. * Sau khi hon thnh cng trnh cn t chc o v nghim thu lp tng bnh hon cng cn thit cho vic vn hnh cng trnh. * Vic quan st bin dng cng trnh (ln) bng cc phng php Trc c phi tin hnh mt cch c h thng t lc o mng cho n qu trnh vn hnh. II. NHNG KIN THC C BN V TRC A: II.1. Mc thy chun gc: Mt ngoi ca qu t c dng gh gh, bao gm cc i dng v lc a, trong bin chim ti 71%; cn lc a ch c 29%. Ni Mc nc bin yn lng ko di xuyn qua cc lc a v hi o to thnh mt mt cong kn gi l mc nc gc. Mc nc gc c tnh cht thng gc vi phng ca dy di.

Bin Hnh I.1

Sng

Trong ngnh Trc a, mc nc gc hay cn gi l mc thy chun c dng lm mt chiu khi o lp bn v cng c dng lm mt so snh cao gia cc im trn mt t. Mi Quc gia u qui c mt mt thy chun c cao l 0m cho nc v c gi l mt thy chun gc, n c dng lm c s so snh cao trn ton b lnh th ca nc . Th d Vit Nam dng mt thy chun gc Hn Du, Sn. cao ca mt im trn mt t l khong cch tnh theo ng dy di t im ti mt thy chun gc. Nhng im nm pha trn mt nc gc c cao dng (+) v d im A, B. Nhng im nm pha di mt nc gc c cao m (-) v d im C. Khong cch t A ti mt nc gc l HA: l cao tuyt i ca im A. Khong cch t A ti mt h l HA/: c gi l cao tng i ca im A ti mt h.

A
HA/ H HA - H B

HA HB

Mc nc gc Bin

Mc nc gc ca qu t

Hnh I.2 Chnh lch cao gia A v B l on HA - HB : c gi l hiu cao gia A v B v c k hiu bng: hAB.

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Bn ca Vit Nam u dng h thng cao ly t mt thy chun gc Sn. Khi o v nhng khu vc ho lnh c din tch nh, chng ta c th dng mt nc gc gi nh, tc l dng h thng cao gi nh. Lc y ton b cao tnh c gi l cao tng i. Mc nc gi nh l mc nc song song vi gc v s c cao chn. V d khi o v bn mt khu vc ho lnh, ngi ta c th gn cho mt im c bit no mt cao ty v t mi im trong cng trng u ly cao t im va cho trn. S phn b vt cht trong lng lp t khng ng u v lun thay i cng vi vn tc v v tr trc quay cng lun thay i nn hnh dng ca qu t cng lun thay i khng theo mt dng ton hc no. a b tin gii cc bi ton Trc a, ta c th coi nh mc nc gc c dng bu dc hi dt hai cc. Mt bu u xoay c c trng bng bn knh ln a v bn knh nh b v dt . Dng bu dc a b ca qu t = a c mt bu dc xoay gn ging vi mt nc gc Hnh I.3 Quc gia mnh th mi nc u chn mt mt elipsoit cc b. Hnh bu dc xoay c ngha quc t nht l do nh bc hc Nga Krasowski tm ra nm 1940 vi kt qu: a = 6378245m = 1/298,3 v R = 6371,11 km b = 6356.863m II.2. nh hng cong ca qu t ti cng tc o c: Mt mt cu khi c khai trin thnh mt mt phng lun b rch hay b nhn. Khi biu din qu t hnh cu ln t giy phng, tt nhin cng xut hin nhng bin dng. Nhng bin dng ny s to ra cc sai lch m ta s ln lt xt ti sau y: t A C II.2.1. Dn n sai s khong cch trn b mt tri t. h d Xt hai im A v B cng nm trn mc B thy chun ca qu t; khong cch d trn mt t c biu din bng b di cung AB. Nu coi mt thy chun l mt phng th R khong cch gia A v b l chiu di tip tuyn AC = t. Sai s v khong cch do vic gi thit mt thy chun l mt phng s l: d = t - d. Hnh I.4 t = R.tg vi = d/R. Vy d = R(tg - ). Tnh gn ng: d3 d 3R 2 Thay R = 6371 km v cho d cc gi tr khc nhau, ta s c cc gi tr d tng ng c ghi trong bng sau: Trong thc t o c, vi cc cng c hin i dng o khong cch m con ngi ang c, th vic o chiu di ch t chnh xc cao nht l 1/1.000.000; do trong khu vc o v 7

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

c bn knh di 10 km, ta c th coi nh mt thy chun l mt phng m hon ton khng nh hng g ti chnh xc o chiu di. d(Km) 10 50 100

d (cm) 0.8 102 821

d/d ( chnh xc) 1/1.220.000 1/49.000 1/12.000

II.2.2. Dn n sai s v cao: Theo nh ngha v cao th hai im A v B c cng cao v chng cng nm trn mt mt thy chun. Nhng nu gi thit mt thy chun qua A l mt mt phng ( l tip tuyn At) th ngi quan st ti A s thy im C m khng thy im B, on BC = h chnh l sai s v cao. Theo hnh v, ta c: (R + h)2 = R2+ + t2. h2 + 2R.h = t2. t2 h = 2R + h V h v cng nh so vi 2R nn c th b qua h mu s, coi t d, ta s c: t2 h 2R Vi R = 6371 km, ta s tnh c h ng vi nhng khong cch d khc nhau (theo bng di): d (km) h (mm) 0,05 0,2 0,50 20 1,00 78 2,00 314 Do h tng nhanh khi khong cch d tng, hn na do yu cu v chnh xc trong o cao kh cao nn ta phi xt n nh hng ca sai s ny v tm cch khc phc. Mt thy chun c dng lm mt chiu, dng php chiu xuyn tm c tm chiu l tm O ca tri t. Do khu vc o v nh so vi kch thc ca qu t nn cc tia chiu coi nh song song vi nhau v cng vung gc vi (H). V th hnh chiu abcde ca a gic ABCDE coi nh hnh chiu ln mt bng (H), khng b bin dng v rt ging nh hnh thc. cc v tuyn thnh cc ng nm ngang song song nhng khng cch u nhau: cng xa xch o cc v tuyn cng tha dn, tc l bin dng nhiu (hnh I.13).

III. XC NH V CC IM TRN MT T xc nh v cc im trn mt t, v d A, B, C, D (Hnh 1.2) ta chiu chng xung mt Geoid (Ellipsoid) theo phng dy di c cc im a, b, c, d. V tr khng gian ca cc im A, B, C, D c xc nh bng hai yu t: 1. Ta a l , hoc ta phng vung gc Gauss Kruger (hay UTM) X, Y ca cc im a, b, c, d trn mt qui chiu l Ellipsoid.
8

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

2. cao HA, HB, HC, HD ca cc im A, B, C, D so vi mt Geoid. a vt, a hnh trn mt t t nhin l tp hp ca v s im. Ta chiu v s im theo phng dy di ln mt Geoid ta c hnh nh ca cc a vt, a hnh trn mt ny. xc nh v tr khng gian ca cc im A, B, C, D trn mt t t nhin ta phi o: -Chiu di cc cnh: AB, BC, CD, DA -Cc gc ng: V1, V2, V3, V4 -Cc gc bng: 1, 2, 3, 4 -Xc nh cc cao: HA, HB, HC, HD.

K E 180 T
o

Hn

m a t a

K1 C
n

180 P1
Hnh 1.2

ao xcho

E1

kinh tuyen goc

III.1. H TA A L H ta a l ly mt Geoid c dng mt Ellipsoid lm mt chiu v ly phng dy di lm ng chiu. ng ta c bn ca h ta a l l kinh tuyn v v tuyn. Kinh tuyn l giao tuyn ca mt phng i qua trc quay tri t PP1 v mt Ellipsoid. Kinh tuyn gc l kinh tuyn i qua i Thin vn Greenwich ngoi London.

kinh tuyen goc

B
Greenwich

59 60 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7

N
Hnh 1.3
9

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

V tuyn l giao tuyn ca mt phng vung gc vi trc quay tri t v mt Ellipsoid. V tuyn gc chnh l ng xch o. V tr im N bt k trn mt t c xc nh bng ta a l ca hnh chiu n ca n trn mt Ellipsoid v cao Hn. Ta a l ca im n l kinh a l n v v a l n. kinh a l n ca im n l gc nh din hp bi mt phng cha kinh tuyn gc v mt phng cha kinh tuyn qua im n. kinh a l nh s t kinh tuyn gc 0o sang ty 180o gi l kinh ng v t kinh tuyn gc 0o sang ty 180o gi l kinh ty. v a l n ca im n l gc hp bi mt phng xch o v ng dy di qua im n. v a l nh s t xch o 0o ln pha Bc 90o gi l v bc, v t xch o 0o xung pha Nam 90o gi l v nam. im n trn Hnh 1.3 c tnh theo kinh ng v v bc. Thnh ph H Ch Minh c ta a l t 106o22 n 106o55 kinh ng v t 10o38 n 11o10 v bc. kinh v v a l c xc nh t kt qu o thin vn nn ta a l cn c gi l ta thin vn. II1.2. PHP CHIU V H TA PHNG Trong giai on thit k v thi cng cng trnh, ngi k s xy dng phi bit to (x, y) thit k ca cng trnh l bao nhiu ri tip theo phi b tr cng trnh ngoi thc a ng nh v tr cho trong bn thit k. Mi sai lm c lin quan n to (x, y), tc l c lin quan n v tr, kch thc ca cng trnh, hoc do thit k gy ra, hoc do thi cng gy ra u lm cho x hi gnh chu tn tht rt nng n, nghim trng. Trc ht cn thy rng khi nim v to (x, y) c trn cc t bn a hnh Quc gia (trong trc a) khc vi khi nim thng thng trong ton hc. Chng hn: trong h to vung gc phng cc ( trong ton hc) c trc x nm ngang, trc y thng ng. Nhng trong h to vung gc phng Gauss-Kruger hoc h to vung gc phng UTM-VN2000 (trong trc a) li c trc x thng ng, trc y nm ngang. Trong ngnh trc a bn trn th gii v ngay c Vit Nam, qua cc thi k khc nhau cng tng tn ti nhiu loi h to vung gc phng khc nhau. Vo na cui th k 20, Vit Nam chnh thc s dng h to vung gc phng Gauss-Kruger v c gi l h to vung gc phng Gauss-Kruger-HN72 (H Ni 1972). Va qua chnh ph ban hnh quyt nh s dng h quy chiu v h to Quc gia Vit Nam
10

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

mi, c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy 12 thng 08 nm 2000 v c gi l h to vung gc phng UTM-VN2000 (Universal Transversal Mecators - Vit Nam 2000). III.2.1 Php chiu Gauss v h ta phng vung gc Gauss Kruger + Php chiu Gauss th hin mt khu vc ln trn b mt tri t ln mt phng ngi ta s dng php chiu Gauss. Php chiu Gauss l php chiu hnh tr ngang u gc. Trong php chiu Gauss, tri t c chia thnh 60 mi chiu 60 mang s th t t 1 n 60 k t tuyn gc Greenwich sang ng, vng qua ty bn cu ri tr v kinh tuyn gc (Hnh 1.4). Mi mi chiu c gii hn bi kinh tuyn ty v kinh tuyn ng. Kinh tuyn gia ca cc mi chiu c gi l kinh tuyn trc, chia mi chiu lm hai phn i xng (H.1.6). kinh a l ca cc tuyn ty, ng v gia cc mi chiu 60 th n c tnh theo cng thc sau: T = 60 (n 1); D = 60 n; D = 60 n - 30 Trong : n l s th t ca mi chiu (1.2)

+ Php chiu hnh tr ngang

kinh tuyen goc

B
kinh tuyen goc
Greenwich

P C O Q1

59 60 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7

N Hnh 1.4 x
kinh tuyen ong

P1 Hnh 1.5 x x x

kinh tuyen truc

kinh tuyen tay

xch ao

Hnh 1.6

11

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

c cc mi chiu 60 trn mt phng ta lm nh sau: dng mt hnh tr ngang ngoi tip vi Ellipsoid tri t theo kinh tuyn trc POP1 (Hnh 1.5) ca mi chiu th nht (c kinh tuyn ty l kinh tuyn gc). Ly tm C tri t lm tm chiu, chiu mi ny ln mt trong ng tr, sau tnh itn ng tr v phi tri t mt on tng ng vi chiu di mt cung trn mt t theo xch o chn gc tm bng 60:
R. 6 0 3,14 6374,11km 6 0 L= = = 666,84km 180 0 180 0

(1.3)

V xoay tri t i mt gc 60 chiu mi th hai. Bng cch tng t ta ln lt chiu cc mi cn li ri ct ng tr thnh mt phng (Hnh 1.6). Xch o tr thnh trung ngang Y, kim tuyn gia ca mi mi chiu tr thnh trc X ca h ta phng.
+ Tnh ng gc

Php chiu Gauss l php chiu mang tnh ng gc, ngha l cc gc trn mt Ellipsoid vn gi nguyn trn mt chiu, cn chiu di c bin dng nhng rt t. H s bin dng chiu di trn kinh tuyn gia bng 1, h s bin dng chiu di ti bt k v tr no khc u ln hn 1. cng v tuyn nhng cng xa kinh tuyn trc hoc cng mt kinh tuyn nhng cng xa xch o th h s bin dng chiu di cng ln. bin mi 6o h s bin dng chiu di l 1,0014, ngha l cnh di 1000m trn Ellipsoid khi chiu ln mt phng Gauss s l 1000m + 1,4m. gim s bin dng ca chiu di ta c th p dng mt trong ba cch sau y: 1- Chia mi 60 thnh cc mi 30 hoc 1030. H s bin dng chiu di vng bin mi 30 v 1030 ti xch o l 1,00035 v 1,00009. 2- Tnh s hiu chnh S v cng vo chiu di on thng S trn mt Ellipsoid theo cng thc:
S = 2 Ym S 2 2 R

(1.4)

Trong : Ym =

Y1 + Y2 - honh trung bnh ca on thng 2

X1, Y1 v X2, Y2 - ta im u v im cui ca on. R Bn knh tri t bng 6371,11km. S - Chiu di on thng trn mt Ellipsoid.

12

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

3- S dng h thng ta gi nh c trc X nm gn khu o, gc ta nm gc ty nam khi o (Hnh 1.7) x

khu o

O
Hnh 1.7

+ H thng ta vung gc phng Gauss-Kruger Mi mi chiu l mt ta phng vung gc. khng c tr s honh m, thun li cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta qui c chuyn trc X v bn tri 500km (Hnh 1.8). Tung c tr s dng k t gc ta 0 v pha bc v tr s m t gc ta v pha nam. Tri t chia thnh 60 mi chiu 6o nn c 60 mi ta . ch r ta ca mt im trn mt t nm mi ta no ngi ta ghi bn tri honh s th t ca cc mi chiu. V d: ta ca im M l XM = 2.209km, YM = 18.646km c ngha l M nm na bn phi mi ta th 18, cch xch o v pha Bc 2.209km v cch kinh tuyn trc ca pha bc 2.209km v cch kinh tuyn trc ca mi th 18 mt khong bng 646 500 146km (Hnh 1.8).
x
146 km M 500km 2209 km

Hnh 1.8

13

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Nc ta nm Bc bn cu, trn mi ta th 18, 19 nn c tr s X lun lun dng v hai ch s u ca Y l 18 hoc 19. tin cho vic s dng bn a hnh, ti khu vc bin gip nhau gia hai mi chiu thng th hin c hai li ta rng bng mt mnh bn mi bn. H ta Gauss Vit Nam c thnh lp nm 1972 c gi l h ta Nh nc H Ni 72. H ny chn Ellipsoid quy chiu Krasovski. Gc ta t ti i thin vn Punkovo (Lin X c), truyn ta vi Vit Nam thng qua li ta quc gia Trung Quc. + Php chiu v h ta vung gc phng UTM VN.2000 - Php chiu UTM Php chiu UTM (Universal Transverse Mecator) cng l php chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc nhng khng tip xc vi mt Ellipsoid ti kinh tuyn trc nh trong php chiu Gauss m ct n nh trong php chiu Gauss m ct n theo hai ct tuyn cch u kinh tuyn trc 180km (Hnh 1.9). H s bin dng chiu di m = 1 trn hai ct tuyn, m = 0,9996 trn kinh tuyn trc v m > 1 vng bin mi chiu. Cch chiu nh vy s gim c sai s bin dng gn bin v phn b u trong phm vi mi chiu 6o. y chnh l u im ca php chiu UTM so vi php chiu Gauss.

x(N)
180km 0 500km 10.000km 180km

cat tuyen kinh tuyen goc cat tuyen

y(N)

Hnh 1.9

14

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

- H ta thng vung gc UTM Trong h ta thng vung gc UTM trc tung c k hiu l X hoc N (vit tt ca ch North l hng Bc), trc honh c k hiu l Y hoc E (vit tt ca ch East l hng ng). H ta ny cng qui c chuyn trc X v bn trai cch kinh tuyn trc 500km (Hnh 1.9). Cn tr s qui c ca gc tung bc bn cu cng l 0, nam bn cu l 10.000km, c ngha l gc 0 tung nam bn cu c di xung nh nam cc. Nc ta nm bc bn cu nn d tnh theo h ta Gauss hay h ta UTM th gc ta cng nh nhau. Hin nay ti cc tnh pha nam vn cn s dng cc loi bn do Cc Bn ca qun i M sn xut trc nm 1975 theo php chiu v h ta UTM, ly Ellipsoid Everest lm Ellipsoid quy chiu, c im gc ti n . Bt u t gia nm 2001 nc ta chnh thc a vo s dng h ta quc gia VN2000 thay cho h ta H Ni-72. H ta quc gia VN2000 s dng php chiu UTM, Ellipsoid WGS-84 v gc ta t ti Vin nghin cu a chnh H Ni. III.3 H CAO cao HA, HB, HC, HD ca cc im A, B, C, D trn mt t l cc khong cch Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd theo phng dy di n mt Geoid (Hnh 1.2). cao HA, HB ca cc im A, B so vi mt Geoid (Hnh 1.10) gi l cao tuyt i hay l cao quc gia. H thng cao quc gia Vit Nam ly mc nc bin trung bnh nhiu nm trm nghim triu Hn Du Sn Hi Phng lm cao gc 0 (mt Geoid Vit Nam). Hin nay trong mt s trng hp cn s dng h cao c ly mc nc bin trung bnh ti trm nghim triu Mi Nai H Tin lm im gc. cao Mi Nai cao hn cao Hn Du khong 0,167m. cao HA, HB ca cc im A, B so vi mt nc gc gi nh (thng chn mt phng i qua im a vt r rng c cao c trng hoc cao trung bnh ca khu t), gi l cao gi nh. Hiu cao tuyt i hoc cao gi nh: HAB = HA HB = HA - HB c gi l chnh cao. Trong trc a ch o chnh cao ch khng o c cao. Mun c cao mt im no trn mt t t nhin, ta ly cao im gc cng vi tng chnh cao gia cc im gc, cc im trung gian v im . V d: HA = HG + hBG + hAB (1.5)

15

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Trong : G- l im gc B l im trung gian A l im cn xc nh cao

A B HB (hBG) G HG=0
Hnh 1.10
at mat

HAB H'B HA H'A

mat gia nh mat Geoid

IV. MT CT A HNH:

Mt ct a hnh l hnh chiu ng ca mt t dc theo hng bit. V d theo hnh v l mt ct ngang sng, biu din s thay i ca a hnh y sng theo hng vung gc vi dng chy. Mt ct a hnh c s dng nhiu trong cng tc thit k ng, knh, mng ....

Hnh I.8
V. T L BN :

T l bn l t s gia chiu di mt on thng trn bn vi chiu di nm ngang ca on thng ngoi mt t. T l bn c biu din di dng mt phn s c t bng 1 v mu s M. M c chn l nhng s chn nh: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10.000, ... d dng cho vic ni suy.
16

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Bn t l nh: c M khong 10.000, 25.000 hay nh hn. Bn t l ln hay cn gi l bnh c M khong 100, 500, 1000, 5000, .... Bn t l cng ln th trn bn cng th hin c nhiu chi tit a hnh, a vt, ngc li t l cng nh th a hnh v a vt ch th hin khi qut. Bn t l ln rt tt cho ngi s dng v n th hin mt t rt ging thc t. Song khi t l bn cng ln th cng o v rt ln; gi thnh bn s tng ln, mt khc khng th chn t l bn mt cch ty tin, kch thc t bn s tng ln khi t l cng ln, gy bt tin cho ngi s dng. V nhng l do trn m khi quyt nh chn t l o v cho mt khu vc cn phi cn nhc gia nhng chi tit nh nht ca cng trnh c th th hin c trn bn vi qui m kch thc ca t bn . Mt s la chn sai t l - qu ln hoc qu nh - u gy ra lng ph. Cn ch l mt ngi ch c th phn bit c chiu di ln hn hay bng 0,1 mm, ngha l nu c hai im cch nhau mt khong nh hn 0,1 mm th coi nh hai im trng nhau. V th di 0,1 mm trn giy c coi lm chun xc nh chnh xc ca t l bn .V d: bn t l 1/1000 c chnh xc 0,1 m, bn 1/2000 c chnh xc 0,2 m. o v v kch thc ln t bn cho d v chnh xc, ngi ta dng hai loi thc t l: - T l thng. a b c 1175 d e f g h
l

250

250

500

750 Hnh I.9

1000

1250

1500

1750

- T l xin. M p Q

a2 b2 a1 b1

C Hnh I.10

VI. CCH BIU DIN A HNH, A VT LN BN : a hnh v a vt l hai yu t c bn ca mt t cn c biu din trn bn . biu din dng phng php sau: V.1. Phng php k vn: Theo phng php ny th ni no mt t bng phng s c biu th bng cc vn mnh, di v tha; ni no mt t dc s c biu th bng cc vn m, xt nhau cc vn nm theo hng dc mt t.

17

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

V.2. Phng php t mu: Theo phng php ny th ni no cao s c biu th bng mu vng xm, cng xung thp mu vng cng nht dn; vng bng phng c mu trng, cc thy h (sng, h...) c mu xanh l, cng su mu xanh cng xm. Hai cch biu th trn c u im l ngi c bn c khi nim trc quan v hnh dng g gh li lm ca mt t nhng hon ton c tnh cht nh tnh, ngha l mun bit cao ca qu ni l bao nhiu mt, dc mt t l bao nhiu th bn khng cho kt qu bng con s. V.3. Phng php ng ng mc: ng ng mc hay cn gi l ng bnh ca mt t l ng ni lin cc im c cng cao trn mt t; hay ni mt cch khc i "ng ng mc ca a hnh l giao tuyn gia mt t t nhin vi cc mt phng song song vi mt nc gc nhng cao khc nhau". Hnh I.16 cho thy qu ni c biu th bng ng ng mc. Ct qu ni bng nhng mt phng p1, p2, p3 ... song song vi mt nc gc. Cc mt ny nm nhng cao 100m, 90m, 80m ... cch u nhau mt khong E = 10m. Giao tuyn ca cc mt ny vi qu ni chiu xung mt nc gc H, ta s c hnh v qu ni di dng cc ng ng mc khp kn. Nhn hnh v ny c th hnh dung mt cch chnh xc kch thc, cao, dc ca ni. cao ca ng ng mc c gi tr chn, khong cch E gia cc ng ng mc c gi l "khong cao u". ng ng mc c mt s c tnh: - Nhng im nm trn cng ng ng mc th c cng cao.

18

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

p1 p2 p3

100m 90m 80m

Hnh I.16

100 H 90 80

100m 90m 80m Hnh I.17

100 H

90

80

- ng ng mc phi lin tc, khp kn; nu v kch thc t giy v b hn ch m ng ng mc khng khp kn c, th phi ko di ti tn bin t giy v. - Ch no ng ng mc xa nhau (tha) th ni mt t thoai thoi; ni no ng ng mc gn nhau th ni mt t dc. Ni no ng ng mc trng nhau th ni l vch ni thng ng hay b vc. - Cc ng ng mc khng c ct nhau, tr trng hp ni c dng hm ch. Cc a vt c biu din ln bn theo nhiu dng khc nhau: i vi cc a vt ln nh sng, cu ln, khu dn c ln ...phi biu din chng theo ng hnh dng ngoi thc t v
19

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

c thu nh li theo t l; cn c a vt nh nh ging nc, h khoan, cng nh ... th biu din chng theo cc k hiu qui c. Hnh I.18

M
60 50 40 30 Dng qu ni Dng trng Dng yn nga

VI. BIU DIN A VT TRN BN : a vt l mt vt tn ti trn Tri t, hoc do thin nhin to ra, hoc do con ngi xy dng nn nh: sng, rng, lng xm, thnh ph, nh ca, , ng, v.v... Vic biu din a vt trn bn phi tun theo ng nhng k hiu quy c bn do Cc o c v Bn Nh nc quy nh. Cc k hiu phi n gin, r rng, d lin tng, d ghi nh v thng nht. Cc k hiu a vt trn cc bn t l khc nhau c th c kch thc khc nhau, nhng phi cng mt hnh dng. 1. K hiu theo t l (k hiu din) thng biu din nhng a vt c din tch ln nh rng cy, rung la, h, ... nhng a vt c din tch rng ny khi biu din trn bn c thu nh li ng dng theo t l ca bn . Nu a vt c ranh gii r rng nh khu dn c, khu cng nghip, .v.v... th ng bin bao quanh c v bng nt lin. Nu a vt c ranh gii khng r rng nh ng bin gia ng c v m ly v bng nt t on. Bn trong cc ng bin v cc k hiu nht nh (hnh 1-19). 2. K hiu khng theo t l (k hiu im) biu din nhng a vt nh, l nhng a vt m nu thu nh li theo t l bn th chng s chp li thnh mt chm im hay mt ng nt nh cy c th, ging, ct km, nh th, ... k hiu khng theo t l l cc k hiu khng m bo tnh ng dng ca a vt m ch cho bit v tr ca a vt theo chm im ca k hiu ny. Chng hn v tr ca cc ging nc c xc nh bi tm vng trn (hnh 1-19).
iem tam giac Gieng ao Cot cay so Cay oc lap
Nha

Chua

24 8 0.30 24 8 0.30 24 8 0.30

Rng cay la nhon Rng cay la tron Rng hon hp Bai lay qua c

Chua

Vn rau

Tram kh tng
Nha th

Vun cay an trai

Hnh 1-19
20

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Nhng a vt nh sng, ng t, ng st, ng bin gii, ... s c biu din bng k hiu kt hp va theo t l va khng theo t l (k hiu tuyn). Khi chiu di ca chng c th hin theo t l bn , cn chiu rng c tng ln so vi thc (hnh 1-19).

3. K hiu ch gii
biu din a vt c y , ngi ta cn dng k hiu ch gii, l nhng s v ch c ghi km theo k hiu. Cc con s, cc dng ch c vit theo tiu chun cn c vo chnh kiu ch m bit c ni dung ch gii. Chng hn con s ghi ch cch qung ca k hiu con ng ch chiu rng ca con ng. Phn s ghi cnh k hiu cu c t s ch chiu di v chiu rng ca cu tnh bng mt, mu s ch trng ti ca cu chu c tnh bng tn. Bn cnh a danh mi ghi c a danh c trong ngoc n.

K hiu ch gii dng b sung c im vt biu th trn bn . V d, bn 6 17 th c ngha l cu c xy dng bng st, c chiu rng cnh k hiu cu c ghi S 25 24 8 6m, chiu di 17m v ti trng 25 tn. Hay nh Hnh 6, bn cnh cy thng c ghi 0,3 c ngha l cy c chiu cao 24m, ng knh 0,3m v khong cch gia hai cy k nhau l 8m... Rt nhiu trng hp cng mt a vt, trn bn t l ln biu din bng k hiu theo t l, nhng trn bn nh li biu din bng k hiu khng theo t l nh cha, nh , nh th..., bng k hiu na t l nh ng t, ng st... Khi v bn cc loi t l phi tun theo cc k hiu qui nh trong tp k hiu bn a hnh do Tng cc a chnh ban hnh.
bn r rng, d c, c sc din t cao, ngi ta dng mu sc khc nhau biu din a vt. Chng hn ng t v bng mu nu, ng st v bng mu en, sng v bng mu xanh. Tu thuc vo t l bn m a vt c biu din vi mc chi tit khc nhau. Chng hn trn bn t l 1 : 2.000 im dn c c biu din hnh dng ca c khu dn c thi. Bn t l cng ln th cng biu din a vt c y , chi tit v chnh xc hn. Cc o c bn nh nc ban hnh cun: K hiu qui c bn a hnh cc loi t l, trong c qui nh r cc biu din cc loi a hnh, a vt ln bn - qui nh v hnh v, mu sc, ... i vi tng loi a vt. Cc t chc lm cng tc o c khi tin hnh o v bn u phi chp hnh ng theo cc qui nh trong bn k hiu ny thun li cho ngi s dng ti liu.Hnh sau l trch trong cun: K hiu qui c bn a hnh t l ln do cc o c v bn nh nc xut bn.
VII. CC N V O LNG DNG TRONG TRC A: - o chiu di: mt (m) ly 3 s l: (325m417), Km o gc: ,pht,giy (67o 34 30) o din tch: m2, ha, Km2 - Khi tnh hm lng gic phi ly 06 s l : sin 67o 34 30 = 0.924379

21

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

K HIU BN A HNH (trch) 1 im tam gic v im ng chuyn nh nc ( cao mc / cao mt t) 2 im ng chuyn kinh v ( cao mc 60m,5)

279,2 279,8 60,5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

im thy chun ( cao mc / cao mt t) Nh gch (nn mu ) Nh l ng khi nh my Nh my in Trm bin th Ming hm m Ging thm d nh, cha Nh th a gii tnh thnh huyn

401,29 421,79

Ga

ng st v ga 15 ng st v hm (cao 8m, di 55m) 16 ng t (ri nha 8m, nn rng 12m) 17 18 Cc cng trnh trn sng (nn xanh l) 1. Cu thp 2. Ph 3. p ngn sng 4. Hng nc chy - vn tc dng chy (m/sec) 5. Ghnh
Hnh 7
1A
8 (12) nhua

Hm 8/55

1 2

3 4 0,4 5

22

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

CHNG II:

KHI NIM V SAI S O C

I. CC DNG O V SAI S: I.1. Khi nm sai s: Mun bit gi tr mt i lng no nh chiu di mt on thng hay ln ca mt gc, phi tin hnh o. o chnh l qu trnh so snh i lng cn o vi i lng cng loi c chn lm n v. Gi tr ca i lng l bi s ca n v o. Trong thc t c khi khng th hay khng tin so snh trc tip i lng cn o vi n v cng loi c, khi ngi ta o trc tip cc i lng c lin quan ri tnh i lng cn tm. Nu mt i lng no c mt ngi o nhiu ln bng cng mt my, mt phng php v cng mt iu kin ngoi cnh nh nhau, th kt qu thu c trong cc ln o c mc tin cy nh nhau, php o nh vy gi l php o cng chnh xc. Nu mt i lng no c o nhiu ln bng nhng iu kin khc nhau (khc my, khc phng php, khc ngi o .v.v.), th nhng php o ny gi l php o khng cng chnh xc. I.2. Cc dng o v sai s ca n: a) o trc tip: l php o cho ngay gi tr bng s ca i lng cn o. o chiu di mt on thng bng thc thp, o gc bng my kinh v, o gc phng t bng a bn, o chnh cao bng my bnh chun, m ta c nhp ni n nhng chng sau u l nhng php o trc tip. Kt qu mi ln o mt i lng ch l gi tr gn ng ca n. lch gia gi tr o c v gi tr ng ca chnh i lng . Nu gi X l gi tr thc (gi tr ng) v l l gi tr o th: =l-X s l sai s thc ca kt qu o l ca i lng . b) o gin tip: l trng hp o trc tip nhng i lng khc ri thng qua tnh ton m tm gi tr gin tip cn tm. Ta thy r rng i lng o gin tip l hm ca nhng i lng o trc tip. V d mun bit chu vi mt ng trn ta o trc tip ng knh ri tnh theo cng thc L = .d. R rng L l hm ca d. Nu ng knh c sai s l d th chu vi vng trn L s c sai s L, c th l:

L + L = (d + d) Do : L = d Nh vy sai s thc ca i lng o gin tip cng l hm ca sai s thc ca cc c trng o trc tip c lin quan. II. NGUYN NHN SINH RA SAI S & PHN LOI SAI S: II.1. Nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s: Nh chng ta bit hu ht cc php o trong trc a u tin hnh trong nhng iu kin phc tp nn c nhiu nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s trong cc kt qu o. Cc nguyn nhn chnh l: a) Do dng c v my mc o: Nguyn nhn ny ch yu l do bn thn dng c o km chnh xc. V d nh thc thp c chiu di danh ngha l 20m, nhng khi so snh vi thc mu, thc ch di l 19,99m. Nh vy, nu khng kim nghim thc th c mi ln o u phm phi sai s l -1cm (thiu 1 cm). b) Do ngi o: Nguyn nhn ny ch yu do gic quan ngi o gy ra c) Do mi trng: Nguyn nhn ch yu l do thi tit v a hnh vng o lm nh hng n chnh xc ca kt qu o.
23

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

II.2. Phn loi sai s: C th phn loi sai s theo nguyn nhn v tnh cht ca sai s. Trong thc t khng th tch c sai s theo tng nguyn nhn sinh ra sai s. V th ch nn phn loi theo tnh cht ca sai s. a) Sai s th: Sai s ny ch yu l do s nhm ln hay do thiu thn trng lc o hay lc tnh kt qu o sinh ra. Sai s th thng c kt qu rt ln v rt d pht hin nu tin hnh o hay tnh kim tra. b) Sai s h thng: Sai s ny sinh ra do nhng nguyn nhn xc nh v tr s cng nh v du. Sai s h thng thng o my mc, dng c o gy ra. V d khi dng thc thp c chiu di ngn hn so vi thc tiu chun 1cm o mt on thng th c mi ln t thc s phm phi sai s l -1cm. Nh vy, nu phi t thc 5 ln mi ht chiu di on o th kt qu nhn c ca php o ny c sai s l 5 . (-1cm) = -5 cm Sai s h thng cng c th do nhit thay i gy nn nh trng hp kim nghim thc nhit 200C nhng khi o thc t nhit l 250C. nhit 250C bn thn thc di thm mt lng l l = l (250 - 200) trong l h s n di ca thc, l l chiu di ca thc. Nhn chung, ta thy a s sai s h thng u c th bit c nu trc khi o u kim nghim li dng c, my mc o. c) Sai s ngu nhin: Sai s ny sinh ra do nhng nguyn nhn khc nhau tc ng n kt qu o theo nhng chiu hng v ln khc nhau. V th sai s ngu nhin xut hin khng c qui lut nht nh. V d khi o chiu di bng thc thp th ngoi nguyn nhn do thc sai hay km chnh xc, nhit lc o khc lc kim nghim cn c th c nguyn nhn khc na l lc ko thc khng u hay khng ng vi lc cn v lm cng thc, thc c ko trn t bng phng hay g gh, gi thi mnh hay yu, ngi c s o hai u thc c kp thi v chnh xc hay khng v.v... Tt c cc nghuyn nhn tc ng ng thi trong khonh khc ln s c hai u thc theo nhng chiu hng v ln khc nhau. Chnh v th m ta khng th bit c sai s ngu nhin s xut hin nh th no, nn khng th c bin php loi tr sai s ngu nhin. Nh vy, sai s ngu nhin l sai s khng th trnh c trong kt qu o. N ng vai tr quyt nh mc chnh xc ca kt qu o. Sai s ngu nhin tuy xut hin trong cc kt qu o khng c qui lut nhng khi nghin cu nhiu di kt qu o c s ln o kh ln th thng thy sai s ngu nhin tun theo lut thng k v c nhng tnh cht c bit l: 1. V tr s tuyt i, sai s ngu nhin khng vt qu mt gii hn nht nh. Gii hn ny ph thuc vo iu kin o v phng php o. 2. Nhng sai s ngu nhin c tr tuyt i nh thng xut hin nhiu hn nhng sai s ngu nhin c tr tuyt i ln. 3. Nhng sai s ngu nhin c du dng v sai s ngu nhin c du m thng xut hin vi s ln v ln nh nhau khi s ln o kh ln. 4. S trung bnh cng ca sai s ngu nhin s tin n "0" khi s ln o tng ln v hn. Tnh cht th t l kt qu ca 3 tnh cht u v c th vit di dng biu thc [ ] lim n = 0 n Trong sai s thng dng du tng tr s l [ ] thay th du . III. CC TIU CHUN NH GI CHNH XC KT QU O TRC TIP:

