Bai Giang Chuong 3

Bi ging chng 3 - - - -
Bi ging chng 3
L thuyt: 7 tit.
Bi tp: 3 tit.
Ngi son: Bi Mnh Hng
Bi ging mn hc: Thng k ton hc trong Lm nghip!
1
(2 tit)
Chng 3
Phng php so snh cc mu quan st
v th nghim trong lm nghip
3.1. ngha v cc bc c bn khi gii bi ton so snh.
a. ngha: So snh cc mu quan st da vo ti liu quan st
c cc mu tm ra cng thc th nghim c nh hng tri
hn, hay ni cch khc cc mu c c rt ra t mt tng th
duy nht hay t cc tng th khc nhau.
V d:
Trong lm sinh hc ngi ta thng so snh sinh trng ca cy
c trng trn cc v tr a hnh khc nhau, xem nhn t
a hnh c thc s nh hng n sinh trng cy rng hay
khng?
Trong ch bin lm sn, cn so snh t l thnh phm hay
ph phm ca cc sn phm c xut ra t hai c my ch
bin khc nhau.
Trong qun l bo v rng, phi so snh t l cy b bnh hay
khng bnh hai khu rng trng thun loi, u tui khi b
mc mt loi dch bnh no .
b. Cc bc khi gii bi ton so snh:
- Bc 1: t gi thuyt:
- Bc 2: Tnh ton cc tiu chun thng k ph hp.
- Bc 3: So snh gi tr tnh ton vi gi tr tra bng c 2 kh
nng xy ra:
+ Nu gi tr tnh ton gi tr tra bng th H
0
+
(Chp
nhn gi thuyt H
0
).
+ Nu gi tr tnh ton > gi tr tra bng th H
0
-
(Bc b gi
thuyt H
0
).
V d: Khi so snh 2 s trung bnh tng th bng tiu
chun U ca phn b chun tiu chun:
- Bc 1: t gi thuyt:
H
0
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1
2
y l trng hp kim inh 2 chiu.
2
Hoc: H
0
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1
<
2
hay
1
>
2
y l trng hp kim nh 1 chiu.
- Bc 2: Tnh ton bng tiu chun U ca phn b chun tiu
chun:
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
n
S
n
S
x x
U
+
- Bc 3: Nu U tnh ton 1.96 th H

0
+
(Chp nhn gi
thuyt H
0
).
Nu U tnh ton > 1.96 th H
0
-
(Bc b gi thuyt
H
0
).
3.2. Trng hp hai mu c lp
Khi nim: Mu c lp hay th nghim c lp l nhng
khi nim tng i, theo ngha rng ngi ta gi mu c lp
hay th nghim c lp l nhng th nghim c b tr xa
nhau, c th loi b nhng tc ng tc ng ging nhau v
hon cnh (t ai, kh hu)
3.2.1. Tiu chun t ca Student
- iu kin p dng: Tiu chun t ca Student c dng trong trng
hp:
+ So snh 2 mu v lng c lp.
+ Hai tng th phi c phn b chun, phng sai ca hai
tng th bng nhau (
1
2
=
2
2
).
- Cc bc tin hnh:
+ B1: t gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
=
2

H
1
:
1
2

+ Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
bng tiu chun t:
( ) 1 . 3
1 1
.
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 1 2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1
,
_
+
+
+
n n n n
S n S n
x x
t
Trong : x
1
v x
2
l trung bnh ca mu 1 v mu 2.
S
1
2
v S
2
2
l phng sai ca mu 1 v mu 2.
3
n
1
v n
2
l dung lng quan st ca hai mu.
+ Kt lun:
Nu: /t/ t
05 (k)
tra bng vi bc t do k=n
1
+n
2
-2 (ph biu s
4) th H
0
+
. Kt lun: hai mu c rt ra t 1 tng th hay 2 mu
trn khng c s sai khc nhau r rt.
Nu /t/>t
05(k)
tra bng vi k=n
1
+n
2
-2 th H
0
-
. Kt lun: hai
mu c rt ra t 2 tng th khc nhau hay 2 mu trn c s sai
khc nhau r rt.
V d 3.1: Hy so snh sinh trng ng knh ngang ngc
(D
1.3
) ca hai l rng thng trng thun loi u tui di hai cng
thc mt trng rng khc nhau (1500 cy/ha v 2000
cy/ha)theo ti liu sau:
+ Cng thc mt 1500 cy/ha: x
1
=10.5 cm, S
1
2
=1.2
cm
2
, n
1
=16 cy.
4
+ Cng thc mt 2000 cy/ha: x
2
=8.6 cm, S
2
2
=1.1 cm
2
,
n
2
=19 cy.
Bit rng phn b s cy theo ng knh ca hai lm phn
tun theo lut chun v phng sai ca hai tng th bng nhau.
Gii: Do tng th c phn b chun, phng sai ca hai
tng th bng nhau v vy ta dng tiu chun t ca Student
kim tra gi thuyt.
- t gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
=
2

