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MI TRNG Chng 1: M u 1. Trnh by mc tiu v i tng ca mn hc i cng mi trng? 2. Trnh by cc nhim v nghin cu ca khoa hc mi trng?

Chng 2: Mi trng v con ngi 1. Trnh by nh ngha v mi trng, phn loi mi trng? 2. Trnh by cu trc, thnh phn v vai tr ca kh quyn? 3. Trnh by cc chc nng c bn ca mi trng v phn tch cc chc nng ? 4. Trnh by cc vn mi trng in hnh hin nay trn th gii? 5. Trnh by cc tc ng qua li gia mi trng v con ngi? Chng 3: Ti nguyn thin nhin 1. Trnh by khi nim v ti nguyn v phn loi ti nguyn. 2. Trnh by vai tr ca ti nguyn rng. Hin trng rng Vit Nam v hu qu ca vic cht ph rng? 3. a dng sinh hc l g? Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc? 4. Trnh by vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi. Hin trng ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam hin nay? 5. Trnh by vai tr ca t v tnh trng, nguyn nhn xi mn t? Chng 4: Nhu cu v cc hot ng tha mn nhu cu ca con ngi 1. Phn tch cc vn mi trng ny sinh t vic tha mn nhu cu lng thc, thc phm? 2. Nu mt vi nt chung v nhu cu nng lng th gii? Nu cc gii php i vi vn nng lng trn th gii? 3. Vn bin i kh hu hin nay nh hng nh th no ti an ninh lng thc th gii v Vit Nam? 4. Nng lng ha thch l g? Nu cc tc ng n mi trng do khai tc v s dng nng lng ha thch? 5. Nng lng ht nhn l g? Nng lng sinh khi l g? Nng lng thy nng l g? Phn tch cc tc ng ti mi trng v x hi t cc cng trnh thy in? Chng 5: Dn s v pht trin bn vng 1. Nu cng thc tnh tc ng ca dn s vi mi trng v mi quan h gia dn s vi vn pht trin bn vng? 2. Trnh by khi nim pht trin bn vng? Phn tch ni dung ca s pht trin bn vng? 3. Phn tch cc nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng? 4. Nu nh hng chin lc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng Vit Nam? S pht trin ca Vit Nam thi gian qua t c pht trin bn vng hay cha? Gii thch?

Chng 6 : nhim khng kh 1. Trnh by cc khi nim chung v nhim mi trng (cho v d minh ha)? Nu v phn tch cc ngun gy nhim khng kh? 2. Hiu ng nh knh l g? Trnh by c ch ca hiu ng nh knh v cc tc nhn gy nn hiu ng nh knh? 3. Bin i kh hu l g? Trnh by cc biu hin ca bin i kh hu nhng gii php nhm hn ch s nng ln ton cu? 4. Tng Ozon l g? Trnh by qu trnh to thnh, phn hu ozon v hu qu ca s suy thoi tng ozon? 5. Ma axit l g? Phn tch nguyn nhn gy ra ma axit v tc ng ca ma axit? Chng 7 : nhim nc 1. nhim nc l g? Trnh by ngun gc gy nhim mi trng nc? 2. Trnh by cc ch tiu nh gi s nhim nc v cc biu hin nhim nc mt? 3. Trnh by cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc? 4. Trnh by nhng ngun gy nhim bin v cc biu hin ca nhim bin? Chng 8 : nhim t 1. nhim mi trng t l g? Trnh by nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng t? 2. Trnh by cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t? 3. Trnh by cc bin php kim sot nhim mi trng t? Chng 9: Bo v mi trng bng cc bin php phi k thut 1. Qun l mi trng l g? Trnh by cc mc tiu ch yu ca qun l mi trng? 2. Lut mi trng l g? Trnh by cc nguyn tc ch yu ca lut mi trng? 3. Trnh by cc nguyn tc ch yu ca qun l mi trng v s h thng t chc b my qun l mi trng ca Vit Nam? 4. Trnh by khi nim ISO 14001 v h thng QLMT? Li ch ca cc doanh nghip khi p dng h thng QLMT theo ISO 14001? Chng 10: Bo v mi trng bng cc bin php k thut 1. Trnh by nh ngha v sn xut sch hn? Li ch ca cc doanh nghip khi p dng SXSH? 2. Trnh by cc gii php k thut t c SXSH? 3. Trnh by cc phng thc ng ph vi mi trng theo thi gian? V sao hin nay phi chuyn t x l cui ng ng sang phng nga pht sinh cht thi? Ly v d minh ha? 4. Sinh thi cng nghip (STCN) l g? Mi quan h gia SXSH v STCN? Li ch v hn ch ca vic thc hin STCN?

CHNG I: BI M U Cu1. Trnh by mc tiu v i tng ca mn hc i cng mi trng Mc tiu mn hc

Thc hin Quyt nh s 1363/Q-TTg, ngy 17/10/2001 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt n: a cc ni dung bo v mi trng vo h thng gio dc quc dn. Mc tiu ca D n n nm 2010 l: a cc ni dung gio dc bo v mi trng vo chng trnh ging dy (chnh kha v ngoi kha) tt c cc cp hc, bc hc trong h thng gio dc quc dn nhm trang b nhng kin thc c bn ph hp vi tui v tm sinh l ca hc sinh, sinh vin v mi trng v bo v mi trng. Gio dc cho th h tr thc trch nhim n mi trng, hnh thnh k nng v hnh vi ng x tch cc v thn thin i vi mi trng v cng tc bo v mi trng. o to cn b qun l mi trng, nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh v mi trng, p ng c nhu cu cng nghip ha hin i ha v pht trin bn vng ca t nc." i tng ca mn hc ny: Trang b nhng kin thc c bn cho sinh vin v mi trng v bo v mi trng nhm: Gio dc thc trch nhim n mi trng; Hnh thnh k nng v hnh vi ng x tch cc v thn thin i vi mi trng; Tham gia vo cng tc bo v mi trng mi cng v, mi hot ng i sng cng nh cng vic ca mnh, p ng c nhu cu cng nghip ha hin i ha v pht trin bn vng ca t nc. T nhng kin thc v mi trng m cc em c nhng hnh ng tch cc bo v mi trng. Mn hc Mi trng i cng cung cp cho sinh vin cc ngnh nhng khi nim c bn v: - Mi trng v mi quan h ca con ngi vi mi trng - S nhim mi trng - Cc bin php bo v mi trng. Cu 2. Trnh by cc nhim v nghin cu ca khoa hc mi trng Khoa hc mi trng (KHMT) l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu mi quan h v tng tc qua li gia con ngi vi con ngi, gia con ngi vi th gii sinh vt v MT vt l xung quanh nhm mc ch BVMT sng ca con ngi trn T. Do , i tng nghin cu ca KHMT l cc MT trong mi quan h tng h gia MT sinh vt v con ngi. Khng ging nh Sinh hc, a cht hc, Ha hc v vt l hc l nhng ngnh khoa hc tm kim vic thit lp cc nguyn l chung v chc nng ca th gii t nhin, KHMT l mt ngnh khoa hc ng dng, mt dng ca cc phng n gii quyt vn l s tm kim nhng thay th cu trc i vi tn tht MT. Khoa hc sinh thi v nhng nguyn l sinh hc tp trung nghin cu cc mi quan h tng h gia nhng c th sng v MT ca chng, l nhng c s v nn tng ca KHMT. Khoa hc Mi trng l khoa hc tng hp, lin ngnh, n s dng v phi hp thng tin t nhiu lnh vc nh: sinh hc, ha hc, a cht hc, th nhng hc, vt l, kinh t, x hi hc, khoa hc qun l v chnh tr,... tp trung vo cc nhim v sau:

- Nghin cu c im ca cc thnh phn MT (t nhin hoc nhn to) c nh hng hoc chu nh hng bi con ngi, nc, khng kh, t, sinh vt, h sinh thi, khu cng nghip, th, nng thn... y, KHMT tp trung nghin cu mi quan h v tc ng qua li gia con ngi vi cc thnh phn ca MT sng. - Nghin cu cng ngh, k thut x l nhim bo v cht lng MT sng ca con ngi. - Nghin cu tng hp cc bin php qun l v khoa hc kinh t, lut php, x hi nhm BVMT v pht trin bn vng tri t, quc gia, vng lnh th, ngnh cng nghip. - Nghin cu v phng php nh m hnh ha, phn tch ha hc, vt l, sinh hc phc v cho 3 ni dung trn. Tuy nhin, KHMT khng phi ch lit k mt cch m m cc vn MT i i vi nhng gii on cho mt tng lai hoang vng v bun t. Ngc li, mc tiu ca KHMT v mc tiu ca chng ta nh nhng c th, nhng cng dn ca th gii l xc nh, thu hiu cc vn m t tin ca chng ta v chnh chng ta khi dy, xc tin. Cn nhiu vn phi lm v phi lm nhiu hn na mi c th, mi quc gia v trn phm vi ton cu. Thc t cho thy, hu ht cc vn MT l rt phc tp v khng ch gii quyt n thun bng cc khoa hc, cng ngh ring r, v chng thng lin quan v tc ng tng h n nhiu mc tiu v quyn li khc nhau.

CHNG 2: MI TRNG V CON NGI Cu1. nh ngha mi trng v phn loa mi trng nh ngha theo iu 1, Lut Bo v Mi trng ca Vit Nam, 1993: "Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin."

T nh ngha tng qut ny, cc khi nim v MT cn c hiu theo cc nh ngha khc nhau, nhng tu trung li khng nm ngoi ni dung c nh ngha kinh in trong Lut BVMT. nh ngha 1: MT theo ngha rng nht l tng hp cc iu kin bn ngoi c nh hng ti mt vt th hoc mt s kin. Bt c mt vt th, mt s kin no cng tn ti v din bin trong mt MT. Khi nim chung v MT nh vy c c th ha i vi tng i tng v tng mc ch nghin cu. i vi c th sng th Mi trng sng l tng hp nhng iu kin bn ngoi c nh hng ti i sng v s pht trin ca c th (L Vn Khoa 1995). nh ngha 2: MT bao gm tt c nhng g bao quanh sinh vt, tt c cc yu t v sinh v hu sinh c tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip ln s sng, pht trin v sinh sn ca sinh vt (Hong c Nhun, 2000). Theo tc gi, MT c 4 loi chnh tc ng qua li ln nhau: Mi trng t nhin bao gm nc, khng kh, t ai, nh sng v cc sinh vt. Mi trng kin to gm nhng cnh quan c thay i do con ngi. Mi trng khng gian gm nhng yu t v a im, khong cch, mt , phng hng v s thay i trong MT. Mi trng vn ha x hi bao gm cc c nhn v cc nhm, cng ngh, tn gio, cc nh ch, kinh t hc, thm m hc, dn s hc v cc hot ng khc ca con ngi. nh ngha 3: MT l mt phn ca ngoi cnh, bao gm cc hin tng v cc thc th ca t nhinm , c th, qun th, loi,c quan h trc tip hoc gin tip bng cc phn ng thch nghi ca mnh (V Trung Tng, 2000). T nh ngha ny, ta c th phn bit c u l MT ca loi ny m khng phi l MT ca loi khc. Chng hn, mt bin l MT ca sinh vt mt nc, song khng l MT ca nhng loi sng y su hng nghn mt v ngc li. Phn loi mi trng Mi trng sng ca con ngi thng c phn chia thnh cc loi sau: - Mi trng t nhin: bao gm cc nhn t thin nhin nh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, tn ti ngoi mun ca con ngi nhng cng t nhiu chu tc ng ca con ngi. l ASMT, ni, sng, bin c, khng kh, ng thc vt, t v ncMT t nhin cho ta khng kh th, t xy nh ca, trng cy, chn nui, cung cp cho con ngi cc loi ti nguyn khong sn phc v cho sn xut v tiu th. Mi trng x hi: l tng th cc mi quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi. l lut l, th ch, cam kt, quy nh cc cp khc nhau. MT x hi nh hng hot ng ca con ngi theo mt khun kh nht nh, to nn sc mnh tp th thun li cho s pht trin, lm cho cuc sng ca con ngi khc vi cc sinh vt khc. MT nhn to: bao gm tt c cc nhn t do con ngi to nn hoc bin i theo lm thnh nhng tin nghi trong cuc sng nh t, my bay, nh , cng s, cc khu th, cng vin. Cu 2.Trnh by cu trc, thnh phn, vai tr ca kh quyn

a) Vai tr Vai tr ca kh quyn Kh quyn cung cp oxy (cn thit cho s sng trn tri t), CO2 (cn thit cho qu trnh quang hp ca thc vt), cung cp nit cho vi khun c nh nit v cc nh my sn xut amoniac to cht nit cn thit cho s sng. Kh quyn cn l phng tin vn chuyn nc t cc i dng ti t lin trong chu trnh tun hon nc. Kh quyn c nhim v duy tr v bo v s sng trn tri t, nh kh quyn hp th hu ht cc tia v tr v phm ln bc x in t ca mt tri khng ti c mt t. Kh quyn ch truyn cc bc x cn cc tm, cn hng ngoi (3000-2500nm) v cc sng radio (0,1-0,4 micron), ng thi ngn cn bc x cc tm c tnh cht hu hoi m (cc bc x di 300nm). b) Thnh phn khng kh ca kh quyn Kh quyn gm cc thnh phn sau: Cc kh khng thay i nh O2 (20,95%), N2 (78,08%), Ar (0,93%), v mt s kh khc nh Ne (18,18ppmV), He (5,24 ppmV), Kr(1,14 ppmV), Xe (0,087 ppmV); Cc kh thay i nh hi nc (1- 4%, thay i tu theo nhit ) v CO2 (0,03%, thay i tu theo ma); cc dng vt nh O3, NOx, SO2, CO cc kh ny thng thay i c hm lng rt thp v thng l cc cht nhim trong khng kh. c) Cu trc thng ng ca kh quyn Kh quyn T c cu trc phn lp, vi cc tng c trng t di ln trn nh sau: tng i lu, tng bnh lu, tng trung quyn, tng nhit quyn v tng ngoi quyn. Tng i lu l tng thp nht ca kh quyn chim khong 70% khi lng kh quyn, c nhit thay i gim dn t +400C lp st mt t ti -500C trn cao. Ranh gii trn ca tng i lu trong khong 7-8km hai cc v 16-18km vng xch o. Tng bnh lu nm trn tng i lu, vi ranh gii trn dao ng trong khong cao 50 km. Nhit khng kh ca tng bnh lu c xu hng tng dn theo chiu cao, t -560C pha di ln -20C trn cao. Khng kh tng bnh lu long hn, t cha bi v cc hin tng thi tit. cao khong 25 km trong tng bnh lu, tn ti mt lp khng kh giu kh ozon thng c gi l tng ozon. Tng ozon c chc nng nh mt l chn ca kh quyn bo v cho T khi nhng nh hng c hi ca tia t ngoi t MT chiu xung. Tng trung quyn nm bn trn tng bnh lu cho n cao 80 km. Nhit tng ny gim dn theo cao, t -20C pha di gim xung -920C lp trn. Tng trung quyn ngn cch vi tng bnh lu bng mt lp khng kh mng (khong 1km), s bin thin nhit ca kh quyn chuyn t dng sang m gi l bnh lu hn. Tng nhit quyn c cao t 80 km n 500 km, y nhit khng kh c xu hng tng dn theo cao, t -920C n +12000C. Tuy nhin, nhit khng kh cng thay i

theo thi gian trong ngy, ban ngy thng rt cao v ban m thp. Lp chuyn tip gia trung quyn v nhit quyn gi l trung quyn hn. Tng ngoi quyn bt u t cao 500 km tr ln. Do tc ng ca tia t ngoi, cc phn t khng kh long trong tng ny b phn hy thnh cc ion dn in, cc in t t do. Tng ny l ni xut hin cc quang v phn x cc sng ngn v tuyn. Nhit ca tng ngoi quyn nhn chung c xu hng cao v thay i theo thi gian trong ngy. Thnh phn kh quyn trong tng c cha nhiu cc ion nh nh He+, H+, O2-. Gii hn bn ngoi ca kh quyn rt kh xc nh, thng thng ngi ta c nh vo khong t 1000 2000 km. Cu trc tng ca kh quyn c hnh thnh do kt qu ca lc hp dn v ngun pht sinh kh t b mt T, c tc ng to ln trong vic bo v v duy tr s sng T.