24

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Trong trc a mt i lng thng c o nhiu ln. Mi ln o cho mt kt qu v nhng kt qu o thng khc nhau cht t. Mun bit mc chnh xc ca php o v tin cy ca gi tr cui cng la chn cho i lng o , ta c th da vo cc tiu chun nh gi chnh xc sau y: III.1. Sai s trung bnh bnh cng: L tr trung bnh ca tr tuyt i cc sai s thc trong di kt qu o, ngha l 1 + 2 + ... + n (3.1) = n hay l [1 ] (3.2) = n
III.2. Sai s trung phng: Bnh phng sai s trung bnh l tr trung ca bnh phng cc sai s thc trong dy o, ngha l 2 + 22 + ... + 2n 2 m = 1 n hay l [2 ] m2 = n Do

(3.3) n Sai s trung phng cng nh sai s trung bnh u l sai s i din cho mi ln o. Thc t, trong mt di o th kt qu o th nht c sai s 1, kt qu o th hai 2 v.v... nhng nhn chung th mi kt qu o u c sai s l m hay l . Vi th khi so snh kt qu o ca i lng ny vi kt qu o ca i lng khc hay so snh kt qu ca nhm ny vi kt qu o cng i lng nhng ca nhm khc, chng ta khng th so snh kt qu ca tng ln o c th vi nhau m ch c th so snh cc i din vi nhau m thi. Sai s trung bnh v sai s trung phng u l tiu chun nh gi chnh xc ca mt di o nhng sai s trung phng lm ni bt nhng sai s c gi tr ln, ngha l lm ni bt c tnh tn mn ca kt qu o hn, nn c dng nhiu hn. Sai s trung phng bao gi cng cho gi tr tuyt i ln hn sai s trung bnh. Trong l thuyt sai s ngi ta chng minh c l khi s ln o trong mt di o ln th 3 = m 4 V D 2.1: Khi kim nghim thc thp ngi ta o 8 ln mt on thng bit chiu di chnh xc l 20,134m bng mt thc cn kim nghim chiu di c cc kt qu l: 20,138m; 20,133m; 20,137m; 20,136m; 20,131m; 20,133m; 20,135m; 20,136m. Hy tnh sai s trung bnh v sai s trung phng ca cc kt qu o . GII: Sai s thc ca cc kt qu o tnh theo cng thc 3.1 trong trng hp ny l: 1 = +4mm; 3 = +3mm; 5 = -3mm; 7 = +1mm; 2 = -1mm; 4 = +2mm; 6 = -1mm; 8 = +2mm; Theo cng thc 3.2 v 3.3 ta tnh c 4 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 2 17 = = = 2.1mm 8 8

m=

[ ]
2

25

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

16 + 1 + 9 + 4 + 9 + 1 + 1 + 4 45 = = 2.37mm 8 8 Trong trng hp ny quan h gia v m khng ng theo cng thc 3.4 v s ln o trong dy o cn t.
v

m=

V D 2.2: Hai nhm A v B cng o mt i lng c sai s thc l: Nhm A: -1; +3; +1; -6; -1; 0 Nhm B: -2; +3; -3; +1; -1; +2 Hy dng sai s trung bnh v sai s trung phng so snh mc chnh xc kt qu o gia hai nhm. GII: - Tnh sai s trung bnh theo cng thc 3.2 1 + 3 + 1 + 6 + 1 + 0 12 A = = =2 6 6 2 + 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 2 12 B = = =2 6 6 - Tnh sai s trung phng theo cng thc 3.3 1 + 9 + 1 + 36 + 1 + 0 48 mA = = = 2.83 6 6

2+ 9+ 3+ 1+ 1+ 4 28 = = 2.16 6 6 Tuy A = B nhng mA > mB nn c th khng ijnh kt qu o ca nhm B l tt hn. III.3. Sai s gii hn: Trong l thuyt sai s ngi ta chng minh c nu tin hnh o mt i lng no trong nhng iu kin nh nhau ti 1000 ln th sau khi tnh sai s trung phng ca cc kt qu o theo cng thc 3.3 v lm thng k s thy: C 320 sai s o c gi tr tuyt i ln hn 1m; -- 50 ---2m; -- 3 ---3m; Nh vy cc trng hp c sai s o c tr tuyt i ln hn 3 ln sai s trung phng l rt hn hu. Bi th, trong trc a ngi ta qui nh ly 3 sai s trung phng (3m) lm sai s gii hn cho dy o c cng iu kin v gi l sai s gii hn hay l sai s cho php v k hiu l: gh = 3m III.4. Sai s tng i: Sai s trung bnh v sai s trung phng cn gi l sai s tuyt i v n th hin tr tuyt i ca i lng sai. Nhiu trng hp cho thy sai s tuyt i cha ni ln mc chnh xc ca kt qu o nh trng hp mt nhm o mt chiu di 1km c sai s trung phng l 0.1m cn mt nhm khc o mt on thng 100m c sai s trung phng l 0.05m r rng trong trng hp ny khng th dng ngay sai s trung phng so snh cht lng o ca 2 nhm c m phi ch n ln ca i lng o. Nu lp t s m/x, trong x l gi tr ca 0.1 1 i lng o, c th l: i vi nhm u c cn i vi nhm sau l = 10000 10000 . 0.05 1 = , s d dng nhn thy cht lng o nhm u tt hn. 100.00 2000 mB =

26

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

IV. CC TIU CHUN NH GI CHNH XC CA CC I LNG O GIN TIP: Nh ni phn trc i lng o gin tip l hm ca cc i lng o trc tip lin quan, nn mun nh gi chnh xc cc i lng o gian tip cn tm sai s trung phng ca hm cc i lng o trc tip. 1. Hm c dng Z=kx (3.5) Trong k l hng s cn x l ai lng o trc tip c sai s trung phng l mx. Sai s trung phng mZ ca hm 3.5 s c tnh theo cng thc mz = k mx (3.6) 2. Hm c dng Z = x1 x2 (3.7) trong x1, x2 l hai i lng o trc tip c sai s trung phng tng ng l m1 v m2. Sai s trung phng mZ ca hm 3.7 s c tnh theo cng thc mZ2 = m12 + m22 (3.8) Nu m1 = m2 th 3.8 s thnh mZ =m 2 (3.9) 3. Hm c dng Z = k1x1 + k2x2 + ... + knxn (3.10) Trong k1, k2,...., kn l nhng hng s cn x1, x2, ... , xn l nhng i lng o trc tip c sai s trung phng tng ng l m1, m2,..., mn. Sai s trung phng mZ ca cng thc 3.10 s c tnh theo cng thc m12 = (k1m1)2 + (k2m2)2 + ... + (knmn)2 (3.11) 4. Hm c dng Z = f(x1, x2, ... , xn) (3.12) Trong x1, x2, ..., xn l nhng i lng o c lp c sai s trung phng tng ng l m1, m2, ... , mn. Sai s trung phng mZ ca hm 3.12 s c tnh theo cng thc

f f f m = x m 1 + x m 2 + .... + x m n n 2 1
2 Z

(3.13)

f l cc o hm ring ca hm 3.12 theo tng bin xi , ng vai tr cc hng s ki x i trong cng thc 3.11. V D 2.3: o bn knh ca mt vng trn c 45,3cm 0,4cm. Tnh chu vi vng trn, sai s trung phng v sai s tng i ca chu vi . GII : Chu vi vng trn c tnh theo cng thc L=2r Thay s vo s c: L = 2 . 3,14 . 45,3 cm = 284,48 cm. Chu vi L = 2 r c dng hm s 3.5 nn theo cng thc 3.6, trng hp ny s l mL = 2 mr Theo u bi th mr = 0,4 nn mL = 2 . 3,14 . 0,4cm = 2,51cm Sai s tng i ca chu vi vng trn ny l mL 2,51 1 = = L 248,48 113
y cc

27

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

V. TR TRUNG BNH CNG V SAI S TRUNG PHNG CA N: Trong trng hp cha bit c gi tr thc ca mt i lng no , ngi ta thng tin hnh o n ln chnh i lng nhn c n gi tr l1, l2, .. ,ln. Trong trng hp ny r rng l cha th khng nh gi tr no l ng hn c. Do vn y l cn tm trong n kt qu o li mt gi tr c th xem l ng tin cy hn c, ngha l gi tr tm c phi c sai s trung phng nh nht. V.1. Tr trung bnh cng: T n kt qu o li c th nhn c l + l 2 + ... + l n [l ] = x= 1 n n Nh vy x l s trung bnh cng tnh t kt qu o ca i lng cn tm. V.2. Sai s trung phng ca s trung bnh cng: S trung bnh cng ca x c th vit di dng 1 1 1 x = l 1 + l 2 + ... + l n n n n Nh vy x l hm ca l theo dng 3.10, nn theo cng thc 3.11 s c 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 m x = m 1 + m 2 + ... + m n n n n y cc kt qu o li nhn c trong nhng iu kin o ging nhau nn c sai s i din ging nhau, ngha l m1 = m2 = ... = mn = m Do m2 2 mx = n m (3.14) hay l mx = n V.3. Tr xc sut nht v sai s xc sut nht: T 3.14 cho thy sai s trung phng ca tr trung bnh cng mx nh hn sai s trung phng ca mt ln o n ln. iu khng nh tr trung bnh cng x tnh t kt qu o li l ng tin cy nht. Trong ton hc, tr ng tin cy nht cn gi l tr xc sut nht. Cho nn x cng cn c gi l tr xc sut nht V.4. Cng thc tnh sai s trung phng trong trng hp dng tr trung bnh x thay gi tr thc X ca i lng cn o: Trong trng hp khng bit gi tr thc X ca i lng o th khng th tnh c sai s theo 3.1, do khng th tnh c sai s trung phng m theo cng thc 3.3, nhng lun lun tm c cc hiu li - x = vi (3.15) V x cn c gi l tr xc sut nht v 3.15 c dng ging nh 3.1 nn v tnh theo 3.15 c gi l sai s xc sut nht. Sai s xc sut v ngoi cc tnh cht ging sai s thc cn c tnh cht c bit l [v] = 0 vi bt k s ln o n bng bao nhiu. Trong l thuyt sai s ngi ta chng minh c l c th dng sai s xc sut nht v tnh sai s trung phng m. Khi cng thc s l m=

[v ]
2

n 1

(3.16)

trong n l s ln o. V D 2.4: o cnh AB tt c 5 ln c kt qu l 48,39m; 48,35m; 48,40m; 48,37m; 48,39m. Tnh gi tr trung bnh cng chiu di cnh AB v sai s trung phng ca n.
28

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

GII: Vic tnh x v m, mx tin hnh bng di y.

Th t o 1 2 3 4 5

l (m) 48,39

v (cm) +1 -3 +2 -1 +1 0

v2 1 9 4 1 1 16

Tnh x v m

48,35 48,40 48,37 48,39 241,90

x=

[l ] = 241,90 = 48,38m
n 5

m=

[v ]
2

n1 m 2 mx = = = 0,9cm n 5

16 = 2cm 4

29

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

CHNG III:

NH HNG NG THNG
I. KHI NIM: Mt ng thng mun c xc nh ln bn cn phi bit chiu di v hng ca n. Trong o c, nh hng mt ng thng ngi ta qui c chn mt hng lm chun: hng Nam Bc ca ng kinh tuyn qu t. Da vo hng chun ny xc nh hng ca mt ng thng. II. GC PHNG V (A): B II.1. nh ngha. Hnh III.1 Gc phng v ca mt ng thng l mt gc bng k t hng Bc theo chiu kim ng h n hng ca ng thng . A Gc phng v ng thng MN l gc A. A c gi tr t 0 0 M 0 < A < 360 (hnh III.1). II.2. Tnh cht. - Nu gc phng v ly kinh tuyn ca qu t lm chun th N c gi l gc phng v thc.Gc phng v thc mun c xc nh phi tin hnh o c thin vn. thc - Nu gc phng v ca mt ng thng nu ly hng Bc t ca kinh tuyn t lm chun s c gi l gc phng v t (hnh III.2). Kinh tuyn thc v kinh tuyn t thng khng trng nhau m to vi nhau thnh mt gc lch v c gi l gc t thin. Nu kim nam chm lch v pha ng ca kinh tuyn thc kim th c tn gi l gc t thin ng v c du +. Nu nam chm lch v pha Ty th c tn gi l gc t thin tr a Ty v c du m (-). Do t thin bin ng theo v l, theo Hnh III.2 tnh hnh a cht, v cc bin ng trn mt tri: gi tr v du ca thng c ghi ch T vo pha di tm bn : l gi tr trung bnh ca trong vng nm trong phm vi ca t bn . - gn kinh tuyn:

Xt hai im A v B trn mt t c cng v . V cc ng kinh tuyn gp nhau hai cc ca qu t, nn cc kinh tuyn i qua A v B thng khng song song nhau m hp vi nhau thnh mt gc , gc ny c gi l gn kinh tuyn (hnh III.3a). V AB = d l mt cung nh so vi kch thc ca qu t nn ta c th xem AB l mt cung trn tm T bn knh AT v d v th: = AT

Hnh III.3a

d R o

30

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Xt tam gic vung ATO ti A ta c: AT = AO.tg(900 - ) = R.cotg = Vy = R tg

d .tg . R Ti H Ni: = 210 vi d = 1 km th: 1 '' = tg 210. 2062665 = 12/Km. 6371 Kt qu tnh trn y cho thy rng khi o c trn mt khu vc nh; khong cch gia hai im khng ln lm th c th coi nh ng kinh tuyn ti mi im trn mt t u song song nhau. - Gc phng v thun v gc phng v nghch: V ng thng c hai hng thun v nghch, v d hng MN v NM (hnh III.3b). B

B AMN M

N ANM

Hnh III.3b

Vy ng thng ny c hai gc phng v AMN v ANM: ANM : gc phng v thun. AMN : gc phng v nghch. Nu b qua gn kinh tuyn: AMN = ANM 1800.
III. GC HAI PHNG (R): III.1. nh ngha. Gc hai phng ca mt ng thng l mt gc bng c tnh t hng Bc hay hng Nam ti hng ca ng thng . Gc hai phng c k hiu l ch R, c gi tr: 00 < R < 900 (hnh III.4). B I IV Ty ng RAB Bc Bc

A RAC C Hnh III.4 31 III Ty Nam ng Nam II

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Trong o c c hng Nam Bc v ng Ty c chia lm 4 phn th: - Phn t th I : hng ng Bc. - Phn t th II : hng ng Nam. - Phn t th III : hng Ty Nam. - Phn t th IV : hng Ty Bc. Gc hai phng ca ng thng nu hng v pha Bc s ly hng Bc lm chun (RAB). Gc hai phng ca ng thng nu hng v pha Nam s ly hng Nam lm chun (RAC). III.2. Tnh cht gc hai phng ca mt ng thng: gm gc hai phng thc (R) v gc hai phng t (r), hai gc ny chnh nhau mt gc .
IV. GC NH HNG (): IV.1. nh ngha: Nu chn hng gc l kinh tuyn trc ca mi chiu, tc l trc x, ta c khi nim gc nh hng (hnh III.5a). Gc nh hng ca mt ng thng l gc bng tnh t hng Bc ca kinh tuyn trc theo chiu kim ng h n hng ng thng. IV.2. Tnh cht: Gc nh hng c gi tr t 0 n 3600. Khc vi gc phng v , gc nh hng khng thay i ti cc im khc nhau ca mt ng thng. c im ny lm cho vic s dng gc nh hng tr nn thun tin trong tnh ton ta . Kinh tuyn trc chnh l mt kinh tuyn thc gia mi chiu, do vy ti mt im trn ng thng ni chung gc nh hng v gc phng v thc khc nhau mt lng bng hi t kinh tuyn gia kinh tuyn thc i qua im v kinh tuyn trc, ngha l = A , ty theo v tr tng quan gia hai kinh tuyn ( : l gc nh hng; A : l gc phng v, : t kinh tuyn). Gc nh hng ngc ca on thng AB c k hiu l BA = AB 1800 (hnh III.5b). Du + hay - c chn sao cho gi tr BA nm trong khong t 0 n 3600. IV.3. Tnh chuyn gc nh hng: tnh chuyn cc gc nh hng ta cn bit lin h gia gc bng v gc nh hng. T hnh III.5b d dng tm c mi lin h ny bng cc cng thc tng qut: 23 = T 0 12 + b 180 hoc 23 = 12 - bp 1800 T P trong b v b tng ng l gc bng bn tri hoc bn phi ng chuyn ni cc im 1, 2, 3,.... Ly du cng hoc du tr sao cho gi tr ca tnh c lun lun trong khong t 0 n 3600. Gia cc gc phng v v cc gc nh hng ca ng thng c mt mi lin h vi nhau ty thuc vo tng quan gia kinh tuyn thc, kinh tuyn t v kinh tuyn trc, tc l gi tr lch t v hi t kinh tuyn . Trn mi t bn ngi ta u cho bit gi tr trung bnh ca cc i lng ny.

32

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

x
K/t trc

AB

A
AB A

K/t trc

AB
A

AB

A A

B
x x x x x

a)

T2 BA
1

23
2

AB
A

12

T3
3

34

b)

Hnh III.5
V. S LIN QUAN GIA GC NH HNG() v GC HAI PHNG (R):

Bit c tr s ca gc nh hng hay tr s ca gc hai phng ta c th hon chuyn t gc ny qua gc kia c (hnh III.6). I B

=R
R

= 1800 - R
II

B
Hnh III.6 III R

IV

= 3600 - R
33

= 1800 + R

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

VI. BI TON THUN NGHCH TRONG O C: Trong o c, tnh ta cc im, ta c dng tnh ton c bn sau: VI.1. Bi ton thun: (hnh III.7a) Bit ta im A (xA, yA), bit khong cch SAB, bit gc nh hng AB. Tm ta im B.

x v y c gi l s gia ta . x = SAB.cosAB. y = SAB.sinAB.

Vy:
Th d:

xB = xA + x yB = yA + y x = 2540,806 m

x xB x
Tm ta B

AB SAB A y yA

y = 4132,530 m SAB = 403,74 m ; AB = 10905342.

Gii: x = 403,74.cos10905342 = - 137,392 m. y = 403,74.sin10905342 = + 379,644 m.

xA a) x xM xN

yB MN ? SMN ?

xB = 2540,800 m + (-137,392) = 2403,414 m. yB = 4132,530 m + 379,644 = 4512,174 m.

M x

N VI.2. Bi ton nghch: y Cho hai im M v N c ta (hnh III.7b): x = 3019,754 m. x = 2744,538 m. yM yN y M N y = 5647,226 m. b) y = 5248,032 m. Tm chiu di SM v MN. Hnh III.7 x = xN - xM = - 275,216 m. y = yN - yM = +399,194 m. Thuc gc phn t th II y R MN = ARCtg = 550 25'00' ' x Nhng y ta thy khi x v y c du khng ging nhau; lc th RMN y ch mi l gc hai phng; gi y ta phi chuyn i gc hai phng ny ra thnh gc nh hng. Mun chuyn i ta phi xem cnh MN nm phn t th my. Khi x < 0 v y > 0 th MN nm trong phn t th II; vy: MN = 1800 - 5502500 = 12403500
SMN =
x 2 + y 2 = 484,87 m.

34

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

VII. DNG C O GC PHNG V T: A. M T KIM NGHIM, O GC PHNG V T, NGI TA DNG MT DNG C N GIN L A BN: a bn gm cc b phn chnh nh sau: 1. Kim t: Lm bng nam chm; c dng mi tn hay hnh thoi, u Bc thng sn mu en, xanh hay vng, cn u Nam thng c sn trng. Ring u Nam cn thng c gn cc khoanh dy ng gip cn bng thanh nam chm (iu chnh t khuynh). Kim c quay t do trn mt trc c nh (thng trc ny c lm bng Saphir hay mt hp kim tht cng). Khi khng dng a bn na, ta phi vn cht kha kim li bo qun cho kim khng b lc lc v chn ng sinh ra h hng. 2. Hp a bn: Hp thng lm bng hp kim khng c tnh t, mt trn lm bng king, bn trong l vng khc . Nu a bn c dng o gc phng v th vng chia c khc theo hnh III.8a, cn nu a bn o gc hai phng th theo hnh III.8b.
u xanh vng

00
Khoanh dy ng

B
u xanh vng

00 B

900
u trng

2700

900

T 900

1800 Hnh III.8a

N
u trng

N 00 Hnh III.8b

3. B phn nhm: B phn nhm ca a bn cng gm c hai b phn: l chiu mn, nh rui (ging nh ca sng). 4. Bt nc: Gip thng bng a bn,lc kim nam chm nhy, xc nh hng Bc chnh xc hn. 5. Kim nghim a bn: s dng t kt qu tt, a bn phi c kim nghim: Ngoi kim nam chm, khng c b phn no c lm bng kim loi c t tnh. kim nghim, ta t 2 a bn gn st nhau, xem kim trn a bn c dao ng khng, nu khng th t yu cu. Kim nam chm phi nm ngang. t a bn nm ngang (nh bt nc trn a bn kim tra) nu thy kim nm ngang th c cn nu kim nm chnh th dng tay x dch cun dy ng ti lui hiu chnh. Kim nam chm phi tht nhy. Nhy y c ngha l khi cho kim dao ng th khi lc ngng li phi nm cng mt v tr. kim nghim, ta lm nh sau: a bn nm cn bng, ch kim ng yn, dng mt que st gn a bn lm cho kim di chuyn, sau ly que st ra xa, xem kim nam chm di ng. Sau nhiu ln xem khi kim ng yn c nm ng v tr lc u khng; nu ng th kim nam chm rt nhy. 35

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Trc quay kim nam chm phi cng tm vi vng chia . Trc hnh hc ca kim nam chm phi trng vi trc Bc Nam ca n: Kim nghim bng cch dng mt a bn mu (tht chnh xc) o gc phng v ca mt cnh, ri ly a bn cn kim tra o li gc phng v ny. Nu tr s o ca hai a bn ging nhau th a bn c kim nghim t yu cu. ng nhm phi i qua ng 00 - 1800 trn vng chia ca a bn. kim nghim, ta ging mt dy t rt nh qua khe nhm v khe quan st ri nhn t trn cao xung xem dy t c trng vi ng 00 - 1800 khng; nu trng th tt. Cc vch chia trn vng chia phi u nhau. Kim tra bng cch dng Compa o cc khong chia. B. O GC BNG A BN: Dng a bn o gc phng v ca mt cnh, ta c 3 cch cm nh sau: Tri thng a bn ra, cn bng, chiu trc v c s ti u Bc (u xanh vng) ca kim nam chm (tc l hng vch 00 v mc tiu, hnh III.9a). M np v hp a bn ra 1 gc khong 1350, c tr s ti u Bc (u xanh vng) kim nam chm (cng hng vch 00 v mc tiu, hnh III.9b). M np v hp a bn ra 1 gc 450, c tr s ti u Nam (u trng) kim nam chm (tc l hng vch 1800 v mc tiu, hnh III.9c). Hp Hng ngm Np

Hnh III.9a

Np 135
0

450 Hnh III.9c

Hnh III.9b

Cch ghi kt qu: Th d t my ti im O ta o cc gc phng v ca cc cnh OA, OB, OC v tnh gc bng AOB, BOC, COA.

B
Hnh III.10 C

36

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

S O GC BNG A BN im t my im o A B C Gc phng v 36015 112030 36015 230045 C B Gc bng Ghi ch

36015 0

37

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

CHNG IV:

O CHIU DI
I. KHI NIM O CHIU DI: o chiu di l mt trong nhng cng tc c bn ca trc a. Chiu di nm ngang ca mt on thng l mt trong nhng s liu cn thit xc nh mt bng ca cc on thng. Ty theo yu cu chnh xc v iu kin a hnh c th m chn phng php v dng c o thch hp. - o chiu di bng bc chn - o chiu di bng thc dy, thc thp - o chiu di bng dy o th c (my thy bnh v kinh v) - o chiu di bng sng v tuyn v sng nh sng. Mun o chiu di ca mt on thng bt k trn mt t ta phi o chiu di gia hai u ca on thng y qui chiu di ny thnh chiu di nm trong mt phng nm ngang. V d phi o chiu di ca on AB, trong o c chiu di ca AB khng phi l on thng ni lin hai im A v B m l hnh chiu A'B' ca AB xung mt phng nm ngang (hnh IV-1)

B A A' Hnh IV.1 B'

CC BC CHUN B GM: nh du im v dng ng thng. II. NH DU IM TRN MT T: Bc u tin ca cng tc o v bn l chn im v nh du im trn mt t. Ty theo yu cu o v v tnh hnh a cht ca khu vc m chn v tr im thch hp v nh du chng bng cc loi cc, mc khc nhau, chng c th tn ti c trong sut qu trnh o v v c qu trnh khai thc s dng bn sau ny. Nu cc s dng trong thi gian ngn o v th dng cc g c tit din trn hoc vung c ng knh hoc cnh l 4 10cm, di 40 60cm u vt nhn mt u kia ca bng phng trn c ng inh (hnh IV-2).
5 10 10
Rnh thot nc

60

a)

b) Hnh IV-2

c)

d)

38

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

chng mc, mt c th qut hc n hoc t chy xm mt ngoi phn chn chm di t. Khi cn bo lu lu di c th dng cc b tng (hnh IV-2b): c loi mc b tng tit din vung 10 x 10cm gia c li thp, c hai loi tit din tam gic mi cnh 15cm, c loi cc b tng hnh chp ct (hnh IV-2c v IV-2d). Cc c chn cht di t, ch nh ln mt t 10cm, trn mt cc c ghi s hiu cc bng sn hoc khc chm. Xung quanh chn mc pht quang cy c, o rnh thot nc v v s v tr chn mc d tm khi s dng. III. TIU NHM V DNG DNG THNG: III.1. Tiu nhm: t xa ngm ti cc mc c d dng, cn dng mt so tiu thng ng ngy trn tm mc: l mt so di bng g, c chiu di 2 3m, mt u vt nhn c bc bng t thp; thn so sn hai mu trng, theo tng khong 50cm (hnh IV-3a). gi cho so tiu ng thng trn thn mc cn chng dy hoc chng bng chn ba g (hnh IV-3b).

50cm

200cm

a) b) Hnh IV-3 III.2. Xc nh ng thng gia hai im thng nhau: a) Dng ng thng bng mt thng: Gi s cn xc nh ng thng qua 2 im A v B ngm thng nhau, trc ht dng 2 so tiu thng ng trn 2 im . Mt ngi ng cch so A khong 2 3m, ngm v so B sao cho so A che lp so B (hnh IV-3), ng thi iu khin so C di ng cho ti khi so A che lp so C: A, C, B thng hng. Lm tng t cho n so D, E ...

A'

C' Hnh IV-3

D'

B'

Trng hp cn ko di AB, ngi ta cng lm tng t, xem hnh IV-4 sau y.

39

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

A'

B' Hnh IV-4

C'

D'

b) Dng bng my: Mun vic xc nh ng thng c chnh xc cao, ta t my kinh v (xem chng VI) ti cc A, ngm sao B bng dy gia ca li ch thp trong ng knh ca my (hnh IV-5) sau iu khin cc tiu C, D ... nm trn hng ngm ca my. C D

A Hnh IV-5

III.3. Xc nh ng thng gia hai im khng thng nhau: a) Trng hp qua g, i: Gia A v B l mt qu i, t A khng ngm thng qua B. Cn xc nh cc v tr trung gian C v D thng hng vi A v B (hnh IV-6). Trnh t tin hnh nh sau: Dng 2 so tiu thng ng ti A v B. Mt ngi cm so tiu C1 ng sn i ngm thng vi B v iu khin so tiu D1 thng hng vi C1B, ng thi D1 ngm thng c vi A. Ngi cm so tiu D1 iu khin so C1 di ng ti v tr C 2 thng hng vi A, D1, v ng thi C2 ngm thng c vi B. Ngi cm so tiu C2 iu khin so tiu D1 di chuyn ti v tr D2 thng hng vi C2B, ng thi D2 ngm thng c ti A. C lm dn nh vy cho ti khi 3 so tiu A, C, D v C, D, B ng thi thng hng th lc 4 so A, B, C, D cng nm trn mt ng thng. b) Trng hp qua khe su, khe ni: Khi cn xc nh ng thng vt qua thung lng, khe su ta cng tin hnh tng t: trc ht, cm 2 so A v B v dng mt iu khin cm so 1 thng hng vi A v B (hnh IV.7). Ngm hng B-1 cm so 2 thng hng vi B-1, tip tc ngm theo chiu mi tm, xc nh cc im 3, 4, ... Kim tra li t hng A sang hng B v tr cc so 5, 4, ....

40

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

i hoc g A A C D D2 C2 D1 C1 1 Qua khe su 3 Hnh IV-6 B

Hnh IV-7 c) Trng hp qua chng ngi vt: Nu gia A v B l chng ngi vt nh nh ca, cng trnh cao, ta c th p dng phng php sau xc nh ng thng. Gi s M v N l im nm trn ng AB (hnh IV.8). xc nh M v N, ngi ta phng mt ng ph Ax; gi b l chn ng vung gc h t B xung Ax v m, n l chn ng vung gc h t M v N xung Ax. Theo nh l v cc ng thng song song, ta c kt qu sau: Bb Mm = Am (4-1) Ab M N B A Bb Nn = An (4-2) Ab m n b Hnh IV-8
41

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

T suy ra cch xc nh M v N nh sau: trc ht dng my kinh v (xem chng VI) hoc ke gng phng xc nh b, chn ng vung gc h t B xung Ax. Trn Ax, chn 2 im m v n bt k v o ly cc on Bb, Am, Ab, An ri dng cc cng thc (4-1) v (4-2) tm ra Mn v Nn. Ti m v n, dng cc ng vung gc vi Ax v o ly cc on mM v nN ng cc cc M, N: lc ny M v N nm trn ng thng AB. TIN HNH O: IV. O CHIU DI BNG PHNG PHP TRC TIP: IV.1. Dng c o: a) Thc vi: Thc vi l loi thc c b rng khong 1,5cm, dy khong 0,4mm, c dt bng si bn kim loi hoc thy tinh cc nh tng chu ko. chiu di thc thng l 5m, 10m, 20m, 50m. Thc c chia vch ti centimet v ghi s tng mt mt. Thc vi b co dn nhiu nn l chnh xc thp, thc c cun trong mt hp nha c tay quay d dng cun thc. b) Thc thp: loi ny c lm bng thp bn mng, dy khong 0,4mm, rng khong 15 20mm, chiu di thc t 5m 50m. Trn thc chia vch ti centimet v ghi s tng mt mt, gn u v cui thc c khc ti milimet. Thc thp o vi chnh xc l 1:1000 1:3000 gi l thc c chnh xc trung bnh. Thc thp o vi chnh xc t ti 1:20000 gi l thc c chnh xc cao. Hai u thc c vng ng ko cng thc khi o; cn lu vi vch 9m c khi c khc ngay u vng ng; kiu ny dng thun tin khi o chiu di cc cng trnh nu phi t u thc st vo tng. Trong khi o khng thc b xon; khi chuyn thc khng mt thc chm vo mt t hoc thc ri hnh s 8. Khi o xong phi lau chi sch hai mt thc, bi m ln hai mt ri cun vo trong khung thp. c) Thc dy: l loi thc c th lm bng thp hoc bng inva (inva l loi hp kim c bit c h s co dn rt nh, gm 64% st v 36% niken). ng knh ca n l 1,65mm, di 24 hoc 48m. Phn cui dy o, c gn vo thang thc c chia n milimet trong khong t 0 n 8cm, hoc 10cm. Chiu di ca thc dy l chiu di gia 2 vch khng. Thc thp dy c th o vi chnh xc t ti 1:250000. d) Que st: que st thng di 50 n 60cm vi ng knh 0,4 0,5cm. Que st dng nh du s ln t thc. Mi b que st thng 6 hoc 11 que. IV.2. Phng php o chiu di bng thc: IV.2.1. o chiu di bng thc thp vi chnh xc trung bnh: Bin ch nhm o gm 3 ngi: 2 ngi cng thc mt ngi ghi s; cc dng c cn thit l thc thp, so tiu, b que st v s ghi. a) Trn khu t bng: Trc ht, dng 2 so tiu hai u ng thng cn o A v B; dng phng php dng ng thng xc nh ra vi im trung gian thng hng vi A v B v dng so tiu trn cc im . Trnh t thao tc nh sau: mt ngi cm u thc c vch 0m - gi l ngi i "sau", t "0" ti tm cc A v gi u thc bng mt que st cm trn tm cc A; mt ngi cng u kia ca thc - gi l ngi i "trc" - cm 10 que st (gi s dng b 11 que). Ngi "sau" ngm cc tiu v iu khin ngi "trc" x dch u thc sao cho ton thn thc nm trn ng thng AB v ra hiu lnh "cng thc". Khi nghe hiu lnh ny, ngi "trc" cng thc bng mt lc va phi v cm 1 que st ti vch 20m v tr li "xong". Ngi "sau" nh que st ti A, ngi "trc li 1 que cm xung t, c hai cng nng thc tin v B. Khi ngi "sau" ti ch que st m ngi trc cm li th h dng v li t vch "0" ca thc vo v tr que st, iu khin ngi "trc" x dch u thc cho thc thng hng trn AB ri thao tc lp li nh ln t thc th nht. C lm nh vy cho ti khi ngi "trc" ht b que st, tc l ngi "sau" c trong tay 10 que th on o tng ng ln t