H
1
:
1
2

Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
bng cng thc (3.1) sau:
,
_
+
+
+
2 1 2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1
1 1
.
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
n n n n
S n S n
x x
t
thay s:
( ) ( )
23 . 5
132 . 0
9 . 1
19
1
16
1
2 19 16
1 . 1 1 19 2 . 1 1 16
6 . 8 5 . 10

,
_
+
+
+
t
Do /t/=5.23 > t
05 (k=16+19-2)
=2.04 H
0
-
, hai mu c rt ra t 2
tng th khc nhau. Tc l sinh trng ng knh cy rng di
hai cng thc mt trng rng khc nhau l sai khc nhau r
rt.
Tr ng hp: Nu bi ton cha cho trc v s bng nhau ca 2 ph-
ng sai tng th th trc khi so snh bng tiu chun t phi kim
tra s bng nhau ca 2 phng sai (kim tra iu kin), bng tiu
chun F (Fisher).
- t gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
H
1
:
1
2
>
2
2
(nu S
1
2
> S
2
2
)
- Gi thuyt c kim tra bng cng thc:
2
2
2
1
S
S
F
(nu S
1
2
> S
2
2
)
Trong : S
1
, S
2
l sai tiu chun ca mu 1 v mu 2.
5
- Nu ) , ( 05
2 1
k k
F F
vi bc t do k
1
=n
1
-1, k
2
=n
2
-1 H
0
+
, kt lun
phng sai hai tng th bng nhau. Vy tho mn iu kin
so snh bng tiu chun t.
- Nu ) , ( 05
2 1
k k
F F
vi bc t do k
1
=n
1
-1, k
2
=n
2
-1 H
0
+
, kt lun
phng sai hai tng th khng bng nhau. Vy khng tho mn
iu kin ca tiu chun t, v vy phi s dng tiu chun thng
k khc so snh.
Vi ) , ( 05
2 1
k k
F
tra ph biu s 6.
y l trng hp
2
2
2
1
S
S
F
cn trng hp
2
1
2
2
S
S
F
(nu S
2
2
> S
1
2
)
th ngc li.
V d 3.2: Ngi ta o khi lng th tch ca vn dm (g/cm
3
) c
sn xut ra t hai nh my ch bin g, kt qu c cho bng
sau:
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
X
i1
0.4 0.43 0.51 0.48 0.64 0.72 0.58 0.60 0.71
X
i2
0.43 0.44 0.50 0.46 0.70 0.58 0.71 0.67 0.69
Hi khi lng th tch ca vn dm c sn xut ra t hai nh my
ch bin g c nh nhau hay khng? Bit rng khi lng th tch
ca vn dm l tun theo lut chun, cho trc =0.05.
Gii: T kt qu o khi lng th tch vn dm c sn xut,
trc ht ta lp bng tnh cc c trng mu (x v S
2
):
Bng 3.1: Bng tnh cc c trng mu
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
X
i1
0.4 0.43 0.51 0.48 0.64 0.72 0.58 0.60 0.71 5.07
X
i1
2
0.16
0.18
5
0.26
0.23
0
0.40
9
0.51
8
0.33
6
0.36
0.50
4
2.96
2
X
i2
0.43 0.44 0.50 0.46 0.70 0.58 0.71 0.67 0.69 5.18
X
i1
2
0.18
5
0.19
4
0.25
0.21
2
0.49
0.33
6
0.50
4
0.44
9
0.47
6
3.09
6
* Tnh cc c trng mu:
6
563 . 0 07 . 5
9
1 1
1
1
1

i
x
n
x
(g/cm
3
)
576 . 0 18 . 5
9
1 1
2
2
2

i
x
n
x
(g/cm
3
)
1
1
2
1
1
n
Q
S
x
vi
1059 . 0
9
07 . 5
962 . 2
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1

x
i
i x
Q
n
x
x Q
0132 . 0
1 9
1059 . 0
1
1
2
1
1
n
Q
S
x
1
2
2
2
2
n
Q
S
x
vi
1146 . 0
9
18 . 5
096 . 3
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

x
i
i x
Q
n
x
x Q
0143 . 0
1 9
1136 . 0
1
2
2
2
2
n
Q
S
x
* Kim tra s bng nhau ca hai phng sai tng th:
t gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
H
1
:
1
2
<
2
2
(do S
1
2
< S
2
2
)
Kim tra gi thuyt bng tiu chun F ca Fisher:
2
1
2
2
S
S
F
( do S
2
2
> S
1
2
)
1.0833
0132 . 0
0143 . 0
F
V F tnh bng 1.0833 < F
05
tra bng bng 3.44 vi k
1
=8 v
k
2
=8 nn gi thuyt H
0
c chp nhn, phng sai ca hai tng
th bng nhau.
* So snh khi lng th tch ca vn dm c sn xut t hai nh
my ch bin g:
7
Do tng th c phn b chun, phng sai 2 tng th bng
nhau, ta dng tiu chun t ca Student so snh hai s trung
bnh mu vi:
t gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
=
2