Cu 3. Trnh by cc chc nng ch yu ca mi trng 3.1. Mi trng l khng gian sng cho con ngi v th gii sinh vt: Nh nh , ni ngh ngi, ni sn xutKhng gain ny phi t nhng tiu chun nht nh v cc yu t vt l, ho hc, sinh hc, cnh quan v x hi. c th: Chc nng xy dng: cung cp mt bng v nn mng cho cc th, khu cng nghip, kin trc h tng v nng thn. Chc nng vn ti: cung cp mt bng, khong khng gian v nn mng cho giao thng ng thy, ng b v ng khng. Chc nng sn xut: cung cp mt bng v phng t nhin cho sn xut nng lm ng nghip. Chc nng cung cp nng lng, thng tin. Chc nng gii tr ca con ngi: cung cp mt bng, nn mng v phng t nhin cho vic gii tr ngoi tri ca con ngi (trt tuyt, trt bng, ua xe, ua nga). 3.2. MT l ni cung cp ti nguyn cn thit cho i sng v hot ng sn xut ca con ngi Vi s h tr ca cc h thng sinh thi, con ngi ly ra t t nhin nhng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cn thit phc v cho vic sn xut ra ca ci vt cht nhm p ng nhu cu ca mnh. R rang, thin nhin l ngun cung cp mi ngun ti nguyn cn thit. N cung cp ngun vt liu, nng lng, thong tin (k c thng tin di truyn) cn thit cho hot ng sinh sng, sn xut v qun l ca con ngi. Nhu cu ca con ngi v cc ngun ti nguyn khng ngng tng ln c v s lng, cht lng v mc phc tp theo trnh pht trin ca x hi. Chc nng ny ca MT cn gi l nhm chc nng sn xut t nhin gm: - Rng t nhin: c chc nng cung cp nc, g, ci, dc liu, ph nhiu ca t, bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc. - Cc thy vc: cung cp nc, dinh dng, ni vui chi gii tr v cc ngun thy hi sn

- ng thc vt: cung cp lng thc v thc phm, cc ngun gen qu him. - Cc loi qung, du m: cung cp nng lng cho sn xut nng nghip, cng nghip - Khng kh th, nng lng mt tri, gi, nc cung cp nng lng cho cc hot ng sng ca con ngi. 3.3. MT l ni cha ng cc cht ph thi do con ngi to ra trong cuc sng v hot ng sn xut ca mnh Trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu dung ca ci vt cht, con ngi lun o thi ra cc cht thi vo MT. Ti y, cc cht thi di tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt v cc yu t MT khc s b phn hy, bin i t phc tp thnh n gin v tham gia vo hang lot cc qu trnh sinh a ha phc tp. Khi lng cht thi ln hn kh nng m, hoc thnh phn cht thi c nhiu cht c, vi sinh vt gp nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh phn hy th cht lng MT s gim v MT c th b nhim. C th phn loi chi tit chc nng ny thnh cc loi sau: Chc nng bin i ly ha hc: pha long, phn hy ha hc nh nh sang; hp th; s tch chit cc vt thi v c t.
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Chc nng bin i sinh ha: s hp th cc cht d tha, chu trnh nito v cacbon, kh cc cht c bng con ng sinh ha.
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Chc nng bin i sinh hc: khong ha cc cht thi hu c, mn ha, amon ha, nitrat ha v phn nitrat ha,
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3.4. MT l ni gim nh cc tc ng c hi ca thin nhin ti con ngi v sinh vt trn Tri t Tri t l mi trng sng l tng ca con ngi v cc loi sinh vt v nhit khng kh khng qu cao, nng oxy v cc kh khc n nhSinh vt pht trin phong ph v a dng trn tri t nh hin ny l do: - Kh quyn gi cho nhit ca tri t trnh c cc bc x qu cao, chnh lch nhit ln, n nh nhit trong kh nng chu ng ca con ngi - Thy quyn thc hin chu trnh tun hon nc, gi cn bng nhit .. - Thch quyn lin tc cung cp nng lng, vt cht cho cc quyn khc. Gim nh cc tc ng tiu cc ca thin tai ti con ngi v sinh vt. 3.5. MT l ni lu tr v cung cp thng tin cho con ngi - Cung cp s ghi chp lu tr lch s a cht, lch s tin ha ca vt cht v sinh vt, iu kin thi tit kh hu, lch s xut hin v pht trin vn ha ca loi ngi. - Cung cp cc ch th v khng gian v thi gian, t cc thng tin, tn hiu lu gi ca qu kh, nh c th d bo cc him ha c th xy ra nh phn ng sinh l ca c th sng trc khi xy ra cc tai bin t nhin v cc hin tng tai bin t nhin, c bit nh bo, ng t, ni la

- Lu tr v cung cp cho con ngi s a dng cc ngun gen, cc loi ng thc vt, cc HST t nhin v nhn to, cc v p, cnh quan c gi tr thm m thng ngon, tn gio v vn ha khc. Cu 4. Nhng vn mi trng hin nay trn th gii Bo co tng quan MT ton cu nm 2009 ca Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP) vit tt l GEO 2000 l mt sn phm ca hn 850 tc gi trn khp th gii v trn 30 c quan MT v cc t chc khc ca Lin hp quc cng phi hp tham gia bin son. y l bo co nh gi tc ng tng hp v MT ton cu khi bc sang mt thin nin k mi. GEO 2000 tng kt nhng g chng ta t c vi t cch l nhng ngi s dng v gn gi cc hng ha v dch v MT m hnh tinh cung cp. Bo co phn tch hai xu hng bao trm khi loi ngi bc vo thin nin k th ba. Th nht: l cc HST v sinh thi nhn vn ton cu b e da bi s mt cn bng su sc trong nng sut v trong phn b hng ha v dch v. Mt t l ng k nhn loi hin nay vn ang sng trong s ngho kh v xu hng c d bo l s khc bit s ngy cng tng gia nhng ngi thu c li ch t s pht trin kinh t v cng ngh v nhng ngi khng hoc thu li t theo hai thi cc: S phn thnh v s cng cc ang e da s n nh ca ton b h thng nhn vn v cng vi n l MT ton cu. Th hai: Th gii hin ang ngy cng bin i, trong s phi hp qun l MT quy m quc t lun b tt hu so vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi. Nhng thnh qu v MT thu c nh cng ngh v nhng chnh sch mi ang khng theo kp nhp v quy m gia tng dn s v pht trin kinh t. Mi mt phn trn b mt T c thin nhin ban tng cho cc thuc tnh MT ca ring mnh, mt khc, li cng phi ng u vi hng lot cc vn mang tnh ton cu v ang ni ln. Nhng thch thc l: 4.1. Kh hu ton cu bin i v tn xut thin tai gia tng Cc nh khoa hc cho bit, trong vng 100 nm tr li y, T nng ln khong 0,50C v trong th k ny s tng t 1,5 4,50C so vi nhit th k XX. T nng ln c th mang ti nhng bt li l: - Mc nc bin c th dng ln cao t 25 140 cm, do s tan bng v s nhn chm mt vng ven bin rng ln, lm mt i nhiu vng t sn xut nng nghip, dn n ngho i, c bit cc nc ang pht trin. - Thi tit thay i dn n gia tng tn sut thin tai nh gi, bo, ha hon v l lt. Tri t nng ln ch yu do hot ng ca con ngi m c th l: - Do s dng ngy cng tng lng than , du m v pht trin cng ngh dn n gia tng nng CO2 v SO2 trong kh quyn. - Khai thc trit dn n lm cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn, c bit l ti nguyn rng v t rng, nc l b my khng l gip cho vic iu ha kh hu T. - Nhiu HST b mt cn bng nghim trng nhiu khu vc trn th gii. Tt c cc yu t ny gp phn lm cho thin nhin mt i kh nng t iu chnh vn c ca mnh. 4.2. S suy gim tng ozon (O3) Ozon l loi kh him trong khng kh nm trong tng bnh lu kh quyn gn b mt T v tp trung thnh mt lp dy cao t 16-40 km ph thuc vo v . Ngnh giao thng

ng b do cc phng tin c ng c thi ra khong 30 -50% lng NOx cc nc pht trin v nhiu cht hu c bay hi (VOC) to ra ozon mt t. Nu khng kh c nng ozon ln hn nng t nhin th MT b nhim v gy tc hi i vi sc khe con ngi. 4.3. Ti nguyn b suy thoi Rng, t rng v ng c hin vn ang b suy thoi hoc b trit ph mnh m, t hoang b bin thnh sa mc. Sa mc Sahara c din tch rng 8 triu km2, mi nm bnh trng thm 5-7 km2. Mt bng chng mi cho thy, s bin i kh hu cng l nguyn nhn gy thm tnh trng xi mn t nhiu khu vc. S ph hy rng vn ang din ra mc cao, trn Th gii din tch rng c khong 40 triu km2, song cho n nay din tch ny b mt i mt na, trong s , rng n i chim khong 1/3 v rng nhit i chim 2/3. S ph hy rng xy ra mnh, c bit cc nc ang pht trin. Ch yu do nhu cu khai thc g, ci v nhu cu ly t lm nng nghip v cho nhiu mc ch khc, gn 65 triu ha rng b mt vo nhng nm 1990-1995. 4.4. nhim mi trng ang xy ra quy m rng S pht trin th, khu cng nghip, du lch v vic b cc loi cht thi vo t, bin, cc thy vc gy nhim mi trng qui m ngy cng rng, c bit l cc khu th. Nhiu vn mi trng tc ng tng tc vi nhau cc khu vc nh, mt dn c cao. nhim khng kh, rc thi, cht thi nguy hi, nhim ting n v nc ang bin nhng khu vc ny thnh cc im nng v mi trng. Cc 30-60 % dn s th cc nc c thu nhp thp vn cn thiu nh v cc iu kin v sinh. S tng nhanh dn s th gii c phn ng gp do s pht trin th. 4.5. S gia tng dn s Con ngi l ch ca Tri t, l ng lc chnh lm tng thm gi tr ca cc iu kin kinh t - x hi v cht lng cuc sng. Tuy nhin, xung lng gia tng dn s hin nay mt s nc i i vi i ngho, suy thoi MT v tnh hnh kinh t bt li gt ra xu hng lm mt cn bng nghim trng gia dn s v mi trng. u th k XIX, dn s th gii mi c 1 t ngi nhng n nm 1927 tng ln 2 t ngi; nm 1960: 3 t ngi; nm 1974: 4 t ngi; nm 1987: 5 t ngi v nm 1999 l 6 t ngi, trong trn 1 t ngi trong tui t 15-24 tui. Mi nm dn s th gii tng thm khong 78 triu ngi. Theo d tnh n nm 2015, dn s th gii s mc 6,9 7,4 t ngi v n nm 2025 dn s s l 8 t ngi v nm 2050 s l 10,3 t ngi. 95% dn s tng thm nm cc nc ang pht trin, do cc nc ny s phi i mt vi nhng vn nghim trng c v kinh t, x hi c bit l mi trng, sinh thi. Vic gii quyt nhng hu qu do dn s tng ca nhng nc ny c l cn kh khn hn gp nhiu ln nhng xung t v chnh tr trn th gii. 4.6. S suy gim tnh a dng sinh hc trn Tri t S a dng v cc ging loi ng thc vt trn hnh tinh c v tr v cng quan trng. Vic bo v a dng sinh hc cn c ngha o c, thm m v loi ngi phi c trch nhim tuyt i v mt lun l trong cng ng sinh vt sng. a dng sinh hc li l ngun ti nguyn nui sng con ngi. Chng ta s dng sinh vt lm thc n, thuc cha bnh, ha cht, vt liu xy dng, nng lng,

Cu 5. Trnh by cc tc ng qua li gia mi trng v con ngi? 1. Cc hnh thi kinh t v mi trng: hiu r lch s tc ng ca con ngi vo mi trng chng ta s nghin cu qu trnh tin ho ca cc hnh thi kinh t m x hi loi ngi i qua. Tc ng ca Con ngi n mi trng mi giai on pht trin c th phn thnh: - Giai on kinh t s khai - khai thc ti nguyn trc tip: sn bt, gt hi, nh c nhm cung cp ngun thc n cho ngi v sc vt, con ngi cha tc ng trc tip vo ngun ti nguyn. - Giai on kinh t cng nghip - khai thc ti nguyn qua sn xut : nhm p ng cc nhu cu ca con ngi trong giai on cng nghip, nng nghip pht trin. Con ngi khai thc ngun ti nguyn quy m ln, s dng chng trong cc qu trnh cng ngh, tc ng trc tip vo ngun ti nguyn. Mc d vy, giai on ny, con ngi cha tht s thc c nhng tc ng ca mnh n mi trng. Con ngi khai thc mi trng phc v cuc sng, cng vi tng dn s, mi trng b khai thc trit , tu tin-tr nn cn kit n mc bo ng lm th cn bng sinh thi b vi phm nghim trng trn din rng, trn ton th gii. - Giai on nn kinh t tri thc - sn xut sinh thi vn minh : giai on ny, khi con ngi thc c nhng tc ng ca mnh n mi trng. Cc chnh sch v bo v mi trng, s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin c thc hin nghim ngt - nn kinh t tri thc, sinh thi c hnh thnh, bo m cho s pht trin bn vng ca x hi loi ngi. Cng vi s pht trin tin ho ca bn thn con ngi, s chuyn bin t h sinh thi t nhin sang h sinh thi ngi, con ngi tri qua nhng nc thang tin ho t thp n cao ca cc hnh thi kinh t: hi lm, sn bt - nh c, chn th, nng nghip, cng nghip - th ho v hu cng nghip. Hi lm Hi lm l hnh thi kinh t nguyn thu nht, thu lm thc n c sn vi cng c ch yu l ru . Sn, bt c Sn bt c manh nha t thi hi lm, vi cc loi th nh. Xut hin s phn cng lao ng. C thm nguyn liu mi l da v xng, l lu chn p v o qun. Chn th Chn th, thun dng v chn nui gia sc . Th c thun dng ch yu l ch, d, cu, b, ln. Bc qua thi k kim kh (4-5 ngn nm trc cng nguyn) c thm la, nga vi nhng gia sc ng n hng vn con trn nhng tho nguyn mnh mng Nng nghip

Nng nghip c pht trin rng vo thi k mi. Ng cc ch yu l la m, mnh ng, la sau l cc loi rau u, cy ly c, cy n qu, cy ly du. La nc xut hin vng ven sng ln Cng nghip ho Khi u vi ng c hi nc, hnh thnh h thng k thut mi. Chuyn cng trng th cng sang nn sn xut ln t bn ch ngha. My mc to nng sut cao, tc ng mnh n mi trng sng. Nng lng tiu hao nhiu, tng s dng than, du m, kh t lm pht sinh nhim mi trng. th ho Mt b phn dn c tch ri khi cng vic ng ng tp trung thnh cc th trn, th trn u tin xut hin u tin t 3-4 ngn nm trc Cng nguyn nhng th quy m th gii ch bt u t th k th 19. Sau cng nghip Sau cng nghip l giai on mi c d bo trong s pht trin vi tc cao v k thut cng ngh cng nh vn ho x hi. Trong 15 nm qua do tc ng ca cch mng khoa hc cng ngh c bit l cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh sinh hc, cng ngh vt liu, cng ngh nng lng, nn kinh t th gii ang bin i su sc, mnh m v c cu, chc nng v phng thc hot ng. . 2.Tc ng ca cc yu t sinh thi n con ngi: + nh hng n phng thc sng v thc n - Hon thin kh nng nm hng ch tc v ci tin cng c. - Tng cng ngha ca kch thch th gic trn c s pht trin th gic. - Thoi ho hm rng, chuyn chc nng cm nm t rng sang bn tay, chuyn ho chi sau vi chc nng i thng. - Phc tp ho cu trc v chc nng no b c bit l cc trung tm lin quan n hot ng tng hp (ngn ng v ch vit). - Vic tng cng s dng protein ng vt cung cp thm nng lng - Mi trng sinh thi v ch dinh dng to ra nhng d bit kh ln p ng sinh hc. - Vn ho mt mt l s p ng trc p lc mi trng. Mt khc chnh n l p lc to nn tnh a hnh di truyn. V vy, vi con ngi, hai mt sinh hc v vn ho khng th tch ri nhau. + nh hng ca yu t kh hu nh hng ca yu t kh hu biu hin nhiu trng thi khc nhau theo ma, theo a l. L iu m t hp ca nhiu thnh phn nh: Nhit , m, gi, my, ma, nng tuyt...