42

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

thc (10 ln x 20m = 200m): lc ngi "sau" a 10 que cho ngi "trc" tip tc o, v ngi ghi s cn c vo s ln trao que nh du vo s. Khi on cui cng ngn hn chiu di th phi cn c vo tm cc B lm chun c s trn thc. Gi s sau khi o xong on thng AB, trong s ghi c 1 ln trao que, s que st cn trong tay ngi "trc" l 5 que v on l cui cng c c l 12,23m th chiu di on AB s l: 20m x 10ln + 20m x 5 + 12,23m = 312,23m kim tra v nng cao kt qu o, phi tin hnh o 2 ln "o i" v "o v" theo hai chiu ngc nhau (t A ti B v t B v A). chnh xc ca kt qu o c nh gi bng sai s tng i tnh theo cng thc d d i d v (4-3) = d d tb trong : di : l chiu di ln "o i"; dv : chiu di ln "o v"; dtb : gi tr trung bnh ca hai ln "o i" v "o v". Phng php o chiu di trn y c th t chnh xc 1:2000. Ty theo yu cu chnh xc o v m kt qu o chiu di phi t mt s chnh xc c qui nh trong Quy phm d o c. Nu sai s tnh cng thc 4-3 nm trong phm vi chp th ly gi tr trung bnh dtb d lm kt qu cui cng. b) Trn khu t dc: i vi a hnh o c dc th cc chiu di o phi quy v chiu di nm ngang a ln bn hoc mt ct, v th khi mt t dc, cn c thm dng c iu chnh thc v v tr nm ngang: l ng thy gn vo thc g, c tn gi l niv th n. Gi s cn o chiu di nm ngang d gia A v B; hng o xung dc t A v B (hnh IV.9). dy di A ng thy

d Hnh IV-9

t u "0" ca thc ti A, u kia treo qu di, trn mt thc t niv. Nng hoc h u thc a bt ng thy nh vo gia ng, lc thc nm ngang; cng thc v qu di ri vo mt im, nh du im v chuyn thc o tip v hng B. Khi dc mt t qu ln, v dc tng i u, ngi ta o trc tip chiu di ' nghing d v o gc dc V ca mt t, s tnh c chiu di nm ngang theo cng thc d = d ' cosV o gc V ca mt t, dng mt loi dng c n gin nh hnh IV-10. Mun o gc dc V, cn dng dng c ny trn im A, o ly chiu cao i , ri dng mt so c chiu cao l i trn im B. Quay hng ngm vo u mt ca so, lc ny dy di treo trn thc chn vo mt s c trn bn , s c ny chnh l gi tr gc dc V ca mt t.
43

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

di Hnh IV-10 d'

Nu gia A v B mt t c dc khng u, ta chia chiu di AB thnh nhiu on nh, trong mi on nh dc mt t l u v cng tin hnh o nh trn, ri cng kt qu li, ta c chiu di nm ngang ca AB (hnh IV-11) d1 d2 d3 Hnh IV-11 d4 d5

IV.2.2. o chiu di bng thc thp vi chnh xc cao: Thc thp dng o c khong chia ti milimet. Dng my kinh v nh tuyn, trn tuyn ngm ca my, iu khin ngi ng cc "phn on": khong cch gia hai cc phn on phi nh hn b di thc vi centimet v tm cc cc phn on phi nm trn cng mt ng thng vi hai im u v im cui A, B. on cui cng nh hn b di thc, phi o s b chiu di on ny ri gn thm on thc c khc vch milimet vo ximet tng ng trn thc. V d, on cui cng o s b c chiu di 6,47m th on thc khc milimet s gn vo ximet t 6,40m ti 6,50m. Trn u cc phn on c khc vch chun c s trn thc (hnh IV-12).

hng ngm B A cc phn on Hnh IV-12 Thc dng o phi c kim nghim tm ra chiu di thc ca thc ng vi lc cng thc quy nh trong iu kin nhit mi trng bit. V vy khi phi c lc k cng thc v nhit k o nhit mi trng. Khi o, 2 ngi cng thc bng lc k, t nh nhng thc ln cc cc phn on. Theo hiu lnh, c 2 ngi ng thi cng thc bng mt lc quy nh v phn c khc milimet
44

cc phn on

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

nm trn nh cc; i khi thc khng dao ng, c 2 ngi c s trn thc bng vch chun trn cc cc cng mt lc; 2 s c "u" v "cui" thc phi c ghi vo s bi 2 ngi ring bit; s c ti 0,1mm. Mi phn on phi o 3 ln lin tc vi cc gi tr milimet khc nhau. Ngi ghi s phi tnh ngay ra chiu di phn on va o sau 3 ln c s; so snh chiu di phn on ny sau khi c 3 kt qu tnh ton: nu 3 gi tr ny khng chnh nhau qu 1mm th chp nhn tr s trung bnh ca 3 gi tr lm chiu di phn khong va o. Mi ln c thc th c nhit mt ln. Lm tng t cho cc phn on khc cho ti khi o ht chiu di AB, ta c kt qu ln "o i". Sau i u thc v o theo chiu ngc li, tc t B v A, ta c kt qu ln "o v". Khi tnh ton chiu di tng cng, cn lu ci chnh cc sai s v nhit (lt), sai s v chiu di bn thn thc (lk) v nu o trn mt t dc phi thm s ci chnh v dc mt t (lv). Do cc nh cc phn on cao khc nhau, nn phi dng my thy bnh (chng V) o chnh cao h gia cc cc; vy s ci chnh v dc lv c tnh theo: lv = L - S L h S Hnh IV-13 Theo hnh IV-13, ta c: S = L2 h 2 Trong : L - chiu di nghing o c gia 2 cc phn on; S - chiu di nm ngang cn tnh gia 2 cc phn on; h - chnh cao gia 2 cc phn on; lv - s khc nhau gia chiu di nghing v chiu di nm ngang. Ta c: l v = L l 2 h 2 Hay l: h2 h4 l v L L 3 .... 2L 8L h2 h4 l v + + .... 2L 8L3

h 1 h4 th b qua s hng , vy s ci chnh dc s l: < L 10 8L3 h2 L v = (4-4) 2L Vy chiu di nm ngang gia 2 cc phn on l: h2 (4-5) S= L 2L Khi o v tnh ton, ly chnh xc ti 0,1mm, kt qu cui cng c ly trn ti milimet. IV.2.4. Nhng sai s thng gp phi khi o chiu di bng thc thp: a) Sai s ca bn thn thc: Trc khi dng thc thp o chiu di cn phi kim nghim tm ra chiu di tht ca n.
Nu
45

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Gi l0 l chiu di danh ngha ghi trn thc, lk l chiu di thc o kim nghim tm ra, th sai s ca thc l: lk = l0 - lk (4-6) Sai s ny c tnh h thng, phi tm ra tr s v du ca n ci chnh vo kt qu o. Nu mt on thng c o vi n ln t thc v on l cn li l r, th chiu di nm ngang ca on thng sau khi hiu chnh l: l S = n l 0 l k n + r k r (4-7) l0 b) Sai s do t thc khng thng hng: Do t thc trong khi o khng thng hng vi A v B nn ng o l mt ng gp khc, kt qu o ln hn gi tr thc. gim bt nh hng ca sai s ny, cn xc nh ng thng trc khi o, cc u thc khng c lch ra ngoi phng t 6 n 12cm (hnh IV-14).

A Hnh IV-14

c) Sai s do thc bi xon: Thc thp bn mng thng hay b hin tng xon thc lm cho thc b co ngn li, gy ra sai s trong kt qu o. V chiu di thc ngn li nn kt qu o ln hn gi tr thc; v vy trc khi o phi dng tay vut cho phng mt thc. d) Sai s do thc b vng xung hoc b vng ln: Sai s ny thng xy ra mt t g gh li lm (hnh IV-15).

Hnh IV-15 Hin tng ny lm cho kt qu o ln hn gi tr thc. gim bt nh hng ca sai s ny, cn phi thc khi o qua ch trng; nu mt t c bi cy, m t th phi san bng. X rnh t thc hoc t thc ngang bng. e) Sai s do lc cng thc thay i: Thc thp c th b gin di khi chu lc ko hai u. gim bt nh hng ca sai s ny, cn c lc k gn 2 u thc, v ch cng thc bng lc cng tiu chun. f) Sai s nhit mi trng thay i: Thc thp gin n hoc co li theo s thay i ca nhit mi trng; v vy phi c nhit k theo di nhit trong qu trnh o. S ci chnh nhit c tnh theo: l t = l ( t t 0 ) (4-8) trong : _ h s gin n v nhit ca thp lm thc; l _ chiu di thc; t _ nhit khi o; t0 _ nhit khi kim nghim thc. Bit cc nguyn nhn trn, c th dng cc bin php o, chn iu kin o thch hp, tnh ton hiu chnh ra kt qu o ng tin cy nht. V. O KHONG CCH BNG MY C VCH O KHONG CCH V MIA NG: V.1. My c vch o khong cch: l loi my c li vch o khong cch trong ng knh (nh my kinh v, my bnh chun....). Li vch ny gm hai vch nm song song v i xng vi vch ngang ca vch ch thp (hnh IV-16).
46

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Hnh IV-16

V.2. Mia ng: Mia ng l mt loi thc lm bng g hoc bng hp kim nh t gin n nhit, di t 3 n 4m, khi di chuyn thng c gp li hay thu li, rng t 8 n 10cm, mt mt c phn vch bng sn en sn theo tng centimet v ghi s tng ximet, chiu dy gia hai mt mia khong t 1 1,5cm,. Pha mt sn s thng c hai g hai mp (hnh IV-17).

30 05 29 04 28 03 27 02 26 01 25 00 Hnh IV-17

47

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

V.3. Nguyn l o: a) Khi tia ngm nm ngang:

P g q 8 p 9 A p q e p g1 o' p1 F

d0 d

Q B

Hnh IV-18 Theo hnh IV-18 ta c: d = d0 + f + (a) y d _ khong cch t my n mia; d0 _ khong cch t tiu im n mia; f _ tiu c knh vt; _ khong cch t trc quay ca my n knh vt. Qua hai tam gic ng dng g1Fp1 v QFP ta c: FO ' PQ FT PQ t ta c c FT = (b) = g 1p 1 FO ' g 1 p 1 V FT = d0 ; FO' = f; gi on PQ trn mia l n v khong cch gia hai vch o g1p1 v gp l e, ta c: f f d 0 = n . V f, v e l hng s ca mi my, nn t s l hng s v gi l hng s e e nhn, k hiu l k, tng s (f + ) cng l hng s v gi l hng s cng, k hiu l c. Khi , t (a) v (b) ta c: d = kn + c (4-9) thun tin khi o, cc my o khong cch thng c cu to sao cho k=100, vi cc my o khong cch hin i thng c c=0. Do trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cng thc d = kn (4-10) b) Khi tia ngm nghing: Khi tia ngm nm nghing th khong cch tnh theo cng thc (4-10) khng phi l khong cch nm ngang (hnh IV-19). Khong cch nm ngang lc ny c th tnh theo cng thc tng qut: d = kn' cos2 + C cos (4-11) ' trong : n _ khong cch c trn mia khi tia ngm nm nghing; _ gc ng. P' P
n/2 D Q n'/2 T Q'

o' B

A
48

Hnh IV-19

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Cc my o Khong cch hin i thng c C=0 nn cng thc trn c th vit: d = kn' cos2 (4-12) 2 2 Mt khc, cos = 1 - sin nn (4-12) c th vit: d = kn' + kn' sin2 (4-13) ' 2 Qua y ta thy kn sin chnh l s hiu chnh khong cch d do tia ngm nm nghing. Tr s ny c th tra trong bng lp sn theo bin s kn v . V.4. Phng php o: o khong cch bng my c vch o khong cch thng thng v mia ng, phi cn 3 ngi v thm cc dng c nh dy di, s ghi. Gi s o khong cch gia hai im A v B, cc thao tc bao gm: t my ng im A, dng dy di cn bng my. Ngi dng mia phi dng sao cho mia thng ng, vung gc vi hng BA v mt trc mia st vi im B. Ngi ngm my phi iu chnh v ngm sao cho nhn r mt mia. Dc s trn mia theo cc vch o khong cch a, b, c (hnh IV-20).
Ch s c trn mia

vch trn 18 vch gia

1804

vch trn 1228 vch gia 12 1164 vch di

1725 17 vch di 1646 a) 16 Hnh IV-20 b) 11

1100

Theo hnh (IV-20 a) ta c cc s c l: a = 1804cm; b = 1725cm; c = 1646cm khi khong cch d l: d = 100 (a - c) = 100 x (1804 - 1646) = 15800mm = 15.8m Kim tra tr s theo s c ca vch gia: d = 2 x 100 (a - b) = 2 x 100 (b - c) = 2 x 100 (180,4 - 172,5) = 2 x 100 (172,5 - 164,6) = 15,8m. tin c s v tnh khong cch, cn quay ng knh, t vch ngm di ca li ng vo ranh gii gia hai phn vch deximet ca mia v c c lng hai vch gia v trn (hnh IV-20 b). Nu l s c theo tia nm nghing th phi tra bng tm s hiu chnh d=kn'sin v tnh khong cch theo cng thc (4-13). Nh vy xong na ln o th nht. Sau khi o ng knh, o tip nh trn s c na ln o th hai. Nu chnh lch gia hai tr s trong phm vi cho php, th ly tr s trung bnh lm kt qu ca mt ln o. o khong cch theo phng php ny thng cho php chnh xc t 1 : 400 n 1 : 300.

49

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

CHNG V:

O CAO
I. KHI NIM O CAO: I.1. Khi nim v h thng cao: Mt im trn mt t c xc nh bng to a l v cao. Nh ni chng I mt thy chun l mt nc bin trung bnh ko di qua cc lc a v hi o to thnh mt mt cong kn. cao ca mt im l chiu di thng ng (theo phng ca dy di) k t im ti mt thy chun, y l cao tuyt i. Mt khc, mi im trn mt t cng c mt mt thy chun i qua n gi l mt thy chun gi nh, nh vy khong cch thng ng t mt im no ti mt thy chun gi nh i qua mt im khc na th gi l cao tng i gia hai im . Hiu cao gia hai im l khong cch theo chiu thng ng gia hai mt thy chun i qua hai im (hnh V-1).

mt bnh chun Hiu cao gia A v B mt bnh chun gi nh B

A''

A' A' Hnh V-1 B'

mt thy chun

AA' , BB' : cao tuyt i. AA'' : hiu cao gia A v B. cao tuyt i ca im A k hiu l HA. Hiu cao hay chnh cao gia hai im A v B k hiu l hAB c tnh nh sau: Hab = HB -HA Ngi ta xc nh cao tuyt i, hiu cao gia 2 im bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. I.2. Cc nguyn l o cao: o cao l cng tc o c c bn ca trc a. c chnh cao gia hai im trn mt t, thng p dng nhiu nguyn l v dng c o khc nhau. a) o cao hnh hc: Da vo tia ngm nm ngang ca my mt loi my trc a gi l my bnh chun, o trc tip chnh lch gia hai im. Phng php ny chnh xc cao, c dng nhiu nht trong cng tc o cao. b) o cao lng gic: Dng mt my trc a gi l my kinh v, o gc nghing ca tia ngm; nu bit khong cch nm ngang gia hai im, dng cng thc lng gic s tnh ra c chnh cao. Phng php ny cho chnh xc thp hn o cao hnh hc, song n rt tin li khi o cao nhng vng c a hnh phc tp. c) o cao p k: Da vo tnh cht "cng ln cao th p sut cng gim", ngi ta dng kh p k o chnh p sut khng kh gia hai im, t c th tnh c chnh gia chng.
50

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

d) o cao thy tnh: Da vo nguyn l : mt thong ca mt cht lng cha trong hai bnh thng nhau lun cao bng nhau", ngi ta ch to ra my o cao thy tnh o chnh cao gia hai im. Phng php ny c chnh xc kh cao, thng c ng dng trong trc a cng trnh (khong cch 2 im cn o gn nhau). e) o cao v tuyn in: Da vo tnh cht phn x ca sng in t, sng nh sng hoc sng m, ngi ta ch ra my o khong cch (ng) gia b phn pht sng v b phn phn x. My ny s cho kt qu l chnh cao gia hai im. f) o cao c hc: Phi hp gia nguyn l truyn c hc theo phng ngang v dao ng ca con lc, ngi ta ch to ra my o chnh cao c hc gn trn xe. My s ghi li bng s hoc th s thay i chnh cao theo qung ng xe di chuyn. Vic la chn phng php o cao ty thuc vo iu kin a hnh, a vt ca khu o, vo dng c my mc hin c v chnh xc cn thit ca kt qu o. Trong chng ny gii thiu phng php o cao hnh hc, phng php o cao lng gic v phng php o cao p k. II. PHNG PHP O CAO HNH HC V MY BNH CHUN: II.1. My o cao v phn loi my o cao: Cc loi my o cao gm: My bnh chun (o cao hnh hc); my kinh v (o cao lng gic)... Theo chnh xc, chia my o cao lm ba loi: a) My o cao chnh xc cao: loi my ny thng dng o cao hng I, II, v c s dng rng ri trong cng trnh xy dng, v d nh nghin cu bin dng cng trnh. Cho php t sai s trung phng o chnh cao h trn mi kilomet l (0,5 1,0)mm. b) My o cao chnh xc trung bnh: Lon my ny thng dng o cao hng III, IV. My cho php t sai s trung phng o chnh cao h trn mi kilomet l (4,0 8,0)mm. c) My o cao chnh xc thp: Loi my ny thng dng o cao k thut. My cho php t sai s trung phng o chnh cao h trn mi kilomet l (15 30)mm. II.2. My thy chun (my bnh chun): II.2.1. Cu to: My bnh chun gm c cc b phn chnh: a) ng knh: l b phn quan trng ca my gm c thu knh, cc c iu chnh, dy th c, dy ch thp. ng knh c th quay quanh trc ca my (hnh V-2).

ng knh a

ng thy a' b my dy th c

c cn my a) O
'

my dy ch thp b)

Hnh V-2: Ma bnh chun

51

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

ng thy: gm c mt ng c bt nc gia c gn vo bn trn ng knh cho php ta thng bng ng knh v tr nm ngang. cn bng bt nc ngi ta iu chnh ba c cn bng di b my. c) B my: Dng ng v nguyn b my c th xoay quanh mt trc thng ng ca my. d) c cn my: Ni gia b my v my l 3 c cn. c cn gip ta a cc bt nc vo gia, my vo v tr cn bng, tia ngm nm ngang. e) my: l phn trung gian gia b my v chn ba trn d my c ba c cn bng my. II.2.2. Kim nghim v iu chnh my: Trc khi em dng, my bnh chun cn c kim nghim k lng: - Trc ca ng thy di phi song song vi trc ca ng knh. - Trc ca ng knh thng gc vi trc quay ca my. - Dy ch thp nm ngang phi song song vi mt phng nm ngang. II.3. Mia o cao: Mia l cy thc bng g hoc kim loi di khong 3m, i khi ngi ta dng mia hp ko ra tng on tng chiu di ln. Mia dng trong o cao gi l mia thy chun, thng c sn mt mt vi hai mu tng en mi khong l 1 centimet, c ghi s tng deximet v met, y mia ng vi 0m. tng cng tin cy khi c s, c loi mia c khc phn khong v ghi s c hai mt mia: "mt en" ng vi cc vch centimet mu en, ch deximet mu ; "mt " c vch centimet mu , ch s deximet mu en. y mia mt en ng v vch 0m, cn y mia mt ng vi s ghi mt khong bng K no ty chn. Ti v tr bt k ca thn mia, s c mt v s c mt en lun chnh nhau l hng s K; nh c hng s chnh lch ny m ngi c d dng kim tra s c. Ty theo mia c khc phn s mt mt hoc hai mt m ngi ta phn ra 2 loi mia: mia mt mt v mia hai mt. Ngoi ra cn c mia lm bng gang, nng 1 2 khng, c ba chn nhn c th bm chc xung t, mt trn c nm bn cu dng mia, thng thng ngi ta dng mia lm nh im trung gian chnh cao gia hai im xa nhau. II. K THUT O CAO: III.1. Hiu cao gia hai im: Gi s cn xc nh hiu cao ( chnh cao) gia hai im A v B trn mt t, ngi ta c cc phng php sau: a) o cao hnh hc t gia: Phng php o cao hnh hc t gia c tin hnh nh sau: - Dng mia thng ng hai im A v B, y hng o t A n B cho nn gi mia A l "mia sau" (mia sau hng i ti) v mia B l "mia trc". - t my o cao (my bnh chun) khong gia hai mia sao cho ng ngm t my n A v n B gn bng nhau, c iu lu l khng cn t ngay trn ng thng qua AB (hnh V-3). R2
R1 C J b D B h HB HA Mt nc gc F B'

Hnh V3
H3 A E

52

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

- Quay ng knh ngm mia t A, a trc ngm ca ng knh vo v tr nm ngang, c trn mia s c a gi l s c sau (s c trn mia sau). - Tng t, quay ng knh ngm mia t B, c trn mia s c b gi l s c trc (s c trn mia trc). T hnh V-3 ta thy: h=a-b (5-1) h gi l chnh cao ca im B i vi im A. Ngha l chnh cao gia hai im trc v sau bng s c mia sau tr i s c mia trc. Khi im trc B cao hn im sau A th chnh cao h c du dng v ngc li, im trc B thp hn im sau A thi h mang du m. cao ca im B c tnh t cao ca im A theo cng thc: HB = HA + h (5-2) Ngha l cao ca im trc bng cao ca im sau cng vi chnh cao gia hai im sau v im trc. b) o cao hnh hc pha trc: t my thng bng, sao cho tm my trn cng ng thng dy di (ng thng ng) vi im A (hnh V-4).
R C i A E HA Mt nc gc F J b D B h B'

Hnh V-4 a trc ngm ca ng knh vo v tr nm ngang, o chiu cao I ca my v c trn mia t B s c b. T hnh V-4 ta c: hAB = i - b (5-3) h l chnh cao ca im B i vi im A, bng chiu cao ca my tr i s c trn mia. Chiu cao my c th o bng mia hoc bng thc thp. Nu im trc B cao hn im sau A th chnh cao h mang du dng v ngc li, h mang du m. c) t my ngoi AB: Trong nhiu trng hp ta khng th t my ti mt im gia hoc ti mt im m ta phi t ngoi AB nh hnh V-5. S c trn mia ti A l a v s c trn mia ti B l b ( y hng i ti l AB) hiu cao gia hai im l: hAB = a - b (5-4)
b hAB B a A

Sng Hnh V-5

53

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

d) o chnh cao gia hai im xa nhau: Do tm nhn ca ng knh b hn ch, nn khong cch my - mia mt trm o cng hn ch, ti a ch t ti 120m; trong khi khong cch t mc bit cao ti mc cn tm cao thng rt ln; mun o chnh cao gia chng phi b tr nhiu trm my lin tip, nh hnh V-6. M l mc bit cao, N l mc cn tm cao; M v N l hai mc cch xa nhau. 2

S1

1
T1

S2

T2 S3

T3

Sn

Tn

N
c

Hnh V-6 T hnh V-6 ta c: h1 = S1 - T1 h2 = S2 - T2 h3 = S3 - T3 ... hn = Sn - Tn Chnh cao gia hai mc M v N c tnh theo: h = h1 + h2 + h3 + ... + hn =

h
i =1

(5-5)

Vy cao ca N cn tm l: (5-6) HN = HM + h Thc cht ca php o ny l chuyn cao t mc M qua cc im trung gian a, b, c, ... v N. Ti trm o 1 , mia A dng trn mc M, cn mia B dng trn mc trung gian a. Sau khi o xong trm 1, chuyn my sang trm 2 th mia B vn dng trn a nh c v tr thnh mia sau, cn mia A chuyn sang mc trung gian b, v tr thnh mia trc. Khi hon thnh trm o 2 th mi c chuyn mia B ... n trm cui cng - th n - th mia trc phi dng trn mc N. Cc mc trung gian phi c gi nguyn v tr trong qu trnh o trm trc v trm sau n; nu v l do no trong khi chuyn trm my m mc trung gian b x dch th phi hy b ton b kt qu o t trm u v phi o li t mc c nh M. Cc mc trung gian ch c s dng trong qu trnh o; chng ch cn tn ti tm thi trong mt thi gian ngn, nn thng dng mia lm cc mc trung gian ny: khi dng mia trn cc mia trung gian ny cn nh nhng, trnh va chm mnh lm mia b x dch, b ln. gim bt nh hng ca mt s sai s tc ng ln kt qu o thy chun (tc l o chnh cao) ngi cm mia trc phi c lng chn v tr t mia sao cho khong cch t my ti ma trc xp x bng khong cch t my ti mia sau. Ton b s c mia phi c ghi vo "S o thy chun" bng ch s r rng, khng ty xa. Nu vit nhm phi gch b v ghi s c ng ln pha trn; vic tnh s c thc hin ngay trn thc a. Sau y l mu "S o thy chun" n gin

2070

I
1864

1992

II

1847 1320

III
1766

1962

IV
1549

S cc trm o

54

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

S O THY CHUN (Bng V.2) Ngy o: 12 - 08 - 1999 Ngi o: X Bt u 7H, kt thc 11H Ngi ghi tnh s: Y T mc M ti mc N Ngi kim tra: Z Trm o I A II B III C IV N 1549 404.7 411.7 +0.318 1962 1766 116.2 119.1 +0.413 20.725 1320 1847 97.6 98.7 -0.446 1992 1864 110.7 108.3 +0.145 Tn Mc M S c mia (mm) sau Trc 2070 Khong cch (m) Mia sau Mia trc 85.6 80.2 Chnh cao h(m) +0.206 cao H (m) 20.407

III.2. Cc phng php o cao dn tuyn (dc): (xem bng ghi s o) tin hnh o cao dc, ta phi chun b cc cc g, ng khong cch 100m dc theo tuyn o. Cc c nh du v ghi ch cn thn. Sau khi chun b my my, dng c, ta tin hnh o. Ty theo cht v s lng my mc hin c, cng nh thi gian o c v chnh xc cn phi t ti, ngi ta dng nhiu phng php o cao dc: a) Phng php i chiu cao my mi trm o: Gi s ABCD l chiu dc tuyn ca mt ng o nh hnh V-7, A l mc khi u c cao bit trc l HA, B, C v D l cc cc cch nhau 100m cn o cao. Phng php i chiu cao my mi trm o nh sau: - t my trm I v tr m: sau khi chnh my xong ngm mia t cc A, c s c a1. Quay my v B c tr s b1. Hiu cao h1 gia A, B theo v tr m ca my l: h1 = a1 - b1 - Vn trm I nhng my t v tr n: di my t v tr m n v tr n cch khong 1m, nh th lm cho chiu cao my gia hai ln t thay i. Lm cc ng tc nh trn c s c a2 v b2 tng ng 2 v tr im mia ti A v B. Hiu cao h2 gia A v B thro v tr n ca my l: h2 = a2 - b2 Nu hiu s h1 v h2 ln hn 4mm th phi o li cn nu nh hn 4mm th chp nhn c v lc hiu cao h gia A v B l: h + h2 h= 1 2 Bit hiu cao gia A v B ta tnh ra c cao HB ca im B l: HB = HA + h
a2 b2 b1 m n a1

A HA

Trm I

Trm II

Trm III

Hnh V-7:o cao dn tuyn

55

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Sau khi o xong trm I vi kt qu c chp nhn, ta tnh c cao ca im B. Di my qua trm II gia hai im B v C. Bng cc thao tc ging nh trm I, ta tm c hiu cao gia B v C t tnh c cao im C. Tip tc cho trm III gia C v D, tm c cao im D. Khi o n cc cui cng ta li phi kim tra ton b kt qu, d mi trm ta kim tra sai s cho php l 4mm. Nu gi h1 l hiu cao gia 2 cc mi trm my cha i chiu cao; h2 l hiu cao gia 2 cc mi trm my i chiu cao, ta c: h1 = h2 nhng thc t chng khng hon ton bng nhau v chng s chnh lch nhau 1 sai s h l: h = h1 - h2 / Nu gi h l sai s cho php th iu kin ch yu l: h/ > h trong h/ c tnh theo cng thc: h/ = 30 L (mm) trong L l chiu di ca tuyn ng o tnh bng km b) Phng php dng hai my: Th d o cao dn tuyn t A n D, vi A l mc c im c cao bit trc, v D l cc cn tm cao. Vi phng php dng hai ta c th lm: - B tr cho hai my i mt chiu (t A n D). - Hoc b tr cho hai my i nghch chiu nhau: + Ngi ngm my 1 i t A n D. + Ngi ngm my 2 i t D n A. Nu hai my i nghch chiu nhau th khng c kim tra hi mi trm. Phng php b tr hai my i cng mt chiu hay nghch chiu cng ging nh phng php i chiu cao ca my mi trm o, v ngi ngm my 1 c th coi nh t my cc trm vi v tr m: Im, IIm, IIIm, ... v ngi ngm my s 2 c th ci nh t my cc trm vi v tr n: In, IIn, IIIn, ... Tng s h1 ca ngi ngm my s 1 phi bng tng s h2 ca ngi ngm my s 2 v nu c sai s h (h = h1 - h2) th h cng phi nh hn h/ (h/ l sai s gii hn: h/= 30 L (mm), trong L l chiu di ca tuyn ng o tnh bng km) th kt qu mi c cng nhn. c) Phng php khp kn ng o vi mt my v khng i chiu cao my mi trm o: Phng php ny c p dng bng cch i t A c cao cho sn, theo hng AB ri khp tr v A (hnh V-8).

C B
A

HA bit Hnh V-8 H G E

Ta t cc trm my gia AB, ri BC, CD, .. , HA ln lt o cao cc cc chnh B, C, D, E, F, G, H v o li cao ca cc A kim sot.
56

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Kim tra: - Hiu cao h theo l thuyt: h (l thuyt) = 0 - Nhng trong thc t hiu cao o c l: h(o c) <> 0 Do : h = h(o c) - h(l thuyt) v kt qu nu chp nhn c th phi tha: h < h/ ( h/ l sai s gii hn) m: h / = 400 L + 4 L2 (mm) trong : L l chiu di ca tuyn o tnh bng km. Phng php ny thng thng dng vi chiu di tuyn o khng qu 2km. d) Phng php i mt chiu vi mt my v mi trm o khng i chiu cao my: Phng php ny ch c p dng khi im u v im cui ca im o bit cao v tuyn o tng i ngn (di 3 km). Th d: o cao dn tuyn t A n D vi A v D l hai mc cao bit. Ta t my ln lt cc trm I, II, III v trm III ta s tnh c cao ca im D gi l cao ti D o c HDo. cao HDo o c v cao HD bit ng ra phi bng nhau, nhng trong thc t th chng c 1 sai s l: h = HDo - HD Kt qu ch c chp nhn khi: h < h/ trong sai s gii hn h/ c tnh theo cng thc sau: h / = 400 L + 4 L2 (mm), vi L tnh bng Km. hay:
h / = 20 L (mm), vi L tnh bng Km

57

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

V DU 5.1:

Trm o

im nhm VIII

1 I 2 II 3 III 4 IV 5 IX 6 VIII

S O CAO DN TUYN (Bng V.1) S c mia Hiu cao cao tuyt i Mia sau Mia trc 1277 2500 0793 0310 -432 6642 1700 2068 1225 1418 0810 1136 +186 1400 1572 2254 1232 1362 1064 0952 +117 1520 1890 2371 1245 1445 0970 1000 +295 1625 1445 2666 1150 1090 0675 0735 -294 1722 1366 2372 1384 1172 1046 0978 +134 1360 2506 1038 0716

Ghi ch

Phng php khp kn ng o

VIII

IX

II

IV

III

h = Ho - Hlthuyt = 2506 - 2500 = 6mm L = 0,644 km. h' = 16mm S hiu chnh = -h/n = -6/6 = -1 mm

58

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Trm o 1

im o VIII I

BNG HIU CHNH CAO (Bng V.2) Hiu cao cha S hiu Hiu cao cha hiu chnh chnh hiu chnh -432mm +186 -1mm -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -433mm +185

cao tuyt i 2500mm 2067 2252

2 II 3 III 4 IV 5 IX 6 VIII

+117 +295 -294 +134

+116 2368 +294 2662 -295 2367 +133 2500

III.3. o trc ngang: xc nh hnh dng ca mt khi t o hoc p v tnh c th tch ca n, ta cn phi o cao cc im nm thng gc vi tuyn ng o trc dc; cng tc ny gi l trc ngang. (o trc dc l o cao dn tuyn) T cc im c bit trn tuyn ng o trc dc, ta dng ke o c phng cc ng thng gc vi tuyn tuyn dc v dng thc dy cm cc cc ph o cao . Pha bn phi ca tuyn trc dc nn ly s l th d: A-1, A-3, A-5, ... pha bn tri ca tuyn th ly s chn: A-2, A-4, A-6, ... (hnh V-9). Ta ln lt o cao cc cc ph ny v t tnh c cao ca chng v v ra c trc ngang.
Tri A-6 A-4 A-2 B-6 B-4 B-2 C-6 C-4 C-2

A
A-1 Phi A-3 A-5

B
B-1 B-3 B-5 Hnh V-9

C
C-1 C-3 C-5

cao ca cc cc ph trn trc ngang c th c o cng mt lt vi o cao ca dn tuyn hoc trong mt thi gian khc (nh sau khi o xong tt c cc cc trn tuyn dn tuyn). - Nu o trong cng mt thi gian o cao dn tuyn th cao ca cc cc ph trn trc dc l: Hn = (HA + La) - Ln => Hn = HA + (La - Ln) Trong : La l tr s mia c v tr A; Ln l tr s mia c v tr n; (La - Ln) l hiu cao gia A v n.

59

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

- Nu o trc ngang sau khi o cao tt c cc cc trn tuyn dc xong th p dng phng thc sau: My t ngay ti cc B trn tuyn o dc, ln lt o cao ca cc cc ph B-1, B-3, B-5, B-2, B-4, B-6 v cao ca cc cc ph s c tnh nh sau: Hn = (HB + Lb) - Ln = HB + (Lb - Ln) Vi HB l cao cc B; Lb l cao ca my tnh t trc ng knh ti im B; Ln l tr s c mia t ti cc n. Trong thc t nhng s c trn mia ca trc ngang ch cn dc ti cm l . * Cch v trc dc v trc ngang: v trc dc v ngang ngi ta dng giy k ly. Khi im ca ng o t bn tri t giy v khi v ta ln lt v v pha bn phi. Trn trc nm ngang ca trc dc ta k nhng v tr cc 100m hay cc ph sao cho v tr cc cc 100m nm trn cc ng m trn giy k ly. T nhng v tr 100m v cc ph ny ta k nhng ng thng gc vi trc nm ngang vi chiu di l chiu cao ca cc 100m o c. Nn chn t l chiu cao 10 ln hn t l chiu di. Sau khi c v tr v chiu cao cc im trn trc ta ni chng li, ta c trc dc (hnh V-10). cao cao
30 20 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 12 20 23 18 11 0,5 20 1,5 1,0

m dc
6 4 2 1 3 5

ngang

Trc dc Trc ngang III.4. o cao mt ming t: Hnh V-10 Ngi ta o cao ming t khi cn lp mt bnh c a hnh chnh xc. Trong loi o cao ny cc im cn o cao c phn b trn nhng hng nht nh no (ty theo a hnh khu o) v mt ca chng ty thuc vo t l bn (l l cng nh th khong cch gia cc im cng ln). a) o cao a hnh da trn cc nt a hnh chnh: Nhng nt a hnh chnh l nhng ng thin nhin ni bt ln trn khu t nh sng ngi, ng phn thy hay ng t thy. * Trng hp khu t tng i rng: - Lp ng sn kinh v (chng VII) da theo cc ng chnh ca a hnh khu t (ng sn ABCD) o cc chiu di v gc ca ng sn (hnh V-11). - Cm cc cc 50 hay 100m trn cc cnh ca ng sn (v d cc cc trn cc cnh AB l a, b ...)