H
1
:
1
2

Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
bng cng thc (3.1) sau:
,
_
+
+
+
2 1 2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1
1 1
.
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
n n n n
S n S n
x x
t
thay s:
( ) ( )
235 . 0
9
1
9
1
2 9 9
0143 . 0 1 9 0132 . 0 1 9
576 . 0 563 . 0

,
_
+
+
+
t
Do t= -0.235 /t/ t
05 (k=16)
=2.12 suy ra H
0
+
, ngha l khi l-
ng th tch ca vn dm c sn xut t hai nh my ch bin
g l thun nht vi nhau.
8
(2 tit)
3.2.2. Tiu chun U ca phn b chun tiu chun
iu kin p dng: n
1
,n
2
30, hai mu c lp v lng, khng
cn bit trc v lut phn b ca hai tng th th ta s dng
tiu chun U ca phn b chun tiu chun.
- t gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1
2

- Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
bng cng tiu chun U ca phn
b chun tiu chun c vit nh sau:
( ) 4 . 3
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
n
S
n
S
x x
U
+
- Nu /U/ 1.96 th gi thuyt H

0
c chp nhn, hai mu l
thun nht vi nhau.
Ngc li nu /U/>1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
b bc b, hai mu
l khng thun nht vi nhau.
V d 3.3: Kt qa o ng knh ngang ngc cy rng
(D
1.3
) trng thun loi u tui trn hai v tr a hnh (chn
i v nh i) v chnh l ti liu quan st c kt qu nh
sau:
x
i
7 9 11 13 15 17 19
f
t
(
1)
2 5 9 14 7 4 1 42
f
t
(
2)
3 8 12 10 6 3 1 43
Hy so snh sinh trng ng knh ca cy trng trn hai v
tr a hnh vi =0.05. Trong f
t
(1) l tn s quan st ng vi
v tr trng rng chn i, f
t
(2) l tn s quan st ng vi v tr
trng rng nh i.
Gii: V dung lng quan st ca hai mu ln v khng
bit trc gi thuyt v lut phn b ca hai tng th, nn so
snh sinh trng ng knh cy rng trng trn hai v tr a
9
hnh c th dng tiu chun U ca phn b chun tiu chun.
Trnh t thc hin nh sau:
a. Tnh cc c trng mu: x v S
2
Sau khi lp bng tnh cc c trng mu ta c kt qu:
1
x cm 67 . 12 v
2 2
1
59 . 7 cm S
2
x cm 98 . 11 v
2 2
2
21 . 8 cm S
b, So snh sinh trng ng knh cy trng trn hai v tr
a hnh
Vi gi thuyt: H
0
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1
2
kim tra gi thuyt H
0
, dng tiu chun U ca phn b
chun tiu chun vi:
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
n
S
n
S
x x
U
+
thay s
13 . 1
61 . 0
69 . 0
43
21 . 8
42
59 . 7
98 . 11 67 . 12