+ nh hng ca mi trng a ho Hm lng khong cht trong thnh phn sinh ho ca c th c lin quan n qu trnh bin i ni bo (to xng, iu ho p lc thm thu ...). Cn bng khong trong c th phi c ng b trong mt bin nht nh, tha v thiu qu mc lm ri lon cn bng v gy bnh. 3. Tc ng ca con ngi n sinh quyn Con ngi l mt thnh vin trong cc h sinh thi t nhin quanh mnh, c quan h tng h thng qua cc mt xch thc n, cc hot ng lao ng sn xut nhng c bit l hnh vi c x ca con ngi. Trong qu trnh pht trin, con ngi tc ng vo h sinh thi t nhin rt nhiu nh khai thc sinh vt thu sinh, chn nui, trng trt, khai thc cc sn phm ca rng.... 4. Gy nhim mi trng - Cng nghip, nng lm ng nghip, sinh hot thi vo mi trng dng cht thi rn, lng, kh hng chc triu tn/nm gy nhim nc, khng kh v t, - t nng nghip b thm canh bng cc loi ho cht gy thoi ho t. - Din tch t canh tc b thu hp hng triu ha/ nm. - Din tch rng b thu hp dn n mt cn bng cn cn nc, l lt. Mt t b xi mn, lp ph t - dinh dng cho thc vt cng b mt dn - Ngun nc sch b thu hp do khai thc nc ngm ba bi, do nhim. Mt s hu qu nghim trng ca nhim mi trng c quy m ton cu: - Bin i kh hu do hiu ng nh knh, - Tng ozone b ph hu, - Ma acid. 5. Gy suy gim a dng sinh hc Nguyn nhn chnh gy suy gim a dng sinh hc l nhng hnh ng ph hoi mi trng sng lm hu dit cc loi ng thc vt. Hot ng sn bt ca con ngi cng gy ra s tuyt chng ca nhiu th ln. S nhp c ca cc loi ngoi lai t khu vc khc cng dn n s tuyt chng ca nhiu ging loi v gy s mt cn bng ca chui thc n. 6. Gy suy gim cht lng sng ca chnh mnh Khi nim: Cht lng ca cuc sng l s tho mn ca c nhn hay s hnh phc vi cuc sng mt lnh vc m con ngi cho l quan trng. Cht lng cuc sng l sn phm ca s tc ng qua li gia cc iu kin x hi, sc kho, kinh t v mi trng m chng nh hng ti s pht trin ca mi trng v con ngi.

CHNG 3. TI NGUYN THIN NHIN Cu 1. Khi nim v phn loi ti nguyn 1.1. Khi nim ti nguyn Ti nguyn Ti nguyn bao gm tt c cc ngun nguyn liu, nng lng, thng tin c trn Tri t v trong khng gian v tr lin quan m con ngi c th s dng c phc v cho cuc sng v s pht trin ca mnh. Ti nguyn thin nhin L ton b ngun ca ci vt cht nguyn khai c hnh thnh v tn ti trong t nhin m con ngi c th s dng p ng cc nhu cu trong cuc sng. 1.2. Phn loi ti nguyn thin nhin - Ti nguyn vnh cu: Ti nguyn c lin quan trc tip hay gin tip n nng lng mt tri (trc tip: chiu sng trc tip; gin tip: gi, sng bin, thu triu,...) - Ti nguyn ti to: Ti nguyn c th t duy tr, t b sung lin tc khi c qun l hp l. V d: ti nguyn sinh vt (ng thc vt), ti nguyn nc, t. - Ti nguyn khng ti to: dng ti nguyn b bin i hay mt i sau qu trnh s dng. V d: ti nguyn khong sn, nhin liu ha thch, ti nguyn di truyn (gen). Theo bn cht t nhin, ti nguyn c phn loi: ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn bin,.... Mi loi ti nguyn c c im ring, nhng c 2 thuc tnh chung: - Ti nguyn phn b khng ng u gia cc vng trn Tri t v trn cng mt lnh th c th tn ti nhiu loi ti nguyn, to ra s u i ca t nhin vi tng vng lnh th, tng quc gia. - i b phn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c gi tr kinh t cao c hnh thnh qua qu trnh lu di ca t nhin v lch s.

Hnh 3.1. S phn loi ti nguyn Cu 2. Trnh by vai tr ca ti nguyn rng. Hin trng rng Vit Nam v hu qu ca vic cht ph rng? 2.1. Vai tr ca rng - V mt sinh thi: + iu ho kh hu: Rng nh hng n nhit , m khng kh, thnh phn kh quyn v c ngha iu ho kh hu. Rng cng gp phn lm gim ting n. Rng c ngha c bit quan trng lm cn bng lng O2 v CO2 trong kh quyn. + a dng ngun gen: Rng l h sinh thi c a dng sinh hc cao nht trn cn, nht l rng m nhit i. L ni c tr ca hng triu loi ng vt v vi sinh vt, rng c xem l ngn hng gen khng l, lu tr cc loi gen qu. - V bo v mi trng + Hp th CO2: Rng l l phi xanh hp th CO2, ti sinh oxy, iu ha kh hu cho khu vc.Trung bnh mt ha rng to nn 16 tn oxy/nm,. + Bo v ngun nc, chng xi mn: Thm thc vt c chc nng quan trng trong vic ngn cn mt phn nc ma ri xung t v c vai tr phn phi li lng nc

ny. Rng lm tng kh nng thm v gi nc ca t, hn ch dng chy trn mt. Tng thm mc rng c kh nng gi li lng nc bng 100 - 900% trng lng ca n. Tn rng c kh nng gim sc cng ph ca nc ma i vi lp t b mt. Lng t xi mn vng t c rng ch bng 10% vng t khng c rng. + Thm mc rng l kho cha cc cht dinh dng khong, mn v nh hng ln n ph nhiu ca t. y cng l ni c tr v cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt, nhiu loi cn trng v ng vt t, to mi trng thun li cho ng vt v vi sinh vt t pht trin v c nh hng n cc qu trnh xy ra trong t.

V cung cp ti nguyn: + Lng thc, thc phm: Nng sut trung bnh ca rng trn th gii t 5 tn cht kh/ha/nm, p ng 2 - 3% nhu cu lng thc, thc phm cho con ngi + Nguyn liu: Rng l ngun cung cp g, cht t, nguyn vt liu cho cng nghip... + Cung cp dc liu: nhiu loi thc vt, ng vt rng l cc loi thuc cha bnh Cn c vai tr ca rng, ngi ta phn bit: Rng phng h bo v ngun nc, t, iu ha kh hu, bo v mi trng Rng c dng bo tn thin nhin, nghin cu khoa hc, bo v di tch, ... Rng sn xut khai thc g, ci, ng vt,...c th kt hp mc ch phng h. Theo giu ngho ta phn bit: Rng giu: c tr lng g trn 150 m3/ha. Rng trung bnh: c tr lng g t 80 -150 m3/ha. Rng ngho: c tr lng g di 80 m3/ha. Ti nguyn rng Vit Nam - nc ta, nm 1943 c 13,3 triu ha rng ( che ph 43,8%); n nhng nm u thp nin 1990 gim xung cn 7,8 ~ 8,5 triu ha ( che ph 23,6% ~ 23,8%); c bit che ph rng phng h ch cn 20% tc l di mc bo ng (30%). Tc mt rng l 120.000 ~ 150.000 ha/nm. - Rng ngp mn trc nm 1945 ph mt din tch 400.000 ngn ha nay ch cn gn mt na (200.000 ha) ch yu l th sinh v rng trng. - Nguyn nhn chnh ca s thu hp rng nc ta l do nn du canh, du c, ph rng t ry lm nng nghip, trng cy xut khu, ly g ci, m m th, lm giao thng, khai thc m....Hu qu ca chin tranh ha hc doM thc hin Vit Nam trong thi gian qua li cho rng l khng nh - Cc vn bo v v pht trin ti nguyn rng Vit Nam c trnh by trong Lut bo v v pht trin rng nm 1991 v cc qui nh khc ca nh nc, bao gm mt s ni dung sau: + Trng rng, ph xanh t trng i trc. + Bo v rng phng h, cc vn quc gia v cc khu d tr t nhin. + Khai thc hp l rng sn xut, hn ch khai hoang chuyn rng thnh t nng nghip,
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hn ch di dn t do. + ng ca rng t nhin. Hu qu ca cht ph rng -Cn kit ti nguyn rng -Suy thoi t -Gim ngun sinh vt qu him -Gy nh hng ti bin i kh hu Cu 3. a dng sinh hc l g? Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc? Khi nim a dng sinh hc - a dng sinh hc (DSH) l khi nim ch s phong ph ca sinh vt, gm a dng v loi, a dng v gen. a dng v loi gm cc loi ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh vt sng hoang di, t nhin trong rng, trong t v trong cc vc nc. - Theo ti liu mi nht th chng ta bit v m t 1,74 triu loi v d on s loi c th ln n 14 triu loi. - a dng loi ln nht l vng rng nhit i. Mc d rng nhit i ch chim 7% din tch mt t, chng cha hn 1/2 loi trn th gii Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc a dng sinh hc c vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr s sng trn hnh tinh chng ta. Ngoi vic cung cp ngun nguyn liu cng nghip, lng thc thc phm, dc liu, chng cn c th lm n nh h sinh thi nh s tc ng qua li gia chng. Ngoi ra, cc sn phm ng thc vt khc cng c th dng lm thuc, trang sc, nng lng, vt liu xy dng, lng thc v cc cng dng khc. Rng cn c vai tr to v p t cc loi ng thc vt hoang d, phc v nhu cu vui chi gi tr ca con ngi. Nhiu vn sinh thi c thnh lp trong nhng nm gn y. a dng sinh hc cng c vai tr trong vic bo v sc kho v tnh ton b ca h sinh thi th gii. Cung cp lng thc, lc cc cht c nh chu trnh sinh a ho, iu ho kh hu ton cu, iu ho ngun nc... Nu mt cc loi ng thc vt hoang d s dn n s mt cn bng sinh thi v nh hng ti cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi. Thay i tnh a dng sinh hc v ni c tr ca cc loi cng gy nh hng ti cn bng sinh thi v cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi. - Nhng gi tr kinh t trc tip: + Gi tr cho tiu th + Gi tr s dng cho sn xut - Nhng gi tr kinh t gin tip: + Kh nng sn xut ca h sinh thi
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+ iu ho kh hu + Phn hu cc cht thi + Nhng mi quan h gia cc loi + Ngh ngi v du lch sinh thi + Gio tr gio dc v khoa hc + Quan trc mi trng Cu 4. Trnh by vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi. Hin trng ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam hin nay? - Vai tr + Trong t nhin, nc khng ngng vn ng v chuyn i trng thi to nn chu trnh nc, thng qua nc thng qua tham gia vo thnh phn cu trc sinh quyn, ng thi iu ha cc yu t ca kh hu, t ai v sinh vt. + Nc cn cho nhu cu sng ca mi c th v chim ti 80 - 90% trng lng sinh vt sng trong mi trng nc v 60-70% trng lng c th con ngi. + Nc p ng cc yu cu a dng ca con ngi: ti tiu cho nng nghip, sn xut cng nghip, to ra in nng v t thm v p cho cnh quan. - c im cc ngun nc: + Ngun nc ma: phn b khng u trn Tri t, nhn chung l ngun nc tng i sch, p ng c cc tiu chun dng nc. + Ngun nc mt: c mt thong tip xc vi khng kh v thng xuyn c b sung bi nc mt, nc ngm tng nng v nc thi t khu dn c. + Ngun nc ngm: tn ti trong cc khong trng di t, trong cc khe nt, cc mao qun, thm trong cc lp t ,...v c th tp trung thnh tng b, bn, dng chy di lng t. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam - Vit Nam c ti nguyn nc kh phong ph. Nc mt. Do lng ma nc ta vo loi cao (2.000mm/nm; gp 2,6 ln lng ma trung bnh vng lc a trn th gii) to nn mt mng dy c sng sui. Tng lng dng chy hng nm trn cc sng sui Vit Nam khong 853 km3, trong tng lng dng chy pht sinh trn lnh th Vit Nam l 317 km3/nm (37%
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tng lng dng chy), phn cn li sn sinh t cc nc lng ging (536 km3/nm chim 63%). Nc ngm. Cng vi nc mt, chng ta cn c nc ngm vi mt tr lng ng k. Theo cc tnh ton d bo hin nay, tr lng c tim nng khai thc khong 60 t m3/nm v tr lng khai thc khong 5%. - D tr lng nc ln, nhng do mt dn s cao, nn bnh qun nc pht sinh trong lnh th vo loi trung bnh thp trn th gii. Theo s gia tng dn s, con s ny cng ngy cng gim. Nm 2007, lng nc pht sinh trn lnh th bnh qun l 3.840 m3/ngi/nm; c tnh nm 2025 s ch cn 2.830 m3/ngi/nm. - V cht lng nc ca cc sng ngi nc ta, d c xut hin cc hin tng nhim v cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng, kim loi nng v ha cht c mt vi ni (ch yu l h lu cc sng chy qua th ln v gn khu cng nghip); song nhn chung, c th tha mn cc nhu cu v kinh t, x hi. - Cc vn v ti nguyn nc nc ta: + Tnh trng thiu nc ma kh, l lt ma ma ang xy ra ti nhiu a phng vi mc ngy cng nghim trng. Vo ma l, lng nc dng chy chim ti 80%, cn ma kh ch c 20%. Nguyn nhn chnh l do rng u ngun b cht ph. + Tnh trng cn kit ngun nc ngm, xm nhp mn v nhim nc ngm ang din ra cc th ln v cc tnh ng bng. Nguyn nhn chnh l do khai thc qu mc, thiu quy hoch, nc thi khng x l. + S nhim nc mt xut hin trn mt s sng, knh rch thuc mt s th ln (sng T Lch, sng Nhu-y, sng Th Vi, sng ng Nai, Si Gn,....) n mc bo ng. Mt s h ao c hin tng ph dng nng, mt s vng ca sng c du hiu nhim du, thuc tr su, kim loi nng. Nguyn nhn l do nc thi, cht thi rn cha c thu gom, x l thch hp. + S xm nhp mn vo sng xy ra vi quy m ngy cng gia tng (thi gian di hn, ln xa pha thng lu hn) nhiu sng min Trung. Nguyn nhn do gim rng u ngun, kh hu thay i bt thng. Cu 5. Trnh by vai tr ca t v tnh trng, nguyn nhn xi mn t? Vai tr L mi trng (a bn) con ngi v sinh vt trn cn sinh trng v pht trin.
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L a bn cho cc qu trnh bin i v phn hy cc ph thi. L ni c tr cho cc ng vt v thc vt t. L a bn cho cc cng trnh xy dng. Lc v cung cp ngun nc cho con ngi 3.3.2. Ti nguyn t trn th gii - Theo UNEP (1980), din tch phn t lin ca cc lc a l 14.777 triu ha gm 1.527 triu ha t ng bng, 13.251 triu ha t khng ph bng; trong s ny c 12% l t canh tc, 24% l ng c chn nui gia sc, 32% l din tch rng v t rng; 32% cn li l t c tr, m ly,... - Din tch t c kh nng canh tc c khong 3.200 triu ha, hin mi khai thc 1.500 ha (tc ch <50%). Trong din tch t canh tc, t cho nng sut cao chim 14%, nng sut trung bnh - 28% v nng sut thp - 58%. - V mt s dng t, hng nm t l din tch t ai trn u ngi b thu hp nhanh chng do dn s gia tng v qu trnh th ha-cng nghip ha, nhu cu t cho xy dng nh , cng trnh tng. c tnh t 1961 1983 tng din tch t canh tc tng 0,08 t ha nhng t l u ngi gim t 0,45 cn 0,31 ha/ngi - V cht lng, ti nguyn t th gii ngy cng b suy thoi vi cc biu hin: + Nhim mn, nhim phn, chua ha + Xi mn, bc mu, ra tri + nhim ha cht Nguyn nhn xi mn: - Yu t t nhin Ma: lng ma trn 10 mm c th gy ra xi mn. Nc ta c lng ma rt cao (1.3003000 mm/nm), lng ma li tp trung ln t thng 6-9 (85%), c ngy ma rt nhiu vi cng mnh Kt cu t: t c tng mt dy v thm nhanh th t xi mn hn t c tng mt mng. - Yu t con ngi Khai thc t ba bi, s dng khng ng cch: cha c thc trong vic chn t khai hoang, bo v rng, khai ph c rng u ngun, rng phng h, t rng hng lot... -Cc nguyn nhn dn n suy thoi ti nguyn t: Thm thc vt che ph b ph hoi (cht ph, chy rng, hy dit,....) Kh hu, thi tit thay i (v d hiu ng nh knh lm tng mc nc bin) nhim do sinh hot v sn xut (nc thi, kh thi, cht thi nguy him)
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Canh tc khng bn vng (s dng nhiu phn bn ha hc, thuc tr su,...)