60

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

D
a

a b

B W
b
a-5 a-3 a-1

a
a-2 a-4 a-6

d c b a

Hnh V-11 - Ti cc cc a, b, .. dng my kinh v b vung gc (gi l hng trc ngang). Trn hng trc ngang cm cc cc ph bng tre hoc g theo mt c ly nht nh v nh s cn thn (v d hng trc ngang ti cc a th bn tri ly s chn bn phi ly s l: a-2, a-4, a-6, a-1, a-3, a5,...). Ti cc nh ca ng sn cng cn ngm nhng ng phn gic ca gc v cng cm v nh s cc cc ph nh trn. - Ta o cao cc nh ng sn kinh v v cc cc a, b, c, d, e, .. - Da trn cao tnh c (nh cao trn ) o cc cao cc cc ph a-1, a-2, a3, ... Ta c th t my nh A, a hay 1 v tr bt k no o cao ca cc im ph trn hai hay ba hng trc ngang. - Nu t my ti nh a ca cnh AB th cao cc im ph c tnh nh sau: + cao H1 ca im a-1: H1 = Ha + i - l1 + cao H5 ca im a-5: H5 = Ha + i - l5 (vi i: chiu cao my, l1, l5, ... s c trn mia t ti cc im ph a-1, a-5, ...) - Nu t my ti mt im bt k W no th: + cao H1 ca im a-1: H1 = Ha C + l - l1 + cao H5 ca im a-5: H5 = Ha + l - l5 D (vi l la s c ca mia sau t ti a, cn l1, l2, l3 ... l s c trn mia t ti cc B a-4 im ph a-1, a-2, a-3...) a-3 * Trng hp khu t khng rng a-2 lm: a-1 Ta cng lm tng t nh trn, nhng e y ch cn chn 1 cnh ng sn di b' a' a b c d A E f nht ng cc cc o b gc vung v cn cc cc ph (hnh V-12). Hnh V-12

61

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

b) o cao vung: o cao vung mt ming t khi ming t bng phng v c yu cu chnh xc cao. Ta tin hnh o nh sau: - Lp chnh gia khu t 2 trc vung gc xx' v yy' v trn hai trc cm cc cc ph cch nhau 10m hay 20m ty theo t l ca bnh , da vo m cm li vung trn ton khu t dng my kinh v v thc dy cm mng li vung. Cc nh vung song song vi trc xx' c gi tn bng s 1, 2, 3, 4, .... Cc nh vung song song vi trc yy' c gi l ch a, b, c, d, .... Nh vy cc nh vung trong s ghi s l 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 3e, .... - Trong cc nh vung va mi lp ta chn mt s nh lm ng sn cao (v d ng sn A, B, C, D trn hnh V-13). Y/
a b c d

D A C B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

e f g h

X/ Ranh gii khu t

12

8 Y

10

11 12

Hnh V-13

- o cao cc nh vung t cao ca cc nh ng sn cao ABCD. Cng tc ny c th tin hnh bng hai cch: * Hoc t my ti mt nh ca ng sn ri ngm o cc cc mia dng ti nh vung, cao 1 nh vng c tnh nh sau: (my t ti A) Hn = HA + i - ln vi i : chiu cao my; ln : tr s mia ti nh. * Hoc my ti mt im bt k no ri da vo cao ca cc nh ng sn m o cao cc nh vung. Lc mia t ti nh ng sn c gi l mia sau, mia t ti nh vung gi l mia trc. Cao 1 nh vung c tnh nh sau: Hn = HA + l - ln vi l : s c mia sau ti A; ln : s c mia trc ti nh n. III.5. o cao vt chng ngi vt: a) o cao vt qua sng: Nu o cao vt qua sng ln (hn 200m) th ta p dng phng php ngm cho (hnh V-14). Th o cao dc theo tuyn ng AV, sau khi o v tnh c cao im M l HM th cn phi o cao im N l HN. Mun th ta phi c 2 my bnh chun o cng mt lc. My bnh chun 1 t trm my s I ngm mia t im M v N c c tr s a1 v b1.

62

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

II

A M
Sng

V N

Hnh V-14 Trong lc my bnh chun 2 t trm II cng ngm mia t M v N v c c tr s a2 v b2. Hiu cao gia M v N l: - i vi my 1: h1 = a1 - b1 - i vi my 2: h2 = a2 - b2 Ta ly h trung bnh gia h1 v h2 tnh cao ca cc N: h + h2 h= 1 2 HN =HM +h Trong thc t, ta phi o nhiu ln, sau khi hai my i trm cho nhau. b) o cao vt m ly: Khi o qua vng ly li ta phi ng cc cc chnh v cc ph cao hn mt nc 0,1m (cc 0,10m x 0,10m) cn chiu di cc ty mc nc v chiu su lp t ly. Cc phi ng xung lp t cng mi m bo khi b ln trong sut qu trnh o c. Chn my bnh chun s t trn cc cc g m chn ca cc g c khc hnh rng ca v ng xung ti lp t cng (hnh V-15). Gi s cc cc chnhB, C, D nm trong vng m ly. HA l cao ca cc A o c t cc khi im n (hnh V-16), o cao ca cc E c chnh xc ta phi dng 2 my bnh chun, my 1 t ti trm s I v my 2 t ti trm s II. Hai my s cng c s mia t ti cc C cng mt ln (cc C c gi l cc lin lc. My s 1 sau khi c xong "s c trc" trn mia t ti C mi c "s c trc" trn mia t ti B ri mi c "s c sau" ti mia t ti A. My s 2 sau khi c xong "s c sau" trn mia t ti C mi c "s c trc" trn mia t ti D v E. Nh cc tr s c c trn cc v tr B, C, D ta ln lt tnh c cao cc B, C, D v E t cao ca cc A.

63

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Lp bn Lp t cng

I Hnh V-15

II

C
Cc lin lc

Vng ly li Hnh V-16 Sau khi o cc cao cc u cc B, C, D bng my bnh chun xong, th ta phi bt u o cc chiu cao h1, h2 v h3 t u cc cc xung mt nc, mt bn v mt t cng. (o bng mt thc g hnh V-17). Bit c cao u cc ta s bit c cao mt bn v mt t cng. Mt nc h1 h2 Hnh V-17 h3 Bn t cng IV. CC QUI NH V O CAO DC: - nc ta v ma h, nn lm o cao vo bui sng t 6 gi n 9 gi, bui chiu t 16 gi n 18 gi. - Lun lun kim tra cc bt nc trn my bnh chun trc khi c tr s trn mia. - Lc tri nng hay ma th phi c d che my. - khng va chm vo thn my v chn my. - Khng nn t my lch qu 2m i vi im gia hai my.
64

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

- Tia ngm phi cao hn mt t 0,3m trnh nh hng chit quang ng. - Mia phi t cho thng ng. V. S GHI CAO DC: mu s ghi chp kt qu o cao dc sau y ta gi thit tuyn o nm gia hai mc cao m cao bit trc: Mc I cao 10,554m v mc II cao 8,580m, v trong khi o ta dng phng php i chiu cao my ti mi trm o. Mc I v tr CS 0+000 v mc II v tr CS 0+400, v tr trm my u tin c minh ha trong hnh V-18:

a2

b2 b1 m n CS0+100 m n CS0+200 m n CS0+300 m n

Mc I
CS0+000

a1

Mc II
CS0+400

Trm I

Trm II

Trm III

Trm IV

Hnh V-18a: o cao dn tuyn dng 2 my Hng i ti Mia sau

m

Mia trc
n

1.626

0.952

1.306

1.270 Mc I CS 0+000 Trm I

CS 0+100

Hnh V-18b Trm o I

65

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

S GHI CAO DC (Bng V.3) S HIU MY: Nikon AE 4763 Ngy o: 11-6-1999 Ngi o: X Thi tit: Nng gi nh Gi o: 6h30 - 7h40 Ngi ghi: Y nh ngm: R Ngi cm mia: Z S hiu trm o [1] hiu cc S c mia S c mia S trung bnh Mia Mia Mia Mia sau trc sau trc [3] [4] [5] [6] 1.270 1.448 1.626 0.952 1.129 1.306 CS 0+100 II CS 0+200 CS 0+200 III CS 0+300 CS 0+300 IV
(CS 0+400)

Hiu cao [7]

Cao trc ngm

Cao ca cc

Ghi ch [10]

(CS 0+000)

[2] Mc I

[8] [9] 11.824 10.554

I CS 0+100 1.024 1.183 1.342 0.850 1.009 1.168 1.928 1.785 1.642

+0.319 10.873 10.873 +0.174 11.047 11.047 -0.611 2.540 2.396 2.252 0.572 0.908 1.244 -1.848 Mc II 2.421 2.756 3.091 8.588 10.436 10.436

hl thuyt = 8.580 - 10.554 = -1.974m ho = 8.588 - 10.554 = -1.966m h = ho - hl thuyt = -1.966 - (-1.974) = +8mm h' (sai s cho php) = 400L + 4L2 = 400 0.4 + 4 0.4 2 = 12.7 mm h < h' vy kt qu chp nhn c. S hiu chnh cao = -h/n = -8/4 = -2mm

66

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Trong n l s trm o. BNG HIU CHNH CAO (Bng V.4) Hiu cao S hiu Hiu cao hiu chnh cha hiu chnh cao chnh +0.319m +0.174 CS 0+200 III CS 0+300 IV Mc II CS 0+400 -1.848 -2 -0.611 -2 -2mm -2mm
mm mm

Trm o

im o Mc I (CS0+000)

cao tuyt i (cc) 10.554 10.871

I CS 0+100 II

+0.317m +0.172

11.043 -0.613 10.430 -1.850 8.580

VI. NHNG SAI S NH HNG N KT QU O CAO HNH HC: - Sai s do mt s iu kin hnh hc chnh ca my khng m bo gy ra: nh trc ng knh v ng thy cha tht song song... - Sai s do my v mia b tri ln trong khi o. - Sai s do mia b cong v khng ng kch thc, mia b mn. - Sai s do mia dng khng thng ng. - Sai s do nh hng cong ca qu t v chit quang. - Sai s do ngi c s trn mia khng chnh xc.

67

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

CHNG VI:

O GC
I. KHI NIM V O GC: Trong o c, gc c dng vi ngha l gc bng v gc ng. Gc bng l gc nm ngang trong mt phng nm ngang song song vi mt thy chun. Gc bng gm c gc phng v v gc hai phng.... Gc ng l gc c mt cnh nm trong mt phng nm ngang, cn cnh kia nm trong mt phng thng gc vi mt phng nm ngang. Ty theo tng loi gc v chnh xc cn thit m ta c cc dng c o c thch hp: a bn, bn c, my kinh v ... I.1. Nguyn l o gc bng: Gi s ta phi o gc bng gia hai hng AB v AC; A, B, C c cao khc nhau. Gc bng gia hai hng AB v AC khng phi l gc BAC m l gc B'A'C'= hnh chiu ca gc BAC xung mt phng nm ngang (hnh VI-1). Vy gc bng l gc nh din to bi hai mt phng thng gc vi mt phng nm ngang v cha 2 hng ngm. B A C

B/ A/ P

C/

Hnh VI-1 I.2. Nguyn l o gc ng: Theo khi nim khng gian v gc ca mt ng thng v mt phng th gc ng l gc to bi ng ngm v hnh chiu ca n ln mt phng nm ngang (hnh VI-2). Nu gc ng ca hng ngm nm trn mt phng nm ngang th gc ng dng. Ngc li, hng ngm nm di mt phng nm ngang th gc ng m. Do gc ng c gi tr t 00 900 tnh t ng nm ngang. ng dy di + _ Hng ngm ng nm ngang

Hnh 6-2

68

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

II. MY KINH V: My kinh v dng o gc, ng thi n cn c th o khong cch v o cao. II.1. Phn loi: Theo cu to, my kinh v c chia ra lm 3 loi: my kinh v kim loi, my kinh v quang hc, v my kinh v in t. - My kinh v kim loi l my kinh v c bn ngang v bn ng c lm bng kim loi, c th c trc tip bng mt ccgi tr hng o trn bn 2 v tr i tm. - My kinh v quang hc c bn lm bng thy tinh c cht lng cao, cc vch chia c khc hoc in trn a thy tinh v c bo v bi mt v kim loi. Cc gi tr hng ngm trn bn ch c th c thng qua mt h thng lng knh, thu knh v gng phn chiu. Nh nh sng mt tri v gng phn chiu, nh ca cc vch chia trn bn c truyn ln mn nh c . - Hin nay, nhiu nc pht trin cho ra i nhiu loi my kinh v th h mi trong c nhiu tin b khoa hc c ng dng: my kinh v in t. Trn cc my ny, b phn c s l mt mn hnh, vi cc nt bm c tnh nng khc nhau. Khi ngm mc tiu, ch cn bm vo nhng nt tnh nng, l c th nhn c s liu cn thit nh l: gc bng, gc ng, khong cch nm ngang, chnh cao.... Nu phn loi theo chnh xc th my kinh v c phn ra 3 loi: - My kinh v c chnh xc cao. (du xch c trc tip ti 1'') - My kinh v c chnh xc trung bnh. (du xch c trc tip ti 30'') c) My kinh v c chnh xc thp. (du xch c trc tip ti 1' ) II.2. Cu to chung: My kinh v c 3 b phn chnh sau: - B phn ngm l ng knh EF c th quay chung quanh hai trc GH v IJ xuyn qua tm ca hai bn chia AB v CD. - B phn c s gm c 2 bn chia AB v CD dng o gc bng v gc ng. Bn AB dnh lin vi ng lc M nm trong mt ng lc khc (N) gn lin vi b my K c 3 con c V dng cn bng my. Trong bn ngang v cng tm vi n, ta c bn chun xch S, bn ngang c th quay quanh trc GH. Trn bn chun xch S c gn 2 gi ng knhT ch trn u thnh hnh ch V lm ch gi cho trc IJ. Cng trn bn chun xch c t mt ng thy W dng cn bng my v du xch R1 v R2 t i xng nhau trn mt ng knh ca bn chun xch. Bn ngang v bn chun xch lin lc vi nhau bi c kha m v c di ng vi cp O. Bn lin h vi tam gic K bi c kha m P v c di ng vi cp Q. ng knh c th quay quanh trc IJ nh kha m L v ng knh c th ngc ln hoc h xung t t nh c nng vi cp Y. Khi ng knh ngc ln hay h xung n s lm quay ng b bn ng CD. Bn ng CD c c bng du xch R3 gn vo tr Y. - B phn chiu im v cn bng my: gm c 3 c cn V, cc ng thy W gn trn b my S gn trn ng knh, qu di c gn vo l X di b my K dng chiu im. III. CC THAO TC C BN TRN MY KINH V: - Di im (chiu im) - Cn my: s dng c cn my a bt nc trn v bt nc di vo gia. - Ngm chun: gm c ngm s b v ngm chnh xc mc tiu. - c s trn mn hnh c tr s o. ' '' - a bn v 000 0 . IV. CC PHNG PHP O GC BNG: Khi o gc bng ti mt im trm o ty theo s hng ngm ti im trm o , m p dng phng php o khc nhau. - Phng php o n gin.
69

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

- Phng php o ton vng. - Phng php o lp. Hin nay s dng 2 phng php chnh l: phng php o n gin v phng php o ton vng. IV.1. Chun b o: Trc khi o gc, phi t my kinh v ti trm o, mc ch l lm cho vnh ngang v tr nm ngang v c tm trng vi phng dy di i qua tm im trm o. Vy cng tc chun b o gm c chiu im v cn bng my. a) Chiu im: Trc tin m chn ba ra v mc dy di vo, nh qu di ta t chn ba s b gn ng im o (nh ca gc cn o), ch dng chn ba sao cho u chn ba (tm gi l bn) nm ngang, xong dng chn ca chng ta n cht chn ba ghim vo t. Sau t my ln u chn ba v vn c ni my vi chn ba, xem u qu di ng im o cha, nu lch nhiu th phi di chn ba i, nu lch t th ch cn vn ni lng c ni v x dch my nh tm qua li trn u chn quang hc ba. Chiu im xong phi ch vn cht c ni (hnh VI-4). b) Cn bng my: cn bng my ta quay vnh ngang cho ng thy di trn bn chun O xch song song vi hai c cn (hnh VI-5), xoay 2 c cn my (1 Hnh VI -4 v 2) ngc chiu nhau a bt nc vo gia; quay my mt gc 900 v xoay c cn th ba (3) cho bt nc chy vo gia. Mun cn my chnh xc phi nh trn nhiu ln. 3
Dy di

1 Hnh VI-5

t my xong tin hnh ngm im. Thao tc nh sau: Nng ng knh ln tri, xoay th knh nhn tht r dy ch thp, a ng knh v ngm im o: s b dng u rui gn trn
70

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

ng knh ngm, sau xoay c iu chnh nh r nhn thy nh tht r, cui cng vn cht cc c kha ng knh v bn ngang, dng c vi ng ngang v ng ngm im tht chnh xc. im ngm chnh xc l giao im ca dy ch thp trng vi im o. Nu cnh o ngn hn 500m v trng hp b a hnh che khut khng nhn thy mc tiu th ta cm 1 so tiu ti gn im o, so tiu ny di v cm nghing sao cho u so tiu c th dng qu di xung ngay im o ri my s ngm vo si dy di . Trn u tiu ni buc si dy di nn buc mt mnh giy trng ngi ngm my d pht hin (hnh VI-6).
So tiu

O Hnh VI-6

Nu cnh o tng i di (trn 500m) th c th cm thng 1 so tiu ti ca im o v gi ng n bng 3 chn chng cm cht xung t. Khi ngm cc mc tiu cc im o o gc, cn ngm on tiu hay dy di st trn u cc th mi bo m c chnh xc ca gc o. IV.2. Tin hnh o: Sau khi cc thao tc chun b xong ta tin hnh o gc bng, nh ni trn o gc bng c 3 cch o. Ty theo chnh xc v gc cn o to bi bao nhiu hng ngm m ta p dng phng php o cho ph hp. a) o gc bng theo phng php o n gin: Phng php o n gin p dng o gc bng, ti cc trm o ch c 2 hng ngm. Gi s ngoi thc a ta c 3 im AOC, cn o gc bng BOC. Mang my t ti O (hnh VI-7). Sau hon thnh chiu im v cn my chnh xc, dng tiu ti cc im B v C. Tiu dng o gc A c lm bng g tt t gin n, khng vn xon hoc b cong, chiu di t 3 4m, hnh lc gic mt u nhn bc st c cm xung t, tiu B thng sn hai mu, trng mi O khong 50cm d pht hin khi ngm. Sau khi t my, cm tiu xong Hnh VI-7 tin hnh thao tc o theo tun t lm nh sau: ng tc 1: v tr thun knh (v tr thun knh l bn ng bn tri ngi o), Sit cht bn ngang, m bn chun xch v quay ng knh ngm im A. c s c bn ngang (vi my kinh v kim loi ta phi c 2 du xch v ly tr trung bnh, cn my kinh v quang hc ta ch c 1 ln). V d ta c c s c l a1=45053'30''. Xong m bn chun xch, quay ng knh theo chiu kim ng h ngm im B v c s c bn ngang, v d l b1=120013'0''. Vy khi bn ng bn tri ngi ngm th tr s gc AOB l: AOB = b1 - a1 = 1200 13' 0'' - 450 53' 30'' = 740 19' 30''.

71

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Ti y ta lm xong na ln o thun cn li gi ln na ln o o, nh vy lun lun mt ln o gm c hai na ln o l thun v o. ng tc 2: Bn ngang vn nm yn, ta m bn chun xch quay mt vng 1800 a bn dng v pha bn phi ca ngi o. ng thi ta ln ngc ng knh li v ngm li im A, c s c a2 trn bn ngang, xong tip tc m bn chun xch quay my ngm im B v c s c b2 trn bn ngang. V d c c l: a2=2250 54' 0'' v b2 = 3000 12' 30'', th tr s gc AOB khi bn ng bn phi (o) phi l: AOB = b2 - a2 = 3000 12' 30'' - 2250 54' 0'' = 740 18' 30''. Vy tr s trung bnh ca gc qua mt ln o l:
AOB = 740 19' 30'' + 740 18' 30'' = 740 19' 0'' 2

Ti y ta hon thnh mt ln o. Ty theo chnh xc yu cu m ta c th tin lp li nhiu ln nh trn. Ngi ta ghi kt qu o gc n gin vo "S o Gc n Gin" sau: S O GC N GIN (Bng VI.1) S th t Trm im S Tr s gc Tr s gc 1 Gc trung bnh ln o My ngm c na ln o ln o 0 ' '' 00 00 00 A Thun O 740 19' 30'' B 740 19' 00'' 740 19' 20'' 740 19' 15'' 1 0 ' '' A 180 00 30 o O 740 19' 10'' 0 ' '' B 254 19 40 O 2 O A o B A Thun B 900 00' 00'' 164 19 00
0 ' ''

740 19' 00'' 740 19' 10 740 19' 20''

2700 00' 10'' 3440 19' 30''

Ghi ch: - Nu s c b1 ln hn a1 th ta nn tr a1 cho b1 c, nu b1 nh hn a1 th phi cng thm b1 cho 3600 ri mi tr c. - Trong mt ln o khng c thay i v tr bn ngang. - hn ch sai s do vch khc khng u, ngi ta o gc AOB nhiu ln v c mi ln th x dch bn ngang 1 gc l 1800/n, vi n l s ln o. V d o gc AOB 3 ln th mi ln o s thay i v tr bn ngang l 600. Do v tr ca bn ngang 3 ln o theo th t l 00 , 600 v 1200. - Trong sut qu trnh o u phi quay ng knh theo cng mt chiu. b) o gc bng theo phng php o ton vng: Dng phng php o ton vng o gc AOB cng c, nhng nu ti nh O ta phi ngm nhiu im o cc gc th phng php o ton vng li cng thun tin (hnh VI-8).

72

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Hnh VI-8

Th d mun tm tr s gc w1 ca gc bng AOB v tr s gc bng w2 BOC, ta tin hnh cc ng tc nh sau: ng tc 1: - Na ln o thun knh: ta vnh dng bn tri ngi o, chuyn bn ngang v v 0 ' '' tr 0 0 0 c nh bn ngang. M bn chun xch quay my ngm ln lt cc im A, B, C c c cc s c l a1, b1, c1 ri the chiu kim ng h ngm im A c s c a1'. Vy hng ngm A c c hai ln l a1 v a1' , nu hai gi tr chnh lch nhau khng qu chnh xc t du xch th kt qu o t yu cu. Nu khng t th phi o li. ng tc 2: - Na ln o o knh: Sau khi o ngc ng knh ta quay my ngm im A, lc ny bn ng bn phi ngi o. Theo ngc chiu kim ng h ln lt ngm cc im C, B ri ngm li A, mi hng ngm u c tr s trn bn ngang l a2, c2, b2 v a2'. Hai tr s gc c khi ngm im A l a2 v a2' cng khng c chnh lch nhau qu chnh xc t ca du xch. Cc s c ca hai ln thun knh v o knh khi ngm cng mt hng ch chnh lch nhau l 2t, tt nhin 2 s c ca ln thun v o knh phi chnh lch nhau l 1800. Nh vy ta o xong 1 vng. Yu cu cng tc i hi phi o gc vi chnh xc cao, th 1 trm phi o n ln. Mi ln o phi thay i v tr bn ngang vi tr s gc l 1800/n. Kt qu o ton vng mt ln c ghi chp trong bng "S O GC TON VNG" trang sau (bng VI.2).

73

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

S O GC TON VNG (Bng VI.2) S hiu my: Nikon NT2 Thi tit: nng, gi nh nh ngm: r Trm o [1] Th t ln o [2] im ngm [3] A B O 1 C A A B O 2 C A S c Tri [4] 0 00 07' 20'' 78 17 00 98 25 00 00 07 26 90 01 40
0 ' 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' 0 ' '' '' '' '' ''

Ngy o: 15-06-1999 Thi gian o: 8h - 11h S c trung bnh Tr s hng o [7] 00 00' 00''
0 0 0

- Ngi o: X - Ngi ghi: Y - Ngi kim tra: Z Tr s gc bng na ln o [8] 780 09' 46'' 200 07' 56'' 2610 42' 19'' 780 09' 44'' 200 07' 59'' 780 09' 43'' 200 08' 02'' 2610 42' 15'' 2610 42' 17'' C S trung bnh ca hng OA: 900 01' 30'' Tr s gc trung bnh [9] Ghi ch [10] S trung bnh ca hng OA: 000 07' 24'' A B

Phi [5] 180 07' 30''

0 0 0 0 0 0

[6] 00 07' 25''

0 0 0 0 0

258 17 18 278 25 10 180 07 20 240 01 30 318 11 16 080 19' 10''

' ' ' '

'

'' '' '' '' ''

78 17 09 98 25 05 00 07 23 90 01 35
0 ' ' ' '

'

'' '' '' '' ''

78 09 45 98 17 41
'

'

'' ''

00 00 00 78 09 43
0 '

'

'' ''

168 11 10

168 11 13

1880 19' 20'' 900 01' 30''

1880 19' 15'' 900 01' 25''

980 17' 45''

2700 01' 20''

74

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

Gii thch: Ct [1] ghi v tr trm o. Ct [2] ghi th t ln o. Ct [3] ghi im ngm o gc. Ct [4] ghi tr s bn ngang khi bn ng bn tri ngi o. Ct [5] ghi tr s bn ngang khi bn ng bn phi ngi o. Ct [6] ghi tr s trung bnh ca hai ct [4] v [5] (ch ly pht v giy). Ct [7] ghi chuyn tr s v hng chun 00 00' 00''. 780 09' 45'' = 780 17' 09'' - 000 07' 24'' 0 ' '' 00 07 22 : tr s c trung bnh ca 2 ln ngm. 00 0 07' 25' '+00 0 07' 23' ' (xem ct [6]) 000 07' 24'' = 2 Ct [8] ghi st gc bng na ln o. 780 09' 45'' = 780 09' 45'' - 000 00' 00'' (xem ct [7]) Ct [9] ghi tr s gc bng trung bnh gia 2 ln o. 78 0 09' 45' + 78 0 09' 43' ' 78 0 09' 44' ' = 2 Ct [10] ghi tr s c trung bnh ca hng OA v gia v tr cc hng o. c) o gc bng theo phng php o lp: Phng php o lp dng o gc bng ring bit (c 2 hng) khi c yu cu chnh xc cao. V d cn o gc AOB (hnh VI-9), cc thao tc nh sau: ng tc 1: - Na ln thun knh: s c trn bn ngang l 00, hay ln hn mt cht. Ngm im A, c tr s trn bn ngang l a1. Kha bn ngang, m bn chun xch, quay my thun chiu kim ng h ngm im B, c s c trn bn ngang l b1 (s c ny dng kim tra), l ln o th nht.

B Hnh VI.9 Gi nguyn s c b1 , kha bn chun xch, m bn ngang v quay my thun chiu kim ng h v ngm im A, nhng khng c s. Sau kha bn ngang, m bn chun xch, quay my thun chiu kim ng h ngm im B, khng c s. Nh vy gc AOB c o 2 ln. Lm thao tc tng t o gc ln th 3, 4, .... cho n n ln lp li, c s c cui cng khi ngm v B sau n ln lp li l bn. Nu gi w1' l tr s gc w1 ng tc th nht ta c: b a1 w '1 = n n
75

Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

ng tc 2: Na ln o knh: sau khi c s c cui cng bn xong, kha bn chun xch li, ta o knh li ngc li, xong m bn ngang quay my ngm im B, c tr s b1. M bn chun xch quay ng knh ngm im A nhng khng c tr s, l ln o th nht. V tip tc theo thao tc nh ng tc 1 o gc BOA vi n ln lp li. Ln cui cng s c im A l an', ta c:

a 'n b '1 n Nu gi w1'' l tr s gc w1 ng tc 2, ta c: w2 = a 'n b '1 w = 360 w 2 = 360 n ' ' b an ' w '1 = 1 n Nh vy gi tr gc AOB sau n ln o lp li. ' w '1 w '1 AOB = w 1 = 2 Kt qu o gc bng theo phng php o lp c ghi trong bng "S O GC THEO PHNG PHP O LP" nh bng VI.3 trang sau. Giu thch: - Ct [6] ghi hiu s gia s c im u v im cui 530 56' 30'' = 540 06' 30'' - 000 10' 00'' 1610 47' 30'' = 1610 57' 30'' - 000 10' 00''
'' 1 0 0

- Ct [7] ly tr s gc ct [6] chia cho s ln lp li 1610 47' 30'' 0 ' '' 53 55 50 = 3 - Ct [8] ghi tr s gc trung bnh gia 2 ln o thun v o ng knh.

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Bi Ging Mn Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn:

S O GC THEO PHNG PHP O LP (Bng VI.3) Trm o [1] im ngm [2] A B O B Phi A V tr bn ng [3] Tri 3 S ln lp li n [4] 1 S c bn ngang [5] 000 10' 00'' 540 06' 10'' 161 57 30
0 ' ''

Tr s gc n ln lp li [6] 530 56' 30'' 161 47 40

0 ' ''

Tr s gc na ln o [7]

Tr s gc trung bnh [8] A

Ghi Ch [9] B

53 55 53

'

''

a 530 56' 00'' A a' b' O O

1610 50' 30'' 000 02' 10''

1610 48' 20''

530 56' 07''

77

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

V. CC PHNG PHP O GC NG: Cn c vo nguyn l o gc ng v iu kin ca bn ng ca my kinh v du xch, th t o gc ng nh sau: Sau khi t my, bn ng bn tri, a ng knh ngm im ngm chnh xc. Dng ng vi ng a bt nc trn ng thy di gn trn du xch vo gia. c s c trn bn ng theo du xch gn th knh, ng thi c tr s du xch gn vt knh, xong ly tr s trung bnh, ta c s c Tr. o ng knh li, m c kha bn ngang quay my ngm li im ngm, lm thao tc c s nh trn, ta c c s c trn bn ng l Ph. Thay cc tr s va c vo cc cng thc sau ta s tnh c gc ng V:

MO =

Ph + Tr 2 Ph Tr V= 2 V = Ph MO
V = MO Tr

(6-1) (6-2) (6-3) (6-4)

Nu my kinh v xc nh c s c ban u MO ch cn tr s Ph hoc Tr, da vo cng thc (VI-3) hoc (VI-4) th s tnh c gc ng V. Ghi ch: i vi my kinh v quang hc, trc khi o ta phi iu chnh bt nc gn trn ng knh sao cho khi bt nc nm gia th bn b ng phi ch ng 000 00' 00'' cho MO = 0. VI. CHNH XC KHI O GC BNG: VI.1. Cc yu t nh hng n vic o gc: a) Sai s do my: My kinh v tuy c kim nghim v iu chnh nhng khng th tht hon chnh, ngha l cc iu kin ca my cha hon ton tha mn, nn cn tn ti cc sai s: - Sai s do trc ngm khng vung gc vi trc quay ca ng knh. - Sai s do trc quay ca my khng thng ng. - Sai s do trc quay ng knh khng thng gc vi trc quay ca my. - Sai s do vic khc vch trn bn khng u. Trong cc phng php o gc bng c qui nh o c 2 ln thun v do knh loi b sai s trc ngm v trc quay ca ng, yu cu mi trm o phi o n ln v mi ln phi thay i v tr bn 1 gc l 1800/n hn ch sai s do vic khc vch trn bn khng u. Nu vi my kinh v du xch th phi c s c hai du xch v ly tr s trung bnh loi b sai s lch tm gia bn v du xch, cn sai s do trc quay ca my cha c bin php hn ch. b) Sai s do my t lch tm: Gi s o gc AOB, my ng l t ng ti O (hnh VI-10), nhng t my lch sang O'. OO' A gi l lch tm. O O' B Hnh 6-10

78

Bi Quang Tuyn Bi ging Trc c Sai s do my t lch tm t l nghch vi di t my n mc tiu ngm. Vy khc phc sai s ny ta phi t my cng ng v tr cng tt v bt c trng hp no on OO' cng khng qu 3cm. c) Sai s do ngm lch mc tiu: Gi s o gc AOB, my t ti O, ng l phi ngm ng A, nhng li ngm lch sang A' (hnh VI-11) . Sai s do ngm lch t l nghch vi chiu di cnh, nn khi o gc bng c cnh ngn phi c t my ng im v ngm ng mc tiu.

A A'

O Hnh 6-11 d) Sai s do bn thn vic o gc: Khi c s trn bn chia thng c chn n t (t l chnh xc ca du xch) nn khi c c sai s phm vi t -t/2 n +t/2. e) Sai s do nh hng bn ngoi: - r ca mc tiu: ph thuc vo mc trong sch ca khng kh. - S rung ng ca nh trong ng knh: nguyn nhn do khng kh hun nng, lm cho nh ca mc tiu hin trong ng knh dao ng khng n nh. Do khng nn o lc tri nng gt. - Tia ngm i gn cc cng trnh ln nh nh ca, cy to, gn mt t... u b khc x ngang, gy ra sai s kt qu o. khc phc nhng sai s ny, phi chn iu kin thi tit thch hp, bin php o thch hp.

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Bi ging Trc c CHNG VII:

Bi Quang Tuyn

LI KHNG CH TRC A
I. KHI NIM: li khng ch trc a l tp hp nhng im c c nh ngoi thc a c ta v cao (x, y, H) c xc nh mt cch chnh xc lm c s cho vic nghin cu khoa hc, o v bn , kho st xy dng cng trnh ... Nu cc im trong li ch c cao (H), th gi l li khng ch cao. Cc im ca li khng ch trc a c c nh chc chn ngoi thc a gi l mc trc a (mc ta , im ta ). II. LI KHNG CH MT BNG: II.1. Khi nim li khng ch mt bng: Trong trc a vic o v bnh hay bn tin hnh theo nguyn tc "t ton b n cc b, t chnh xc cao n chnh xc thp. Trn c s xy dng cp li v cp cui cng phi chnh xc o v chi tit a hnh". Do vic xy dng li khng ch mt bng cng tin hnh theo nhng nguyn tc c bn . Li khng ch mt bng c chia ra lm: li khng ch nh nc, li khng ch khu vc v li khng ch o v. Li khng ch mt bng nh nc l li tam gic; c chia ra lm 4 cp (hng) I, II, III, IV ri u trn ton b lnh th. Li khng ch mt bng khu vc gm 2 loi l li tam gic v li a gic c pht trin t cc im ca li khng ch mt bng nh nc. - Li tam gic trong li khng ch mt bng khu vc gi l li gii tch c 2 cp gi l gii tch 1 v gii tch 2. - Li a gic trong li khng ch mt bng khu vc gi l li ng chuyn cng c 2 cp hng l ng chuyn hng I v ng chuyn hng II. Li khng ch mt bng nh nc v li khng ch mt bng khu vc s trnh by mc sau. o v bn t l 1/5000 1/500, ngoi cc im khng ch mt bng nh nc v khng ch mt bng khu vc cn phi tng thm li khng ch mt bng o v ( cho gn, t y v sau ch gi l li o v). Li o v cng gm 2 loi l li tam gic v li a gic thng gi l li tam gic nh v li ng chuyn kinh v. Trng hp o v bnh xa im li khng ch mt bng nh nc, ta c th xy dng li khng ch c lp gm cc cp tng ng nh cc cp trnh by trn. chng ny chng ta nghin cu k li o v dng ng chuyn. Li khng ch mt bng c th c thnh lp theo phng php tam gic (chi o gc, hoc ch o cnh, hoc va o gc va o cnh), phng php ng chuyn, phng php giao hi, v t hp ca cc phng php y, ... Ty theo quy m, chnh xc lp li, ngi ta chia li khng ch mt bng ra lm ba loi: - Li khng ch mt bng nh nc: gm li tam gic v ng chuyn cp 1, 2, 3, 4. - Li khng ch mt bng khu vc: gm li gii tch v ng chuyn cp 1, 2. - Li khng ch mt bng o v: gm li tam gic nh v ng chuyn kinh v, ... Trong li chnh xc thp c pht trin t nhng li chnh xc cao hn. II.2. Li khng ch mt bng nh nc: II.2.1. Li tam gic nh nc hng 1, 2, 3, 4: Li tam gic nh nc hng 1, 2, 3, 4 c cc ch tiu nh trong bng 9-1.