+
U
V U=1.13<1.96 nn gi thuyt H
0
tm thi c chp nhn,
ngha l sinh trng ng knh ca cy trng trn hai v tr a
hnh chn i v nh i l cha c s khc nhau r rt.
3.2.3. Cc tiu chun phi tham s
y l nhng tiu chun c ng dng khi khng bit trc
gi thuyt v lut phn b ca hai tng th c trng cho hai
kt qu nghin cu, m vn so snh hai mu quan st vi nhau
da vo vic xp hng cc tr s quan st.
* Cch xp hng cc tr s quan st:
Sp xp cc tr s quan st ca tng mu theo th t
t b n ln.
Xp hng cc tr s quan st chung cho c hai mu.
Khi xp hng cc tr s quan st c th xy ra cc trng
hp sau:
10
- Cc tr s quan st khng c gi tr no trng nhau tc l:
x
1
< x
2
<.....< x
n
th hng ca mi tr s quan st bng vi
s th t ca mi gi tr.
- Trong cc tr s quan st c nhng tr s bng nhau th
hng ca mi tr s quan st tun theo nguyn tc chia s
hng, tc l nhng tr s bng nhau th phi c hng
bng nhau. Xy ra hai trng hp sau:
* C chn cc s hng bng nhau th hng ca nhng
s hng ca nhng tr s khng bng nhau vn bng s
th t, cn hng ca nhng tr s bng nhau th bng
tng hng ca cc s chia cho s ln trng nhau.
V d: Nu x
1
< x
2
=x
3
=x
4
=x
5
<.....< x
n
th R(x
2
)=
R(x
3
)= R(x
4
)= R(x
5
)=
4
5 4 3 2 + + +
=3.5
* C l cc s hng bng nhau th hng ca cc nhng
s hng ca nhng tr s khng bng nhau vn bng s
th t, cn hng ca nhng tr s bng nhau th bng
hng ca s ng chnh gia.
V d: Nu x
1
< x
2
=x
3
=x
4
<.....< x
n
th R(x
2
)= R(x
3
)=
R(x
4
)=3
3.2.3.1 Tiu chun U ca Mann v Whiney
iu kin p dng:
+ Khng bit trc lut phn b ca i lng quan st.
+ n
1
, n
2
4 v n
1
+n
2
20 (hoc n
1
,n
2
10).
+ F(X) v F(Y) lin tc, hay X, Y lin tc. Trong F(X) v
F(Y) l hm phn b ca i lng quan st thuc mu 1 v mu 2.
Cc bc khi lm tiu chun ny:
- Bc 1: t gi thuyt: H
0
: F(X)=F(Y)
H
1
: F(X) F(Y)
- Bc 2: Sp xp cc tr s quan st theo th t t b n
ln chung cho c hai mu.
- Bc 3: Xp hng cc tr s quan st.
11
- Bc 4: Tnh tng hng cho mi mu v kim tra vic xp
hng. Nu R
x
, R
y
l tng hng ca hi mu th cng thc kim tra
l:
2
) 1 ( +
+
n n
R R
y x
vi n=n
1
+n
2
.
- Bc 5: Tnh U
x
v U
y
theo cng thc:
y
y y
y x y
x
x x
y x x
R
n n
n n U
R
n n
n n U
+
+
+
+
2
) 1 (
.
2
) 1 (
.
Vi: x y x y
U n n U
- Bc 6: Dng U
x
v U
y
kim tra gi thuyt H
0
theo tiu
chun U ca Mann v Whiney sau:
) 1 (
12
2
+ +
y x
y x
y x
x
n n
n n
n n
U
U
Hoc:
) 1 (
12
2
+ +
y x
y x
y x
y
n n
n n
n n
U
U
Nu /U/>1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
b bc b.
Ngc li nu /U/ 1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
c chp nhn.
Ch :
+ Nu tnh U
x
theo (3.6) th U
y
c th tnh theo cng
thc th 2 sau:
( ) 10 . 3
x y x y
U n n U
+ C th dng U
x
hoc U
y
tnh U theo cng thc (3.8)
hoc (3.9), song tr s U tnh c theo U
x
ngc du vi U tnh
theo U
y
nhng bng nhau v gi tr tuyt i.
+ Nu 2 mu c nhiu tr s qua st lp li, th hng ca
chng s l hng trung bnh ca nhng tr s , v cng thc
tnh U s l:
12
2
y x
x
n n
U
U

hoc
( ) 11 . 3
2
y x
y
n n
U
U

Trong :
( )
( ) 12 . 3
12 1
3
,
_

T
n n
n n
n n
y x
Vi:

12
3
t t
T trong t l s ln lp li 1 tr s quan st
no .
+ Khi dng tiu chun U ca Mann v Whiney so snh 2
mu c lp, dung lng quan st ca 2 mu khng cn ln,
song theo Wander Walden th n
x
4, n
y
4 v n
x
+ n
y
>20.
V d 3.4: Hy so snh sinh trng chiu cao cy rng trng
thun loi tui di 2 cng thc mt trng rng khc nhau
(1500c/ha v 2000c/ha) theo ti liu iu tra sau:
Bng 3.3
Tr s quan st
mu th 1 (X)
Xp
hng
Tr s quan st
mu th 2 (Y)
Xp hng
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.7
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
4.7
5.0
1
3
4
6
8
9
11
12
13.5
10
17
19.5
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.9
4.2
4.3
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.4
5.5
2
5
7
10
13.5
15
18
19.5
21
22
23
n
x
=12 R
x
=120 n
y
=11 R
y
=156
+ Kim tra vic xp hng v tnh tng hng theo cng thc
(3.5)
13
( )
2
1 +
+
n n
R R
y x
vi n=n
x
+n
y
=12+11=23
( )
276
2
24 . 23
2
1
276 156 120

+
+ +
n n
R R
y x
Vic xp hng v tnh tng hng cho mi mu l hon ton
ng.
+ Tnh U
x
v U
y
:
( )
( )
42 156
2
1 11 11
11 12
2
) 1 (
.
90 120
2
) 1 12 12
11 12
2
) 1 (
.