Chng4:NHU CU V CC HOT NG THA MN NHU CU CA CON NGI Cu 1: Phn tch cc vn mi trng ny sinh t vic tha mn nhu cu lng thc, thc phm Trong giai on u ca cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut, ngi ta t quan tm n vn lng thc. Cc thnh tu khoa hc k thut, trc tin p dng cho cng nghip, ri dn dn lan sang cc lnh vc khc trong c nng nghip. Khi dn s tng nhanh vt qu kh nng cung cp lng thc, th con ngi mi ch v tm mi bin php vn dng thnh tu ca cuc cch mng khoa hc k thut vo s pht trin nng nghip v gii quyt cc vn lng thc. + Gii quyt vn lng thc, thc phm cho nhn loi tng sn lng lng thc trn th gii con ngi c cc gii php a sn xut nng nghip ln quy m sn xut cng nghip: Dn in i tha, m rng quy m ca n v sn xut; S dng my nng nghip; Tng s dng thuc bo v thc vt, thu li ho thuc kch thch tng trng v; S dng ging cy trng c nng xut cao + Nhng vn mi trng ny sinh khi chuyn i quy m sn xut lng thc : Nhu cu v lnh th - din tch canh tc: - Cn i din tch gia cc loi cy trng; - Cn i din tch gia nng nghip vi: Cng nghip, pht trin th, giao thng, ngh ngi, gii tr. i ph vi bin i kh hu khi nc bin dng ln. Nhu cu v nng lng cho sc ko, thu li v sn xut phn ho hc. Nhu cu v ti nguyn thin nhin cho bo m lng thc, thc phm: Sn xut phn bn: phn m; phn ln; phn kali. Sn xut thuc bo v thc vt, bao b; Ch bin lng thc, thc phm; Chn nui. nhim mi trng: Trc tip trong qu trnh s dng phn ho hc, thuc bo v thc vt; Gin tip khi s dng nng lng ha thch nhim mi trng do cht thi chn nui
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Nhng trin vng trong sn xut nng nghip: Thay dn nn nng nghip c tnh cht c truyn, bo th v c th bng nhng bin php canh tc khoa hc. M rng din tch trng trt: ch trng ny c nhiu nc ch , nh nhng cuc khai hoang Sibri, khai hoang vng Amazon Chu M La Tinh. Cn Vit Nam, vic ln t ra bin, ln rng, Ty Nguyn, ci to ng bng sng Cu Long v ng bng sng Hng cng lm tng thm din tch canh tc. Trin khai mnh m cuc Cch mng xanh ti cc nc ang pht trin. Cn c mt chnh sch gi c nng sn hp l. Cn c chnh sch dn s hp l i km vi vic kim sot sinh sn mt cch hu hiu. Kim sot dch hi cc khu: x l ht ging, canh tc, tn tr. Ci tin nng nghip. S dng c hiu qu ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Hng vic nghin cu vo vn sn xut lng thc tng hp. Thc phm c chuyn gen ca vi sinh vt. Cu 2. Nu mt vi nt chung v nhu cu nng lng th gii? Nu cc gii php i vi vn nng lng trn th gii? Nu mt vi nt chung v nhu cu nng lng th gii? V vn ny, c 3 im chng ta cn lu . Mt l, nhu cu v nng lng ca th gii tip tc tng ln u n trong hn hai thp k qua. Th hai l, ngun nng lng ha thch vn chim 90% tng nhu cu v nng lng cho n nm 2010. Th ba l, nhu cu i hi v nng lng ca tng khu vc trn th gii cng khng ging nhau Ti liu ca C quan Thng tin Nng lng 2004 d bo rng nhu cu tiu th tt c cc ngun nng lng ang c xu hng tng nhanh. Gi ca cc nng lng ha thch dng cng vn r hn so vi cc ngun nng lng ht nhn, nng lng ti to hay nng lng cc dng nng lng hon nguyn khc (renewable energy). Cc ngun nng lng ha thch trn th gii ang dn cn kit, thm na l nhng vn mi trng ny sinh trong qu trnh khai thc dn n vic khuyn khch s dng nng lng hon nguyn gim bt s nhim mi trng - Lng kh thi CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh s dng nng lng ha thch ngy cng tng Nhng do cha c nhng iu lut c th v vn ny, nn du m, than , kh thin nhin vn c coi l ngun nhin liu ch yu nhm tha mn nhng i hi v nng lng v chnh iu s dn n s cn kit ngun nng lng ha thch trong mt thi gian khng xa. Nu cc gii php i vi vn nng lng trn th gii? 2.1 Nng cao hiu sut thit b

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y l cng vic hin nhin i vi cc nh lm k thut. Ty vo tng thit b, tng dy chuyn cng ngh c th, cc k s, cng nhn k thut pht trin kh nng nng cao hiu sut ca thit b. - Phi hp s dng cc thit b -S dng cc phng php iu khin thng minh 2.2.Thit k xy dng lm gim thiu tiu th nng lng v tn dng nng lng t nhin + Thit k tn dng ngun nh sng t nhin + Thit k tn dng lm mt t sc gi t nhin + B tr h thng iu ha nhit hp + B tr chiu sng nhn to thch hp + Lp t b iu khin thng minh +Vic b tr hp l cc bn cha nc + Thit k h thng iu ha nhit tp trung 2.3.Gii php con ngi 1. Tuyn truyn, gii thch s cn thit ca vic tit kim nng lng a) Tuyn truyn, gii thch phi mang tnh i chng.. b) Ph bin kin thc khoa hc di dng cc cuc thi. c) Hn ch s dng in trong cc gi cao im. d) Gio dc thc tit kim nng lng cho hc sinh. e) Pht ng nhng phong tro gy hiu ng mnh. f) Tng kt v khen thng. 2. S dng cc bin php ch ti nhm hn ch s tiu th nng lng 2. 4.Gii php chin lc: chnh sch nng lng 1. Quy hoch pht trin nng lng a) Xc nh cc ngun nng lng s cp b) nh gi mc tiu th ca tng ngnh, tng khu vc: 2. ng dng cng ngh mi Ngy cng c nhiu gii php cng ngh mi nhm gim thiu vic tiu tn nng lng cho mt sn phm ra i. a) nh gi hiu qu s dng thit b v u t mi thit b. b) o to ngun nhn lc trnh cao. Bn cnh vic u t cng ngh cao, cn c i ng ngi lm k thut v qun l trnh cao nhm nghin cu c cc thnh qu cng ngh mi trong vic gim tiu th nng lng trong sn xut.
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2.5.Tn dng khai thc cc ngun nng lng ti to a) Sc nc, Sc gi: c) Nng lng Mt Tri: d) Nghin cu pht trin cc dng nng lng khc nh a nhit, kh sinh hc 2.6.u t nh my in ht nhn Kt lun Vi s pht trin qu nhanh ca kinh t th gii hin ti, ngun d tr nng lng t thu xa xa n nay gn n ngy cn kit. Khng hong nng lng do cn kit ngun d tr l iu s xy ra nu con ngi khng nhanh chng tm cc ngun nng lng thay th. Nhng trc tin, khi vn cha tm ra ngun nng lng no sc thay th cho cc ngun nng lng chnh hin nay nh than, du m, kh t, thc tit kim nng lng cn nm trong suy ngh ca mi cng dn. Mt khi c thc tit kim nng lng th mi ngi dn, v tr cng vic ca mnh, s gim thiu vic tiu th nng lng v lun tm ti cc gii php tit kim nng lng. Tit kim nng lng, tit kim ti nguyn cho mai sau, cng l mt thi sng c trch nhim vi cng ng v vi nhng th h tng lai.

Cu 3. Vn bin i kh hu hin nay nh hng nh th no ti an ninh lng thc th gii v Vit Nam? - Bin i kh hu, nc bin dng l mi e da an ninh lng thc nc ta c trc mt v lu di. Tc ng ca nhim mi trng ngy cng nghim trng khng ch i vi con ngi m c nng sut sn lng lng thc. Nhng tc ng tim tng ca Bin i kh hu c th nhn bit c gm: a. Tc ng ca BKH i vi thin tai, con ngi, cy trng v vt nui, nh lm tng tn s, cng , tnh bin ng v tnh cc oan ca cc hin tng thi tit nguy him nh bo, t, lc, cc thin tai lin quan n nhit v ma nh thi tit kh nng, l lt, ngp ng hay hn hn, rt hi, xm nhp mn, cc dch bnh trn ngi, trn gia sc, gia cm v trn cy trng. b. Tc ng ca bin i kh hu i vi ti nguyn nc, nh ch ma thay i c th gy l lt nghim trng vo ma ma v hn hn vo ma kh, gy kh khn cho vic cp nc v tng mu thun trong s dng nc. c. Tc ng ca bin i kh hu i vi nng nghip v an ninh lng thc, nh tc ng n sinh trng, nng sut cy trng, thi v gieo trng, lm tng nguy c ly lan su bnh hi cy trng, nh hng n sinh sn, sinh trng ca gia sc, gia cm, lm tng
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kh nng sinh bnh, truyn dch ca gia sc, gia cm, gy nguy c thu hp din tch t nng nghip. Mt phn ng k din tch t nng nghip vng t thp ven bin s b ngp mn do nc bin dng, nu khng c cc bin php ng ph thch hp. i vi Vit Nam 9 tc ng ca nc bin dng i vi Vit Nam Vit Nam, tc ng ca nc bin dng s nh hng theo mc v i tng khc nhau ca tng tiu vng. Nhn tng th, kinh t-x hi vng ven bin in hnh nh ng bng sng Cu Long c th phc ha mt s tc ng do bin i kh hu, nc bin dng trn cc mt sau y: (1) Thay i thi tit: Lng ma d kin s gia tng vo ma ma, gim vo ma kh v s i mt vi nhng trn bo nhit i mnh hn. Qu o bo dch chuyn dn v cc v pha Nam v ma bo kt thc mun hn. (2) Thay i, bin ng ranh gii gia cc vng mn, l, ngt s tc ng ln n h thng canh tc truyn thng, c s h tng v i sng x hi ca ngi dn. (3) V kinh t, do a th thp, nu mc nc bin dng cao nh d bo, qua nh gi s b, din tch nh hng mn trn 4 g/l BSCL vi mc nc dng 0,69 m s tng 45% (tng ng chim 48% din tch t nhin) v vi mc nc dng 1,00 m s tng 51% (tng ng chim 58% din tch t nhin). Nng sut la d bo s gim 9%. (4) Nc bin dng cng s lm tng mc ngp lt vng ngp l v ngp triu ven bin. (5) C s h tng k thut b hy hoi v nh hng nghim trng. Nu mun nng cp, xy mi kt cu h tng rt tn km. (6) Tc ng ln n i sng dn c, x hi. Bin i phn b dn c, th v cc trung tm, c s kinh t s din ra s dch chuyn trong ni vng v ra ngoi vng BSCL. Cuc sng ca hng chc triu ngi dn s gp nhiu xo trn ln. (7) Mi trng b o ln. Mn xm nhp su, thiu ngun nc ngt trm trng. Cc hin tng xi l v xm thc b bin, ca sng s din ra mnh m hn. (8) An ninh quc phng s phi t ra nhng vn thch ng hn vi bi cnh mi. (9) Theo kinh nghim ca th gii, c ba cch ng ph vi nc bin dng: bo v, thch nghi v rt lui v pha sau. i ph vi nc bin dng mt cch ch ng, hiu qu, ph hp vi iu kin hon cnh ca Vit Nam, trc ht cn c nghin cu su mang tnh nh lng xc nh ranh gii c th ca cc tiu vng chu tc ng ca nc bin dng theo cc phng n. M phng cc tc ng t nhin kinh t-x hi vi cc phng n t hp tc ng ca nc bin dng v pha thng ngun tm ra cc gii php thch hp. i vi cng tc thy li, phi quy hoch li, tnh ton, hiu chnh, b sung, vi cc tham s mi theo phn vng thy vn, thy lc, xutcc gii php cng trnh v phi cng trnh trc mt cng nh lu di.

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Cu 4. Nng lng ha thch l g? Nu cc tc ng n mi trng do khai tc v s dng nng lng ha thch? Nng lng ha thch l:Nng lng c sinh ra trong qu trnh t chy nguyn liu ho thch.Nhin liu ho thch ch yu l than v du m Cc tc ng n mi trng do khai tc v s dng nng lng ha thch: Cc ngun nhin liu chnh cho nhm ny gm c than, du v kh t. Cc lai nhin liu ny hnh thnh thng qua s ha thch ca ng thc vt di mt thi gian rt di tnh trn hng triu nm. Chnh v vy vic b sung cho loi nhin liu ny gn nh l khng c, v mt ngy no chng s vnh vin khng cn phc v i sng con ngi. Ngoi ra, nng lng n t nhin liu ha thch cn l tc nhn chnh trong vic tc hi n mi trng nh lm tng m ca tri t thng qua cht thi CO2 pht sinh t vic t than, du v kh. Cng nh SO2 l nhn t chnh ca nhng cn ma axit c hnh thnh t vic t than. Nu khng c quan tm ng mc t c quan qun l v chnh quyn, mi trng cc b a phng cng nh trn ton b mt ca qu t s b tn ph mt cch nghim trng v i sng ca con ngi s b nh hng rt ln.sng con ngi Tuy nhin cho n thi im hin ti, nng lng n t loi nhin liu ha thch vn ng gp trn 90% nng lng tiu th trn ton th gii thng qua nhng ng dng si m, sinh hot, vn chuyn v pht in. Do nhng c tnh nh d khai thc, d s dng, tng i r cng nh t nguy him v d dng vn chuyn, xy dng m hnh tiu th nn lai nhin liu ny vn c s dng nhiu nht phc v i sng con ngi Cu 5. Nng lng ht nhn l g? Nng lng sinh khi l g? Nng lng thy nng l g? Phn tch cc tc ng ti mi trng v x hi t cc cng trnh thy in? Nng lng ht nhn:l m t loa nng lng c tch t nng lng hu ch t ht nhn nguy n t thng qua cc l phn ng ht nhn c kim sot.Nng lng nguyn t c sn sinh t Uranium thng qua nhng qu trnh phn ng chui lin kt. Mt lng nhit khng l c sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hch ca phn t Uranium-235 c dng un si nc. Nng lng sinh khi:L nng lng c cung cp t thc vt v cc cht thi ca sinh vt b phn hu. y l ngun nng lng kh hp dn vi nhiwuf li ch to ln cho MT, KTXH nht l v mt pht trin nng thn. Nng lng thu nng: L nng lng nhn c t lc hoc NL ca dng nc, dung s dng vo cc mc ch co li. Cc tc ng mi trng v x hi *Cc tc ng v mi trng a) Thun li

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Nh cp trn, thy in c rt nhiu mt li th trong cc dng nng lng sn xut in khc, trong cn k n mc tin cy cao, gi thnh phi chng v d dng p ng vi s thay i nhanh chng v tiu th in. Mt khc, cc nh my thy in khng thi cc kh c hi. Cc nh my thy in ch thi ra mt lng rt nh cc kh CO2 v mtan (ch yu t cc h tr), v khng thi ra cc cht kh c hi khc nh SO2, NO2 v cc kh nhim bt ngun t vic t nhin liu nh cc nh my nhit in. H tr nc cn c th c s dng nh mt phng tin cung cp nc, kim sot l lt. Ti khu vc cc nh my thy in, c rt nhiu c hi pht trin cc sinh hot gii tr ngoi tri. Cc h tr to cc khu vc cho cc hot ng nh cho thuyn, cu c, trt nc v bi. Khu vc h lu c th to iu kin cho cc hot ng gii tr lin quan n dng chy nh cu c, cho thuyn, trt nc (water rafting)... Khu vc t ai xung quanh nh my thy in c th to ra rt nhiu ngun li, v d nh cc hot ng cm tri, pinic, leo i, cng nh cc hot ng vn ha v gio dc khc. b) Bt li Tuy rng thy in c xem l ngun nng lng sch v ti to, vic pht trin cc nh my thy in c th gy ra cc tc ng ln v mi trng. Sau y l mt s v d thng gp: Vic xy dng cc h tr lm thay i cnh quan thin nhin Vic thay i dng chy ca sng dn ti s thay i mi trng sng ca c Cc p thy in gy ra s t on ng di tr ca cc loi c khc nhau nh c hi sng M Kng Xem Mekong Commission) Lm cht hoc b thng cc loi c trn ng di chuyn ca chng qua turbin Cc p thy in c th gy thay i ln trong cht lng v khi lng ca ngun nc ung v sinh hot Thy in gy ra on sng cht t sau p n nh my v gy cc nh hng khc h lu Nh vy r rng rng, vic xy dng cc p thy in ln thng ngun c th gy xo ng rt ln v qun th sinh thi, cnh quan, tc ng ln n ngnh nh c v ti tiu nng nghip. Trc nht, nc sng chy qua turbin cha rt t ph sa, t c kh nng gy ra hin tng sc sch bn lng sng v gy ra l b pha h lu. Th hai, do turbin thng c ng m mt cch gin on, dn n dao ng bt thng v t xut ca lu lng sng. Cui cng, nc chy trong turbin thng c nhit thp hn nhiu so vi nhit bnh thng ca sng, iu ny dn n s thay i qun th ng thc vt, trong c th c nhng loi ang b nguy c tuyt chng.