80

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

Bng 9-1
Cc ch tiu k thut 1. Chiu di cnh (km) 2. Gi tr gc nh nht () 3. Sai s trung phng o cnh y 4. Sai s trung phng xc nh gc phng v (giy) 5. Sai s trung phng o gc (giy) 6. Sai s khp cho php trong tam gic (giy) 7. Sai s trung phng ca cnh yu nht 8. Sai s trung bnh v tr tng h gia cc im cnh nhau (m) 1 20 - 125 40 1 : 400.000 Hng tam gic 2 3 7 - 20 5-8 20 20 1 : 300.000 1 : 200.000 4 2-5 20 1 : 200.000

0,5 0,7
3 1 : 150.000 0,15

0,5 1,0
4 1 : 200.000 0,07

1,5
6 1 : 120.000 0,07

2,0
8 1 : 700.000 0,07

II.2.2. Li ng chuyn nh nc hng 1, 2, 3, 4: Li ng chuyn nh nc hng 1, 2, 3, 4 c cc ch tiu k thut nh trong bng 9-2.

Bng 9-2
Cc ch tiu k thut 1. Chiu di cnh (km) 2. Gi tr trung phng o gc (giy) 3. Sai s trung phng o cnh 4. Sai s trung phng xc nh gc phng v (giy) 1 20 - 25 0,4 1 : 300.000 0,5 Hng ng chuyn 2 3 7 - 20 3 1,0 1,5 1 : 250.000 0,5 1 : 200.000 4 2 2,0 1 : 150.000

II.2.3 Li khng ch mt bng khu vc: II.2.3.1. Li gii tch khu vc cp 1, 2: Li gii tch khu vc cp 1, 2 c cc ch tiu k thut nh trong bng 9-3.

Bng 9-3
Cc ch tiu k thut 1. Chiu di cnh tam gic khng ln qu (km) 2. Gi tr gc nh nht cho php trong () - Li tam gic dy c (chui tam gic) - Kha tam gic. 3. S lng tam gic cho php gia cc cnh m u hoc gia cc im gc v hng m u. 4. Chiu di ngn nht cho php ca cnh m u (km) 5. Sai s tng i ca cnh m u 6. Gii hn sai s trung phng o gc tnh theo sai s khp trong tam gic (giy) 7. Sai s khp cho php trong tam gic (giy) 8. Sai s tng i cnh yu nht khng qu
81

Hng gii tch 1 2 5,0 3,0 20 30 10 1 1 : 50.000 5 20 30 10 1 1 : 20.000 10

20 1 : 20.000

40 1 : 10.000

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

II.2.3.1 Li ng chuyn khu vc cp 1, 2: Li ng chuyn khu vc cp 1, 2 c cc ch tiu k thut nh trong bng 9-4.

Bng 9-4
Cc ch tiu k thut 1. Chiu di gii hn ca tuyn (km): - ng n - Gia gc v im nt - Gia cc im nt - Chu vi gii hn ca vng khp kn. 2. Chiu di cnh ng chuyn (km) 3. S lng cnh trong tam gic khng nhiu hn 4. Sai s tng i do cnh khng qu 5. Sai s trung phng o gc (giy) 6. Sai s khp v gc trong ton ng chuyn khng qu (n l s gc trong ng chuyn) (giy) 7. Sai s khp tng i ca ng chuyn Hng ng chuyn 1 2 5 3 2 15 0,12 - 0,80 15 1 : 10.000 5 3 2 1,5 9 0,08 - 0,35 15 1 : 5.000 10

10 n 1 : 10.000

20 n 1 : 5.000

II.3. LI KHNG CH MT BNG O V: II.3.1. Li tam gic nh: 1) Cc dng li tam gic nh: Li tam gic nh c th c cc dng nh trn hnh 9-1: a) tam gic trc a ; b) t gic trc a ; c) tam gic trung tm ; d) dy tam gic trc a ; e) giao hi thun ; f) giao hi nghch ; g) giao hi tng hp.

Bng 9-5
Cc ch tiu k thut 1. chnh xc cnh m u 2. S tam gic cho php gia cc cnh gc 3. Gc trong tam gic khng c nh hn () 4. Cnh tam gic khng c ngn hn (m) 5. o gc theo phng php ton vng. sai lch ca mi hng quy v khng hoc gia cc ln khng qu (giy) 6. Sai s khp trong tam gic (pht) 1 : 500 1 : 5.000 10 20 150 45 1,5 T l o v 1 : M 1 : 1.000 1 : 2.000 1 : 5.000 1 : 5.000 15 17 20 150 45 1,5 20 150 45 1,5 1 : 5.000 1 : 5.000 20 20 150 45 1,5

Khi l c s cho vic o v bn t l ln. Li tam gic nh c cc ch tiu k thut nh trong bng 9-5. 2) Tnh ton bnh sai cc dng li tam gic nh: Tham kho thm ti liu

82

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

a)

A
b)

B
4

B
1 2

B A
5 4 c) 1

A
3

d)

C D

B A B
e)

f) 1

A Hnh 9-1 B

g)

II..3.2 LI NG CHUYN: 1. Khi nim (nguyn l): Chn mt s im phn b u trn khu o. Ni cc im li bng ng gy khc to thnh a gic kn hay h nhng hai u l im ca cc cnh li cp cao. o tt c cc gc nh v cc cnh ca a gic. Nh bi ton thun trong trc a s tnh c ta tt c cc im ca a gic. l nguyn l a gic c. Nh nguyn l ny ta d dng lp li khng ch mt bng vng c a hnh che khut nhiu khng thun tin cho vic b tr li tam gic.

83

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Bi Quang Tuyn

2. Cc dng li ng chuyn: Thc t trong trc a thng gp ng chuyn kinh v kn hay ng chuyn kinh v h (ph hp), i khi ng chuyn c mt vi im nt. ng chuyn kn l ng chuyn m cc cnh ca a gic to thnh mt vng kn. ng chuyn kn c th c mt cnh hay mt im ca cnh trong li cp cao (hnh VII-22a, b). ng chuyn kn cng c th l li c lp. Khi ngoi vic o tt c cc gc nh, cc cnh ca a gic cn phi o phng v t mt cnh v gi nh ta mt im ca cnh o gc phng v (hnh VII-22c). ng chuyn h c im u v im cui l im ca cc cnh li khng ch cp cao (hnh VII-22d). ng chuyn kn hay ng chuyn ph hp l ng chuyn n. Nu chng lin kt li vi nhau s to thnh li ng chuyn (hnh VII-22f). im gp nhau ca cc khu (on) ng chuyn gi l im nt.

Khp kn

d e Nt
H

Nt

Li ng chuyn f Hnh VII-22

84

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

a) Thit k: Vic thit k ng chuyn kinh v da theo bn t l ln nht hin c, phi tun theo cc ch tiu k thut ghi trong bng 9-6.

Bng 9-6
Cc ch tiu k thut 1. Chiu di ng chuyn kinh v n ni gia cc gc (km): - vng quang ng hoc xy dng - vng che khut rm rp. 2. Chiu di cnh (m) 3. chnh xc o gc (pht) 4. chnh xc o cnh 5. Sai s khp cho php v gc trong ton ng chuyn (n l s gc trong ng chuyn, t l chnh xc my o gc) (giy) 6. Sai s tng i cho php trong ng chuyn (giy) 7. Sai s cho php ca ta (m) - vng quang ng hoc xy dng - vng che khut rm rp. 1 : 500 T l o v 1 : 1.000 1 : 2.000 1 : 5.000

0,6 20-350 0,5 1 : 2.000

1,2 1,5 20-350 0,5 1 : 2.000

2,0 3,0 20-350 0,5 1 : 2.000

4,0 6,0 20-350 0,5 1 : 2.000

2t n

2t n
1 : 2.000

2t n
1 : 2.000

2t n
1 : 2.000

1 : 2.000

0,1

0,16 0,30

0,30 0,60

0,60 1,50

Ngoi ra, n cn tha mn cc yu cu sau y: nh ca ng chuyn t ni thun tin cho vic o c, nhn r hai im bn cnh; v tr ca ng chuyn kinh v phi tha mn nhng mc ch ca vic t ng chuyn; cc cnh ng chuyn c gng di gn bng nhau. c th kim tra ng chuyn kinh v phi thuc mt trong nhng dng nh hnh 9-2: a) ni gia hai cnh cp cao; b) ng chuyn kn ni n mt im v gc nh hng bit; c) cc ng chuyn chm ti mt im (A gi l nt) v ni n cc cnh cp cao hn; d) cc ng chuyn to thnh mt s im chm (B, C, D, E) v ni n cc im cp cao hn; e) ng chuyn kn t do c mt ng cho (F, G).
b) C nh cc im ng chuyn kinh v (chn mc): Chn im, nhm mc, dng tiu: Sau khi d n o v c duyt th ra thc a chn im, chn mc, dng tiu: Chn im l cn c vo thit k c duyt m xc nh v tr ca tng im ghi trn bn thit k ra thc a. Khi chn im, c th thay i i cht nu thy c li cho vic o ngm khng ch v o v chi tit. Cc im khng ch phi t nhng t vng chc, cao ro, quang ng nhn thy nhiu im chi tit xung quanh. Ti nhng v tr chn, u phi ng cc hay chn mc b tng theo qui nh thit k. Cc v mc c hnh dng nh hnh VII-7.

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b Hnh VII-7

Ti nhng im c a vt che khut ng ngm cn dng tiu cao hai u cnh ngm thng nhau. Tiu dng trong li tam gic nh c hnh dng nh hnh VII-8. ng knh ca tiu phi bo m sao cho nh ca tiu trong ng knh khi o gc nh hn khe h gia hai dy ng ch thp (hnh VII-9).

b Hnh VII-8

Hnh VII-9

c) o cc yu t li:: - o gc bng my kinh v, theo phng php n gin (o cung) hai ln, gia hai ln o c xoay bn i 900. - o cnh ng chuyn kinh v theo hai chiu i, v bng thc thp hay bng my o xa quang hc c chnh xc trn 1/2.000.
3. Bnh sai ng chuyn kinh v khp kn: 3.1/ Bnh sai gc: Vi ng chuyn kinh v kn ta tin hnh bnh sai gc theo tng bc nh sau: a}V s ng chuyn, c ghi cc s liu cn thit, ng thi ghi cc s vo bng tnh.

86

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Bi Quang Tuyn

II

I-II
I

II

III

I V
V

III IV
IV

Hng i cng chiu KH

Hnh VII-25 b) Tnh sai s khp gc phng v (gc nh hng) ca ng chuyn theo cng thc: Tng gc bng theo l thuyt: iph l thuyt = (n-2).180 (7-58) trong : n l s nh ca ng chuyn. Tng gc bng o c l ipho Sai s khp gc: q = ipho - i l thuyt Sai s khp gc cho php tnh theo cng thc sau: q/ = 1,5 t n iu kin chp nhn c: q' q c) S hiu chnh tnh theo cng thc: q vi = (") n d) Tnh gc bnh sai theo cng thc: 'i = i + vi

(7-59) (7-60) (7-61) (7-62) (7-63)

3.2/ Bnh sai ta : a) Tnh gc phng v ca cc cnh theo 1 gc phng v bit v cc gc bng iu chnh: - Nu hng o cng chiu KH (gc iphi) : II-III = I-II - phiII + 1800 (7-64) tri - Nu hng o ngc chiu KH (gc i ) : I_IV = II-I + triI - 1800 (7-65) b) Tnh sai s khp ta : - Tnh s gia o tng on theo cng thc sau: xi = Si Cos i (7-66) yi = Si Sin i (7-67) - Tnh tng s gia o: xo ; yo - Sai s khp ta tnh theo cng thc: t fS= I.I fS = I .I ' = f x2 + f y2 (7-68) trong : fx = xo fy = yo - Lp t s v iu kin chp nhn sai s khp ta : fS 1 CV 2000
87

(7-69) (7-70) (7-71)

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

trong : CV l chu vi ng chuyn kinh v kn. c) Tnh s hiu chnh gia s: - S hiu chnh s gia theo phng x c tnh theo cng thc: f Si li = x (7-72) CV ly trn theo s l ca s gia x i - S hiu chnh s gia theo phng y c tnh theo cng thc: f y Si (7-73) ei = CV ly trn theo s l ca s gia y i tronng : li , ei l s hiu chnh s gia theo phng x v y; Si l chiu di cnh tng ng. d) Tnh gia s ta hiu chnh theo cng thc sau: x'i = xi + li (7-74)

y'i = yi + ei e) Tnh ta cc nh theo cng thc sau: xi = xi-1 + x'i yi = yi-1 + y'i
V D 1: Bnh sai ng chuyn kinh v khp kn sau: I/ Dng ng chuyn: VII

(7-75) (7-74) (7-75)

VI I V

IV III Hnh VII-26 II/ S liu cho:

II

x = 1500, m 00 I : I y I = 1500,00 I II = 2080 35'35"

v bit t = 30"

III/ S liu o c: - o gc bng bn trong ng chuyn (vi hng o theo chiu ngc chiu KH):
^

I = 128020'12"

II = 130057'18"
IV = 156 31'30"
VI = 174 26'54"
^

III = 104046'54"
V = 107002'12"
^

0 0

VII = 97 53'30"

88

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

- o chiu di cnh: S1 = 357,m11 ; S2 = 191,m00 ; S3 = 259,m25 S4 = 202,m18 ; S5 = 166,m72 ; S6 = 254,m78

GII: - Kt qu tnh ton ghi trong bng VII-17

S7 = 221,m27

BNG TNH TA (bng VII-16)

nh gc
I II III IV V VI VII I

Gc bng
128020'12" 130057'18" 104046'54" 156031'30" 107002'12" 174026'54" 97053'30"
12" 13" 13" 13" 13" 13" 13"

208035'35" 257038'04" 332050'57" 356019'14" 69 16'49" 74 49'42" 156 55'59"

0 0 0

S
357.11 191.00 259.25 202.18 166.72 254.78 221.27

Gia s ta X Y
-313.557 -40.902
--0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010

G.s hchnh X Y
-313.567 -40.912 230.672 201.753 58.975 66.668 -203.589 -170.859

Ta X
1500.000 1186.433

Y
1500.000 1329.141 1142.598 1024.329 1011.382 1167.341 1413.275 1500.000

-170.908 -186.569 -118.304 -12.974

+0.049 +0.026 +0.035 +0.027 +0.023 +0.035 -0.030

-186.543 1145.521 -118.269 1376.193 -12.947 1577.946 155.959 1636.921 245.934 1703.589 86.725 1500.000

230.682 201.763 58.985 66.678

155.936

245.899 86.695

-203.579

i l thuyt = 900000'00" i o = 899058'30" q= -90" q'= 113"

; fx = x = 0.070 ; fy = y = - 0.225 ; I.I' = 0.23 I .I ' 0.236 1 1 ; = < CV 1625 6885 2000

4. Bnh sai ng chuyn kinh v h: Trong o ng chuyn thng c hai loi iu kin: l iu kin gc v iu kin ta . Vic bnh sai gn ng c tin hnh theo tng iu kin. Mi u, bnh sai v gc, dng cc gc bnh sai tnh s gia ta (hay cn gi l lng tng ta ), ri mi bnh sai ta . 4.1/ Bnh sai gc: Vi ng chuyn kinh v h ta tin hnh bnh sai gc theo tng bc nh sau: a) V s ng chuyn, c ghi cc s liu cn thit, ng thi ghi cc s vo bng tnh.

A'

u 1ph
A

2ph
1
tr

B' S2 n 2 Hnh VII-23 Sn

S1 2

cui
B n+1

tr

89

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

b) Tnh sai s khp gc phng v (gc nh hng) ca ng chuyn theo cng thc:

Tng gc bng theo l thuyt: - Nu o gc bng pha phi ng o: iph l thuyt = - c + n.180 (7-36) - Nu o gc bng pha tri ng o: itr l thuyt = c - + n.180 (7-37) trong : n l s nh ca ng chuyn; l gc phng v ca cnh u; c l gc phng v ca cnh cui. Tng gc bng o c cng pha phi l ipho hoc cng pha tri l itro Sai s khp gc: - Tnh theo gc bng phi: q = ipho - iphl thuyt (7-38) - Tnh theo gc bng tri: q = itro - itrl thuyt (7-39) Sai s khp gc cho php tnh theo cng thc sau: q / = 2 t n (7-40) trong ; t l s c nh nht ca my, tnh bng giy. iu kin chp nhn c: q' q (7-41) c) S hiu chnh tnh theo cng thc: q v i = (") (7-42) n d) Tnh gc bnh sai theo cng thc: 'i = i + vi (7-43) 4.2. Bnh sai ta : Theo hnh VII-23 ta tin hnh bnh sai ta theo cc bc sau: a) Tnh gc phng v ca cc cnh theo phng v u bit v cc gc bng iu chnh: - Nu o gc bng pha phi ng o: i = i-1 - iph + 1800 (7-44) V d c th nh hnh VII-23 l: A 1 = - 1ph + 1800 1 2 = A 1 - 2ph + 1800 ........ - Nu o gc bng pha tri ng o: i = i-1 + itr - 1800 (7-45) V d c th nh hnh VII-23 l: A 1 = + 1tr - 1800 1 2 = A 1 + 2tr - 1800 ........ b) Tnh sai s khp ta : - Tnh s gia l thuyt: (tnh lng tng ta theo ta im A v B bit) xlt = xB - xA (7-46) ylt = yB - yA (7-47) - Tnh s gia o tng on theo cng thc sau: xi = Si Cos i (7-48)
90

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

yi = Si Sin i
- Tnh tng s gia o: xo ; yo - Sai s khp ta tnh theo cng thc: S = f x2 + f y2 trong :

(7-49)

(7-50)

fx = xo - xlt (7-51) fy = yo - ylt (7-52) - Lp t s v iu kin chp nhn sai s khp ta : S 1 (7-53) S 1000 trong : S l tng chiu di ng chuyn kinh v h. c) Tnh s hiu chnh gia s: - S hiu chnh s gia theo phng x c tnh theo cng thc: f Si (7-54) li = x S ly trn theo s l ca s gia x i - S hiu chnh s gia theo phng y c tnh theo cng thc: f y Si ei = (7-55) S ly trn theo s l ca s gia y i tronng : li , ei l s hiu chnh s gia theo phng x v y; Si l chiu di cnh tng ng; S l tng chiu di ng chuyn. d) Tnh gia s ta hiu chnh theo cng thc sau: x'i = xi + li (7-56) y'i = yi + ei (7-57) e) Tnh ta cc nh theo cng thc sau: xi = xi-1 + x'i (7-56) yi = yi-1 + y'i (7-57)
V D 2: Bnh sai ng chuyn kinh v h sau: I/ Dng ng chuyn:

C A I 1 B II Hnh VII-24 D 2 3

91

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

II/ S liu cho:

x B = 4028, m 53 B: y B = 4006,77 x C = 3730, m 43 C: y C = 3802,85

III/ S liu o c: - o gc bng bn tri ng o:
B = 92030'36"
^ ^ ^

v bit t = 20"

I = 156030'18"
^

0 II = 175030'30" C = 180 44'00" - o chiu di cnh: S1 = 133,m84 ; S2 = 154,m71 ; S3 = 80,m74 - o gc phng v u v cui: = 317052'05" ; c = 203008'00"

GII: - Kt qu tnh ton ghi trong bng VII-17

BNG TNH TA (bng VII-16)

nh gc
A B I II C D 92 30'36"
0 8" 7" 8" 8"

Gc bng

317052'05" 230022'49" 206053'14" 202 23'52" 203 08'00"

0 0

Gia s ta X Y

G.s hchnh X Y

Ta X
4028.53

Y
4006.77 3903.64 3833.63 3802.85

156030'18" 175030'30" 180044'00"

133.84 154.71 80.74

-85.35

-0.04 -0.05 -0.03

-103.10 -69.97

-0.03 -0.04 -0.02

-85.39 -138.04 -74.68

-103.13 3943.14 -70.01 3805.10 -30.78 3730.42

-137.99 -74.65

-30.76

i l thuyt = 605015'55" ; fx = xo - xlt = -297.98 - (-298.10) = 0.12 i o = 605015'24" ; fy = yo - ylt = -203.83 - (-203.92) = 0.09 q=605015'24" - 605015'55"=-31" ; S = 0.15 S 0.15 1 1 = < q'= 120" ; S 369.28 2461 1000

92

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

V D 3: Bnh sai ng chuyn kinh v khp kn : I/ Dng ng chuyn: VII VI I V

A-I
IV III II A

Hnh 9-6

II/ S liu cho:

x = 1500 , m 00 I : I y I = 1500 ,00 A I =`303 0 20 '20"

v bit t = 30"

III/ S liu o c: - o gc bng bn trong ng chuyn (vi hng o theo chiu ngc chiu KH):
^

I = 128020'12"

II = 130057'18"
IV = 156 31'30"
^ ^

III = 104046'54"
^

GII: - Tnh gc nh hng u ca ng chuyn: I-II = A-I+ - 1800 = 20803535

0 V = 107002'12" VI = 174 26'54" - o gc bng ni : = 8501515 - o chiu di cnh: S1 = 357,m11 ; S2 = 191,m00 ; S3 = 259,m25 S4 = 202,m18 ; S5 = 166,m72 ; S6 = 254,m78

VII = 97 53'30"

S7 = 221,m27

93

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

- Kt qu tnh ton ghi trong bng 9-8 BNG TNH TA Bng 9-8
nh gc
I II III IV V VI VII I

Gc bng
128020'12" 130 57'18" 104046'54" 156031'30" 107002'12" 174026'54" 97053'30"
0 12" 13" 13" 13" 13" 13" 13"

208035'35" 257038'04" 332050'57" 356 19'14" 69 16'49" 74 49'42" 156055'59"

0
0 0 0

S
357.11 191.00 259.25 202.18 166.72 254.78 221.27

Gia s ta X Y
-313.557 -40.902
--0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010 --0.010

G.s hchnh X Y
-313.567 -40.912 230.672 201.753 58.975 66.668 -203.589 -170.859

Ta X
1500.000 1186.433

Y
1500.000 1329.141 1142.598 1024.329 1011.382 1167.341 1413.275 1500.000

-170.908 -186.569 -118.304 -12.974

+0.049 +0.026 +0.035 +0.027 +0.023 +0.035 -0.030

-186.543 1145.521 -118.269 1376.193 -12.947 1577.946 155.959 1636.921 245.934 1703.589 86.725 1500.000

230.682 201.763 58.985 66.678

155.936

245.899 86.695

-203.579

i l thuyt = 900 00'00" i o = 899058'30" q= -90" q'= 113"

; fx = x = 0.070 ; fy = y = - 0.225 ; S = 0.236 S 0.236 1 1 ; = < S 1625 6885 2000

II.4. AN DY LI KHNG CH: II.4.1. Giao hi im: Trong tam gic cn phi t my o mi im tam gic, mt khc tt c cc gc trong li tam gic phi o c lp. Nh vy o c trong li tam gic c nhiu kh khn, khng thun tin, thm ch c khi khng th thc hin c. khc ph tnh trng , bo m s im khng ch cn thit cho o c a hnh, c th dng phng php giao hi cc im ring bit, giao hi theo cp im hoc giao hi theo cc chm. c im quan trng trong o giao hi l khng cn o tt c cc gc trong tam gic. Do trong giao hi khng c iu kin hnh tam gic nh trong o tam gic. a) Giao hi pha trc: Nu t my t cc im khng ch cp cao A, B (hnh 9-7) o v im cn xc nh P, ta c bi ton giao hi pha trc xc nh ta im P. Vic tnh giao hi t hai hng tng t nh tnh tam gic n, ch khc y gc P c tnh t hai gc, theo cng thc: P1 = 1800 - (A + B1) (9-42) kim tra v nng cao chnh xc ca im P, ta cn t thm my ti im cp cao C, o v P. Khi ta im P c tnh trung bnh t hai tam gic giao hi ABP v BCP. P P1 P2 A B1 B2 B C

Hnh 9-7
94

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

b) Giao hi cnh bn: Nu t my c t ti mt trong hai im cp cao bit l A (hnh VII-28) th ta phi t my ti im cn xc nh P o. T tnh c gc B theo cng thc sau: B = 1800 - (A + P1) (9-43) Sau khi tnh c gc B, ta tnh chiu di cnh, tnh gc phng v cc cnh tam gic giao hi v ta im P nh trong tam gic n. y chnh l bi ton giao hi cnh bn. kim tra ta o thm gc P2 ti im cp cao C. Vic kim tra c tin hnh nh sau: Sau khi tnh c ta P, t cc ta im A, C v P, tnh ngc ta ta c cc gc phng v PC, PA ca cc cnh PC v PA. C th y ta c: yC y P tgR PC = xC x P PC (9-44) y A yP PA tgR PA = x x A P Do : CPA = PC PA (9-45) Tr s P2 o c phi bng gc CPA

P P2 C A2 A A1 B P1

Hnh 9-8

c) Giao hi pha sau: Khi khng th t my ti cc im khng ch cp cao, ta c th t my ti im cn xc nh P o ti cc im cp cao A, B v C, ri dng bi ton giao hi pha sau gii quyt (hnh 9-9). kim tra, ta cn o thm im cp cao K. Ch , khi xc nh im P, cn t im P ngoi hoc trong vng trn qua ba im A, B, C (gi l vng trn nguy him). Thng thng im P t trong tam gic , khng nn t im P trong vng gch cho ca hnh 9-9. hnh , hai vng trn ca hnh vnh khn c bn knh hn km 1/5 bn knh vng trn nguy him. Vic tnh giao hi pha sau c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:

C
c1 c2

B Hnh 9-9

95

Bi ging Trc c
1) S li: B A

Bi Quang Tuyn

Hnh 9-10 2) S liu cho: Ta 3 im A, B, C 3) Gc o: , , 4) Ni dung tnh ton:

1

B
2

A
3

1 2

1 P 4 3

2
2 1

3 1 2

C Hnh 9-11

Da trn nguyn tc tnh giao im pha trc: ta im P c tnh t A v B n hay t C v B n. A3 = P3 = 1800 - P2 (vi P2 = ) 0 C3 = P4 = 180 - P1 (vi P1 = ) Bit ta ca A v B, tnh ra SAB v AB. T 2 gc A3 v C3 bng gio im pha trc, ta tnh ra ta ca im M ta tm BM hay BP, t ta ca A v B ta tm ra BA. T BA v BP ta suy ra gc B1 v gc A1 c tnh nh sau: A1 = 1800 - ( B1 + P1) (P1=) Bit 2 gc A1 v B1 v vi giao im pha trc ta tnh ra ta im P. Tng t, t ta im B v C ta tnh ra BC, bit BC v BP ta suy ra gc B2, v gc C1 c tnh theo cng thc sau: C1 = 1800 - ( B2 + P2) (P2=) Khi bit C1 v B2 bng phng cch giao im pha trc ta tnh ra ta im P. Sau cng ta im P s c tnh trung bnh t 3 hng A, B, C.

96

Bi ging Trc c V D 9-3: Bng phng php giao im pha sau , hy tnh to im P. 1. Dng li: A

Bi Quang Tuyn

Hnh 9-12

2.- S liu gc nh A B C 3.- S liu o Gc 121013 33 GII: Gc 118042 13 Gc 120004 14

1 A

X
501.193m 235.530 m 479.232 m

Y 634.407 m 709.713 m 921.281 m

2 P 2

1 B 2 3

1
4

3
2 3

1 C

Hnh 9-13 M

1/ Tnh Ta im M. B3 = P3 = 1800 - P2 =1800 - = 1800 - 11804213 = 6101747 C3 = P4 = 1800 - P1 =1800 - = 1800 - 12000414 = 5905546 M = 1800 - (B3 + C3) = 5804627 T ta 2 im B v C Tnh BC v SBC. xBC = xC - xB = 479.232 - 235.530 = 243.702 yBC = yC - yB = 921.281 - 709.713 = 211.568 y BC = RBC = ARCtg = 4005745 x

SBC =

x 2 + y 2 = 322.725 BC BC

97

Bi ging Trc c
Tnh t B: BM = BC + B3 = 4005745 + 6101747 = 10201532 S 322.725 S BM = BC SinC 3 = Sin 59 0 55 ' 46 ' ' = 326.604 0 ' '' SinM Sin 58 46 27

Bi Quang Tuyn

0 ' '' x BM = S BM Cos BM = 326.604 Cos102 15 32 = 69.348 y BM = S BM Sin BM = 326.604 Sin102 015 '32 ' ' = 319.157 x B = x B + x BM = 235.530 69.348 = 166.182 B M M : y B = y B + y BM = 709.713 + 319.157 = 1028.871 M Tnh t C: CM = CB - C3 = BC + 1800 - C3 = 4005745 + 1800 - 5905546 = 16100159

S CM =

S BC 322.725 SinB 3 = Sin 61017 ' 47 ' ' = 331.022 0 ' '' SinM Sin 58 46 27

x CM = SCM Cos CM = 331.022 Cos1610 01'59 ' ' = 313.050 y CM = SCM Sin CM = 331.022 Sin1610 01'59 ' ' = 107.590 x C = x C + x CM = 479.232 313.050 = 166.182 C M M : y C = y C + y CM = 921.281 + 107.590 = 1028.871 M x C = 166.182m Tnh trung bnh ta c M : C y = 1028.871m 2/ Tnh Ta im P. T ta 2 im A v M Tnh AM xAM = xM - xA = 166.182 - 501.193 = -335.011 yAM = yM - yA = 1028.871 - 634.407 = 394.464 Thuc gc phn t th II nn: y AM = 1800 - RAM = 1800 - ARCtg = 13002026 x T ta 2 im A v B Tnh AB v SAB. xAB = xB - xA = 235.530 - 501.193 = -265.663 yAB = yB - yA = 709.713 - 634.407 = 75.306 y AB = 1800 - RAB = 1800 - ARCtg = 16401026 x SAB =
x 2 + y 2 = 276.130 AB AB

T ta 2 im A v C Tnh AC v SAC. xAC = xC - xA = 479.232 - 501.193 = -21.961 yAC = yC - yA = 921.281 - 634.407 = 286.874 y AC = 1800 - RAC = 1800 - ARCtg = 9402239 x
98

Bi ging Trc c
SAC =
x 2 + y 2 = 287.713 AC AC

Bi Quang Tuyn

Tnh gc A1 v A2. A1 = AB - AM = 16401026 - 13002026 = 3305000 A2 = AM - AC = 13002026 - 9402239 = 3505747 Tnh gc B1 v C1. B1 = 1800 - (P1 + A1) = 1800 - ( + A1) = 1800 - (12000414 - 3305000 = 260546 C1 = 1800 -(P2 + A2) = 1800 -( + A2) = 1800 -(11804213 -3505747 = 2502000 Tnh P t A: AP = AM = 13002026 S 276.130 Sin 26 0 20 ' 00 '' = 141.555 S AP = AB SinB1 = 0 ' '' Sin Sin120 04 14
0 ' '' x AP = S AP Cos AP = 141.555 Cos130 20 26 = 91.633 y AP = S AP Sin AP = 141.555 Sin130 0 20 ' 26 '' = 107.895

x A = x A + x AP = 501.193 91.633 = 409.560 P : P y A = y A + y AP = 634.407 + 107.895 = 742.302 P Tnh P t B: BP = BA + B1 = AB + 1800 + B1 = 16401026+1800 + 2600546 = 37001612 = 1001612 S 276.130 Sin 33 0 50 ' 00 '' = 177.654 S BP = AB SinA 1 = 0 ' '' Sin Sin120 04 14
A 0 ' '' x BP = S BP Cos BP = 177.654 Cos10 16 12 = 174.808 y BP = S BP Sin BP = 177.654 Sin10 016 '12 '' = 31.673 x B = x B + x BP = 235.530 + 174.808 = 410.338 B P P : y B = y B + y BP = 709.713 + 31.673 = 741.386 M Tnh P t C: CP = CA + C1 = AC + 1800 - C1 = 9402239+1800 + 2502000 = 24900239 S 287.713 Sin 35 0 57 ' 47 '' = 192.635 S CP = AC SinA 2 = 0 ' '' Sin Sin118 42 13 0 ' '' x CP = S CP Cos CP = 192.635 Cos 249 02 39 = 68.896 y CP = S CP Sin CP = 192.635 Sin 249 0 02 ' 39 '' = 179.893

x C = X C + X CP = 479.232 68.896 = 410.336 P : P y C = y C + y CP = 921.281 179.893 = 741.388 P

C

99

Bi ging Trc c (X A + X PB + X PC ) = 410.078m xP = P 3 PC : A B C y = (YP + YP + YP ) = 741.692m P 3 V D 9-4: Theo phng php giao im pha sau tnh ta im P. Cho cc s liu sau: nh hnh 9-10 v 9-11: x = 1598,25 x = 1864,76 x = 1340,22 A ; B ; C y = 752,46 y = 1137,89 y = 1244,08
= 1120 28'12" ; = 1310 00'42" ; = 1160 31'06"

Bi Quang Tuyn

A 3 = P3 = 1800 = 1800 1120 28'12" = 670 31'48" C 3 = P4 = 1800 = 1800 1160 31'06" = 630 28'54" Tnh ta im M:
AC = 1170 41'35" AM = 1850 13'23" CM = 2340 12'41" SAC = 555m ,22 M = 480 59'18"
SAM = 658, m 39 SCM = 679, m 94

Tnh c

x AM = 655,65 x = 942,60 M y AM = 59,93 y = 692,53 x CM = 397,63 x = 942,59 M y CM = 551,55 y = 692,53

Tnh trung bnh M:

x = 942m ,60 M y = 692m ,53

Tnh BM:
BM = 2050 46'42"

Tnh BA:
BA = 2350 20'15"

Tnh BC:

BC = 1680 33'20"
B1 = 29033'33" B2 = 37013'22" A1 = 33055'21" C1 = 30018'26"

100

Bi ging Trc c
2 2 SAB = x AB + y AB = 468m ,60

Bi Quang Tuyn

SBC = 468m ,60 SAB SinB1 = 258m ,35 Sin S SinA 1 SBP = AB = 292m ,58 Sin S SinB1 SCP = BC = 350m ,34 Sin SAP =

TNH TA P:

T A:

AP = 89 015'36"
S AP = 258 m ,35 x AP = 3 m ,34 y AP = 258 m ,33 x = 1601m ,59 P: y = 1010 m ,79

T B:

BP = 205 0 46'42"
S BP = 292 m ,26 x BP = 263 m ,17 y AP = 127 m ,10 x = 1601m ,59 P: y = 1010 m ,79

T C:

CP = 318 014'54"
S CP = 350 m ,34 x CP = 261m ,37 y AP 233 m ,29 x = 1601m ,59 P: y = 1010 m ,79 x = 1601m ,59 P: y = 1010 m ,79

Vy:

101

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

IV. LI KHNG CH CAO: IV.1. Khi nim li khng ch cao: Li cao l li xc nh v tr cao ca cc im khng ch, ly n lm ch da xc nh v tr cao ca cc im trong khu o lp bn v b tr cng trnh. Ty theo yu cu chnh xc v tc dng khng ch ca n, ta c th phn thnh: li cao nh nc, li cao k thut v li cao o v. Li cao nh nc c phn thnh 4 hng: I, II, III v IV. Li cao hng I, II l h thng cao nht trong ton quc, l c s cho vic nghin cu khoa hc v pht trin cc li hng III, IV. Ty theo yu cu chnh xc v iu kin o c m li cao c th c xy dng theo phng php o cao hnh hc hay o cao lng gic. Vng ng bng, i, ni thp, li cao thng c xy dng theo phng php o cao hnh hc v theo dng li ng chuyn cao. Vng ni cao him tr, li cao thng c xy dng theo phng php o cao lng gic dng li tam gic cao. Ni chung vic xy dng li cao u qua cc bc: thit k k thut trn bn , chn im chnh thc ngoi thc a ri chn mc, v s li chnh thc v tin hnh o chnh cao, tnh ton cao cc im. Ty theo cp hng ng cao m vic chn im cao c nhng yu cu khc nhau. Nhng ni chung cn ch : chn ng o cao cho n ngn nht nhng li c tc dng khng ch nhiu, thun li cho vic pht trin li cao cp di. - Ni t mc hoc trm o cn m bo vng chc, kh ro. ng o t dc, t gp vt chng ngi, trnh vt sng, thung lng. Trnh qua vng t xp ly, st l.... - Khi o cao phc v cho xy dng cc cng trnh, th ng o nn i theo cc cng trnh (knh, mng, p, cu...). - Khi chn im c th iu tra tnh hnh a cht cng trnh ngay ti ch chn thit k su chn mc c hp l. Cac im c chn chnh thc cn phi chn mc, v s v ghi ch cn thn. IV.2. Li thy chun hng IV: Li cao hng III, IV l li cao tng dy cao hng I, II, n trc tip phc v cho o v a hnh v o c cng trnh. Li thy chun hng IV l cp cui cng trong h thng li khng ch cao nh nc, c pht trin t cc im khng ch cao hng I, II, III thnh vng kn, cc ng thy chun ph hp hay thnh li c mt hay nhiu im nt. Cc im khng ch hng IV l c s trc tip pht trin li khng ch cao k thut ng thi lm im cao b tr v thi cng cng trnh. Khi o v bnh ln, thng s lng im khng ch cao hng IV cn xy dng khng nhiu nn t khi to thnh li c mt vi im nt m thng thnh ng thy chun ph hp. IV.2.1 Thit k ng thy chun hng IV: Khi xy dng li khng ch cao hng IV phc v o v bnh t l ln trong giai on thit k v thi cng cng trnh cn chn mt s im gn v tr s xy dng cng trnh m khi thi cng khng b ph hng. Cc im ny phi t ni t khng ln, d bo qun sut trong thi gian thi cng v khai thc sau ny. Nhng im chn c ni vi nhau v ni vi 2 im khng ch cao a hng cao hn ngoi khu vc o to thnh b mt ng thy chun ph hp. Trng hp Hnh VII-20

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ni c vi 1 im hng cao th cn chn ng o i v v khc nhau to thnh mt vng kn. IV.2.2. Chn im, chn mc, chn ng o: Ra thc a xc nh v tr cc im trong thit k b tr. Khi chn im, nn kho st ra xa hn v tr trong thit k mt cht, nu c v tr tt hn nh cc cng trnh kin trc kin c c t trc th nn chuyn v tr im n . im khng ch cao hng IV t trn nn, hay tng cc nh, cha, cu, cng c sn tt hn l t trn nn t. V vic gn mc va tin li v mc khng b ln nh t trn t. Sau khi chn c im cn nh du bng mc nh hnh VII-20. Sau khi chn mc phi kho st ng theo ch dn trong thit k. ng o thy chun hng IV phi l ng c nn n nh nh ng quc l, ng lin tnh, lin x, ng hay b knh mng, b vng c t trc. ng cng bng phng cng ngn cng tt. IV.2.3. Chn my, mia, mia v thi tit: My dng o thy chun hng IV l my thy bnh c phng i ln hn 24 ln, nhy ng thy di " nh hn 15"/2mm. My phi c kim nghim v hiu chnh trc khi o. Mia dng o thy chun hng IV l cp mia hai mt, m hai mt u c khc phn khong 1cm. mia l loi mia st nng 1 2khng. o thy thun hng IV vo lc tri rm mt, gi nh l tt nht, khng o lc nng gt, gi mnh hay sng m. IV.2.4. o thy chun hng IV: o thy chun hng IV tin hnh theo phng php o cao hnh hc t gia v theo s dn cao trn ng di . o thy chun hng IV ch o theo mt chiu nhng phi tun theo qui nh: - Khong cch t my n mia l 70 100m v khng qu 150m; - Chnh lch khong cch khng nh hn 3m; - Chnh lch cng dn nh hn 10m; - Chiu cao tia ngm ln hn 0,3m; - Th t c dy gia trn mia: en sau, en trc, trc, sau; - Chnh lch cc hng s nh hn hay bng 2mm. Sai s khp cao ng o nh hn sai s cho php 20 L (mm ) Khi o ng bng v
25 L (mm ) khi o vng ni; trong L l chiu di ng o tnh bng kilomet. - Cc kt qu o phi ghi trc tip vo s o thy chun hng IV (bng VII-14); - Sau khi o xong phi tnh chiu di, tng chnh cao tng khu (on) v ca c ng o, v tnh sai s khp kn cho php ca ng o. V s ghi cc kt qu o v tnh ln s . IV.2.5. S o thy chun hng IV: Ton b s liu o c ghi v tnh trong s o thy chun, bng VII-14 l kt qu o ca ng thy chun hng IV xut pht t mc hng cao R1 o khp v mc hng cao R2 i qua mc thy chun hng IV (M).

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S O THY CHUN HNG IV (bng VII-14) Ngy o: 16-8-1991 Thi tit: rm mt Ngi o: X Ngi ghi, tnh: X
Tn mc Tn mia [1] R1 A-B B-A A-B M M B-A A-B R2 N0 Trm o [2] 1 2 3 4 5 K/cch Sau . Trc [3] 75.6 77.5 98.2 100.3 88.3 85.8 93.8 92.7 67.5 68.5 848.2 Ch/lch Kcch Cng dn [4] -1.9 -1.9 -2.1 -4.0 +2.5 -1.5 +1.1 -0.4 -1.0 -1.4 en en en en Mt Mia [5] en [6] 5411(4) 0938(1) 4473(5) 6064 1490 4574 6557 2084 4473 5578 1005 4573 5299 0827 4472 35253(11) [7] 6079(3) 1525(2) 4572(6) 6499 1027 4472 5027 0454 4573 5493 1021 4472 5922 1350 4572 33415(12) [8] -0686(7) -0587(8) +0099(9) +0565 +0463 -0102 +1530 +1630 +0100 +0085 -0016 -0101 -0623 -0523 +0100 +1838(13) [9] -05865(10) +0464 +1630 -00155 -0523 +0969(14)

Bt u t 7g30 n 10g o t mc R1 n mc R2 My thy chun: Ni 030

S c gia dy Chnh cao

Khi s trm o trong trang s hay ng o l chn (2, 4, 6,..) th (14)=(13)/2; nu s trm o trong trang s hay ng o l l (3, 5, 7, ...) th (14)=[(13) 100]/2, y du ca hng s 100 l du ca (9) trm l di cng. Tnh kt thc: - Khong cch v chnh cao khy (on) R1M v MR2: hR1M = +1,5075m ; SR1M = 527,7m ; hMR2 = -0,5385m ; SMR2 = 322,5m ; - Sai s khp cho php ca ng o R1MR2 l : f hcp = 20 0,85 = 18,4mm IV.2.6. Bnh sai ng thy chun hng IV: Trc khi tnh cao cc im thy chun hng IV mi xy dng cn bnh sai cc kt qu o theo th t sau: 1/ Tnh sai s khp cao ng o theo cng thc: (7-31) fh = h0 - (Hcui - Hu) Tnh sai s khp kn cho php f hcp = 20 L (mm), trong L l tng chiu di ng o, chnh l tng cc khong cch t my n 2 mia ly ct [3] bng VII-14. - Nu fh <= fhcp th tnh s hiu chnh chi 1 km ng o

104

 fh (7-32) 0 = S 2/ Tnh s hiu chnh chnh cao cho tng on: vi = 0 Si (7-33) Tng cc vi ng bng fh nhng ngc du. 3/ Tnh chnh cao bnh sai: (7-34) ho + v = hbs v cao cc im cao hng IV: HM = HR1 + hR1M (7-35) Ton b vic tnh ton bnh sai v tnh cao ng thy chun hng IV thc hin trong bng VII-15. V D7.10: ng thy chun hng IV gm 2 im R1, R2 ni vi im thy chun hng II l R28 v im thy chun hng III l R6 nh hnh VII-21. Chiu di v chnh cao cc on o cng nh cao cc mc thy chun hng cao ghi trn s hnh VII-21. Hy bnh sai cc kt qu o v tnh cao cc im hng IV l R1 v R2. GII: Ton b vic tnh ton bnh sai v tnh cao theo cng thc t (7-31) n (7-35) tin hnh bng VII-15. Khi ghi chnh cao on R1R2 v R2R6 vo bng VII-15 phi i du v chiu tnh chnh cao trn s hnh VII-21 ngc vi chiu tnh sai s khp bng VII-15.

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R28
18,634 4,682 6,1

R1
3,075 4,5

R2
5,154 5,6

R6
15,029

Hnh VII-21 BNG TNH TON BNH SAI V CAO NG THY CHUN (bng VII-15) S (m) ho (m) v (mm) hbs (m) H (m) 18.634 6.1 4.5 5.6 16.2 4.652 -3.075 -5.154 -3.547 -22 -16 -20 -58 4.660 23.294 -3.091 20.203 -5.174 15.029 -3.605 HR6 - HR28 = 15.029 - 18.634 = -3.605 m fh = -3.547 - (3.605) = +58mm f hcp = 20 16,2 = 80,5mm fh < fhcp 58 0 = = 3.58mm / 1km 16.2

Mc

R28 R1 R2 R6

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Ghi ch: Khi o v bnh phc v thit k v thi cng cc cng trnh thy li c lin h vi cc h thng thy li ca c vng rng ln cn nng cao chnh xc o ln mt mc. C th l o thy chun hng III, IV trong thy li cn tun theo cc qui nh: - Khong cch t my n mia nh hn 75m.
- Chnh lch khong cch t nh hn hay bng 2m. - Chnh lch cng dn nh hn hay bng 5m. - Chiu cao tia ngm cao hn 0,3m. - Th t c dy gia trn mia: en sau, en trc, trc, sau. - Chnh lch hng s mia nh hn hay bng 2mm. - Sai s khp ng o nh hn 15 L (mm). IV.3. Li khng ch cao k thut: Li khng ch cao k thut c pht trin t cc im khng ch cao nh nc. li khng ch cao k thut cng li khng ch mt bng khu vc v li khng ch o v s to thnh h thng c s trc a chnh o v bn t l va v ln. Li khng ch cao k thut cn dng pht trin li khng ch cao o v. IV.3.1. Thit k li: Li khng ch cao k thut c th l nhng ng thy chun khp kn hay ph hp hoc thnh li c mt vi im nt. Ph thuc vo khong cao u ca bn phi o v m chiu di ng thy chun k thut c qui nh bng VII-16 sau: Bng VII-16 Loi ng - ng n - Gia im khng ch v im nt - Gia hai im nt Khong cch u 0.25 0.5 2 km 8 km 1,5 km 6 km 1 km 4 km 1; 2; 5 16 km 12 km 8 km

Khi thit k li khng ch cao k thut cn lu l tt c cc im ca likhng ch mt bng khu vc v 1/5 s im (c 5 im lin tip c 1 im) ca li o v u cn c xc nh cao bng o thy chun k thut. IV.3.2. Chn im, chn mc: Ngoi nhng im gii tch ng chuyn hng I, II v cc im ca li o v c ly lm im khng ch cao k thut, cn phi chn cc im mi ghi trong thit k. Vic chn nhng im ny cng tin hnh nh chn cc im khng ch cao hng IV. Cc im mi chn ty theo v tr ca im m nh du bng cc du mc nh hnh VII-20. IV.3.3. Chn my v mia: My dng o thy chun k thut l my thy bnh c phng i ln hn 20 ln v nhy ca ng thy di " phi nh hn 45"/2 mm. Nu khng c my thy bnh c iu kin ni trn, c th dng my kinh v c ng thy di gn trn ng knh. Mia dng o thy chun k thut l mia 2 mt hay 1 mt khc phn khong 1cm. Trc khi o phi hiu chnh v kim nghim my. IV.3.4. o thy chun k thut: o thy chun k thut cng tin hnh theo phng php o cao hnh hc t gia v theo s dn cao trn ng di. Mia dng trn mia hay trn cc g ng xung t hay dng trn nn gch, ca ng c ri mt. Th t c mia: - Nu o vi mia hai mt: c en mia sau ri c en mia trc. - Nu o vi mia mt mt: c mia sau quay my c mia trc. Thay i chiu cao my c mia trc ri quay my c mia sau. Khong cch t my n mia trung bnh l 120m. Nu thun li c th ko di n 200m.
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Chnh lch hng s gia hai mia hoc chnh cao gia hai ln thay i chiu cao my khng ln hn 5mm. Sai s khp ca ng thy chun k thut khng c vt qu 50 L (mm). IV.3.5. Bnh sai v tnh cao: a) Bnh sai ng thy chun n: lm ging nh li khng ch cao hng IV. b) Bnh sai li thy chun k thut: Tin hnh theo phng php bnh sai Ppp gm cc bc sau: 1/ Tnh tng chiu di v chnh cao tng khu (on) trong li. 2/ V s li vi t l ln hn. Ni 2 im cao cp cao bng ng t on v xem chiu di ca khu l bng 0 to thnh vng kn. Nu trong li c p im cao cp cao th c p-1 vng nh th. Trong mi vng, k mt khung nh nht ghi sai s khp ca vng. Theo phng php bnh sai Ppp th tt c cc vng u tnh sai s khp theo chiu kim ng h. Trn mi khu ca vng u k mt khung ch nht pha ngoi vng ghi lng phn phi sai s khp ca vng. Trn mi khung ghi t s chiu di ca khu c khung ch nht trn tng chiu di ca c vng. S ny thng ghi bng mc nn cn gi l s . Mi s tnh n 2 s l v tng cc s trong mt vng phi bng 1. 3/ Phn phi sai s khp vng bt u t vng c tr tuyt i sai s khp ln nht n vng c tr tuyt i sai s khp nh nht. - Nhn sai s khp fn vi s u mi khung ch nht ca vng, lm trn n milimet. Tng cc tch ny phi bng fh. Ghi cc tch kim tra vo trong cc khung ch nht c s nhn vi fh. Ch cc khung ny nm ngoi vng c fh c phn phi. - Sang vng tip theo. Nucc khung ch nht c s u, nm trong vng ny, c tch ca fh vng trc phn sang, th phi tnh li sai s khp ca vng. Sai s khp mi bng sai s khp ca vng cng vi lng phn phi trong cc khung ch nht nm trong vng. Ghi gi tr mi tnh c vo trong khung sai s khp gia vng. Nhn vi cc s ca vng sau khi kim tra nu khng c sai st th ghi cc tch va tnh vo cc khung ch nht ngoi vng c sai s khp mi c phn phi. C lm nh th cho n vng cui cng th quay li vng u v lm cho n khi khng cn sai s khp mi trong cc vng l xong bc phn phai sai s khp. 4/ Tnh tng cc lng phn phi trong cc khung ch nht trong c li: Ly tng ca khung ch nht pha trong vng tr cho tng khung nh nht ngoi vng s c s hiu chnh ca khu . S ny t trong ngoc n () v ghi pha trong vng. Nh vy khu chung gia 2 vng s c s hiu chnh bng nhau v tr tuyt i nhng ngc du. Tng cc s hiu chnh trn tt c trn cc khu ca vng phi bng ng sai s khp ban u nhng ngc du. 5/ Tnh cao cc im nt sau tnh cao cc im khng ch trn mi khu gia 2 im nt v khu gia im nt v im khng ch cp cao. IV.4. Li khng ch cao o v: Li khng ch cao o v l cp cui cng chuyn cao cho im mia. C s pht trin li khng ch cao o v l cc im khng ch cao nh nc v cc im khng ch cao k thut. Cc im ca li o v, ng chuyn ton c u l cc im ca li khng ch cao o v. Li khng ch cao o v ch yu l li thy chun lng gic. Khi o v bnh t l 1/500 c khong cao u l 0,5m c th dng my kinh v hay my bn c o chnh cao cc cnh ca li cao o v nhng phi tia ngm nm ngang. Khi o v bnh c khong cao u l 1; 2; 5m th o chnh cao cc cnh nh o chnh cao ng chuyn ton c. Li cao o v ch yu l nhng ng cao lng gic ph hp, trong im cp cao u v cui l im cao nh nc hay im cao k thut. Sai s khp ca ng cao o v
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khng ln hn

0,04 S n

(cm), trong S l chiu di cnh ca li o v v n l s cnh trong

ng cao o v. Vic bnh sai kt qu o v tnh cao trong ng cao o v gm cc bc: - Tnh chnh cao o i v o v ca cnh, chnh cao bnh qun c tr tuyt i l trung bnh cng ca tuyt i chnh cao o i v v, cn du l du ca ln o i. - Tnh: 0,04 S f h = h o (H cui H u)vafhcp = n Nu fh <= fhcp th tnh s hiu chnh chnh cao ca cnh f v i = h Si S - Tnh chnh cao bnh sai hb s = ho + v v cao im khng ch HI = HA + hAI

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O V BN T L LN
I. I CNG V BN T L LN: o v l qu trnh o c tng hp, tin hnh thnh lp bn , bnh hoc mt ct ca mt khu vc no . Ty theo c im th hin s liu ca thc a, ngi ta chia ra ba loi o v: o v mt bng, o v cao v o v a hnh. o v mt bng l o v bnh bn ranh gii, a vt ca thc a. Trn bnh ny, cao ca cc yu t trn thc a khng c th hin. o v cao nhm mc ch xc nh v tr, cao ca cc im so vi mt mt chun no . y chnh l cng tc o cao. o v a hnh l dng dng c o v kt hp mt bng v cao. Kt qu o v nhn c bnh hoc bn , trn th hin c v tr mt bng v cao ca cc im. II. NI DNG TH HIN: II.1. Biu din a hnh, a vt trn bnh , bn : Nhim v ca cng tc o v ni chung u l xc nh v tr tng h ca cc i tng o v (cc im a vt) v a hnh trn thc a, biu din cc i tng a hnh, a vt ln bnh , bn hoc di dng cc mt ct trn giy v. a hnh, dng t l mt ni dung biu din quan trng ca bnh , bn a hnh. Dng t l mt tp hp tng th ton b b mt li lm, g gh, cao thp khc nhau ca mt t t nhin. Bit c nhng c im ca dng t s c mt ngha quan trng khi thit k quy hoch khu th, dn c nhng vng kinh t pht trin cng nh khi thit k xy dng cc cng trnh k thut v khai thc cc khu nh. biu din a hnh dng t c th s dng nhiu phng php nh k vn, t mu nhng hin nay ph bin nht l ng ng mc (xem chng I). Ngoi ra, vic biu din trn bnh , bn cn i hi rt d nhn bit a vt, mun vy, ngi ta dng nhng k hiu c bit gi l nhng k hiu qui c gi nh (xem cun qui nh k hiu qui c bn ). i vi mi t l, ngi ta xy dng nhng b k hiu quy c c b ngoi nhn gn ging nh i tng cn biu din, do cng cho ta hnh dung r rng, chnh xc cc a vt trn thc a. II.2. Yu cu chnh xc ca o v bnh , bn : - T l o v s nh hng ti mt v chnh xc ca cc im khng ch trc a, ti qui trnh cng ngh o v, ti thi hn v hiu qu ca cng vic. - T l o v ph thuc vo mc ch s dng bn bnh , din tch khu vc o v, mc chnh xc biu din thc a. v - chnh xc chuyn im khng ch ln giy v l: 0,2mm. - chnh xc biu din a hnh, a vt ln giy v l: t 0,5 0,7mm. III. CNG TC O V: III.1. Cng tc chun b: thc hin c v thun tic cho cng tc o v th trc ht i hi chng ta c nhng chun b v kin thc chuyn mn, nhn s, phng tin v nhng hiu bit thc t v khu vc o v. - Tham kho ti liu. - Thm st a th. - Chun b v nhn s v cng c. III.2. Lp phng n k thut o c: Sau khi c nhng chun b ban u ta tin hnh hnh thnh phng n o c ca mnh nh sau: - Xc nh nhim v, yu cu cht lng v thi gian thc hin.
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- Thu thp cc ti liu bn lin quan. - Nghin cu cc yu cu k thut v qui phm vi tnh hnh thc t ca khu o v m s b lp li khng ch. - Kho st k khu o v vch ra li khng ch ph hp nht. - Lp bn phng n k thut: li khng ch, b tr mc o ... - B tr k hoch thi cng, d tr kinh ph (bao gm v vt t, nhn s, ...). III.3. Lp li khng ch: Lp li khng ch c ni r chng IV, V v VI. y ta c th vn tt nh sau: - Thit k li: trong gm xc nh s im, chn mc, chn mc. - Cng tc o ngm li: vi cc cng c cn thit ta tin hnh o gc, chiu di... ca li. - o lin kt li vi li khng ch nh nc hay li khng ch cp cao hn. - X l s liu: gm c ghi chp s liu khi o v tnh ton v bnh sai. III.4. o chi tit a hnh, a vt: th hin a hnh a vt trn bn th ta tin hnh o chi tit. C cc phng php o sau: a) Phng php giao im: - o cnh: V d cn o im chi tit C (hnh VIII-1), ta da vo cnh ca li khng ch I-II. Theo phng php ny dng dng c o chiu di cnh I-C v cnh II-C. Ghi nhp V I o o Li khng che o v IV III Hnh VIII-1 II II C l im cn o 120 115 C

- o gc: V d cn o im chi tit C (hnh VIII-2), ta cng da vo cnh ca li khng ch I-II. Theo phng php ny ta t my kinh v ti hai im I v II, ngm C o c gc 1 v 2. Ghi nhp I

1 2
II

I
580 610

II

Hnh VIII-2 Ch : phi ghi ch r rng trn s nhp.

b) Phng php ta vung gc: V d ta cn b sung b sng nh hnh VIII-3 sau:

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B sng E1 E2 E3 E4

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F1

F2 Hnh VIII-3

F3

F4

III

- Chn mt cnh ng sn gn ng cong. nh du nhng im trn ng cong ch thay i cong ln, v d im E1, E2, E3, .... - H hnh chiu E1, E2, E3, .... xung ng I-III v ng du (bng cc g) cc im chiu F1, F2, F3...... ... - Sau o chiu di E1F1, E2F2, E3F3,.... v o IF1, IF2, IF3 ... ta c e1, e2, e3, ... v f1, f2, f3, V v ghi nhp ln s . Ghi nhp E1 E2 10
m

E3 30m 21m F3

E4 20m F4 III

34m

20

19m F2

26

F1

Hnh VIII-4 - Tin hnh ln bn v:

E1 E2

E3 E4

F1

F2 Hnh VIII-4

F3

F4

III

- Nu tng s lng im E th cng chnh xc.

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- Tng t nu gp hnh ch nht:
120m

Bi Quang Tuyn

Ghi nhp I III 200m A

400m

200m
120m

Ln bn v

III

400m

B 200m

B Hnh VIII-5 200m

c) Phng php o ta:

A
1 2 3 4

II G F

Ghi nhp B
3 2 1

II III
7 6 5

5 6 7

C E D D

F H

G A B

III

C Hnh VIII-6

- nh du cc im thay i cong. - t my ti II ngm III a v 000'0". - o cc gc tng ng vi cc im A, B, G v F ta c gi tr gc bng 1, 2, 3 v 4. - t my ti III ngm II a v 000'0". - o cc gc tng ng vi cc im E, C v D ta c gi tr gc bng 5, 6 v 7. - o khong cch t my n cc im A, B, C, D, E, F v G. Nh vy c gc bng to bi hng ngm im chi tit vi cnh nh hng (cnh II-III) v c khong cch t my n im chi tit th ta xc nh c im trn bn v. - Ghi s liu vo s o chi tit. - a cc im ln bn v t s liu v gc v khong cch.
112

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Bi Quang Tuyn

a II
800 650

A B

Hnh VIII-7
920

III - Nu tm nhn b che khut, khng nhn thy bn kia b h. Ta phi lm ng sng ph hay cc ph. Lc ny c th dng phng php ta vung gc hay phng php o ta cng c o b h bn kia. Cnh ng sn ph II
CP1

Cc ph

Cc chnh

Phng php ta vung gc CP2

Cnh ng sn (li) o v

Phng php ta vung gc

III

CP3

Hnh VIII-8 III.5. Cng tc ln bn v: a) Chun b giy v: - Da vo 2 yu t chn c lng kh giy: da vo ta ng sn ta c lng chiu ngang v ng kh giy v. - Ngang kh giy: y y min ngang = max tyl - ng kh giy: x x min ng max = tyl trong : xman; xmin; ymax; ymin l cc ta x, y ln nht v nh nht ca cc im ng sn.
113

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Sau khi tnh ra c chiu ngang v ng ta cng thm mi cnh 10cm.

Bi Quang Tuyn

b) K li vung ta : - K ng cho tng i i qua cc gc t giy v. Hai ng cho ct nhau gia t giy. - T im giao nhau ca hai ng cho, o ra theo 4 hng nm trn ng cho mt khong bng nhau, lm du 4 im bng vit ch hoc kim. - Cn c vo 4 gc va tm, k khung ch nht v li vung.
T giy v

ng cho Li vung ta

Hnh VIII-9 c) Ln li khng ch (ln to cc nh ng sn): V d ta c 6 im ta ca ng sn:

I:

x = 475.50 y = 562.35
300

II :

x = 455.65 y = 718.20

III

x = 310.50 y = 735.45 IV : x = 246.38 y = 668.43 x = 359.75 VI : y = 637.40

500

V:
II

x = 280.80 y = 526.20

400 300

IV
300

Ta thy xmin=246.38 nn ta ly gc bt u theo phng ng l 200.00; ymin=526.20 nn ta ly bt u theo phng ngang l 500.00.

III V IV

200 500 600 700 800

d) Ln chi tit a hnh, a vt: III.6. Cng tc hon chnh bn v: - Bi b cc nt ph, cnh ng sn ch cha inh ng sn. - K khung tn, k tn bn v, ch dn, ....

Hnh VIII-10
114

Bi ging Trc c
III.7. Nghim thu: III.8. Tng kt v giao np ti liu: - Ti liu li khng ch: s liu o v tnh ton. - Ti liu o c a hnh. - Bng tng kt k thut, nh gi cng tc.

Bi Quang Tuyn

115

Bi ging Trc c CHNG IX:

Bi Quang Tuyn

S DNG BN A HNH

I. KHI NIM V BN A HNH: chng u mt s vn c bn v bn a hnh c trnh by nh li chiu, h ta , t l bn , phng php chia mnh v nh s bn cch biu din a hnh, a vt ln bn . Trong chng ny s cp n mt s c im ring ca bn a hnh lin quan n vic s dng n trong thc t. 1/ Khung bn v li ta : Khung bn l mt h thng gm c: - Khung ngoi: l ng k mt nt m, phn cch ni dung bn v phn ghi ch ngoi khung. - Trong cng ca khung l khung mt nt mnh th hin kinh tuyn v v tuyn bin ca t bn . - gia 2 khung k trn l khung hai nt mnh. Cn c vo hiu s kinh v hiu s v gii hn bi khung trong, trn khung gia chia ra tng kinh v tng pht v. 2/ Ghi ch ngoi khung: Pha bc t bn , Chnh gia ghi tn mt a danh quan trng nht trong vng v d: tn tnh, thnh, ph, huyn... ngay di a danh l s hiu t bn . Ngoi khung pha nam t bn , Chnh gia ghi t l bn v v mt thc t l thng, Bn phi l mt thc o dc, bn tri l lch kinh tuyn t v gc lch gia kinh tuyn thc v trc x trong h ta vung gc. II. S DNG BN A HNH NGOI TRI: Bn a hnh c s dng rng ri trong cng tc iu tra c bn, quy hoch, thit k qun l khai thc cng trnh. Khi em bn ra thc a nghin cu, cn phi nh hng t bn v xc nh v tr ang ng l v tr no trn bn . II.1. t bn ng hng: nh hng bn thc a l t t bn sao cho hng Bc - Nam ca kinh tuyn v trn bn trng vi hng Bc - Nam ca ng kinh tuyn ngoi thc a. C th dng 2 cch nh hng: a) nh hng bn bng a bn: Tri phng bn ; t a bn ln t bn sao cho ng chun Bc - Nam hoc ng knh 00 - 1800 ca a bn trng vi ng kinh tuyn v trn bn . Gi bn v a bn nm ngang, xoay t bn cho u Bc kim nam chm ch ng vch 00 trn a bn, lc t bn c nh hng theo kinh tuyn t. nhng ni c t thin ln ( c ghi ch cui tm bn ) th cn hiu chnh c khi nh hng. b) nh hng bn theo a vt: Chn a vt ko di nh con ng, dng knh,.. , hoc 2 vt chun nh hng thy r nt ngoi thc a v c v trn bn nh nh th, nh ni, cy c lp... tri phng v xoay t bn sao cho hng ca vt chun trn bn trng vi hng ca vt ngoi mt t. Khi nh hng xong, nn chn mt vt chun khc kim tra. II.2. Xc nh v tr mt im trn mt t ln bn : Mun nghin cu s thay i ca a hnh, s thay i v s lng v v tr ca cc a vt trn thc a so vi bn , hoc nghin cu cc vn chuyn mn khc, cn xc nh chnh xc v tr ang ng trn mt t ng vi im no trn bn . Sau khi nh hng t bn , cn nhn dng cc a vt c trng xung quanh i chiu vi bn : trc ht da vo tn lng, xm th trn, tn sng ni... xc nh s b v tr khu vc; sau da vo cc a vt c trng nh con ng, ng ba, ng t, cu, cng ... nh v chnh xc hn.
116

Bi ging Trc c Bi Quang Tuyn Trong trng hp cn nh du im mt cch chnh xc ln bn , dng phng php o gc v khong cch t im cn tm n a vt c trng c xung quanh ri v chuyn ln bn . III. S DNG BN A HNH TRONG PHNG: III.1. Xc nh chiu di mt on thng: C th dng cc phng php sau: - Dng thc c khc vch milimet o trc tip chiu di trn bn , c s trn thc ti 0,1mm. Bit t l bn 1/M , c th tnh c khong cch nm ngang gia hai im c ngoi mt t. - Dng compa o: 2 mi nhn compa trng vi 2 im ri gi nguyn khu compa, t compa ln thc t l v c s trn thc. - Nu hai im u v cui on thng c ta: dng cng thc tnh ra khong cch: d = (x cui x u) 2 + ( y cui y u) 2
III.2. Xc nh chiu di mt on cong: Trong thc t cn xc nh chiu di mt con ng, mt on sng, chu vi mt khu t trn bn : nhng a vt ny thng c dng cong bt k. - Nu ng cong c dng n gin: c th tnh gn ng bng cch chia n thnh nhiu on nh v coi mi on l thng. Dng thc thng o mi on ri cng li. - i vi ng cong pht tp: Dng "thc o ng cong". III.3. Xc nh ta mt im trn bn : xc nh ta vung gc x, y hoc ta a l , ca mt im, phi da vo li ta k ngoi khung t bn . V d xc nh ta im A c xc nh nh sau: trc ht da vo li vung trn bn c ly ta im M gc Ty - Nam ca vung cha im A. T A, h 2 ng vung gc xung 2 cnh vung. Dng compa o v thc t l o ly cc gia s ta x, y; vy ta im A l: XA = XM + x (9-1) YA = YM + y xc nh ta a l im A, cng tin hnh tng t nh trn: qua A k cc ng kinh tuyn, v tuyn, cc ng ny gp cnh hnh thang c gc Ty - Nam l N. Gia s v v gia s kinh s c ni suy theo t l. Cn lu l c cnh hnh thang ng vi chnh ta a l l 1'=60". Vy ta a l ca A l: A = N + A = N + (9-2) III.4. Xc nh cao mt im trn bn : Trn bn , cao ca mt t c th hin bng ng ng mc hoc ghi ch cao cc im c trng. Mun xc nh cao ca mt im trn bn , phi cn c vo v tr tng h ca im so vi ng ng mc gn nht m ni suy ra. ng - Nu im cn xc nh cao nm ngay trn mt A ng mc, hoc ngay trn nh i, yn nga c cao, th c th 20 B c ngay cao ca im . V d hnh IX-1, cao im A l 15 d2 20m. d1 10 - cao im c ni suy t 2 ng ng mc 15m: qua B k ng vung gc vi 2 ng ng mc 10m v 15m; gi d1 v d2 l khong cch t B ti cc ng mc ny; ni suy theo phng php "t l thun", ta c: d1 H B = 10m + 5m (khong cao u E=5m) d1 + d2
Hnh IX-1

10m ln

v cn ng

117

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

d2 H B = 15m hoc: 5m d1 + d2 V d: nh hnh IX-1 ta tnh nh sau:

d1=6mm, d2=4mm th H B = 10 + hay:

6 5 = 13,0m 6+ 4

4 5 = 13,0m 6+ 4 cao ca im xc nh trn bn c chnh xc khng cao v bn thn cc ng ng mc l do ni suy t cc im chi tit c cao. III.5. o din tch bn : Trong cc khu cng tc tnh ton, thit k k s thng gp nhiu trng hp phi tnh din tch ca mt khu t trn bn . Ta hy xt cc trng hp sau: a) Khi din tch cn o c bao quanh bi cc on thng (hnh IX-2), ngi ta chia hnh cn o thnh nhng hnh c bn nh tam h3 gic, ch nht... Dng thc t l o ly kch b1 thc trn cc hnh ri p dng cc cng thc ton hc tm ra din tch tng hnh; h1 h2 cng cc din tch cc hnh ny li, ta c b2 din tch ca hnh cn o. b) Khi din tch cn o c bao quanh bi mt ng cong bt k: Hnh IX-2 C th p dng trong cc phng php sau y: - Phng php m vung: Trn t giy bng m hoc phim nha, k mt li vung kch thc mi l 2x2mm hoc 5x5mm. t li vung ny ln din tch cn o (hnh IX-3). m s vung nm trong ng bin ca hnh: trc ht m vung nguyn; cc khuyt nm ven ng bin th phi b tr cho nhau thnh mt chn khi m, phn b tr ny c lng bng mt. Ty theo t l bn v kch thc vung m tnh ra din tch thc mi vung. Bit s vung nm trong ng bin, s tnh c din tch thc ca hnh cn o. - Phng php chia di: Trn giy bng m k cc ng song song cch u, cc ng ny cch nhau 5mm to thnh nhng Hnh IX-3 di hp, trong mi di k nhng ng chia i di - nhng ng nt t trn hnh IX-4. H B = 15

Hnh ging Xt din tch mi di: v l nhng di hp nn c th coi mi di gnIX-4 vi hnh thang, vy 5mm din tch ca di l tch s gia b rng d ca mi di vi ng nt t chia i di li: (9-3) si = l i . d Din tch ca c hnh ln: S = si = li .d = d. li

118

Bi ging Trc c Bi Quang Tuyn Vy mun bit din tch ca hnh cn o, ch cn o ly b di ca cc ng nt t l ri cng li (li ), sau nhn tng ny vi b rng d ca mi di. c th chn d ng vi chiu di chn (10m, 20m ...) ngoi mt t tin li cho vic tnh ton. - Phng php dng my o din tch: (xem sch) III.6. Xc nh dc mt t trn bn : a) dc: Gi s c 2 im A, B nm trn mt t dc (hnh IX-5a), gc dc ca mt t l V; theo nh ngha, dc ca mt t trn on AB l: h i = tgV = (9-4) d trong : h l chnh cao gia A v B; d l khong cch ngang gia A v B; I l dc tnh theo %. Mun xc nh dc ca on thng AB, cn bit chnh cao h, khong cch ngang d. V d: h=1m; d=20m th i=5%. d
B h A
V

E = 2m

d B' a) d
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

b)

Hnh IX-5

00 10 20 30 40 50

80 100

200

b) Biu dc v gc dc: xc nh dc i v gc dc V nhanh chng, pha di t bn thng v "biu dc" hoc "biu gc dc". Da vo cng thc (9-4) ta c: h (9-5) d= i Nu thy h=E=khong cao u gia 2 ng ng mc trn bn . Cho trc cc dc i l 1%, 2%, 3%, ... s tnh c cc gi tr d tng ng. Biu din d ln h trc ta vung gc ta s c c ng cong hypecbn dc (hnh IX-5b) ng vi mt khong cao u E ca bn . Trn cng mt t bn , thng c 2 gi tr E (khong cao u gia ng ng mc con v khong cao u gia cc ng ng ci). Trn hnh IX-5b l hypecbn dc dng vi E=2m. Nhiu khi, ngi ta cng dng hypecbn gc dc V nh hnh IX-5c. - Cch dng hypecbn dc: gi s mun xc nh dc mt t gia hai im A v B trn bn ; A v B l 2 im nm trn 2 ng ng mc khc nhau. Dng compa o cho 2 u compa trng vi A v B, gi nguyn khu compa t ln hypecbn dc sao cho on thng gia 2 mi compa song song vi trc tung ca biu . Di chuyn compa ra xa hay gn trc tung cho ti khi mt mi compa trng vi trc honh, cn mi kia trng vi ng cong: s c dc ngay mi chm trc honh.
119

c)

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

III.7. V mt ct a hnh theo mt hng bit trn bn a hnh: (Dng lt ct) thy r s thay i ca mt t t nhin dc theo mt tuyn nh trc trn bn , c th da vo giao im ca tuyn vi ng ng mc v mt ct a hnh. V d nh hnh IX-6a, cn v mt ct a hnh dc theo tuyn AB.
31

A
a)

1 2 3

30

29 32 32 30 29 28 27 28 27

Hnh IX-6

b)

32 31 30 29 28 27 A 1 2 3 4 C 5 6 7 B i

Trn giy trng, ta k trc honh biu th khong cch gia cc im; trc ny c t l bng vi t l bn ; trc tung biu th cao c t l t chn cho thch hp. Dng compa a cc on thng A-1, 1-2, 2-3, ... ln trc honh, ri t dng song song vi trc tung ti cao tng ng; ni cc u nt, ta c mt ct ngang ca a hnh dc theo tuyn AB (hnh IX-6b). Mt ct a v ra t bn theo phng php trn c chnh xc thp, v bn thn cc ng ng mc l do ni suy t cc im chi tit c cao, mang sai s ti 1/3 khong cao u; v vy khi cn c mt ct a hnh dng trong cc khu tnh ton, thit k, tin hnh o v trc tip.