+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
y
y y
y x y
x
x x
y x x
R
n n
n n U
R
n n
n n U
+ Dng U
x
hoc U
y
kim tra gi thuyt H
0
: F(X)= F(Y), theo
tiu chun U ca Mann v Whitney:
( )
48 . 1
1 11 12
12
11 . 12
2
11 . 12
90
) 1 (
12
2

+ +
+ +
y x
y x
y x
x
n n
n n
n n
U
U
Hoc
( )
48 . 1
1 11 12
12
11 . 12
2
11 . 12
42
) 1 (
12
2

+ +
+ +
y x
y x
y x
y
n n
n n
n n
U
U
V /U/<1.96 nn gi thuyt H
0
tm thi c chp nhn,
ngha l sinh trng chiu cao cy rng di 2 cng thc mt
trng rng khc nhau (1500c/ha v 2000c/ha) l cha c sai d r
rt.
3.2.5. Tiu chun Kruskal and Wallis
Tiu chun dng so snh k (nhiu) mu c lp.
iu kin p dng l:
+ Phn b i lng quan st phi lin tc.
+ Phi c t 3 mu tr ln.
14
Cc b c kim tra:
- Bc 1: t gi thuyt: H
0
: F(X
1
)= F(X
2
)=...= F(X
k
)
H
1
: F(X
1
) F(X
2
)=...= F(X
k
) (Ch cn
c mt s sai khc.)
- Bc 2: Sp xp cc tr s quan st chung ca cc mu (k
mu) theo th t t b n ln.
- Bc 3: Xp hng cc tr s quan st chung cho K mu.
- Bc 4: Tnh tng hng cho mi mu v kim tra vic xp
hng, theo cng thc kim tra sau:
( )
( ) 13 . 3
2
1
1
+
n n
i R
K
i
Trong :
R
i
l tng hng ca mu th i.
n l tng dung lng quan st ca ton th nghim:
k
n n n n + + + ...
2 1
- Bc 5: Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
v s thun nht ca cc
mu bng tiu chun
2
sau y:
( )
( ) ( ) 14 . 3 1 3
1
12
1
2
+
+
n
n
R
n n
H
K
i i
i
- Nu H tnh theo (3.14)
05
2
tra bng vi K-1 bc t do th
gi thuyt H
0
c chp nhn. Kt lun: cc mu l thun nht vi
nhau.
- Nu H tnh theo (3.14)>
05
2
vi K-1 bc t do th gi
thuyt H
0
b bc b. Kt lun: cc mu l khng thun nht vi
nhau.
Trang 58, 59, 60, 61 sinh vin t nghin cu.
15
(2 tit)
3.3 Trng hp cc mu lin h
3.4.1. Khi nim mu lin h
Trong thc tin v nghin cu Lm nghip, ngoi nhng
mu c lp nh trnh by trn, ngi lm cng tc thng k
cn gp mt lot cc mu quan st khng c lp vi nhau m c
lin h vi nhau mt mc no , cc mu nh th gi l
mu lin h. Cc mu lin h lun i theo tng cp.
V d: Trong o cao cy rng, ngi ta c th dng mt
trong hai loi thc o cao: Thc kp so v thc Blumeleise. Nh
vy, mi cy rng s c hai tr s o cao bng hai loi thc, nu
o cao n cy rng s c n cp gi tr chiu cao. V hai loi thc
o cao khc nhau c thc hin trn cng mt i tng, nn chc
chn kt qu s c lin h vi nhau, kt qu l chng ta nhn c
hai mu lin h.
so snh cc kt qu nghin cu i vi cc mu lin h
(hay cn gi l cc th nghi cp i), ngi lm cng tc thng
k c th vn dng cc tiu chun khc nhau nh: tiu chun tng
hng theo du ca Wilcoxon, tiu chun t ca phn b Student
so sanh hai mu lin h...
3..3.1. Tiu chun t ca Student so snh hai mu lin
h
iu kin p dng: n
1
, n
2
phi c rt ra t tng th c
phn b chun
+ t gi thuyt: H
0
:
x
=
y
H
1
:
x
y
+ Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
bng cng thc sau:
( ) 21 . 3 n
S
d
t
d
Trong : d
i
l hiu sai (d
i
=x
i
-y
i
).
d l trung bnh ca hiu sai d
i
.
( )
n
d
d Q
n
Q
S
i
i d
d
d
2
2
1
(n l s cp mu
lin h)
16
Hoc ( )
2
1
1
1
n
i
i d
d d
n
S
+ Nu /t/ tnh theo (3.21) t
05
(k=n-1) th H
0
+
. Kt lun: 2
mu lin h thun nht.
+ Nu /t/ tnh theo (3.21)> t
05
(k=n-1) th H
0
-
. Kt lun: 2
mu lin h khng thun nht.
V d 3.8: Ngi ta o ng knh ngang ngc cy rng
(D
1.3
) bng hai loi thc: Thc kp knh v thc o vanh. Kt qu
o ng knh c cho bng 3.9. Hi hai kt qu o ng
knh bng hai loi thc khc nhau c sai khc nhau r rt khng?
Bng 3.9: So snh hai mu lin h bng tiu chun t ca
Student
STT x
i
(cm) y
i
(cm) d
i
=x
i
-y
i
d
i
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
8.1
8.6
7.4
6.5
9.1
10.7
10.2
11.0
10.6
14.2
15.0
12.7
11.4
16.3
21.1
9.7
8.8
10.6
14.3
15.3
8.0
8.3
7.6
6.2
9.0
10.8
10.5
11.3
10.1
14.4
15.5
12.3
11.1
16.0
20.8
10.1
9.0
10.0
14.1
15.5
0.1
0.3
-0.2
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.3
-0.3
0.5
-0.2
-0.5
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
-0.4
-0.2
0.6
0.2
-0.2
0.01
0.09
0.04
0.09
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.09
0.25
0.04
0.25
0.16
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.16
0.04
0.36
0.04
0.04
17
21
22
23
24
25
20.6
20.5
26.1
30.0
27.4
20.0
20.4
26.7
30.5
27.0
0.6
0.1
-0.6
-0.5
0.4
0.36
0.01
0.36
0.25
0.16
T bng 3.9 tnh c:
04 . 0 1 .
25
1 1
1