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*Cc tc ng v x hi Cc tc ng v mt x hi do d n thy in thng lin quan n vn chuyn ha t s dng trong khu vc khai trin thy in v vn di di dn c trong vng xy dng b cha. Mc nh hng ca cc tc ng ny ph thuc vo qui m khai trin d n. y l mt vn quan trng m cc nh qui hoch d n thy in cn phi a vo tnh ton ngay nhng giai on u trong qu trnh thit k v ln k hoch kh thi, nhm mc ch xc nh c th cc mt tiu cc ca vic khai trin thy in trong khu vc c tim nng, v cn nhc k lng vi cc mt tch cc m thy in c th em ti. Mt vn khc trong qu trnh xy dng p thy in l vic ti nh c cho ngi dn sng trong khu vc qui hoch h nc. Vic n b gii ta khng ch n thun l vn v ti chnh m cn phi xt n cc vn khc nh di sn vn ha, di tch lch s v cc a im gn lin vi cc truyn thng tn gio v tn ngng. Chng 5 DN S V PHT TRIN BN VNG Cu 1. Nu cng thc tnh tc ng ca dn s vi mi trng v mi quan h gia dn s vi vn pht trin bn vng? Nu cng thc tnh tc ng ca dn s vi mi trng p ng nhu cu nng cao mc sng ca con ngi l tc ng ln h thng tri t mnh nht. Tc ng c tnh nh sau: TC NG MT = Ds x GDP/ngi x TMT/n v ca GDP/ng - GDP l thu nhp quc ni = thc o hot ng CN & kinh t - Dn s v tc thay i dn s u tng nhanh. Tc thay i dn s (R) ca mt khu vc a l c th c tnh nh sau: R = (Rb Rd) + (Ri Re) Trong : Rb, Rd, Ri v Re tng ng vi tc sinh, t vong, nhp c v di c. Khi bit R ca mt khu vc a l c th d bo dn s khu vc sau khong t (s nm) P theo cng thc sau: P = PoeRt , trong Po = S dn thi im hin ti - GDP/ngi, ph thuc vo s tng trng kinh t ca tng nc - Tha s th ba l mc tc ng MT ca mt n v GDP/ngi biu th trnh cng ngh hin c cho php pht trin khng gy h qu nghim trng v mi trng Mi quan h gia dn s vi vn pht trin bn vng?

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Dn s ng th sc lao ng nhiu (lao ng th cng), sn xut nhiu ca ci vt cht v cng tiu th nhiu ca ci hn. Dn s qu thp th sc lao ng khng , khng th c tn ti v pht trin x hi. Mc tiu t ra i vi quc gia, lnh th l m bo dn s n nh, pht trin kinh t x hi bn vng m bo cht lng cuc sng tt cho cng ng. Dn s v pht trin tc ng qua li cht ch vi nhau. Bc tin ca lnh vc ny thc y, to thun li cho lnh vc kia. Gii quyt tt dn s nhng kinh t x hi khng pht trin th cht lng cuc sng cng khng c m bo. Ngc li kinh t x hi pht trin nhng dn s tng qu cao th tng sn phm quc ni theo u ngi (GDP) s st gim v cui cng cht lng cuc sng vn c thp. Vn t ra cho ton th gii l vic lng ghp vn dn s vi pht trin m bo s hi ha. Hi ngh dn s Cair nm 1994 bn n cc ni dung dn s, ngho i, hnh mu sn xut v tiu dng, mi trng sinh thi. Hi ngh cho rng 4 vn ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau, khng th gii quyt ring r tng vn . Hnh mu sn xut v tiu dng thiu bn vng th s gy ra vic s dng ti nguyn khng c k hoch v tc ng xu n cht lng mi trng. Mc tiu lng ghp 2 ni dung l m bo s hi ha gia dn s n nh v pht trin kinh t x hi bn vng. Tm li, dn s va l phng tin va l ng lc ca pht trin bn vng. iu quan trng nht khi lng ghp vn dn s vi pht trin bn vng l vic t chng vo mi quan tm tng th trong chin lc v chnh sch chung. Cu 2. Trnh by khi nim pht trin bn vng? Phn tch ni dung ca s pht trin bn vng? KN: Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin hay s tin b p ng nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng lm phng hi n kh nng p ng cc nhu cu ca th h tng lai. Phn tch ni dung ca s pht trin bn vng? + Tnh bn vng v kinh t th hin s tng trng cao v n nh ca nn kinh t, t hiu qu cao trong s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. Lng ha tnh bn vng v kinh t bng cc ch s nh: GDP/ngi, PPP/ngi. Vd: Theo phn loi ca LHQ: GDP < 736 USD/ngi/nm = thu nhp thp; t 736 n < 3.000 = TN trung bnh thp; t 3.000 n 10.000 = TN cao v > 10.000 = TN Cao.

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+ Tnh bn vng v x hi th hin s bo m v dinh dng, chm sc sc khe cng ng, tng t l dn c c hc hnh, gim tnh trng i ngho v km hm s dn rng khong cch gia cc tng lp giu ngho trong x hi, bo m cng bng x hi v to c hi bnh ng cho mi thnh vin trong x hi trong vic tip cn cc c hi pht trin. lng ha tnh bn vng v x hi ngi ta s dng mt s ch s nh: Ch s pht trin nhn vn HDI (Human Development Index): HDI phn nh cc n lc gii quyt vn XH ca mi quc gia nh: tui th bnh qun, t l % ngi bit ch, GDP/ngi tnh theo PPP Thng qua mt lot php tnh phc tp, ngi ta xc nh c HDI nm trong khong 0-1 v phn loi nh sau: HDI<0,5 thp(chm pht trin, HDI=0,5-0,8 trung bnh, HDI>0,8 pht trin cao) Ch s HDI ca mt s nc trn th gii (ngun: UNDP 20004) Tn nc HDI (1975) HDI (1990) HDI (2002) Xp th n 0,411 0,514 0,595 127 Vit Nam 0,610 0,691 112 Ch th pht trin c xt n vn gii GDI (Gender Development Indicator) GDI phn nh s bnh ng nam n, xt trn c phng din KT, XH GDI c xc nh qua HDI ca n v nam + Tnh bn vng v mi trng th hin vic khai thc v s dng mi trng mt cch bn vng, tc l s dng cc loi v h sinh thi mc thp hn kh nng m cc qun th ng thc vt c th sinh sn v t duy tr, s dng hp l ti nguyn thin nhin, bo tn c s a dng sinh thi, hn ch nhim ci thin mi trng. V nhng i hi nh vy ch c th thc hin c khi nhng mc tiu v kinh t v cng bng x hi c m bo. Tnh bn vng v mi trng c th c lng ha qua mt s ch s: Ch th kinh t c hiu chnh v nhim PAEI (Pollution Adjusted Economy Indicator) CO2 c dng nh i din pht thi gy nhim ch yu PAEL = GDP. (Tr s pht thi TB CO2/ngi / Tr s pht thi thc t CO2/ngi) o Tr s pht thi TB CO2/ngi ca th gii nm 1991 l 21.984 tn o Tr s pht thi thc t CO2/ngi c xc nh thng qua vic c tnh lng pht CO2 do t cc nhin liu ha thch v cng nghip SX xi mng, ri chia cho tng dn s. Ch s vn thin nhin NCI (Natural Capital Indicator): NCL c dng nh gi TNTN cn li
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NCI = Cc khu bo tn TN cn li x ch s a dng sinh hc (BDI) Cc quc gia ln thng c NCI ln, (M: NCI = 7,97) Vit Nam c NCI = 0,84 xp th 24. Thi lan c NCI = 0,23 xp th 54 Chi ph ci thin cht lng mi trng COR (cost of Remediation): COR c tnh chi ph cn thit ci thin cht lng MT t trng thi hin nay n mt mc mong mun Cc bc thc hin: nh gi mc pht trin v suy thoi hin ti, ra mt h thng cc tiu chun ci thin cht lng MT, c tnh chi ph cho vic thc hin