120

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PHN II:

O C CNG TRNH
CHNG X:

CC YU T C BN TRONG B TR CNG TRNH

I. KHI NIM V B TR CNG TRNH V LI KHNG CH THI CNG: I.1. Khi nim chung: Vic xy dng thi cng cc cng trnh, ni chung u da trn cc bn v thit k. Vic chuyn cc cng trnh trn bn v thit k ra thc a, gi l cng tc b tr cng trnh. Cng tc b tr cng trnh ngc vi cng tc o v bn , nhim v ca o v l biu din a hnh, a vt ngoi thc a ln bn v theo mt t l qui nh. Nhng ti liu c bn dng cho cng tc b tr l: - Bnh tng th (quy hoch tng th) ca cng trnh, t l 1:500 - 1:2000. - Cc bn v thi cng t l ln. - Thit k quy hoch cao, t l 1:1000 - 1:2000. - S li khng ch trc a ca khu vc xy dng. Trong bn thit k cc trc chnh (trc gc) u c o ni trc tip vo cc im khng ch trc a. Cn v mt cao, thng ly mt mt phng no lm mt phng chun quy c ri t m o cao ca cc mt phng hoc ca cc im c bit trong thit k. chuyn thit k ra thc a phi tin hnh cng tc chun b v mt o c: a) Lp cc bn v b tr cng vi cc s liu o ni cc trc chnh vo cc im khng ch o c, tin hnh tnh ton chi tit cho thit k. b) Xy dng bn thit k da vo m b tr cm cng trnh. Trong bn thit k ny phi gii quyt cc vn c bn sau: - Pht trin li khng ch b tr cng trnh. S li chnh xc v cc phng php o. Bnh sai li, cc qui cch mc v du mc. - n kim tra n nh ca li khng ch mt bng v cao. - Chuyn cc trc chnh ca cng trnh ra thc a, chnh xc, cc phng php o kim tra, chn mc v 1nh du im. - B tr chi tit cng trnh. chnh xc cc phng php b tr chi tit v cch chn mc, nh du im. - Cc cng tc o c phc v lp rp. - o dc bin dng cng trnh. chnh xc cn thit, phng php o c bin dng v khng ch o c. I.2. Li khng ch: Khi o v bnh , ta thu cc kch thc o thc t ngoi mt t theo t l 1/M ri v ln giy. Ngc li, khi ta b tr cng trnh ta phi a kch thc trn bnh phng to M ln b tr ra ngoi thc a c kch thc thc ca cng trnh s xy dng. Bi vy khng th dng cc im khng ch a hnh vn cn lu gi trn cng trng m phi xy dng li mi c chnh xc cao hn, m bo kch thc sau khi b tr t chnh xc yu cu ca thit k. Li gi l li khng ch thi cng v chia ra lm li khng ch mt bng thi cng v li khng ch cao thi cng. a) Li khng ch mt bng thi cng: li ny c dng nh li khng ch a hnh. 1/ Li tam gic: l li c iu kin hnh hc cht ch, m bo chnh xc cao thch hp vng i ni, thnh ph, l nhng ni o chiu di kh khn. Li tam gic thng c ng
121

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

dng nhiu trong cc cng trnh xy dng thnh ph. Cu hm, p nc .v.v... Li tam gic c nhiu dng; i vi cng trnh cu ln, li c thnh lp dng t gic trc a (hnh X-1). B4 B3 B2 B1 C4 C3 C2 C1 D4 D3 D2 E4 E3 E2 E1

A4 A3 A2 A1

Trc chnh

Hnh X-2 Hnh X-1 2/ Li ng chuyn: chnh xc cc im trong li tng i ng u, song cng tc o chiu di kh ln nn kh nng ng dng c b hn ch, thi gian gn y nh k thut o chiu di bng my in quang pht trin nn li ng chuyn c p dng kh rng ri trn cc cng trnh xy dng. 3/ Li vung l li khng ch gm nhiu hnh vung hay hnh ch nht nh k tip nhau hp thnh (hnh X-2). Khi lp li, cn c vo yu cu thi cng cng trnh, b tr sn mt s im vung. Dng phng php ng chuyn xc nh ta cc nh vung. iu chnh a cc im ny vo v tr chnh xc mi cnh ca li vung u bng mt s chn 100m hoc 200m... thun tin cho vic b tr cng trnh theo phng php ta vung gc. Li vung c s dng khi b tr cc cng trnh nh ga, sn bay v cc cng trnh cng nghip. Ty theo yu cu chnh xc b tr m qui nh chnh xc ca li khng ch thi cng, ngha l dng my, phng php o v tnh cn thit thi cng li. iu quan trng l li khng ch thi cng nht thit phi c o ni vo li khng ch a hnh c trc cho ta cc im khng ch thi cng thng nht vi cc h ta o v trc. Sau khi tnh xong li phi trin cc im li khng ch thi cng ln bn thit k cng trnh v mi l c s chuyn cc im chnh v chi tit ca cng trnh t thit k ra ngoi thc a. b) Li khng ch cao thi cng: l li cao hnh hc tng ng vi li thy chun hng IV nh nc, nhng c mt im ph thuc vo qui m v tnh cht ca loi cng trnh. Cc im khng ch phi b tr ni n nh. Sau khi hon thnh xong li khng ch cao c bn, cn dn cao ln cc im khng ch mt bng v cc im khng ch cao khc trn cng trng. Nhng im ny gi l nhng im khng ch cao xy dng. Khi b tr cc im chi tit ca cng trnh phi dn cao trc tip t cc im khng ch cao xy dng ti. I.3. Trnh t v chnh xc ca cng tc b tr cng trnh: V mt ni dung, cc cng tc b tr cng trnh l qu trnh ngc li cng tc o v. Khi o v bn , cc i lng o trn thc a c chuyn ln trn cc bn v nh bnh v mt ct, th ngc li khi b tr cng trnh li da vo cc bnh v cc mt ct thit k tin hnh thi cng. Ni chung, trnh t b tr cng trnh nh sau: - Giai on u: da vo cc im khng ch o c v cc s liu o ni tnh ton sn tm v chn mc v tr cc trc chnh, trc c bn ca cng trnh. Giai on ny gi l giai on b tr c bn.

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Bi ging Trc c

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- Giai on th hai: l giai on b tr chi tit cng trnh da vo cc trc chnh b tr xong trong giai on u. Ty theo trnh t thi cng m b tr cc trc dc v trc ngang ca cc khi, cc chi tit.v.v... xc nh v tr mt bng v cao ca tt c cc im c trng, cc mt ct, cc kt cu. B tr chi tit cng c ngha l xc nh v tr tng quan gia cc yu t, cc b phn chi tit ca cng trnh, v vy c khi chnh xc yu cu cao hn so vi giai on b tr cc trc chnh. - Giai on th ba: B tr nh du cc trc lp rp v t cc thit b ng v tr thit k. Giai on ny i hi chnh xc o c phi t yu cu cao nht. II. CC PHNG PHP B TR C BN: Mun a kch thc, v tr, ta , cao ca mt cng trnh t thit k ra ngoi thc a cn nm vng cc phng php b tr. II.1. Cc phng php chuyn mt im chi tit ra thc a t bn thit k: II.1.1. Phng php ta : a) Ta mt cc Phng php ta cc c s dng trn cc khu vc xy dng cha c mng li vung. Phng php ny dng tm v tr ca mt im nm trn mt hng C D bit, xut pht t mt im cn xc nh v tr dA dB trn thc a ca cc im C v D xut pht t 2 im A v B ca mng li trc a hin c (hnh X-3). A A V tr ca cc im C v D cn tm Hnh X-3 c xc nh trong thit k bng cc ta xC, yC v xD, yD, cn trc a cc im khng ch A v B c cho trong bng trc a. xc nh v tr thc ca cc im C v D cn cn c vo trc a ca c 4 im A, B, C v D t tnh c khong cch AC, BD v phng hng ca cc khon cch o (gc nh hng). Da theo hiu s gc nh hng ca cnh, xut pht AB v ca cc cnh AC v BD m tnh ra cc gc A v B sau b tr cc im C v D. T A m gc A v b tr on thng dA = AC xc nh c im C. T B m gc B v b tr on thng dB = BD xc nh c im D. b) Ta vung gc: Mun b tr trc a bng phng php trc a vung gc trn thc a, thng thng ngi ta s dng mng li vung. V d trn hnh X-4, gi s A1A2 v A1B1 l 2 cnh ca li vung, yu cu phi b tr im C. Trc ht, t my ti A1 ngm hng A1A2, b tr di a = x = xC-x1 c im C'. Sau , t my kinh v ti C' m gc 900 b tr di b = y = yC-yA1 c im C, cui cng nh du im C cn tm. kim tra li c th b tr im C mt ln na, phi xut pht t cnh A1B1 ca li vung xy dng. II.1.2. Phng php giao hi: a) Giao hi pha trc: Khi b tr cc im cch xa im khng ch trc a v khng th b tr khong cch t cc im khng ch n im cn b tr hoc cc im cn b tr li nm nhng mt phng c cao khc nhau v cch xa im khng ch. Chng hn nh khi b tr cc im trn cng trnh xy dng p nc hoc cc cu ln. Khi b tr im bng phng php ny, phi t my kinh v 2 im bit A v B (hnh X5) b tr hai gc 1 v 2. Cc hng s giao nhau ti C. Mun xc nh c tr th trn hai hng ,
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Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

gn v tr giao im trn mi hng ta nh du bng hai im a, a' v b, b'. Gia cc im a, a' v b, b' cng cc si dy nh v im giao nhau gia hai si dy chnh l v tr im C. Ch cc gc 1 , 2 cn c xc nh bng hai na ln o tc l bng bn tri v phi. +x A2 b C' a A1 Hnh X-3 B1 0 C a b' a' b

xA yA A

xB B yB
+y

Hnh X-4 b) Giao hi pha sau: Trong thc t khi bit v tr s b ca im cn b tr v c th t c my th ngi ta dng phng php giao hi pha sau b tr im (hnh X-5). Mun b tr c nhanh th trc ht phi tm v tr s b C' ca im C t my. Sau , chn 3 im khng ch bit A, B, D xc nh trc a im C. Cng cn lu rng khng nn C' ri vo vng trn nguy him ca cc im A, B, D. T trc a im C bit D trong thit k v trc a im C' va tnh c c th tnh s gia trc a nh sau: Hnh X-5 x = xC - x'C y = yC - y'C 3 Da vo tr s tnh c ca x, y C C' a v tr im C' di v im C. 2

4 c) Giao hi ng trc B Trong trng im nh b tr C nm A trn ng AB (hnh X-6) b tr sn trn thc a, ng thi ti C c th t c my kinh v o gc, th c th dng phng php giao hi theo ng trc (gi tt l giao hi ng trc) d b tr im. Mun vy, trc ht t my gn ni im b tr ri dng phng php nhch dn v a my vo ng trc AB, v d ti im C'. sau tm mt im khng ch D ngoi ng trc. o gc BC'D=.
D Trc a im C' c tnh theo cng thc:

x' C = x D + x DC y ' C = y A = y B
xC' = yC' . cotg yC' = yD - y'C Sau khi c trc a im C' c th so

A C' Hnh X-6 B x

trong :

124

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

snh vi trc a im C nh b tr: x = xC - x'C ; x dng a im C' v v tr chnh xc ca im C. Ngoi ra cn c cc phng php sau: d) Giao hi pha hng: e) Giao hi pha cnh: (xem sch) II.1.3. Phng php tam gic n: Phng php o tam gic n khc phng php giao hi gc pha trc ch l sau khi dng phng php giao hi gc pha trc b tr im gn C' v gc , ch c o vi chnh xc nht nh. Sau , di my n im C', o gc th ba vi chnh xc C tng t (hnh X-7). Tm sai s khp C' trong tam gic ABC', ri phn phi y x u cho 3 gc v s dng cc gc hiu chnh tnh trc a im C'. Sau tnh s chnh lch x v y Hnh X-7 v trc a v a im C' v v tr ng C cn b tr. A V c o thm gc nn phng php tam gic n chnh B xc hn phng php giao hi pha trc. Song trn thc t khng phi lc no cng cho php t my ti im cn b tr, nn phng php ny s dng rt hn ch. Khi chn cc phng php b tr, ngoi vic bo m yu cu v k thut v chnh xc, cn phi lu n mt s im sau: - iu kin ca khu o cng trnh. - Hnh dng, kch thc v loi cng trnh. - Phng php v tc thi cng. - Giai on thi cng. - Nng lc ca cn b thi cng v iu kin my mc hin c. II.2. Chuyn mt on thng ra thc a: Trc khi b tr on thng cn chun b cc dng c cn thit nh my kinh v, thc thp. Cch tin hnh nh sau: - Da vo thit k li khng ch thi cng trin ln bn thit k, o v tnh chiu di on thng cn b tr, k hiu l S'. Tnh cc s hiu chnh chiu di on thng gm c s hiu chnh chiu di thc, s hiu chnh do dc a hnh, s hiu chnh do s chnh lch nhit gia lc b tr v lc kim nghim thc. Tng cc s hiu chnh l S. Vy chiu di cn b tr ra ngoi t l: S = S' + S - My kinh v ti im u on thng, di im, cn bng, nh hng theo hng cho trc, xc nh ng thng nu on b tr di hn chiu di thc. o chiu di S theo hng nh trong my. Ty theo chnh xc cn b tr m ta chn dng c, phng php o on thng S ngoi thc a phi nh du im cui on thng ng cc khi on S. II.3. Chuyn mt gc bng ra thc a: Mun b tr mt gc bng bit t thit k ra ngoi thc a theo mt hng cho trc, cn c my kinh v khng c sai s 2c v chnh xc s c trn du xch l 1" hay 2". Khi khng c c my c iu kin nh trn, th tin hnh nh sau:

125

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

A 1

1'

'

a1 2

a2 2'

A S

a' a

'

'
B Hnh X-8 B

Gi s ngoi thc a c 2 im A v B cn b tr gc =ABa (hnh X-8). - t my kinh v ti B, di im, cn bng my, my bn tri, ngm im A, quay my theo chiu kim ng h, m 1 gc ng bng , (nu c chnh xc thp th gc m c s gn bng ). nh du hng m bng 2 im trn 2 cc 1 v 1'. - o knh my v tr bn phi, ngm im A, quay my theo chiu kim ng hn m 1 gc bng gc ln trc. Nu my khng c sai s 2c v thao tc chnh xc th trong my phi ngm ng im 1 v 1'. Nhng thng khng c nh th. Khi cng nh du hng m ln ny bng 2 im l 2 v 2'. - Chia i on nh 1, 2 v 1' , 2' ta c 2 im l a'1 v a'2. - o li gc ABa'2 theo phng php lp. S ln lp ph thuc vo chnh xc ca my v chnh xc ca gc cn b tr. V d trng hp dng my c chnh xc t=30" b tr gc khng c sai so vi gi tr cn b tr l t'=10", th s ln phi ln hn hay bng: t 30" n= = =3 t ' 10" - Tnh s hiu chnh: = ' - Trong on Ba' = S ; t a' k ng vung gc vi Ba', t a' ly mt on d=S.tg=S./ v bn tri hay bn phi hng Ba' - thy theo du ca , s xc nh c im a bn phi hay bn tri hng Ba'. Hng Ba chnh l hng cn xc nh ca gc cho trc (hnh X-8). II.4. Chuyn cao ra thc a: Gi s A l mt mc c cao bit ngoi mt t, cao HA. Cn b tr mt cao Htk ti im gn . Th t tin hnh cng tc b tr cao H tk nh sau: Chn v tr t my thy bnh cch u A v B (hnh X-9). Sau khi cn bng my, c s trn mia dng trn mc A l a; vy cao trc ngm - hay cao my l: Hmy = HA +a cc B c cao bng cao thit k H tk th s c mia dng trn cc B phi l: B = Hmy = H tk V cc B l mt cc ng cao bt k, nn s c mia dng trn cc B l b'; ta tnh: b = b' - b Nu b > 0 (du +) th cao cn b tr H tk cao hn nh cc tm B, phi p thm; nu b < 0 (du -) th H tk thp hn nh cc tm B, phi bo bt i. Ngi ta ghi b (mang c du) ngay ln thn cc B thun li cho cng tc thi cng. II.5. Chuyn mt ng thng nghing ra thc a: Khi xy dng nn t ca ng t, ng st, khi o rnh giao thng ngm... ta cn b tr cc ng thng nghing. Vic b tr cc ng thng nghing chnh l vic chuyn ng c nghing nht nh ra thc a. Cc im chnh ca ng thng nghing thng c b tr thc a bng phng php o cao hnh hc. Mt cc im trn ng thng phi nm trong pm vi chiu di tia ngm t 150m
126

Bi ging Trc c Bi Quang Tuyn n 200m. Vic chuyn cc im trung ca ng nghing c tin hnh bng tia ngm nghing ca my o cao n s c trn mia im B bng chiu cao my t im A (hnh X-9). Khi ng ngm s song song nghing thit k, tip tc ng cc cc C, D cc im trung gian sao cho s c trn mia bng chiu cao my i.
Tia ngm nghing

i A C

ng thng nghing

b=i B

D Hnh X-9

II.6. Chuyn mt mt phng ra thc a: Cc mt phng trn cng trng nh nn t, mt nh thng thng c dc nht nh, chn nn trong mc ny ch trnh by phng php b tr mt phng dc, cn mt phng nm ngang, hoc gi l mt bng, ch l trng hp c bit ca t phng. c th suy ra t phng php b tr mt phng. Thc cht ca cng tc b tr mt phng l b tr cao ca mt s im nm trn mt phng, cho nn c th xem y ch l mt trng hp m rng khi nim cng tc b tr cao m thi. Trong thc t ta thng dng 2 phng php b tr mt phng bit dc nh sau: II.6.1. Phng php o cao vung: Khi dc mt phng tng i ln th ngi ta dng phng php o cao vung b tr mt phng dc. Mun b tr li vung trn mt t, th trc li vung phi song song vi ng dc thit k. Sau dng my thng bng (thy chun) xc nh cao nh cc v xc nh mt li vung. Nu nh cc ng st mt t t nhin, th cao gi l cao en. Cn cao thit k gi l cao . Vit tr s v du ca hiu cao ni trn ln trn cc. II.6.2. Phng php tia ngm nghing: Khi b tr mt phng c dc khng ln th ngi ta dng phng php tia ngm nghing ca my thng bng. Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc a trc quay ca my thng bng vo v tr vung gc vi mt phng b tr, khi quay ng knh, trc ngm c th qut thnh mt mt phng khng gian song song vi mt phng nghing nh b tr (hnh X-10). Mun a my v v tr cn thit th trc ht phi b tr trn thc a hai ng AB v DC vung gc vi nhau, DC nm theo hng dc ln nht ca mt phng. cao nh cc ABDC bng cao ti im ca mt phng nh b tr. Tip theo t my trn D cho 2 c cn ca my nm song song vi cnh AB v quay ng v song song vi 2 c cn, d0iu chnh c cn v a bt nc ca ng thng bng v v tr im 0. Quay ng knh v hng DC , iu chnh c cn th 3 c s c trn mia bng chiu cao my. Cui cng kim tra t my thng bng, th my t xong. C th quay my thng bng b tr nhng im khc trn mt phng dc thit k. A D
3 1 2 6,7 167,0 7,1 6,8 6,9 7,2

C
5,7 5,8

6,4 6,2 6,3 5,9 6,0 6,1

6,6 166,5

B Hnh X-10
127

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

III. O V TNH TON SAN NN: Cc cng trnh xy dng trn cc b mt c cao nht nh v trn b mt nm ngang hay cng c khi trn cc mt phng nghing vi dc cho trc. V vy trc khi xy dng cng trnh, phi tin hnh san nn theo yu cu thit k. o v tnh ton san nn l tin hnh o c trn khu t s xy dng tnh xem cn phi bc bt i hay thm bao nhiu t ct na cao ca nn ng bng cao thit k. III.1. o cao san nn: C nhiu phng php o cao mt t tnh ton san nn. y trnh by phng php thng gp trong xy dng. a) Chun b: Phng php ny thng p dng cho khu t tng i bng phng. Trn khu t cn o, dng my kinh v lp mt li vung cnh mi A B C D E F G vung di 100 200m, ty thuc 1 a hnh v chnh xc yu cu. Ti cc nh vung ca li u 1 2 3 4 5 6 ng cc st mt t. cch ghi v 2 nh du cc nh hnh X-11. 18 7 b) Phng php o: 3 t my thy bnh s 1, dng mia cc A1, A2, c c 17 19 20 21 22 8 s c dy gia l a1, a2. Dng 4 mia trn cc B1, B2 c s c dy 16 9 gia l b1, b2. Chuyn my sang s 2 cng lm tng t s c 5 c a3, a4 trn mia dng cc 15 14 13 12 11 10 B1, B2 v b3, b4 mia dng trn 6 cc C1, C2. V c lm nh th tt c cc trm o theo s hnh Hnh X-11 X-11. T hnh X-11, ta nhn thy: (10-1) b1 - b2 = a3 - a4 (10-2) Hay l b1 + a4 = a3 + b2 Nu cc v ca (10-1) v (10-2) u khng chnh nhau qu 4mm l t yu cu. c) Ghi s v tnh cao u cc: Thng ngi ta k sn s li ln ghi trc tip cc kt qu o gn nh mi vung ca tng trm my. o n u kim tra ngay n . Sau khi o xong tin hnh tnh cao u cc cc nh vung theo hnh X-11. Nu cao cc A1 bit th cao cc A2 s l: HA2 = HA1 + a1 - a2 , cao cc B1 l: HB1 = HA1 + a1 - b1 V cao cc B2 l: HB2 = HA1 + a1 - b2 Tng t tnh c cao cc cc tip theo v cui cng li nhn c gi tr cao ca cc A2 v B2. Chnh lch cao ca cc A2 v B2 khi tnh ht mt vng khng c qt qu 30 L (mm); y L l tng chiu di c ly t my n mia ca tng trm my, tnh bng km. c th bnh sai kt qu v tnh li cao cc nh vung theo bi ton bnh sai ng thy chun. Sau khi tnh chnh thc cao u cc th tnh cao mt t cc nh vung tnh san nn.

128

Bi ging Trc c
III.2. San mt t thnh mt phng nm ngang: Gi s c li san nn m cao mt t cc nh vung nh hnh X-12. T cao cc nh vung ca li c th tnh cao mt t sau khi san thnh mt phng nm ngang theo cng thc trung bnh cng. C th l:

Bi Quang Tuyn

8,42

8,13

10,05

12,68

H0

H =

+ 2 H II + 4 H III 4n
(10-3)

8,93

10,38

10,84

11,68

9,34 8,92 9,36 y: 10,87 - HI l tng ca cao cc nh ch thuc 1 vung trong li (cc nh gc li). - HII l tng ca cao cc nh thuc 2 11,08 10,63 7,98 vung lin tip trong li (cc nh trn cc cnh ca 12,72 li). Hnh X-12 - HIII l tng ca cao cc nh thuc 4 vung xung quanh trong li (cc nh trong li). - n l s vung ca li. Trn hnh X-12 ta c: HI = 8,42 + 12,68 + 7,98 + 12,72 = 41,80m HII = 8,13 + 10,05 + 11,68 + 9,36 + 10,63 + 11,08 + 10,87 + 8,93 = 70,73m HIII = 10,83 + 10,84 + 8,92 + 9,34 = 39,48m vy 41,80 + 141,46 + 157,92 H0 = = 9,48m 36 So snh H0 vi cao thit k Htk s tnh c khi lng t cn ly i hay phi thm. Ta c thm cng thc. V0 = n s2 (Htk -H0) Trong s l chiu di cnh vung ca li v (Htk - H0) l chnh lch cao thit k (ct ) v cao san nn. Nu hiu (Htk - H0) < 0 th cn bc bt t i, ngc li (Htk - H0) > 0 th cn thm t vo. Nu khu t hnh X-12 c cao thit k l Htk = 10m v cnh vung l 100m th khi lng t ct phi thm l. V = 9 x 1002 (10 - 9,48) = 46,800 m3 Chiu cao thi cng nn ti cc cc nh vung l hiu gia cao thit k v cao mt t (ct en). Nu hiu c du dng (+) thi chiu cao p v hiu c u m (-) l chiu su o. Chiu cao thi cng cc nh vung hnh X-12 c ghi hnh X-13a t trong ngoc n ().

129

Bi ging Trc c
(1,58) (1,87) (-0,05) (-2,68) (1,58) (1,87) (-0,05)

Bi Quang Tuyn

(-2,68)

(1,07)

(-0,38)

(-0,84)

(-1,68)

(0,67)

(-0,78)

(-1,24)

(-2,08)

(-0,87)

(0,66)

(1,08)

(0,64)

(-1,67)

(-0,14)

(0,28)

(-0,16)

(2,72)

(1,08)

(0,63)

(2,02)

(-3,92)

(-2,28)

(-1,83)

(0,82)

a) Hnh X-13

b)

III.3. San mt t theo dc cho trc: Khi xy dng, mun m bo vic thot nc t nhin ngi ta thng san mt t theo dc (i) cho trc. V d nh khu t hnh X-12 mun cho thot nc t Bc xung Nam vi i = 0,4% v cao thit k hng cc u tin l 10m ta phi tnh cao thit k cc hng cc theo cng thc: Hjtk = H0tk - j.i.d Trong : H0tk l cao thit k hng cc u tin cho trc; Hjtk l cao thit k hng cc th j ca li; d l khong cch nm ngang gia 2 hng cc; i l dc cho trc; j l s th t hng cc 1, 2, 3, ... V d i vi khu t hnh X-12. Nu ly H0tk = 10m, d=s = 100m v dc i =0,4% th cao thit k: - Hng cc 1: 8,42; 8,13; 10,05; 12,68; s c H0tk = 10m - Hng cc 2: 8,93; 10,38; 10,34; 11,68; s c H1tk = 10 - 1 x 0,004 x 100 = 9,6m - Hng cc 3: 10,87; 9,34; 8,92; 9,36; s c H2tk = 10 - 2 x 0,004 x 100 = 9,2m - Hng cc 4: 12,72; 11,08; 10,63; 7,98; s c H3tk = 10 - 3 x 0,004 x 100 = 8,8m chiu cao thi cng trong trng hp ny ghi hnh X-13b.

130

Bi ging Trc c CHNG XI:

Bi Quang Tuyn

O C XY DNG
I. KHI NIM V TRC IM V MT TRONG XY DNG: Trong khi thi cng cng trnh xy dng, nhim v ca cng tc o c l phi chuyn chnh xc cc chi tit mt bng trong cc bn v ra thc a, bo m ng v tr hnh hc c thit k ca cc ta nh, cng trnh trong sut qu trnh xy dng cng nh vic kim tra theo di s bin dng ca chng. Cng tc o c ny c lin quan n khi nim v cc im, trc v mt trong xy dng nh sau: I.1. Trc chnh: l 2 trc vung gc i xng ca nh hoc cng trnh. Trc chnh thng c b tr khi xy dng cc ta nh c din tch ln, c cu trc v hnh dng phc tp. I.2. Trc c bn: l trc c trng cho hnh dng v kch thc tng qut ca nh hoc cng trnh. N to thnh chu vi bn ngoi ca nh hoc cng trnh. I.3. Trc dc: l trc nm theo hng dc (hng di) ca ta nh hoc cng trnh, thng c k hiu bng cc ch ci. I.4. Trc ngang: l trc nm theo hng ngang ca ta nh hoc cng trnh, thng c k hiu bng ch s rp nh 1-1, 2-2,... I.5. Trc song song: Trc song song l nhng trc song song vi trc ngang hay trc dc c km theo khong cch gia trc. I.6. im trc: l giao im ca cc trc. N c k hiu bng gp tn ca cc trc to thnh nh: A/1 , B/7,.... trong A, B l cc trc dc, cn 1 v 7 l tn cc trc ngang. I.7. im dng: l im nm trn cc trc v dng c nh cc trc. N thng nm trn ng ko di ca cc trc pha ngoi phm vi xy dng ca ta nh hoc cng trnh. I.8. Mt bng gc: l mt phng nm ngang c cao gi nh l khng. Mt bng gc ny c th c c nh bng mp trn ca bng gi nh v hoc c vch trn ct gi nh v. N cng c th c c nh trn tng h mng bng thanh thp mng, thanh ny c ng trc tip vo t hoc c vch bng nt sn trn phn xy dng ca cng trnh (tng nh, h mng). II. CCH TNH, GHI TA V KCH THC CC BN V B TR CNG TRNH: II.1. Phng php gii: Phng php gii l phng php da vo vic o trc tip trn bn hoc bn v c cc s liu cn thit. Chiu di on thng c th c o trc tip bng thc t l hoc c tnh theo cc trc a im u im cui ca n qua bi ton ngc. Cc gc nh hng c o bng thc o t cc ng ng ca li ta , hoc chnh xc hn l tnh ta cc im u v im cui ca n. Ta ca mt im c xc nh bng cch o cc on vung gc t im ti cc cnh ca li ta bng compa v thc t l. chnh xc ca vic xc nh cc s liu y s nh hng n vic xc nh cc im thc a. T hnh X-14 ta c cc cng thc tnh ta xA, yA ca im A: x A = x a + at (11-1) y A = y a + ak

131

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

y xa, ya l cc ta ca im a ( gc ty nam li ta cha im A). L c b 400 chnh xc ca vic xc nh ca im A A t ph thuc vo chnh xc o cc on at v ak m 300 chnh xc o ny li ph thuc vo sai s dng d a k c o v bin dng ca giy.... gim nh hng ca cc sai s ta cn o 200 thm cc on tb v kd. Khi ta ca im A xa c tnh theo cng thc: 100 Q Q xA = xa + at at + tb 0 (11-2) 0 100 200 300 Q ya yA = ya + ak ak + kd trong : Q l kch thc l thuyt ca li ta Hnh XI-1 . Vic xc nh ta nh vy s loi tr c sai s do bin dng ca giy. V d: vi im A ta c xa=300, ya=200, Q=100, cn cc on o bng compa trn bn hoc bn v l at=31,2 ; ak=71,2 ; tb=69,6 v kd=28,0 theo cng thc (10-6) ta c: 100 x A = 300 + 31,2 = 330,95 31,2 + 69,6 100 y A = 200 + 71,2 = 271,77 71,2 + 28,0 II.2. Phng php gii tch: Phng php gii tch l phng php xc nh bng gii tch cc ta , khong cch v hng. Trong phng php ny ta cn chon mt h trc ta ph hp vi hng mt bng chnh khu xy dng (trc Ab, BC hoc AB, AD vi gc ta l A hoc B, hnh XI-2. Ta im cui ca cc on (AB, BC, CD, DA) c xc nh theo bn bng phng php gii. Sau , theo cc ta ny ta tnh cc gc nh hng ca cc hng vung gc vi nhau. Do sai s trong lc o v tnh ton theo bn v m hiu gia hai gc nh hng k nhau s khng bng 900 m ch gn bng 900. Sai lch cho php l 0,1. Ta cc gc nh c xc nh bng cch: chn mt nh lm gc, ta ca gc nh ny ly t cc khong cch trong bn thit k so vi trc ng i. Ta cc gc nh cn li c tnh theo cc kch thc cho trong bn thit k, theo gc nh hng tnh c ca li ta c xoay (nu cc cnh nh song song vi cnh li ta ) v theo ta gc nh c ly lm gc.
Q

132

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

x' y' B 5 4 A

x' y'

+18500

3 a 6 a' e +18000

10 x' y' C

d D
-3000

d' E
-2500

x' y' Hnh XI-2

II.3. Phng php tng hp: l s phi hp gia phng php gii tch v phng php gii. Trong phng php ny, v tr cc im chnh ca bn tng qut c xc nh bng phng php gii tch cn v tr cc phn t th yu c xc nh bng phng php gii. Sau khi c cc s liu trn, ta ghi vo bn v b tr cng trnh. Ta cc giao im trc ng i, cc gc nh c ghi dng phn s: t s l honh (x') mu s l tung (y'). III. B TR TRC CHNH V TRC C BN: V tr trc chnh v cc trc c bn ca cc cng trnh hoc nh thng c b tr t cc im ca li ta xy dng v cc im khng ch o c chnh. III.1. B tr theo li ta xy dng: Khi b tr t cc im ca li ta xy dng, ta dng phng php ta vung. Mun vy, cn phi xc nh lng tng ta ca cc im trc i vi cc nh li ta gn nht. Gi s ta c lng tng ta ca cc im A/1 i vi nh 8 ca li ta l: x = 635.00 - 600.00 = +35.00m y = 860.00 - 800.00 = +60.00m im A/8 i vi nh 9 ca li ta l: x = 635.00 - 600 = +35.00m y = 940.00 - 1000.00 = -60.00m Theo cc lng tng , da vo cc im nh 8, 9 v cc cnh li ta qua n thc a ta c th xc nh c cc im A/1 v A/8. Ch rng, khi xc nh cc im theo phng php ta vung gc, nn t on thng di hn theo cnh li ta , cn on thng ngn hn theo hng vung gc vi n. i vi nhng khu nh hoc cng trnh c gc r rng c th t mt im v mt hng trc u tin theo gc v khong cch gia cc im c thit k ca nh hoc cng trnh b tr lin tip cc im nu sai s b tr lin tip nm trong phm vi cho php. Gi s mun xc nh im E/1 ta t my ti im A/1 ngm im A/8 ri quay ng knh mt gc 900 v pha im cn xc nh. Cng trn hng ny, theo thit k dng thc o khong cch t A/1 n E/1 ta s xc nh c im E/1.
133

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

c nh cc trc, ngi ta thng xc nh cc im dng (khong cch gia im trc v im dng c th di hoc ngn ty theo iu kin thi cng nhng khng c ngn hn khong cch ngn nht qui nh). Do qu trnh xy dng, gia cc im trc i din vi nhau c th khng thng sut. V vy, mi u trc ta xc nh hai mc dng. III.2. B tr theo li ng chuyn hoc li tam gic: B tr trc t cc im ca li ng chuyn hoc li tam giac, ta thung dng phng php ta mt cc. Mun vy trc ht cn phi tnh nhng s liu gc v khong cch cn thit, lp s b tr t cc cnh ng chuyn hoc tam gic gn nht. xc nh im I (hnh X-3) ca ta nh ta phi: - T ta cc im M, N v I, ta tnh ngc ta ra gc nh hng ca cc cnh MN, MIv khong cchMI. Sau t cc gc nh hng ta tnh c gc bng .