n
i
i
d
n
d
d d
Q
n
S
1
1
2
vi
14 . 3
25
1
18 . 3
) (
2
2
2

d
i
i d
Q
n
d
d Q
36 . 0 13 . 0
13 . 0
1 25
14 . 3
1
1
2
2

d d
d d
S S
Q
n
S
+ t gi thuyt H
0
:
x
=
y
H
1
:
x
y
+ Gi thuyt H
0
c kim tra bng tiu chun t ca Student
(3.21) vi:
55 . 0 25
36 . 0
04 . 0
n
S
d
t
d
V /t/=0.55 t
05(K=24)
=2.06 nn gi thuyt H
0
c chp nhn,
ngha l kt qu o ng knh ngang ngc ca cy rng bng
hai loi thc khc nhau l khng c s sai khc nhau r rt.
3.4.2. Tiu chun tng hng theo du ca Wilcoxon
y l tiu chun phi tham s dng kim tra sai d gia
hai mu lin h.
iu kin p dng l:
+ F(X), F(Y) phi lin tc.
+ r 25 (r l s cp hiu sai d
i
0).
kim tra gi thuyt H
0
bng tiu chun tng hng theo
du ca Wilcoxon trnh t cc bc nh sau:
+ Bc 1: t gi thuyt: H
0
: F(X)=F(Y)
18
H
1
: F(X) F(Y).
+ Bc 2: Tnh cc hiu sai (hay sai d) d
i
=x
i
-y
i
, trong x
i
v y
i
l cc gi tr thc nghim tng ng ca i lng X v Y ca
hai mu.
+ Bc 3: Xp hng cc hiu sai theo th t t b n ln, khi
xp hng b qua nhng sai d bng 0 (d
i
= x
i
-y
i
=0) v khng
n du ca cc sai d l m hay dng.
+ Bc 4: Tnh tng hng theo du m (R
-
) v tng hng
theo du dng (R
+
), kim tra vic xp hng v tnh tng hng
theo cng thc sau:
( )
( ) 19 . 3
2
1 +
+
+
r r
R R
Trong r l s cp c sai d khc 0.
+ Bc 5: Kim tra gi thuyt H
0
theo tiu chun U ca
Wilcoxon:
( )
( ) ( )
24
1 2 1
4
1
+ +
+
+
r r r
r r
R
U
hay
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 20 . 3
24
1 2 1
4
1
+ +
+
r r r
r r
R
U
+ Bc 6: Kt lun
Nu /U/ tnh theo (3.20) 1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
tm thi c chp nhn, kt lun: Hai mu lin h
thun nht vi nhau.
Nu /U/>1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
b bc b, kt
lun: hai mu lin h khng thun nht vi nhau.
V d 3.7: Ngi ta o chiu cao ca 26 cy trng thun
loi tui c kt qu bng 3.8 bng hai loi thc o cao l
thc Blumeleise v thc kp so. Hi kt qu o chiu cao cy
bng hai loi thc khc nhau c thun nht vi nhau khng?
Bng 3.8: Kim tra thun nht hai mu lin h
bng tiu chun tng hng theo du ca Wilcoxon
S
TT
x
i
(m) y
i
(m) d
i
=x
i
-y
i
Xp hng
1
2
2.4
3.1
2.6
3.0
-0.2
0.1
9
3.5
19
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2.8
2.5
3.3
3.5
3.6
4.1
3.4
2.6
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.7
4.1
3.8
2.5
3.4
3.2
3.7
3.0
2.9
2.2
2.7
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.7
2.8
3.4
3.6
4.5
3.7
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.6
3.8
4.0
3.3
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.4
2.2
2.5
3.3
2.8
0.3
-0.2
0.5
0.1
0
-0.4
-0.3
0.3
-0.4
0.2
0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.5
-0.3
0.4
0.1
0.5
-0.1
0.5
-0.2
0.2
-0.3
0.4
14.5
9
23.5
3.5
19.5
14.5
14.5
19.5
9
14.5
3.5
3.5
23.5
14.5
19.5
3.5
23.5
3.5
23.5
9
9
14.5
19.5
R
+
=208.5
R
-
=116.5
Kim tra vic xp hng v tnh tng hng m v dng
theo cng thc (3.19):
( )
2
1 +
+
+
r r
R R
vi r=25 cp c sai d khc 0.
R
+
+ R
-
=208.5+116.5=325
( ) ( )
325
2
1 25 25
2
1
+ r r
20
Nh vy, vic xp hng v tnh tng hng l ng. Gi
thuyt H
0
: F(X)=F(Y) c kim tra theo tiu chun tng hng theo
du ca Wilcoxon (3.20):
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
24 . 1
24
1 25 . 2 1 25 25
4
1 25 25
5 . 116
24
1 2 1
4
1