Cu 3. Phn tch cc nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng? Chin lc v bo v mi trng ton cu ra 8 nguyn tc cho mt x hi bn vng v cc hnh ng u tin tng ng, bao gm: 1.Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng Pht trin nn o c th gii v s bn vng qua cc t chc tn gio ti cao, cc nh chnh tr, gii vn ngh s tng quan tm n o c nhn loi. y mnh hot ng cp quc gia xy dng nn o c th gii: a vo h thng php ch nh nc, vo hin php cc nguyn tc o c th gii. Thc hin nn o c th gii thng qua hnh ng ca mi thnh vin v t chc x hi: gia nh, trng hc, on ngh thut, cc nh nghin cu chnh tr, lut, k s, kinh t, bc s. Thnh lp mt t chc quc t gim st vic thc hin o c th gii v s sng bn vng, ngn chn v u tranh chng nhng v vi phm nghim trng. 2. Nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi nhng nc c thu nhp thp cn y mnh tng trng kinh t gia tng s pht trin ton x hi, trong c bo v mi trng. Cn c nhng chnh sch thch hp ty tnh hnh c th v thin nhin, vn ha, chnh tr. cc nc c thu nhp cao, cn iu chnh li cc chnh sch v chin lc pht trin quc gia nhm m bo tnh bn vng nh chuyn dng cc nng lng ti to hoc v tn, trnh lng ph khi sn xut hng tiu dng, pht trin quy trnh cng ngh kn, tng dng th t, in thoi, fax v nhng phng tin giao dch khc thay cho i li; gip nhng nc c thu nhp thp t c s pht trin cn thit.
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3. Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng sinh hc ca Tri t Thc hin bin php ngn nga nhim nh qun l nhim v pht trin cng ngh kn. Gim bt vic lm lan ta cc kh SOx, NOx, COx v CxHy Gim bt kh nh knh (c bit l kh CO2 v CFCs): khuyn khch kinh t v qun l trc tip nhm tng s dng nng lng sch, gia tng trng cy xanh mi ni c th Chun b i ph vi s bin i kh hu: xem li k hoch pht trin v bo v cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thay i kh hu v mc nc bin dng cao, iu chnh cc tiu chun v u t lu di trong phn vng quy hoch s dng t, chun b ging cy trng v phng thc canh tc thch hp, p dng bin php nghim ngt bo v vng b bin thp (o san h, rng ngp mn, n ct). p dng mt phng n tng hp v qun l t v nc, coi c lu vc sng l mt n v qun l thng nht. Gim nh sc p ln cc h sinh thi t nhin hoc bin ci bng cch bo v nhng vng t nng nghip tt nht v qun l chng mt cch ng n trn c s sinh thi hc nh ci to t ai trng lng thc, hoa mu m vn gi c nc v t mu, trnh b chua mn, bo v ni sinh sng ca cc loi th phn hoa v n su b. Chn ng nn ph rng, bo v nhng khu rng gi rng ln v duy tr lu di nhng khu rng bin ci. Hon thnh v duy tr mt h thng ton din cc khu bo tn v cc h sinh thi. Kt hp gia bin php bo v "nguyn v" v "chuyn v" cc loi v cc ngun gen. Bo v nguyn v l bo v cc chng loi ti cc ni sinh sng t nhin. Bo v chuyn v l bo v cc chng loi ti cc khu nui, vn ng-thc vt quc gia. S dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch bn vng nh nh gi ngun d tr v kh nng sinh sn ca cc qun th v h sinh thi, bo m vic khai thc trong kh nng sinh sn, bo v ni sinh sng v cc qu trnh sinh thi ca cc loi. Gip cc a phng qun l ngun ti nguyn ti to v tng cng mi bin php khuyn khch h bo v tnh a dng sinh hc. 4. Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng c ca Tri t Nng cao nhn thc v s i hi phi n nh dn s v mc tiu th ti nguyn. a vn tiu th ti nguyn v vn dn s vo cc chnh sch v k hoch pht trin ca quc gia. Xy dng, th nghim v p dng nhng phng php v k thut c hiu qu cao i vi ti nguyn: nh phn thng cho cc sn phm tt v c hiu qu i vi vic bo v mi
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trng; gip bng vn cho cc nc thu nhp thp trong vic s dng nng lng sch hn. nh thu vo nng lng v cc ngun ti nguyn khc nhng nc c mc tiu th cao. ng vin phong tro "Ngi tiu th xanh". Ci thin iu kin chm sc sc khe b m v tr em. Tng gp i cc dch v k hoch ha gia nh. 5. Thay i thi v hnh vi ca con ngi Trong chin lc quc gia v cuc sng bn vng phi c nhng hnh ng thc y, gio dc v to iu kin cho mi c nhn c th sng bn vng. Xem xt li tnh hnh gio dc mi trng v a ni dung gio dc mi trng vo h thng chnh quy tt c cc cp. nh r nhng nhu cu o to cho mt x hi bn vng v k hoch thc hin 6. cho cc cng ng t qun l ly mi trng ca mnh Khi nim cng ng c dng vi ngha l nhng ngi trong cng mt n v hnh chnh, hoc nhng ngi c chung mt nn vn ha dn tc, hay nhng ngi cng chung sng trong mt lnh th c th, chng hn nh mt vng thung lng, cao nguyn m bo cho cc cng ng v cc c nhn c bnh ng trong vic hng th ti nguyn v quyn qun l. Ci thin vic trao i thng tin, k nng v k xo. Li cun s tham gia ca nhiu ngi vo vic bo v v pht trin. Cng c chnh quyn a phng H tr ti chnh v k thut cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng ca cng ng. 7. To ra mt c cu quc gia thng nht thun li cho vic pht trin v bo v ng dng mt phng php tng hp khi ra chnh sch v mi trng, vi mc ch bao trm l tnh bn vng. Kt hp mc tiu v cuc sng bn vng cng vi nhng phm vi chc trch ca c quan chnh ph v lp php, thnh lp mt n v quyn lc mnh kh nng phi hp vic pht trin v bo v. Son tho v thc hin chin lc v tnh bn vng thng qua cc k hoch ca tng khu vc v a phng. nh gi tc ng mi trng v c lng v kinh t ca cc d n, cc chng trnh v chnh sch v pht trin. a nhng nguyn tc v mt x hi bn vng vo hin php hoc cc lut c bn khc ca chnh sch quc gia.
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Xy dng mt h thng lut mi trng hon chnh v thc y xy dng b lut . m bo cc chnh sch, cc k hoch pht trin, ngn sch v quy nh u t ca quc gia phi quan tm y n nhng hu qu ca vic mnh lm i vi mi trng. S dng cc chnh sch v cng c kinh t t c tnh bn vng nh chnh sch gi c, tiu chun cht lng sn phm, nh gi ti nguyn mi trng, k ton mi trng quc gia. Cc cng c kinh t nh thu mi trng, giy php chuyn nhng Nng cao kin thc c s v xc tin vic ph bin rng ri cc thng tin lin quan n mi trng. 8. Xy dng mt khi lin minh ton th gii y mnh vic thc hin nhng hip c quc t hin c nhm bo v h nui dng s sng v tnh a dng sinh hc nh: V kh quyn: c cng c Vin bo v tng ozone v Ngh nh th Montreal v nhng tnh cht c lin quan n vic suy gim lp ozone. Cng c Ginev v nhim khng kh trn mt vng rng qua nhiu bin gii. V i dng: Cng c Lin hip quc v Lut bin, mt lot cc vn kin quc t v khu vc v bo v cc i dng khi b nhim v tu thy (cng c IOM), v vt b ph thi (cng c Lun n, sl) V nc ngt: Cng c v vng b ca h Ln (Canada-Hoa K), hip c v cc dng sng chung (Ranh, anup). V cht thi: Cng c Basle v nhng hot ng hn ch cht thi c hi v cch x l. Cng c Bamako cm vic nhp khu cht thi c hi vo Chu Phi v kim sot vic nhp qua bin gii v qun l cht thi c hi Chu Phi. V bo v tnh a dng sinh hc: Cng c Ramsa v bo v nhng vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit l nhng vng sinh sng ca chim nc. Cng c lin quan n bo v di sn thin nhin v vn ha th gii (UNESCO, Paris), Cng c quc t v bun bn cc loi c nguy c b tiu dit (CITES, Washington), Cng c bo v cc loi hoang d di c (Bon). K kt nhng hip c quc t mi t c tnh bn vng trn th gii: v s thay i kh hu, bo v an ton cc khu rng th gii. Xy dng mt ch bo v tng hp v ton din i vi Chu Nam cc v bin Nam cc. Son tho v thng qua bn Cng b chung v Hip c v tnh bn vng. Xa hn nhng mn n cng, gim n thng mi cho cc nc thu nhp thp phc hi nhanh s tin b v kinh t ca h.
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Nng cao kh nng t cng ca nhng nc thu nhp thp: bi b hng ro thng mi cho cc nc ny v cc hng ha khng lin quan n mi trng, h tr v gip n nh gi c hng ha, khuyn khch u t. Tng cng vin tr cho s pht trin, tp trung gip cc nc thu nhp thp xy dng mt x hi v mt nn kinh t bn vng. Nhn thc c gi tr v y mnh hot ng ca t chc Phi chnh ph trong nc v th gii: IUCN (The International Union for Conservating Nature), UNEP (United Nations Environmental Program), WWF (World Wide Find for Nature) l nhng t chc bao gm cc thnh vin chnh ph v phi chnh ph, c nhng ng gp xut sc trong s nghip bo v mi trng ton cu; cn m rng phm vi hot ng, cng nh gia tng thm cc t chc tng t nh vy. Tng cng h thng Lin hip quc tr thnh mt lc lng mnh m m bo cho tnh bn vng trn ton cu. Cu 4. Nu nh hng chin lc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng Vit Nam? S pht trin ca Vit Nam thi gian qua t c pht trin bn vng hay cha? Gii thch? nh hng chin lc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng 1.Mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi Khng ch l GDP m cn l vn thay i quan nim, nhn thc thi , kin thc k nng. 2.Mc tiu bo v mi trng, pht trin bn vng C 6 mc tiu ch yu: Ngn chn suy thoi, bo v v ci thin mi trng th v cng nghip. Ngn chn suy thoi, bo v v ci thin mi trng nng thn v nng nghip. Tin hnh qui hoch, thc thi tng bc cc qui hoch mi trng, pht trin bn vng duyt cho cc sng ln v va. Ngn chn, phng suy thoi mi trng t nhin, qui hoch pht trin bn vng cc vng ven bin trng im. Bo v, pht huy gi tr ti nguyn a dng sinh hc. Tng cng kh nng kim sot, phng chng thin tai v tai bin mi trng. 3. Khung chnh sch v nguyn tc bo v mi trng By vn cn tp trung khi thc hin chnh sch
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1. Nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho nhn dn (nh , cy xanh, nng lng hp th, in, dch v, c s h tng, vic lm, an sinh x hi). 2. Bo v mi trng nm trong k hoch pht trin chung, chi ph mi trng c a vo phn tch GDP. 3. Bo v a dng sinh hc v cc h sinh thi ang suy thoi. 4. S dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin. 5. Ngn nga nhim, kim sot nhim. 6. Qun l di sn vn ha v cnh quan thin nhin. 7. Gim thiu tc tng dn s. Chn nguyn tc ra chnh sch 1. t v ch s hu, bo qun qu t. 2. Sng trong mi trng trong sch (t nhin v x hi). 3. Pht trin phi bn vng. 4. m bo lng thc v nng lng, bo m ti sn xut sc lao ng. 5. Ly g ca thin nhin phi tr li cho thin nhin. m bo kp phc hi, ti to. 6. Tr tin cho vic gy nhim. 7. Gim thiu khai thc ti nguyn khng ti to c. 8. Gim ngho i, khuyn nng. 9. iu chnh tp qun canh tc, di c. 4. Cng c thc hin chnh sch 1. Lut php. Lut mi trng v cc vn bn di lut. 2. Th ch v t chc. C ch ti chnh. 3. Hp tc quc t. 4. nh gi tc ng mi trng; Monitoring, kim tra, kim sot, kim ton v thanh tra. 5. Cc cng c k thut, tiu chun. 6. Gio dc mi trng cho thanh nin, hc sinh sinh vin v vi cc doanh nghip, nh nng l vn cp thit nht hin nay. S pht trin ca Vit Nam thi gian qua t c pht trin bn vng hay cha? Gii thch? `cha t c bn vng tuy nhin cng t c kt qu kh ln gii thch: Trong nh hng pht trin bn vng cha xc nh c th cc ch tiu pht trin bn vng
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tuy vy trong k hoch pht trin bn vng KTXH 2006 2010 c quc hi kho XI thng qua theo ngh nh s 56/2006/QH11 lng ghp nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng v a ra mt s ch tiu pht trin bn vng v bo v mi trng Nhn chung vic lng ghp bo v mi trng v pt KTXH hi ho pht trit 3 mt KT XH NT nc ta cha su rng, coi nh pht trin bn vng v mt mi trng. Tuy vy cn khng nh rng cc hot ng bo v mi trng trong 5 nm qua ngy cng si ng hn, i vo chiu su hn, c hiu qu hn Cc hot ng ngn nga, gim thiu nhim, ci thin mi trng ngy cng hiu qu hn, u t ngn sch cho BVMT c nhiu tin b. Nhng thnh tu v cng tc BVMT l to ln v ng khch l. Nhng pht trin bn vng v mi trung nc ta trong thi gian qua cn nhiu vn bt cp v tn ti. Cn c nhng bin php c th hn na ngn nga nhim mi trng hin nay CHNG 6: NHIM KHNG KH Cu 1. Trnh by cc khi nim chung v nhim mi trng (cho v d minh ha)? Nu v phn tch cc ngun gy nhim khng kh? Khi nim chung v nhim mi trng: - nhim mi trng l s bin i ca cc thnh phn mi trng khng ph hp vi tiu chun mi trng gy nh hng xu n con ngi v sinh vt. (Lut Bo v mi trng 2005) VD: - Suy thoi mi trng L s thay i cht lng v s lng ca thnh phn mi trng gy nh hng xu cho con ngi v thin nhin. V d: Xy mt nh my luyn gang thp... v li ch n s tng lng thp bnh qun u ngi, gii quyt kp thi mt s yu cu cho cng nghip. Nhng nh my gang thp trong qu trnh sn xut a vo khng kh mt lng ln cc kh nhim nh CO2, bi..., lm cho bu khng kh xung quanh b nhim, mt t cng b nhim nh hng n sc khe cng ng dn c sng quanh khu vc nh my... - S c mi trng L cc tai bin hoc ri ro xy ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi hoc bin i bt thng ca thin nhin, gy suy thoi mi trng nghim trng. S c mi trng c th xy ra do:
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Bo, l, lt, hn hn, nt t, ng t, trt t, st l t, ni la phun, ma acid, ma , bin ng kh hu v nhng thin tai khc... Ha hon, chy rng, s c k thut gy nguy hi v mi trng ca c s sn xut, kinh doanh, cng trnh kinh t, khoa hc, k thut, vn ha, x hi, an ninh, quc phng. S c trong tm kim, thm d, khai thc, vn chuyn khong sn, du kh, sp hm l, pht du, trn du, v ng ng dn du, dn kh, m tu, s c ti c s lc ha du v cc c s cng nghip khc. S c trong l phn ng ht nhn, nh my in nguyn t, nh my sn xut, ti ch nhin liu ht nhn, kho cha cht phng x... Nu v phn tch cc ngun gy nhim khng kh? 1. Ngun t nhin - Ni la: Ni la phun ra nhng nham thch nng v nhiu khi bi giu sunfua, mtan v nhng loi kh khc. - Chy rng: Cc m chy rng v ng c bi cc qu trnh t nhin xy ra do sm chp, - Bo bi: Gy nn do gi mnh v bo, ma bo mn t sa mc, t trng v gi thi tung ln thnh bi. - Nc bin bc hi v cng vi sng bin tung bt mang theo bi mui lan truyn vo khng kh. - Cc qu trnh phn hu, thi ra xc ng, thc vt t nhin cng pht thi nhiu cht kh, cc phn ng ho hc gia nhng kh t nhin hnh thnh cc kh sunfua, nitrit, cc loi mui v.v... Cc loi bi, kh ny u gy nhim khng kh. 2. Ngun gc nhn to - Hot ng cng nghip - t chy nhin liu ho thch v - Hot ng ca cc phng tin giao thng; - Hot ng trong nng nghip - Hot ng xy dng - T nc thi, rc thi

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Cu 2. Hiu ng nh knh l g? Trnh by c ch ca hiu ng nh knh v cc tc nhn gy nn hiu ng nh knh? "Kt qu ca s ca s trao i khng cn bng v nng lng gia tri t vi khng gian xung quanh, dn n s gia tng nhit ca kh quyn tri t. Hin tng ny din ra theo c ch tng t nh nh knh trng cy v c gi l Hiu ng nh knh". - C ch gy ra hiu ng nh knh:

- Cc tc nhn gy hiu ng nh knh: + Cc tc nhn gy ra s hp th bc x sng di trong kh quyn l kh CO2, bi, hi nc, kh mtan, kh CFC, N2O. + CO2: t than du m, hot ng ph rng + CFCs: Bt xp, tc nhn y trong bnh xt, tc nhn lnh + CH4: t ngp nc, t nhin liu ha thch, chn nui gia sc gia cm + N2O: t nhin liu ha thch, sn xut v s dng phn bn, ph rng

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Cu 3. Bin i kh hu l g? Trnh by cc biu hin ca bin i kh hu nhng gii php nhm hn ch s nng ln ton cu? - nh ngha: " Bin i kh hu tri t l s thay i ca h thng kh hu gm kh quyn, thu quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn hin ti v trong tng lai bi cc nguyn nhn t nhin v nhn to". - Cc biu hin ca s bin i kh hu: + S nng ln ca kh quyn v tri t ni chung. + S thay i thnh phn v cht lng kh quyn c hi cho mi trng sng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt trn tri t. + S dng cao mc nc bin do tan bng dn ti s ngp ng ca cc vng t thp, cc o nh trn bin. + S di chuyn ca cc i kh hu tn ti hng nghn nm trn cc vng khc nhau ca tri t dn ti nguy c e do s sng ca cc loi sinh vt, cc h sinh thi v hot ng ca con ngi. + S thay i cng hot ng ca qu trnh hon lu kh quyn, chu trnh tun hon nc trong t nhin v cc chu trnh sinh a ho khc. + S thay i nng sut sinh hc ca cc h sinh thi, cht lng v thnh phn ca thu quyn, sinh quyn, cc a quyn Nhng gii php nhm hn ch s nng ln ton cu? -Trng rng ph xanh i trc -Hn ch s dng nng lng ho thch -Khuyn khch s dung nng lng sch:nng lng mt tri, gi, nc... -Khng thi ra mi trng nhng cht ph hu tng ozon: CFC...

Cu 4. Tng Ozon l g? Trnh by qu trnh to thnh, phn hu ozon v hu qu ca s suy thoi tng ozon? Tng zn Kh zn gm 3 nguyn t Oxy (O3). Tng bnh lu nm trn tng i lu vi ranh gii trn dao ng trong khong cao 50 km. cao khong 25 km trong tng bnh lu tn ti
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mt lp khng kh giu kh zn thng c gi l tng zn. Hm lng kh zn trong khng kh rt thp, chim mt phn triu, ch cao 25 - 30 km, kh zon mi m c hn (chim t l 1/100.000 trong kh quyn). Ngi ta gi tng kh quyn cao ny l tng zn. Nu tng zn b thng, mt lng ln tia t ngoi s chiu thng xung Tri t. Con ngi sng trn Tri t s mc bnh ung th da, thc vt khng chu ni nhiu tia t ngoi chiu vo s b mt dn kh nng min dch, cc sinh vt di bin b tn thng v cht dn. Bi vy cc nc trn th gii u rt lo s trc hin tng thng tng zn. S to thnh zn: zn trong bu kh quyn c to thnh khi cc tia cc tm chm phi cc phn t xy (O2), cha hai nguyn t xy, to thnh hai nguyn t xy n, c gi l xy nguyn t. xy nguyn t kt hp cng vi mt phn t xy to thnh zn. Phn t zn c hot tnh cao, khi b tia cc tm chm phi, li tch ra thnh phn t xy v mt xy nguyn t, mt qu trnh lin tc gi l chu k xy-zn. Trc khi bt u xu hng suy gim zn, lng zn trong tng bnh lu c gi n nh nh vo cn bng gia to thnh v phn hy cc phn t zn nh vo tia cc tm. S phn hy zn: zn c th b ph hy bi cc nguyn t clo, flo hay brm trong bu kh quyn. Cc nguyn t ny c trong mt s hp cht bn nht nh, c bit l chlorofluorocacbon (CFC), i vo tng bnh lu v c gii phng bi cc tia cc tm. CCl2F2 Cl + O3
AS

Cl

CClF2 O2

ClO

S suy gim tng zn l hin tng gim lng zn trong tng bnh lu. T nm 1979 cho n nm 1990 lng zn trong tng bnh lu suy gim vo khong 5%. V lp zn ngn cn phn ln cc tia cc tm c hi khng cho xuyn qua bu kh quyn Tri t, s suy gim zn ang c quan st thy v cc d on suy gim trong tng lai tr thnh mt mi quan tm ton cu, dn n vic cng nhn Ngh nh th Montreal hn ch v cui cng chm dt hon ton vic s dng v sn xut cc hp cht ccbon ca

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Clo v Flo (CFC - chlorofluorocacbons) cng nh cc cht ha hc gy suy gim tng zn khc nh Tetracloritcacbon, cc hp cht ca brm (halon) v Methylchloroform. Hu qu ca gim st zn:
V tng zn hp th tia cc tm t mt tri, gim st tng zn d on s cng

tia cc tm b mt Tri t, c th dn n nhiu thit hi bao gm c gia tng bnh ung th da.
Cc tia bc x cc tm c nng lng cao c hp th bi zn c cng nhn

chung l mt yu t tham gia to thnh cc khi u c tnh (ung th da). Th d nh theo mt nghin cu, tng 10% cc tia cc tm c nng lng cao c lin kt vi tng 19% cc khi u c tnh n ng v 16% ph n.
Tng cng bc x tia cc tm c th cng nh hng n ma mng. Sn lng nhiu

loi cy trng c tm quan trng v kinh t nh la ph thuc vo qu trnh c nh nit ca vi khun lam cng sinh r cy. M vi khun lam rt nhy cm vi nh sng cc tm v c th b cht khi hm lng tia cc tm gia tng. Cu 5. Ma axit l g? Phn tch nguyn nhn gy ra ma axit v tc ng ca ma axit? Ma axit l g? nguyn nhn? Ma axit c pht hin ra u tin vo nm 1948 ti Thu in. Nguyn nhn l v con ngi t nhiu than , du m. Trong than v du m thng cha mt lng lu hunh, cn trong khng kh li rt nhiu kh nit. Trong qu trnh t c th sinh ra cc kh Sunfua ioxit (SO2), Nit ioxit (NO2). Cc kh ny ho tan vi hi nc trong khng kh to thnh cc ht axit sunfuaric (H2SO4), axit nitric (HNO3). Khi tri ma, cc ht axit ny tan ln vo nc ma, lm pH ca nc ma gim. Nu nc ma c pH di 5,6 c gi l ma axit. Do c chua kh ln, nc ma c th ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit kim loi c trong khng kh nh xit ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn i vi cy ci, vt nui v con ngi. - Tc hi ca ma axit: Ma axit nh hng xu ti cc thu vc (ao, h). Cc dng chy do ma axit vo h, ao s lm pH ca h, ao gim i nhanh chng, cc sinh vt trong h, ao suy yu hoc cht hon ton. H, ao tr thnh cc thu vc cht.