IV a b b a

III

MI I
M

MN

II N

Hnh XI-3 - T ta cc im MI v II, ta tnh c gc . - t my ti im M, b tr gc bng v theo khong cch d ta s xc nh c im II. Ngoi phng php nu trn ta c th b tr cc im trc v cc im khc ca nh hoc cng trnh ra thc a bng phng php giao hi gc hoc giao hi cnh. III.3. B tr im t cc a vt c nh: Vic b tr cc nh hoc cng trnh gia cc a vt c nh c tin hnh bng phng php II III gii vi bn a hnh t l t 1:2000 n 1:500. b tr trc I-IV ca nh C theo cc nh A C v B ta cn vch v o trn bn cc khong cch b c a, b, c v d (cn tnh n s co gin ca giy). Sau B theo t l bn tnh ra khong cch tng ng I IV d A a thc a (hnh XI-4). Vic b tr nh theo cch ny c th dn n Hnh XI-4 cc sai lch ln, v tt c kch thc u ly t bn . Do ngi ta thng dng phng php ny b tr cc nh hoc cng trnh ring l m yu cu chnh xc khng cao. III.4. B tr chi tit cc trc nh v cng trnh: Sau khi dng xong cc trc c bn ca nh hoc cng trnh ngi ta tin hnh dng cc trc trung gian. Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc gi nh v dng cc trc trung gian. Cc gi nh v thng lm tm thi bng g hoc vn c t xung quanh nh, cch cc trc c bn ca nh mt khong no . Cc gi nh v c th lm lin tc (khung nh v) nh hnh XI5a, hoc theo tng on nh hnh XI-5b, theo tng ct nh hnh XI-5c. Cc cnh ca gi nh v phi thng, song song vi trc c bn v nm ngang.

134

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

Mun lm cc gi, trc ht ta dng my kinh v dng cc cnh song song vi cc trc c bn v cch cc trc c bn mt khong nht. Mt khc, khong cch mp ngoi h mng so vi mp trong ca h mng ph thuc vo dc v su ca h. Chng hn vi dc ca h l 1,5m; su ca h l 2m, th khi mp ngoi mp ngoi h mng cch mp trong h mng l 3m. Vy vy, cc cnh song song t gi nh v phi cch mp trong ca h mng l 3m. Nu lm gi nh v lin tc, t theo cc trc song song vi chiu ngang v dc, th c cch 3m ngi ta t mt cc chn su 1 1,2m, phn trn nh ln mt t khong 0,8m, sau dng vn dy 40-50mm ng p vo mt ngoi ca cc ct , nhng phi m bo iu kin l mp trn ca vn nm ngang. Mun vy, trc ht ta vch cc im cng cao trn cc ct bng my o cao, ng thi trn gi nh v ta dng my kinh v xc nh cc trc c bn ca nh hoc cng trnh.
1 D C B A 1 2 3 4 5 A B C 2 3 4 5 D

a)

1 B

3 B B

4 B

b)
A 1 2 3 A A 1 2 3 4 A

c)

Hnh XI-4 Cn cc trc trung gian c xc nh trc tip vo mp trn ca vn theo cc khong cch thit k bng thc thp. IV. CNG TC O C KHI O H V MNG: Trc khi o h mng ngi ta phi b tr cc trc c bn ca cc nh v ca cc cng trnh c trong bn thit k cng nh cc mp ngoi, mp trong ca cc mng. ng thi b tr xong cc mc cao cng trnh. S b tr mp mng, bng gi nh v. Cng tc o c khi o h mng: - Chuyn cao xung y h mng - Chuyn cc trc nh xung y h mng - o v hin trng h mng v lp bin bn bn giao cho b phn xy mng. IV.1. Chuyn cao xung y mng: Mun chuyn cao xung y h mng th trc ht ngi ta phi o h mng. Sau chuyn cao xung vi cc im mia trn y h. Nu h mng nnag th ta truyn cao trc tip t mc cao cng trng xung y h mng bng my o cao v mia o cao (hnh XI-5a).

135

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

C th l dng mia mc cao A v di y h mng B. Sau t my o cao gia A v B, ngm v mia A c s c a, khi cao Hmy ca my tnh theo cao Hmc ca mc cao s l: (11-3) Hmy = Hmc + a S c cn thit b trn mia B theo Hmy v Hmng c tnh theo cng thc: (11-4) b = Hmy - Hmc y Hmng l cao thit k ca y h mng. Sau , quay ng knh ngm v mia B. Theo s iu khin ca ngi ngm, ngi cm mia nng hoc h mia sao cho ngi ngm my c c s c b trn mia th nh du cao ca y mia li. y chnh l cao thit k ca y h mng. mia Hmy
Hmc

a A E mia

Gi treo thc Thc D thp

mia Hmy Hmc a A a) b mia

b) Hmng B b
Thng nc kt dnh

Hmng Hnh XI-5

Nu mng su, ta chuyn cao xung y h mng nh sau (hnh XI-5b): Trc ht dng hai mia mc cao A v di y h mng B. Sau gn thc thp vo gi treo D, mt u thc c treo qu di nng 10khng. Qu di c nhng vo thng nc dnh C. Cch tnh s c cn thit b trn mia t ti B nh sau: (11-5) B = Hmc + a - (c-d) - Hmng Trong : Hmc - l cao ca mc cao cng trng A, a - l s c trn mia t ti A, c - l s c trn thc thp t my t E, d - l s c trn thc thp t my t F, Hmng - l cao thit k ca y h mng. Theo iu khin ca ngi ngm my t ti F, ngi cm mia nng hoc h mia B sao cho ngi ngm my c c s c b trn mia th nh du cao ca y mia. chnh l cao ca y h mng. IV.2. Chuyn cc trc nh xung h mng: Khi khng c gi nh v, ngi ta chuyn cc trc nh xung y h mng nh sau: Theo trc AA, trc ht ngi ta t my kinh v ti im dng Aa, ngm ti im dng Ab, sau c nh du xch v bn ngang (hnh XI-6).

136

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

Nu ti im Aa, ngm thy y h mng, th ti y h mng bng cc inh trn cc g ta xc nh c cc im dng Ac, Ad, A v Ae. Cng ti im ny, m khng ngm thy y h mng th theo s iu khin ca ngi ngm, ta chuyn dch dy di sao cho chng gn im trc v nm trn hng ngm. Khi ti y h mng vch du v xc nh c im dng. Bng cch ny ta xc nh c cc im 1c, 1d, 1 v 1e v giao im ca 2 1b 18b ng ni Ac - Ad v 1c - 1d chnh l im trc A/1. Cc trc 1e 18e c bn khc cng c xc nh Ec Ed E Ee Eb tng t. Cn cc trc trung Ea 1 18 gian c xc nh bng cch o thc thp c kim nghim theo cc khong cch trong thit k. V. CNG TC O C KHI Ae Ab Ad A XY MNG: (xem sch thm) Aa Ac 1c 18c V.1. Cc loi mng: 1a 18a V.2. Chuyn cao v cc trc ln nh mng: Hnh XI-6 a) Chuyn cao b) Chuyn cc trc ln nh mng. V.3. Xy mng cc: V.4. Dng cc khi mng khi lp ghp mng bng: V.5. Dng cc tr di cc kt cu thp (mng ct): V.6. Cng tc o c khi xy xong tng hm: VIII. CHUYN CC TRC V CAO LN TNG: VIII.1. Chuyn cc trc ln tng: C phng php chuyn cc trc ln tng nh, l: - Phng php dng dy di. - Phng php dng tia ngm nghing ca my kinh v. - Phng php dng tia ngm thng ng ca my thin nh. Nhng trong iu kin nc ta hin nay, phng php dng tia ngm nghing ca my kinh v c s dng rng ri nht, c th nh sau:
1d 18d

137

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

a) Nhn t mc dng n tim trc chn tng hoc mt bng gc: Trc ht nh tm, cn bng my kinh v mc dng A. Sau ngm im A' chn tng (hnh XI-7a). Nng ng knh, ngm n mt sn tng trn, ng thi xc nh 2 im a v a'. Sau o ng knh v lm tng t nh vy ta s xc nh c 2 im b v b'. gi c l im gia ca ab, c' l im gia ca a'b'. Ni c v c', on cc' chnh l hnh chiu ca trc AA' ln tng trn. b) Trng hp c vch du trc chn tng, nhng b' b khng c mc dng. Cn tng c' c a a' c xy dng ca nh nm trong mt phng ng vi phn chn tng: A' kim tra v nng cao A chnh xc ngi ta truyn trc ln cao t hai trm my B v C a) (hnh XI-7b). Trc t my ti B ngm im A'. Sau nng 2' ng knh ngm phn trn ca d' tng nh v xc nh c 2 im b v b'. Chuyn my kinh b' c' v n im C, ri lm tng t d nh trn ta s xc nh c 2 b c im c v c'. Nu trn tng nh B A' hai ng bb' v chu ct' khng Htng 2 trng nhau th ly ng dd' gia lm hnh chiu ca A'. b) C Chuyn my sang mt kia ca Hmc nh cng lm tng t nh trn, ta s xc nh c ng dd' chnh l hnh ca trc AA' ln tng trn. Hnh XI-7 VIII.2. Chuyn cao ln tng: C hai phng php chuyn cao ln tng: - o trc tip bng thc thp c kim nghim theo tng v ct... - o cao hnh hc bng 2 my o cao v thc thp treo t do, tng t nh vic chuyn cao ln nh mng. Theo hnh XI-8 ta c: Htng = Hgc + a + (b2 - b1) - b IX. LM MT BNG LP GHP V B TR CC TRC LP GHP TRC SONG SONG: IX.1. Lm mt bng lp ghp: IX.2. B tr cc trc lp ghp v trc song song: X. CNG TC O C V KIM TRA KHI XY, LP GHP CT, TNG, SN NGN, DM, V KO V NG RY: X.1. Cng tc o c khi xy ct, tng v sn ngn: X.2. Cng tc o c v kim tra khi lp ghp cc ct: X.3. o c v kim tra khi lp ghp cc dm, v ko v ng ry:

138

Bi ging Trc c CHNG XII:

Bi Quang Tuyn

O C CC CNG TRNH GIAO THNG

I. VCH TUYN NG TRN BN : Da vo cc bn a hnh t l 1:100000 1:50000 ngi ta c th vch cc tuyn ng bng cc on thng ni lin cc im khng ch v cc im chnh ca tuyn. Theo cc tuyn ng c vch s b , ngi ta kho st a hnh dc tuyn bng cc dng c v phng php o c n gin nh: a bn, ng h o v dng c o dc. Tuyn ng ny c vch c th hn trong bn a hnh b sung v chnh l cc t l 1:25000 1:10000 vi ng to ni chung v 1:5000 1:10000 vi ng ph ni ring theo dc quy nh.... thit k chnh thc ng, ta cn tin hnh o v k thut. Cng tc ny gm c: vch tuyn chn im thc a theo tuyn ng vch trn bn , o li khng ch mt bng v cao dn tuyn, o v bnh tuyn ng vi t l 1:5000 n 1:1000. thi cng xy dng ng phi b tr c th cc tuyn ng v cc cng trnh trn tuyn theo phng n chnh thc c dut ra thc a. Trong bao gm vic b tr ng cong cc nt giao thng, cc cu cng trn dc ng, cc bn t, nh ga, ng st. II. CM NG CONG: Vic xc nh c th v tr tuyn ng ngoi thc a vi cc cc tiu cn thit c nh ng gi l cm tuyn. Cng vic cm tuyn ng c tin hnh theo cc bc sau: - o gc - o chiu di cnh II.1. Tnh v cm ng cong trn: ng cong trn c bn knh R khng i l ng cong n gin (hnh XII-1). Cc yu t ng cong trn v nhng phng php b tr nh sau: II.1.1. Cc yu t ng cong trn: ng cong trn c cc yu t sau (hnh XII-1): - : gc ngot ng cong (lp bi ng ko di ca ng tip u v ng tip cui); - R : bn knh ng cong; - T : chiu di tip tuyn (khong cch t nh gc ngot n im tip u T hoc im tip cui Tc); - K : Chiu di ng cong (cung TGTc); - P : chiu di phn gic (on G); - D : on thm. Cc yu t trn c tnh theo cng thc sau: T T = Rtg (12-1) 2 p Tc K= R (12-2) T G R 180 R P = R Sec 1 (12-3) /2 2 D = 2T K (12-4) T R O 1 Sec= (12-5) cos Hnh XII-1 Bn knh ng cong R dao ng trong phm vi qui nh. i vi ng st, thng c bn knh nh
139

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

nht l 300m hoc 200m. i vi ng t, nhng on ng phc tp bn knh nh nht c qui nh nh trang bng XII-1. Bng bn knh nh nht nhng on ng phc tp (bng XII-1) I II III IV V 500 200 120 50 350 120 50 20 15

Cp ng Bn knh nh nht (m)

VI 15 10

Trong bng XII-1, t s l tr s dng cho vng ng bng, mu s dng cho vng ni. Da vo cc thng s v R, ngi ta lp cc bng ring b tr ng cong gm tr s ca cc on tip tuyn T, ng cong K, on thm D v phn gic P. Cc tr s , R, T, K, D v P c gi l cc yu t ca ng cong. II.1.2. B tr cc im chnh ng cong trn: Gi s ta c cc yu t ca ng cong trn l: T=84,55m; K=159,99m; D=9,12m; P=17,14m. Cch b tr cc im chnh ng cong trn ny nh sau: t my kinh v ti im gc ngot , ngm v u T, o mt on T=84,55m v trn hng , ta s tm c im tip u T. Sau quay my theo hng phy mt gc bng /2 , ri o t theo hng mt on P=17,14m, ta s c im gia G. Cui cng quay tip my mt gc bng /2 v hng cui Tc, ri o t ra theo hng mt on T=84,55m, t s tm c im tip cui Tc. Nu nh gc ngot v tr C7+50,00m th gi tr cc cc nhng im chnh ca ng cong nh sau: Bng tnh gi tr cc (bng XII-2) -T T +K Tc -K/2 G +D/2 C7+50,00 84,55 C6+65,45 159,99 C8+25,44 79,99 C7+45,45 4,56 C7+50,01

II.1.3. B tr cc im chnh ng cong trn khi khng n c im ngot: Nh ta bit, b tr cc im chnh ng cong trn c tt, th trc ht ngi ta o gc ngot . Nhng trn thc t c lc nh gc ngot li nm trong v tr kh t my (v d nh vch ng, khe su, sng sui...nh nh trong hnh XII-2).

140

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

Sng
b A T t2 t1 C1 1 c

a 2 B

C2 t1 t2

T R /4 R O Hnh XII-2

Tc

V vy, phi tnh cc yu t lin h gia im ngot v cc im chnh ng cong, sau da vo cc yu t ny ngi ta b tr cc im chnh. Cc yu t c lin quan nh sau: - Tm gc ngot . - Tnh cc yu t ng cong. - Tnh chiu di t1 v t2. Sau tin hnh b tr cc im T, Tc v cc im gia ng cong. II.1.4. B tr im chi tit ng cong trn: xc nh hnh dng mt bng ca ng cong, trc ht cn b tr cc im chi tit ca ng cong. ng cong c bn knh cng nh th khong cch gia 2 im cng ngn. Thng thng vi bn knh hn 500m th khong cch gia 2 im l 20m; bn knh t 100m n 500m khong cch gia cc im l 5m. Ngi ta b tr cc im chi tit ca ng cong theo cc phng php sau: a) Phng php ta vung gc: Theo phng php ny ngi ta ly hng tip tuyn lm trc x, bn knh qua im tip u lm trc y (hnh XII-3). Mt khc tng ng vi cc cung TP1, TP2, .... TPn c cc gc tm l 1, 2,.... n. Theo hnh v ta c: P1 x 1 = R sin 1 , y 1 = R(1 cos 1 ) P2 x 2 = R sin 2 , y 2 = R(1 cos 2 ) (12-6) .......... . Pn x n = R sin n , y n = R(1 cos n ) Da vo cng thc ny, ngi ta thnh lp bng tnh sn cc tr x, y. Mun b tr im P2 trn hng tip u k t im T, tip trn ng vung gc vi ng tip u k t u mt on x2 t on x2, s c im P2. Nu bn knh R v gc ngot qu ln th c th chia ng cong thnh 2 phn bng nhau (hnh XII-4) ri b tr im cho tng phn theo phng php trn.

141

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

Xn x2

P x T M G

T
Q1 Q2 Qn

x1

N1 N2 Nn y1 y2 P1 yn P2 Pn

R
1

2 n

Tc R Tc R

O y

Hnh XII-3

Hnh XII-4

b) Phng php dy cung ko di: (xem sch) II.2. B tr ng cong chuyn tip: II.2.1 B tr cc im chnh ng cong chuyn tip: a) ng cong chuyn tip vi vic r ngn bn knh: xc nh im u ng cong chuyn tip N v im cui ng cong chuyn tip Nc, ta phi t trn hng ko di ca T, Tc mt on t (hnh XII-5). Gi tr ca on c tnh theo cng thc: 1 l2 t = 1 + .... (12-7) 120 + R 2 nu ly gn ng th ta c th vit: 1 t= (12-8) 2 y l l chiu di on ng cong chuyn tip. Ty theo cp ng m chiu di l c th ly t 20m n 200m, nhng phi ngn hn chiu di ca ton ng cong trn.

R K

Nc

Nc Tc
R O
/2

Tc
R-P
R+p O' /2

D' Gn p G P
/2

p
R

Gn
pn p

D yl T

P
/2

p
N

l
t xl

tp T T'

Hnh XII-5
142

Hnh XII-6

Bi ging Trc c

Bi Quang Tuyn

Cc N s c tr s bng tr s cc T tr i tr s t, cn cc Nc c tr s bng tr s cc Tc cng vi tr s t. b tr im gia ng cong Gn, phi t my kinh v ti sau ngm v N, m gc /2 ri theo hng t on P+p ta s c im Gn. Trong p l tr s dch chuyn v tm v c tnh theo cng thc: l2 (12-9) p= 24R cn P l khong cch phn gic c tnh theo cng thc (12-7) b) ng cong chuyn tip vi vic dch chuyn tm: xc nh im u ng cong N (hnh 12-6) trc ht ngi ta t my kinh v ti v nh hng tip u, sau t t on T' theo cng thc: (12-10) T' = T + tp + t y: t p = ptg (12-11) 2 Cn cc gi tr T, t v p c tnh theo cng thc (12-1), (12-7) hoc (12-8) v (12-9). Nu m mt gc /2 t hng tip u ti v t trn hng mi mt on Pn v gi tr ca on bng: Pn = P + p sec (12-12) 2 s c im gia ng cong Gn. II.2.1 B tr im chi tit ng cong chuyn tip rt ngn: a) Phng php ta vung gc: b) Phng php dy cung: (xem sch) II.3. Tnh v cm ng cong quay u (ng cong con rn): ng cong con rn thng c b tr vng rng ni. y gc ngot ca n gn bng hoc ln hn 1800. Thnh phn ca ng cong con rn bao gm: on cong chnh TTc, vi bn knh R, hai on cong ph AG v BH vi bn knh r1, r2, hai on cong chuyn tip CT v TcH vi chiu di m1, m2. C hai loi ng cong quay u l: ng cong con rn i xng v ng cong con rn khng i xng. II.3.1. B tr ng cong con rn i xng: II.3.2. B tr ng cong con rn khng i xng: (xem sch) III. O C TRONG THI CNG CU: II.1. B tr tm m v tr cu: Vic b tr tm m cu v tr cu trn hng trc chnh ca cu khng c sai qu 2cm. N c th c tin hnh theo dc trc cu, hoc theo hng song song vi trc chnh ca cu. ng hng ny cn t trong phm vi thi cng cu. C th ta c th dng thc thp hoc my o xa quang hc xc nh trc tip cc khong cch thit k t im gc n cc tm m v tr cu (hnh XII-7a) hoc theo hng song song vi trc chnh ca cu (hnh XII-7b).

143

Bi ging Trc c a)
A 1 2 3 4 5 B

Bi Quang Tuyn

ll'0 b)
A A' 1

l1

l2

l3

l4

l"0

B B' B Hnh XII-8

3 Hnh XII-7

Vic b tr tm cc tr t cc im trc song song vi trc chnh ca cu c tin hnh bng phng php dng vung gc (hnh XII-8). Cc im tr cu cn c th c xc nh bng phng php giao hi pha trc t cc im ca ng y (hnh XII-9a) hoc t cc im ca tam gic cu (hnh XII-9b). Tm ca cc tr sng c c nh trn b bng cc mt phng dng thng ng (hnh XII10). C b1 A b2 B Hnh XII-9 V tr cc tr sng cng c th c c nh gn ng bng phao ni hoc mc ni. b tr tm tr bng giao hi gc, ta phi tnh trc cc gc b tr giao hi. Cc gc ny tnh c theo cc gc nh hng (do gii bi ton trc c nghch t cc ta tam gic cu v ta thit k ca tm tr cu m c) hoc t vic gii tam gic theo hai cnh v mt gc k gia chng. Cc kt qu tnh c ghi vo bn v b tr tm cu (hnh XII-11).
1 2 3

1
1 2

3
3

3 C

4 3
D

1 2

3
a)

b)

144

Bi ging Trc c
1II 3 2III
III A 1 III

Bi Quang Tuyn

N A
II

2 1 2 3

II

36052' 56018'15"

1I 2I 3I Hnh XII-10

B 3IV 2
IV

C
48021'45"

1IV

D Hnh XII-11

Tm ca tr cu cn c giao hi t 3 im (t 2 im sn v 1 im trc). phc hi cc im tm tr trong qu trnh xy dng, phi c nh cc hng giao hi ca mi tr bng cc mc ngm ring trn b sng i din. o tiu ngm trn sng thng khng n nh nn tr cu cn c xc nh thng xuyn theo tin thi cng theo chnh xc cao. Khi thi cng, ging chm hoc cc ng c th ln khng khng theo ng v tr thit k. Do ta phi o kim tra cao v nghing ca chng t ra dch chuyn ca y ging hoc ca cc ng v iu chnh kp thi cho ng v tr thit k. II.2. B tr chp tr cu: Trn mi tr cu c 4 mng gi cu v mt im mc cao. Cc im ny cn phi b tr thc a vi cao chnh xc theo yu cu t ra. xc nh 4 du trc chnh ca tr cu, trn mi chp ta phi dng my kinh v chnh xc o gc vung theo hai v tr ng knh t tm hng trc chnh ca cu. II.3. o v hin trng tr cu: Sau khi b tr xong tm tr cu v chp tr cu, trc khi lp ghp dm, gin cu, ta cn o v hin trng cu xc nh ta thc t ca cc im c trng trn chp tr cu. II.1. B tr lp ghp dm, gin cu: Khi lp ghp dm, gin cu, ta cn o ngm xc nh trc hnh hc ca dm, gin cu, cong thi cng ca gin, nghing ca cc thanh dm ng v v tr t gi. Trc chnh hnh hc ca gin, dm l ng qua im gia cc thanh dm ngang trong gin cu. N phi trng vi trc chnh ca cu vi sai lch khng qu 5mm. xc nh sai lch , ta t my tm tr cu. Sau khi a ng knh ngm ng hng trc chnh ca tr cu th kha c chuyn dch ngang ca ng knh ri a ng knh c s trn mia t nm c y trng vi im gia thanh dm ngang. ng thi ta cn xc nh v tr mt bng ca cc khp ni cc thanh dm dc so vi ng thng qua im gia hai thanh dm ngang u v cui gin vi phng php o ngm tng t nh trn. cong thi cng ca gin, dm (gin, dm cu thng hi cong) c biu th bng chnh cao ln nht trong s chnh cao ca cc khp ni so vi ng thng i qua im u v cui gin. N c xc nh bng my o cao t trn tr cu vi cc mia t ti cc khp ni cc thanh dm dc ca gin. Chnh lch cao thc t ca cc khp ni dm dc so vi thit k thng khng c qu 8% cong thi cng ca gin, dm. Cn chnh cao thc t thng khng vt qu 1:1000 1:500 chiu rng ca gin, dm. nghing ca cc thanh dm ng c biu th bng khong cch t y dm n ng thng ng qua nh dm ng . N c xc nh bng cch treo di v khng c qu 1:700 chiu di thanh dm ng.
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V tr t gi cu trn mng c xc nh t trc tr cu vi sai s t 2 3mm v t cao mng. Do cn kim tra cn thn mng trc khi t gi. II.4. o bin dng ca cu: Ngay khi bt u xy dng cu ta phi o ln v chuyn dch ca tr cu. a) ln ca tr cu: ln ca tr cu c xc nh bng ng o cao qua cc tr cu v khp gia hai mc cao hai b vi chnh xc: - Khi sng rng trn 500m, th f h = 5 L mm; - Khi sng hp hn 500m, th f h = 10 L mm; trong : L l khong cch hai mc cao cp hng cao c n v l km. im o ln trn tr cu cn t ni tin dng mia v thng hng o cao ti im o ln ln cn (c th dng ngay mc cao tr cu nu n tha mn cc iu kin . cc cu ln, mi tr phi c 2 im o ln v hai pha thng lu v h lu. b) o chuyn dch ca tr cu: chuyn dch ca tr cu cn c o theo hng dc v hng ngang ca cu. Mun vy, ta phi t cc mc trn nh tr (phn di gin cu - bn phi hoc bn tri gin) trong mt mt phng hng. Sau c nh mt phng hng bng hai mc lu di ni kin c trn hai b sng. xc nh chuyn dch ngang, ta cn o chnh xc khong cch gia cc tm tr hoc cc im c c nh ring trn tr. Theo hiu s khong cch gia cc tr lc m nh gi chuyn dch ca cc tr trong thi gian gia hai ln o . Ch rng, chuyn ni trn l ca nh tr cu. chuyn dch ca y tr cu c tnh thng qua chnh cao gia hai im o ln gn trn hai nh tr v c th c tnh theo cng thc: l = l + l (12-13) trong : h l = h (12-14) d IV. B TR NN NG: IV.1. B tr mt ct ngang nn ng p: IV.2. B tr mt ct ngang nn ng o: (xem sch)

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Bi ging Trc c CHNG XIII:

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O C CC CNG TRNH THY LI

I. O C KNH MNG: I.1. Khi nim: I.2. B tr mt ct knh mng: II. O C V P: II.1. Khi nim: II.2. B tr mt ct p v xc nh phm vi dn nn:

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Bi ging Trc c CHNG XIV:

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O BIN DNG V CHUYN DCH CNG TRNH

I. KHI NIM CHUNG: Cc cng trnh trong qu trnh xy dng v s dng thng c s thay i no , nht l khi ti trng ca chng ln, hoc cng trnh c xy dng trn nn t yu, mm v khng c x l mng tt. Di p lc ln ca cng trnh, nn t b p li v cng trnh b ln, nghing ni chung l cng trnh b bin dng. Nu ch do bn thn cng trnh th t b ln ti lc no s dng li. i vi t ct, th tc ln lc u nhanh ri sau gim nhanh. Ngc li i vi t pha st hoc st th tc ln chm thi gian ln rt lu. Khi nn t ca cng trnh b tc ng mt pha nh vi cng trnh thy vn, cu, ng th chng c th b dch chuyn v mt bng. Khi cc cng trnh c xy dng trn t dc th hin tng trt s xy ra. V vy, cn phi theo di, xc nh ln v bin dng ca cng trnh ngay t khi xy dng cng trnh cho n qu trnh s dng, vn hnh cng trnh. II. O LN CNG TRNH: Thc cht ca vic o ln l pht hin s thay i v cao ca im no trn cng trnh so vi cc im mc c cao c nh bng phng php o cao hnh hc vi cc my v mia o cao c chnh xc cao. II.1. o nng ca y h mng: Khi mng c xy dng trong h mng sau 8-10m th trc khi o ln ca n, cn phi nng ca y h mng. o c nng ca y h mng, trc ht cn phi o cao ca y h mng. Mun vy, ngi ta thng t cc mc o nng ti cc h. Cc mc ny c t vo cc l khoan su di y h mng. Khi nn t di y h b nng th ng thi mc ny cng b nng. V vy, ngi ta c th da vo o nng ca y h mng. II.2. Mc o cao gc: Mc o cao gc dng lm c s cho vic xc nh cao ca cc mc o nng v mc o ln. Cc mc cao ny cn c bo m lu di v c kh nng chuyn cao t n n cc mc o nng hoc mc o ln qua mt hoc hai trm my. Cc mc ny c th chn su di t hoc gn trn tng cc cng trnh kin c. Thng thng mc o cao b tr thnh tng chm 3-4 mc, t di dng tam gic hoc t gic vi cc cnh chng 20m - 30m.

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Ranh gii ca vng bin dng c th xem l mt i qua cnh mng, lch theo chiu ng mt gc =250-300 (hnh XIII-1). V vy mc o cao phi chn cch xa cng trnh mt khong L v bng: 1 H L H 2 (13-1) y H l chiu cao chn su. L II.3. Mc o ln: Mc o ln c t trn cng trnh o ln. S ca mc o ln c biu din trn Hnh XIII-1 hnh XIII-2. Trc khi b tr mc phi nghin cu cc kt cu mng, iu kin a cht thy vn R=10 v cc ti trng ca cc cng trnh ln cc nn t. Cc mc ny c t gc cng trnh, Mt ct theo cc trc mng. Nu mc b hng c th Ngang ti a b tr thm mc b sung xung quanh. 12 Thng thng khong cch gia cc 12 30 a 12 mc t trong cc nh cng nghip, phi t theo hng phn gic ca gc. Nh vy ta c th quan st s dch chuyn ca n theo cc Mt ct ngang hng vung gc vi nhau. Sau khi xy dng ti b v c b c xong mng, phi tin hnh b tr mc o ln, 50 s lng mc ny phi bo m y v 6 12 6 6 vng chc lu di. II.4. o ln: n v mm 20 Trong thc t ngi ta tin hnh o ln theo nh k. Chu k c tin hnh sau khi xy dng xong mng (sau khi t mc o ln Hnh XIII-2 c 3-6 ngy). Cc chu k tip theo, c tin hnh sau khi xy lp xong tng tng. Nu cng trnh c hin tng rn nt hoc cong nghing tng i r rt th chu k o ln c th tin hnh theo tng thnh mt v c o cao theo chnh xc hng II, cn ni chung o cao theo chnh xc hng III. thy r kt qu o ln v qu trnh ln, ngi ta thng da vo bng thng k cao lp: Hnh XIII-3 l th ln ca tng mc theo thi gian. Hnh XIII-4 l mt ct ln thao cc trc.

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0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 M-20 M-19 M-17,18 M-16

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ln mm

Mc M-14,15 M-13 M-12

Hnh XIII-3

-7,5 -8,7

-7,4 -8,1 -9,7 -18,9 -9,0

-6,1 -12,2 -9,1 -11,2 -13,0 -8,0 -9,6 -11,2 -7,0 -6,1

-4,9

-10,0 -15,2 -13,4 -18,0

-10,5 -12,6

Hnh XIII-4

-6,2

III. O DCH CHUYN MT BNG CA CNG TRNH: o dch chuyn mt bng ca cng trnh, ta cn nh k xc nh ta mt s im c trng cho v tr mt bng ca cng trnh t cc mc mt bng gc. Mun vy, cn phi t mt s mc o dch chuyn ti cc im c trng y. o dch chuyn mt bng ngi ta thng p dng theo cc phng php sau: Phng php o dng hng, phng php tam gic v phng php o gc. III.1. Phng php dng hng: Khi o dch chuyn cc cng trnh thng ( p, cu, tng chn) th ngi ta dng phng php dng hng. nhng ni ny c th t cc mc o dch chuyn theo cng mt hng v cc cao gn bng nhau. Cc mc mt bng gc c b tr theo hng dc ca cng trnh. Cc mc ny c xc nh t cc im khng ch o c hoc c xc nh ti chnh cc im khng ch o c (A v B hnh XIII-5).
S1 1 1 2 q1 3 4 5 6

II Hnh XIII-5

Theo hnh XIII-5, ngi ta xc nh on q1 bng cch o chnh xc gc 1 v o khong cch t my n mc o dch chuyn vi chnh xc 1:1000 tr ln. T , cng thc tnh q1 c th vit: S " (13-2) q1 = 1 1 "
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III.2. Phng php o gc: V c bn phng php o gc tng t nh phng php dng hng. Nhng theo phng php ny ngi ta chn hng gc l mt cnh c nh no nm gn cng trnh. Cc gc o c theo chu k y l cc gc rng (hnh XIII-6). tnh c on dch chuyn q theo cng thc (13-2) trc ht phi o khong cch S v tnh gc dch chuyn theo cng thc: i = i - 0 (13-3) y: 0 l gc o ln u; i l gc o ln th i.

M O1 A

M'

1
Hnh XIII-6

O2

III.3. Phng php tam gic hoc giao hi: (xem sch) IV. O NGHING V RN NT CA CNG TRNH: IV.1. o nghing ca cng trnh: IV.2. o rn nt ca cng trnh: (xem sch)

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