+ +
+
+ +
+
r r r
r r
R
U
V /U/=1.24<1.96 nn gi thuyt H
0
tm thi c chp nhn,
ngha l kt qu o chiu cao cy rng bng hai loi thc khc
nhau l thun nht vi nhau. C th dng mt trong hai loi thc
ny o chiu cao cy rng.
3.4. Kim tra thun nht cc mu v cht (kim tra tnh
c lp)
3.4.1. So snh hai mu v cht bng tiu chun U
+ t gi thuyt: H
0
: P
t1
=P
t2

H
1
: P
t1
P
t2
Trong : H
1
: P
t1
, P
t2
l thnh s mu 1 v thnh s mu 2.
+ kim tra gi thuyt H
0
ta dng cng thc sau:
( ) 22 . 3
2 1
m
p
m m
p p
U
Trong
Pm
l sai s ca thnh s mu, c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
( ) 23 . 3
1 1
.
2 1

,
_
+
n n
q p
m
P
Vi
2 1
2 1
2 1
. .
n n
P n P n
p
m m
+
+
v
( ) 24 . 3 1 p q
Hoc ta c th s dng cng thc sau kim tra gi
thuyt H
0
:
m
p
m m
p p
U
2 1

Vi:
( ) ( )
( ) 25 . 3
1 1
2 1
2 2 1 1
n
p p
n
p p
m m m m
p
m

+ Kt lun:
21
- Nu /U/ tnh theo (3.22) 1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
c chp
nhn, kt lun: 2 mu v cht l thun nht vi nhau.
- Nu /U/ tnh theo (3.22)>1.96 th gi thuyt H
0
b bc b,
kt lun: 2 mu v cht l khng thun nht vi nhau.
22
(1 tit)
V d 3.9: Hai khu rng thng trng thun loi u tui c
din tch rt ln b nhim bnh rm l trng. T mi khu rng lp
1 tiu chun in hnh 2000 m
2
v thng k s cy b nhim
bnh. Kt qu iu tra nh sau:
Khu rng I: n
1
=70 cy, m
1
=24 cy b bnh
Khu rng II: n
2
=75 cy, m
2
=36 cy b bnh
Hi t l cy b bnh ca hai khu rng c thun nht vi nhau
khng?
Gii: T s liu iu tra trn 2 tiu chun, tnh c:
48 . 0
75
36
343 . 0
70
24
2
2
1
1
2
1

n
m
p
n
m
p
m
m
+ Gi thuyt: H
0
:
2 1
t t
P P
v
H
1
:
2 1
t t
P P
+ Kim tra bng tiu chun U ca phn b chun tiu chun nh
sau:
m
p
m m
p p
U
2 1

Trong :
,
_
+
2 1
1 1
n n
pq
m
p
Vi:
586 . 0 1
414 . 0
75 70
48 . 0 75 343 . 0 70
2 1
2 1
2 1