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Ma axit nh hng xu ti t do nc ma ngm xung t lm tng chua ca t, ho tan cc nguyn t trong t cn thit cho cy nh canxi (Ca), Magi (Mg),... lm suy thoi t, cy ci km pht trin. L cy gp ma axit s b "chy" lm chm, mm s cht kh, lm cho kh nng quang hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp. Ma axit cn ph hu cc vt liu lm bng kim loi nh st, ng, km,... lm gim tui th cc cng trnh xy dng. Chng 7: NHIM NC Cu 1. nhim nc l g? Trnh by ngun gc gy nhim mi trng nc? Khi nim v nhim nc nhim nc l s thay i thnh phn v tnh cht nc, c hi cho hot ng sng bnh thng ca sinh vt v con ngi, bi s c mt ca mt hay nhiu cht l vt qua ngng chu ng ca sinh vt. Theo Hin chng Chu u v nc nh ngha v nhim nc nh sau: "S nhim nc l mt bin i ch yu do con ngi gy ra i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim nc v gy nguy hi cho vic s dng, cho cng nghip,nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi- gii tr, cho ng vt nui cng nh cc loi hoang di". Vic thi cc cht thi hoc nc thi s gy nhim vt l, ha hc, hu c, nhit, phng x. Vic thi phi khng gy nguy him i vi sc khe cng ng v phi tnh n kh nng ng ha cc cht thi ca nc (kh nng pha long, t lm sch). Nhng hot ng kinh t, x hi ca cc cng ng, nhng bin php x l nc ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vn ny. Ngun gc gy nhim mi trng nc nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin v nhn to: - Ngun gc t nhin: Do ma, tuyt tan, gi, bo, l lt. nhim ny cn c gi l nhim khng xc nh ngun gc. - Ngun gc nhn to: L s thi cc cht c hi ch yu di dng lng, ch yu do x nc thi t cc vng dn c, khu cng nghip, hot ng giao thng vn ti, thuc tr su, dit c, phn bn trong nng nghip. Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi nhim nc: nhim v c, nhim hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l .
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Di y trnh by tm tt cc ngun gy nhim bn v tnh hnh nhim bn lm suy gim cht lng ngun nc:
Ngun gy nhim mi trng nc

T nhin - L, lt - Phn hu xc ng thc vt trong mi trng nc. - Ph dng t nhin. - Cc hin tng nhim nc ngm do nguyn nhn t nhin nh Asen, du m

Nhn to - Cng nghip: cng nghip thc phm, ch bin, ho cht, luyn kim, khong sn,... - Nng nghip: nhim bn bi ho cht bo v thc vt, ph dng - Sinh hot v dch v: nc thi sinh hot khu th, khu dn c, cc ngnh dch v

Hnh 7.1.S cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc 1. Ngun gc nhn to Ngun nhim bn nh hng n cht lng nc c lin quan mt thit vi vic s dng nc ca con ngi, bao gm: a/ Ngun nhim bn t th Ngun nhim bn di dng lng Ngun nc thi cc th t sinh hot, cng nghip, cc hot ng kinh t x hi v t dng chy do ma to ra. Phn ln cc ngun nc ny c x l nhng mc khc nhau trc khi thi vo ngun nc mt. Do s r r ca h thng cng thi nc Thng thng h thng thi nc phi kn, nhng do cc hot ng ca con ngi nh o bi, cc vt nng trn h thng thi hoc xe c i li, cc iu kin t nhin nh st l t, r cy m vo...lm cho h thng nc thi b rn nt hoc v ra v nc va thm vo t va chy trn trn b mt t. S r r ca h thng nc thi mang theo cc hp cht v c, hu c, cc vi khun c hi vi nng cao vo ngun nc. i cc khu cng nghip, vic r r s mang theo cc kim loi nng t nguy hin nh As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg...i vo ngun nc ngm. Cht thi di dng rn
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Cht thi di dng rn l mt ngun gy nhim cho nc mt v nc ngm. Thng thng nc thi bao gm cc cht rn c thi ra mt t, cc vng t ny nu c cc khe nt th phn ln cc cht thi, cn b di dng rn s theo nc thi tch ng vo t v i xung nc ngm lm gim cht lng nc. b/ Ngun nhim bn do cc hot ng cng nghip Nc c s dng trong cng nghip d lm lnh, lm v sinh, sn xut v gia cng cc sn phm. Trong qu trnh c rt nhiu cht c hi, cc cht cn b b thi ra. Cc loi ny c th thi trc tip bng dng chy b mt ra cc h thng sng sui v c th to nng cht c hi cao. Cng vi s pht trin cao ca nn cng nghip, tnh hnh nhim bn ngun nc t cc nc ang pht trin ang c quan tm. c. Ngun nhim bn t nng nghip Ngun nc ny c to ra do sn xut nng nghip v chn nun. Ngoi ra bo v ma mng, hng nm mt lng ln thuc dit tr su b v cn trng c s dng, n git cht cc vi sinh vt c ch, ng thi cng thi ra mt lng khng l cc cht c hi vo t v nc. mt s im cc b nh ng Anh (H Ni) b nhim do d lng DDT (tuy ch 0,07mg/l di ngng cho php) l thuc b cm s dng. tng ph ca t, phn bn ha hc cng c s dng nhiu. nhim nc ung do nitrat (NO3-) t nng nghip l mt vn quan trng. Nng nghip hin i chng 20 nm qua lm cho lng NO3- khuych tn trong t v gy nhim nc ngy cng nhiu. Vic pht trin chn nui v ngun phn hu c do chn nui thi ra khi gp tri ma s chy trn trn b mt t gy nhim bn ngun nc mt, ng thi thm xung su nh hng cc tng cha nc ngm. Ngoi nhng c t gy hi th lng vi khun, vi trng trong ngun cht thi ny cng rt ln s l mm mng gy bnh cho cc sinh vt trong vng. 2. Ngun gc t nhin Ngun t nhin gy nhim mi trng nc ch yu do s tc ng qua li gia cc thnh phn mi trng, cc qu trnh a ha, do thi tit nh: ma l lm ra tri bn t, cht thi rn a vo mi trng nc lm cho nc b nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l: mu, mi, c, lm gim cht lng s dng nc, nh hng ti cc thy sinh vt. Hin tng nhim mi trng nc ln nht hin nay trn th gii l s nhim Asen (thch tn) trn phm vi ton cu vi hng trm triu ngi b phi nhim do s dng nc c nng Asen cao qu tiu chun hng dn ca WHO trong thi gian di (tiu chun hng dn l 10ppb). Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nc c xc nh l khu vc c mc v phm vi nhim Asen ln trn th gii. nhim Asen trong nc ngm do nguyn nhn t nhin, cc qu trnh phong ha , ra tri trm tch c cha Asen s tch t theo thi gian cc vng ng bng chu th v lm tng hm lng Asen trong nc ngm, trong khi nc ngm l ngun nc s dng cho sinh hot v n ung chim t l cao. Cu 3. Trnh by cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc? Tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc
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Cc cht gy nhim nc c th c phn chia theo ngun gc, c nhiu tc nhn nhim mi trng nc, tuy nhin c mt s tc nhn chnh c trnh by theo bng sau. Bng 7.3. Mt s tc nhn chnh gy nhim mi trng nc Loi tc nhn Tc ng - Cc nguyn t vi lng - C hi cho thy sinh vt v ngi - Kim loi nng - C hi cho thy sinh vt v ngi - Hp cht c kim - Vn chuyn kim loi - Phng x ht nhn - c - Cht v c - c vi thy sinh vt - Aming - Tc ng ti sc khe con ngi - Ph dng - Ph dng - Kim, axit, trm tch (vt tiu chun) - Cht lng nc, thy sinh vt - Cht hu c - c - PCBs - c - Thuc tr su - c, tc ng nhanh n thy sinh vt - Du m - Cht lng nc, oxy ha tan - Cht thi ca ngi v ng vt nui - Cht lng nc, oxy ha tan - BOD - Ph dng - Vi sinh vt gy bnh - Tc ng n sc khe con ngi - Tc nhn vt l: mi, mu, v, c - Gim cht lng nc (Ngun: Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, 2000) 3.1. Nguyn t vt L nhng nguyn t c hm lng rt nh trong cc mu nc phn tch, thng thng ch vi ppm n vi chc ppb. Mt s nguyn t vt l cht dinh dng cn thit cho sinh vt nng rt thp, tuy nhin nng cao th c tnh c th hin r thng qua cc tc ng ln chc nng sng ca c th sinh vt. Nhiu nguyn t vt to lin kt bn vi cc nhm sulfua trong enzim v lm mt hot tnh ca enzim, gy ri lon qu trnh tng hp protein. Mt s nguyn t vt dng kim gy nhim nc nh Asen, Selen rt c quan tm hin nay. 3.2. Kim loi nng

Kim loi nng l nhng kim loi c t khi 5 g/cm3. Nhm cc kim loi nng gy nhim mi trng nc gm c Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Sb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, v.v... thng khng tham gia hoc t tham gia vo qu trnh sinh ho ca cc th sinh vt v thng tch lu trong c th chng. V vy, chng l cc nguyn t c hi vi sinh vt. Hin tng nc b nhim kim loi nng thng gp trong cc lu vc nc gn cc khu cng nghip, cc thnh ph ln v khu vc khai thc khong sn. nhim kim loi nng biu hin nng cao ca cc kim loi nng trong nc. Trong mt s trng hp, xut hin hin tng cht hng lot c v thu sinh vt.
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Nguyn nhn ch yu gy nhim kim loi nng l qu trnh vo mi trng nc nc thi cng nghip v nc thi c hi khng x l hoc x l khng t yu cu. nhim nc bi kim loi nng c tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng sng ca sinh vt v con ngi. Kim loi nng tch lu theo chui thc n thm nhp v c th ngi. Nc mt b nhim s lan truyn cc cht nhim vo nc ngm, vo t v cc thnh phn mi trng lin quan khc. hn ch nhim nc, cn phi tng cng bin php x l nc thi cng nghip, qun l tt vt nui trong mi trng c nguy c b nhim nh nui c, trng rau bng ngun nc thi. - Cadimi: Cadimi gy nhim mi trng nc t s thi b trong sn xut cng nghip ni chung v ngnh khai thc khong sn ni ring. V tnh cht ho hc, Cadimi gn ging vi km, hai nguyn t ny c quy trnh a ho gn ging nhau. Tc ng ca Cadimi ln sc kho con ngi l rt nguy him, gy tng huyt p, ph hu m t bo mu, c bit l hng cu. - Ch : Ch gy nhim mi trng nc, s tiu th nhin liu ho thch, ngnh khai thc khong sn, c bit l vng. Ch c tc ng xu n cc chc nng ca gan, no, c bit tr em. - Thu ngn: Thu ngn c tm thy trong nhiu khong sn thng thng trn tri t, cc a khong chim mt lng thu ngn trung bnh l 80 ppm. Cc nhin liu ha thch nh than , than bn thng cha ti 100 ppb hoc cao hn. Thu ngn hu c c c tnh cao hn dng v c v thng c s dng trong nhiu sn phm thuc tr su, dit nm. Trong giai on t nm 1953 n 1960, ti vnh Minamata, Nht Bn c tng s 43 ngi t vong trong tng s 111 ngi nhim c thu ngn, nng thu ngn trong c khong 5-10 ppm. 3.3. Cc cht hu c Cc cht hu c tng hp nh cht do, cht mu, thuc tr su, cht ph gia, c s dng nhiu trong th k 20. Hin nay, cc cht ny vn ng vai tr quan trng i vi con ngi. Tuy nhin, cc cht ny c v kh phn hu sinh hc, c bit l nhm cht hu c cha vng thm, cc hp cht c kim, c clo v c phtpho. - Ho cht bo v thc vt: Hin c hn 10.000 loi ho cht bo v thc vt khc nhau bao gm thuc tr su, thuc dit c, thuc dit nm, k sinh trng v cc loi phn bn v c. Cc ho cht bo v thc vt thng l cc hp cht c clo, c phtpho v c kim do c tnh cao, tn ti lu trong mi trng t v b ra tri tch lu trong mi trng nc lm nhim mi trng nc. Hin nay, tn lu DDT trong mi trng nc ti cc vng ca sng ven bin l ph bin nhiu nc trn th gii. Vn s tr nn kh gii quyt khi DDT xm nhp v chuyn ho trong cc chui thc n v mng li thc n. - Cht ty ra: Cc dng ca cht ty ra nh cht hot ng b mt, cht ph gia b sung cho cht ty ra chnh to mi trng kim theo mun khi c a vo mi trng nc s lm gim kh nng lng ng ca cc cht rn trong thnh phn ca nc, lm gim hoc c ch kh nng pht trin ca vi sinh vt, do lm gim qu trnh t lm sch ca mi trng nc.
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- Du m: Cc sn phm c lin quan n du m, cc hot ng vn chuyn v tiu th du m. - Cc cht v c: Cc kim loi nng v cc nguyn t vt: As, Hg, Cr, Cu, Cdtn ti trong cc sn phm qung, trm tch. Cc kim loi nng thng c tnh cht tch t, c th sinh vt kh s dng, o thi ra khi h sinh thi. - Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh: Sinh vt c mt trong mi trng nc nhiu dng khc nhau. Bn cnh cc sinh vt c ch c nhiu nhm sinh vt gy bnh hoc truyn bnh cho ngi v sinh vt. Trong s ny, ng ch l cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun v k sinh trng gy bnh nh cc loi k sinh trng bnh t, l, thng hn, st rt, siu vi khun vim gan B, siu vi khun vim no Nht bn, giun , trng giun v.v... Theo bo co ca Ngn hng th gii nm 1992, nc b nhim gy ra bnh tiu chy lm cht 3 triu ngi v 900 triu ngi mc bnh mi nm. c nm s ngi b mc bnh trn th gii rt ln nh bnh giun a 900 triu ngi, bnh sn mng 600 triu ngi. Cu 2. Trnh by cc ch tiu nh gi s nhim nc v cc biu hin nhim nc mt? a)Cc thng s xc nh nhim nc Mi quc gia c khung tiu chun quy nh ring i vi cht lng nc cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin cn quan tm ti mt s thng s sau: - pH: gi tr pH thng thng ca nc t mc 6,5 7,5 tu thuc vo ngun nc. Khi nc qu kim hoc qu axit s tc ng ti qu trnh ho tan, ra tri cc kim loi nng, la chn phng php x l nc. Gi tr pH ph thuc trc tip vo + nng cc Ion HCO3 , H , OH . - cng: ph thuc vo nng Ca+, Mg+, nc c cng < 50 mg/l l nc mn, cng trung bnh t 50 100 mg/l. cng cao nh hng ti thi gian s dng v tnh an ton ca ni hi. - c: bao gm cc ht rn c ngun gc v c v hu c tn ti trng thi l lng trong nc, lm gim tnh thu quang ca nc. - Cht rn tng s (Tss): tnh bng lng cht rn cn li sau khi sy 1l nc 1050C. - Hm lng oxy ho tan (DO): l lng oxy ho tan trong mt n v th tch nc. Ch s DO c ngha rt ln i vi thu sinh vt. - Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (BOD): l lng oxy cn thit sinh vt oxy ho cc cht nhim hu c (cht d phn hu sinh hc). - Nhu cu oxy ho ho hc (COD): l lng oxy cn thit oxy ho hon ton cht hu c (d phn hu sinh hc + kh phn hu sinh hc). - Nit tng s: l tng lng cc hp cht ca Nit trong nc nh NH4+, NO3-, NO2- - Phtpho tng s: l tng lng tt c cc hp cht ca Phtpho trong nc nh H2PO4-, HPO42- , PO43- - Cc kim loi nng: As, Hg, Cd, Pb b). nhim nc mt

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Nc mt bao gm nc ma, nc h ao, ng rung v nc cc sng, sui, knh mng. Ngun nc cc sng v knh ti nc thi, cc h khu vc th, KCN v ng rung la nc l nhng ni thng c mc nhim cao. Cc dng nhim nc thng gp l ph dng, nhim do kim loi nng v ho cht c hi, nhim vi sinh v nhim bi thuc bo v thc vt. Nu xt chung cho c nc, th ti nguyn nc mt ca nc ta tng i phong ph, chim khong 2% tng lng dng chy ca cc sng trn th gii, trong khi din tch t lin nc ta ch chim khong 1,35% ca th gii. Tuy nhin, mt c im quan trng ca ti nguyn nc mt l nhng bin i mnh m theo thi gian (dao ng gia cc nm v phn phi khng u trong nm) v cn phn b rt khng u gia cc h thng sng v cc vng. Tng lng dng chy nm ca sng M Kng bng khong 500 km3, chim ti 59% tng lng dng chy nm ca cc sng trong c nc, sau n h thng sng Hng 126,5 km3 (14,9%), h thng sng ng Nai 36,3 km3 (4,3%), sng M, C, Thu Bn c tng lng dng chy xp x nhau, khong trn di 20 km3 (2,3 - 2,6%), cc h thng sng K Cng, Thi Bnh v sng Ba cng xp x nhau, khong 9 km3 (1%), cc sng cn li l 94,5 km3 (11,1%). Mt c im quan trng na ca ti nguyn nc sng ca nc ta l phn ln nc sng (khong 60%) li c hnh thnh trn phn lu vc nm nc ngoi, trong h thng sng M Kng chim nhiu nht (447 km3, 88%). Nu ch xt thnh phn lng nc sng c hnh thnh trong lnh th nc ta, th h thng sng Hng c tng lng dng chy ln nht (81,3 km3) chim 23,9%, sau n h thng sng M Kng (53 km3, 15,6%), h thng sng ng Nai (32,8 km3, 9,6%). Cu 4. Trnh by nhng ngun gy nhim bin v cc biu hin ca nhim bin? Nhng ngun gy nhim bin: Theo Cng c Lut bin nm 1982, c 5 ngun c th gy nhim bin: o Cc hot ng trn t lin, o o o o Vic thm d v khai thc ti nguyn trn thm lc a v y i dng, Vic thi cc cht c hi ra bin, Vn chuyn hng ho trn bin, nhim khng kh.