+
+
+
+
p q
n n
p n p n
p
m m
Vy:
082 . 0
75
1
70
1
586 . 0 414 . 0
1 1
.
2 1

,
_
,
_
+
n n
q p
m
P
Thay s:
67 . 1
082 . 0
48 . 0 343 . 0
2 1

m
p
m m
p p
U
V /U/=1.67<1.96 nn gi thuyt H
0
c tm thi chp nhn,
ngha l t l nhim bnh rm l thng ca 2 khu rng thng
trng thun loi u tui l cha c s sai khc nhau r rt.
23
V d 3.10: Ngi ta kim tra ngu nhin s sn phn c
sn xut ra t 2 c my ch bin ca 1 x nghip ch bin lm
sn c kt qu nh sau:
C my I: n
1
=300 sn phm, m
1
=240 thnh phm
C my II: n
2
=310 sn phm, m
2
=280 thnh phm
Gii:
Gi thuyt: H
0
:
2 1
t t
P P
H
1
:
2 1
t t
P P
T s liu tnh c:
903 . 0
310
280
8 . 0
300
240
2
2
1
1
2
1

n
m
p
n
m
p
m
m
Gi thuyt H
0
c kim tra bng tiu chun U nh sau:
( ) ( )
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1
1 1
n
p p
n
p p
p p p p
U
m m m m
m m
p
m m
m

+
Thay s: ( ) ( )
55 . 3
029 . 0
103 . 0
310
903 . 0 1 903 . 0
300
8 . 0 1 8 . 0
903 . 0 8 . 0

U
V /U/=3.55>1.96 nn gi thuyt H
0
b bc b, ngha l t
l thnh phm ca s sn phm c sn xut ra t 2 c my ch
bin l sai khc nhau r rt.
3.5.2. Kim tra thun nht cc mu v cht (Kim tra tnh
c lp)
+ Gi s cn so snh a mu v cht, mi mu v cht chia
ra b cp cht lng, t gi thuyt H
0
: Cc mu v cht l thun
nht.
H
1
: Cc mu v cht l khng thun nht.
Kt qu c sp xp vo bng gm cc hng v ct nh sau:
Bng 3.10: Sp xp kt qu nghin cu

B
1 2 ... j ... b

24
A
1
2
...
i
...
a
f
11
f
21
...
f
i1
...
f
a1
f
12
f
22
...
f
i2
...
f
a2
...
...
...
...
...
...
f
1j
f
2j
...
f
ij
...
f
aj
...
...
...
...
...
...
f
1b
f
2b
...
f
ib
...
f
ab
Ta
1
Ta
2
...
Ta
i
...
Ta
a
Tb
1
Tb
2
... Tb
j
... Tb
b
TS
Trong bng 3.10:
f
ij
l tn s quan st ca mu i cp cht lng j.
Ta
i
l tng tn s quan st ca mu th i.
Tb
j
l tng tn s quan st ca cp cht lng j.
TS l tng tn s quan st ca ton th nghim.

a
i
b
j
ij
b
j
j
a
i
i
f Tb Ta TS
1 1 1 1
+ Gi thuyt H
0
c kim tra bng tiu chun ph hp
n
2
sau
y:
( ) 26 . 3 1
2
2
1
1
]
1

j i
ij
n
Tb Ta
f
TS
+ Kt lun:
- Nu
n
2
tnh c theo (3.26)
05
2
tra bng vi k=(a-1)(b-1)
bc t do th gi thuyt H
0
c tm thi chp nhn. Kt lun: cc
mu v cht l khng thun nht vi nhau.
- Nu
n
2
tnh c theo (3.26)>
05
2
tra bng vi k=(a-1)(b-1)
bc t do th gi thuyt H
0
b bc b. Kt lun: cc mu v cht
l khng thun nht vi nhau.
V d 3.11: Kt qu kim k rng trng trn 3 khu vc
trng rng khc nhau (I, II v III) c cho bng sau:
Bng 3.11: Kt qu kim k rng trng trn 3 khu vc
trng rng

B
Tt Trung
bnh
Xu

25
A
I
II
III
100
80
120
120
130
100
40
50
70
260
260
290
300 350 160 810

Hi cht lng rng trng trn 3 khu vc trng rng khc nhau
c thun nht vi nhau khng?
Gii
Gi thuyt H
0
: Cht lng rng trng trn 3 khu vc l thun
nht.
kim tra gi thuyt H
0
, dng tiu chun ph hp
n
2
theo
cng thc (3.26):
1
1
]
1

1
2
2
j i
ij
n
Tb Ta
f
TS
Thay s:
,
_
+ + +
+ + + + +
1
160 . 290
70
300 . 290
100
300 . 290
120
160 . 260
50
350 . 260
130
300 . 260
80
160 . 260
40
350 . 260
120
300 . 260
100
810
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
n
n
2
=810(0.128+0.158+0.038+0.082+0.186+0.06+0.166+0.099+
0.106-1
n
2
=810x0.023=18.63
V
n
2
=18.26>
2
05 k=4
=9.49 nn gi thuyt H
0
b bc b H
0
-
,
ngha l cht lng rng trng trn 3 khu vc trng rng khc nhau
l sai khc nhau r rt.
26

Bai Giang Chuong 3

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Bai Giang Chuong 3

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Bi ging chng 3 - - - -

- Bc 3: Nu U tnh ton 1.96 th H

- Nu /U/ 1.96 th gi thuyt H

300 350 160 810

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