Nhn chung cht lng nc vng ven bin Vit Nam vn nm trong gii hn cho php, tr mt s vng ca sng. Cc biu hin ca nhim bin: Gia tng nng ca cc cht nhim trong nc bin, gia tng nng cc cht nhim tch t trong trm tch bin vng ven b, suy thoi cc h sinh thi bin nh HST san h, HST rng ngp mn, c bin...
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Suy gim tr lng cc loi sinh vt bin v gim tnh a dng sinh hc bin, xut hin cc hin tng nh thu triu , tch t cc cht nhim trong cc thc phm ly t bin. Theo Cng c Lut bin nm 1982, c 5 ngun c th gy nhim bin: Cc hot ng trn t lin, vic thm d v khai thc ti nguyn trn thm lc a v y i dng, vic thi cc cht c hi ra bin, vn chuyn hng ho trn bin, nhim khng kh. Gn 90% lng nc thi t chu c thng xung bin m khng qua x l ang gy lo ngi v mi trng, e da sinh thi cc vng b bin c tm quan trng sng cn i vi hot ng kinh t ca loi ngi, c bit l ngh c, theo Bo co v cc bin php ngn chn nhim mi trng bin ca chng trnh mi trng LHQ (UNEP) c cng b ti Hi ngh quc t Bc Kinh (Trung Quc) ngy 16-10-2006 Nhn chung cht lng nc vng ven bin Vit Nam vn nm trong gii hn cho php, tr mt s vng ca sng. Khong 30% hng ho cp cng l du. Do , hng nm s v trn du trn bin tng theo khi lng du c vn chuyn CHNG 8: NHIM T Cu 1. nhim mi trng t l g? Trnh by nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng t? a) nhim mi trng t l g? t thng l ch tip nhn ch yu tt c cc ngun thi. S thi cc cht thi rn cc th a sinh ra hng lot vn v bo v sc khe, nhim t v nc, ph hy cnh quan, chim dng t lm bi thi,... b)Trnh by nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng t? t, nht l t trng trt nm tng trn cng ca thch quyn. V vy nghin cu s nhim ca thch quyn chnh l xem xt s nhim mi trng t. t l ni tip nhn li mt s lng ln cc sn phm ph thi sinh hot, cc sn phm ph thi ca con ngi, ca ng vt, ca cc ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip v giao thng vn ti, Cn c vo ngun gc pht sinh c th phn loi nh sau: - nhim mi trng t do cht thi sinh hot. nhim mi trng t do cht thi nng nghip nhim mi trng t do cht thi cng nghip nhim mi trng t do giao thng vn ti nhim mi trng t do tc ng ca khu cng nghip, khu ng dn c

t nhin liu c cha lu hunh gii phng ra kh SO2 v cui cng li sunfat trn mt t, cc nitrat t kh quyn cng c lng ng trn mt t.
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Dc cc xa l cc t, m t chy bng xng li hai bn ng bi ch, khi du, bi ng, bi lp mn v ting n. t ai hai bn ng cao tc c lng ch kh cao. Mc cao ca ch, km cng c tm thy nhng vng gn m ch hay m km. Trong nng nghip cc loi phn bn, cc loi thuc bo v thc vt li rt nhiu trong t. Chng tham gia vo cc chu trnh ca mi trng. Chng c t hp th ri li c tan dn vo nc. Tri qua cc qu trnh thoi ho sinh hc, phn hu ho hc hoc phn ng quang ho hc, cc thuc ho hc bo v thc vt cng tri qua s thoi bin trong t. V phng din ny, cc cn trng, giun t, cy ci, cc c th sinh vt ng vai tr rt quan trng.

Cu 2. Trnh by cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t? C th phn chia s nhim t theo tc nhn gy nhim. Tc nhn gy nhim t bao gm cc loi sau: tc nhn ho hc, tc nhn sinh hc v tc nhn vt l. 2.1 nhim t do phn bn ho hc v thuc bo v thc vt Trong nng nghip loi nhim ny gy nn do s dng phan bn ho hc, thuc tr su hi, cht dit c v cc cht kch thch t thc vt. tng nng sut ma mng, trn th gii cng nh nc ta c xu hng tng cng s dng cc cht ho hc, v vy n tc ng n mi trng t cng mnh m hn. Chng lm thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca t, c khi lm chua t, lm cng t, lm thay i cn bng cc cht dinh dng gia cy trng v t. S dng phn ho hc qu liu cng lm cho ddaatb chua. t chua nh hng ti trng thi sinh l cy trng v hiu qu s dng phn ho hc. Do h thng h thng ti tiu khng hp l hoc do ma nng nhiu, t trng trt b ra tri mt lp hu c, di tc dng ca nh sng mt s cht hu c ca lu hunh b oxi ho thnh axit sunfuric. Axit ny tc dng vi st, nhm trong keo t to thng sunfat st hoc sunfat nhm gy ra t phn. t phn c pH thp v kh trng trt. Phn ho hc c bn vo t,mt phn c thc vt hp th (cy trng ch s dng c 50% nit bn vo t), mt phn c t gi li, mt ohaanf b nc ra tri vo cc ngun nc, mt phn khc gii phng vo kh quyn, gy nhim chung c thch quyn, kh quyn v thu quyn. nc ta s dng thuc bo v thc vt t lu,ngy nay n cng tng ln ng k v khi lng v chng loi. Cng ging nh phn ho hc, cc loi thuc bo v thc vt cng b ra tri theo ngun nc rt ln, tc dng tr vt hi ch c 1-2%. Ngoi ra thuc bo v thc vt cng li mt s hu qu xu cho con ngi v mi trng. Con ngi tip xc lu di vi thuc c th b gy ri lon sinh l, sinh ho, ung th, qui thai v nh hng n tnh cht di truyn ca con ngi. S ngi b ng c do thuc tr su (do n rau, qu phun thuc tr su cha b phn hu) tng ln kh nhiu. Cng do thuc bo v thc vt lm gim s lng ca nhiu loi sinh vt c ch (nh ong mt , nm c ch) lm gim a dng sinh hc, lm xut hin
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cc loi su bnh khng thuc v l nguyn nhn bng ni nn dch ca ry nu, bnh o n mt s vng. 2.2 nhim t do cht thi nng nghip v sinh hot Trong cng nghip li cc cht thi gy nhim c ba dng: rn, lng, kh. Khong 50% cht thi cng nghip l cht rn (than, bi, cht hu c, x qung), trong c 15% c kh nng gy c nguy him. Cc cht thi rn cng nghip gy nhim rt ln cho t. c bit nghim trng l cc cht thi cng nghip lm nhim t bi cc ha cht v kim loi nng (Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Hg, Cr, Cd). Cc nh my cn x vo kh quyn rt nhiu kh c nh H2S, CO2, CO, NOx l nguyn nhn gy ra ma axit, lm chua t, ph hoi s pht trin ca thm thc vt. Hng ngy con ngi v cc ng vt thi ra mt khi lng ln cc cht ph thi vo mi trng t. l rc, phn, xc ng vt v cc cht thi khc. Khu vc cng ng ngi th cc cht ph thi cng ln. cng l vn cn c x hi quan tm gii quyt mt cch thng xuyn v khoa hc. 2.3 nhim t do tc nhn sinh hc nhim t do b cht thi mt v sinh, hoc s dng phn bc ti, hoc bn trc tip bn thi sinh hot. gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt l cc loi trc khun l, thng hn amip, k sinh trn nh giun sn. t b nhim trng giun k sinh, nhim vi sinh vt thng gp mt s vng nng thn hoc vng trng rau hng ha. t l mt con ng truyn dch bnh ph bin: Ngi t nc cn trng k sinh trng ngi, hoc vt nui t ngi, hoc t ngi. 2.4 nhim do s c trn du: T nm 1986, nc ta xut hin cc vt du loang do r r ng dn du, v tu ch du (nh tu ch du ca Singapo cng Nh B, thnh ph H Ch Minh nm 1994) bao ph hng ngn ha t ven song, lm cht rng ngp mn, hoa mu, rung la. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh du kh, ngun nhim du nc ta s gia tng. Trn th gii, hng nm lng du hi vo bin v i dng l 4 897 00 tn, trong cc phng tin giao thng bin thi ra 2 407 000 tn v cc phng tin giao thng b, cng
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nghip, cng nghip lc du thi ra 2 490 000 tn. Mt tn du ha c th lan mt din tch vi b dy t vi micromet n vi centimet. Hu qu nhim do s c trn du cng l vn ng lo ngi. 2.5 nhim do chin tranh Min Nam nc taqua cuc chin tranh tn khc phi hng chu 100.000 tn cht c ha hc, trong c gn 120kg ddiooxxin. 15 triu tn bom n th xung khp mi min t nc, khng ch gy thit hi v ngi m cn gy ra s thay i v dng chy, tn ph lp ph thc vt, o ln lp t canh tc, li nhiu h bom cc vng sn xut nng nghip tr ph n ta. Kt qa l 43% din tch t trng trt v 44% din tch rng b nh hng nghim trng. 2.6 nhim t do thm ha a hnh Min ni, cao nguyn nc ta chim khong 67% din tch c nc. Vi a hnh cao v dc v vy nguyn nhn suy thoi mi trng i ni ca nc ta cng rt nhiu v bao gm nhng loi sau: do a hnh cao, dc c nhiu yu t chia ct chiu ngang, chia ct su, chiu di sn dc ln gy ra cc trung tm ma ln nht nc ta dn n hin tng xi mn t. Hin tng st t, l t, trt t khng nhng lm lp t ang sn xut m cn lm cho s hnh thnh a hnh mt s khu sn xut min ni tr nn thiu n nh. Ngoi ra do ph rng, t rng, sng du canh du c lm cho t i ni tng them hin tng ra tri, xi mn, trt l t. 2.7 nhim t do tc nhn vt l Ngun gy nhim ch yu cho t l qu trnh t nhin liu (ci, xng, than, du, kh), trong sn xut cng nghip, giao thng vn ti v sinh hot. c bit hot ng ca cc nh my in, luyn kim, hin tng chy rng, hot ng pht nng t ry lm tng nhit ca t, lm hy hoi mi trng t, lm t mt mu m. Khi nhit trong t tng ln s gy nh hng xu n h sinh vt phn gii cht hu c trong t, lm chai cng t, lm mt cht dinh dng trong t, lm mt cn bng oxi trong t v qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c s to ra cc sn phm trung gian khng c li cho cy trng nh NH3, H2S, CH4, anhit
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2.8 nhim t bi cc cht phng x Ngun nhim t bi cc cht phng x l nhng ph thi ca cc c s khai thc cc cht phng x, trung tm nghin cu nguyn t, cc nh my nguyn t, cc v th ht nhn, cc c s s dng ng v phng x trong cng nghip, nng nghip v y t (s dng cc ng v phng x cha bnh v nghin cu khoa hc). Bn cnh cc li ch th cc cht phng x gy cho con ngi rt nhiu him ha. Tai nn n nh my in nguyn t Chernobyl Lin X (c) thng 4/1986, mc phng x gp 200 ln hai qu bon nguyn t M nm xung Nht Bn nm 1945 Hiroshima v Nagasaki. Cu 3. Trnh by cc bin php kim sot nhim mi trng t? Cc bin php kim sot nhim t c th kim sot hin tng nhim t trc ht cn ra cc tiu chun v ch tiu v cht lng mi trng t, bn cnh cn thc hin mt s bin php sau: - Khng bn phn ti cho cy trng. Hn ch vic s dng phan ha hc v thuc bo v thc vt qu liu, trn lan. - S dng t ng thi c nhng bin php bo v cc vi sinh vt, thc vt v ng vt sng trong t. - Phn loi cht tho rn trc khi x l: + Giy, nha, kim loi cn phi thu hi, ti ch v s dng li. + Sn phm ng thc vt phi a vo nh my ch bin rc thnh phn hu c. - X l nc thi cng nghip trc khi vo dng chy. - X l kh thi cng nghip (SO2, Cl2, CO, CO2, NOx,) trc khi thi vo kh quyn. - Quy hoch s dng t c hiu qu, gim lng cht thi vo t. Gim mt dinh dng ca t. Chng thoi ha, xi mn t. - Cc cht thi c hi, cht n, cht phng x c k thut x l ring. CHNG IX : QUN L MI TRNG

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Cu1. Qun l mi trng l g? Trnh by cc mc tiu ch yu ca qun l mi trng? a) QLMT l mt hot ngtrong lnh vc qun l x hi, c tc ng iu chnh cc hot ng ca con ngi da trn s tip cn c h thng v k nng iu phi thng tin i vi cc vn mi trng c lin quan n con ngi, xut pht t nh lng, hng ti pht trin bn vng v s dng hp l ti nguyn. b)Cc mc tiu ch yu Mc tiu ca QLMT l pht trin bn vng ( PTBV) l s m bo cn bng gia s pht trin kinh t - x hi v BVMT. Ni cch khc, pht trin kinh t- x hi to ra tim lc kinh t BVMT, cn BVMT to ra cc tim nng t nhin v x hi mi cho cng cuc pht trin kinh t - x hi trong tng lai. Ty vo iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi, h thng php l, mc tiu pht trin u tin ca tng quc gia, mc tiu QLMT c th thay i theo thi gian v c nhng u tin ring. Theo ch th 36 CT/TW ca B chnh tr Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng Sn Vit Nam, mt s mc tiu c th ca cng tc QLMT Vit Nam hin nay l: - Khc phc v phng chng suy thoi, nhim MT pht sinh trong hot ng sng ca con ngi. Trong giai on hin nay cc bin php khc phc v phng chng nhim ch yu l: + Thc hin nghim chnh quy nh ca Lut bo v mi trng v bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng trong vic xt duyt cp php cc quy hoch, cc d n u t. Nu bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng khng c chp nhn th khng cho thc hin cc quy hoch, d n ny. + i vi cc c s sn xut kinh doanh ang hot ng, cn c vo kt qu nh gi tc ng mi trng, cc b, ngnh, cc tnh, thnh ph t chc phn loi cc c s gy nhim v c k hoch x l ph hp : c s no gy nhim qu mc cho php, th phi quy nh thi gian x l t tiu chun mi trng cho php, c s no gy nhim nghim trng nht th kin quyt nh ch hot ng hoc di chuyn a im. - Hon chnh h thng vn bn php lut bo v mi trng, ban hnh cc chnh sch v pht trin kinh t - x hi phi gn lin vi bo v mi trng, nghim chnh thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng. + R sot v ban hnh ng b cc vn bn di lut, bo m nng cao hiu lc ca lut. + Ban hnh cc chnh sch v thu, tn dng nhm khuyn khch p dng cc cng ngh sch.
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+ Th ch ho vic ng gp chi ph bo v mi trng. + Th ch ho vic phi hp gii quyt cc vn pht trin kinh t vi bo v mi trng : trong cc k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi phi c cc ch tiu, bin php bo v mi trng. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t, so snh cc phng n phi tnh ton c chi ph v bo v mi trng. - Tng cng cng tc qun l nh nc, nghin cu, o to cn b v MT t Trung ng n a phng. + Nng cp c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng trung ng, to iu kin cn thit v t chc, nhn lc, c s vt cht k thut c quan ny sc thc hin tt chc nng qun l mi trng, kt hp cht ch vi vic t vn hoch nh cc ch trng, chnh sch v pht trin bn vng, s dng hp l cc loi ti nguyn thin nhin, c bit l ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn v ngun li thu sn. + Tng cng nng lc qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng cho cc a phng. - Pht trin bn vng KTXH ca quc gia theo 9 nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng do Hi ngh Rio - 1992 a ra - Xy dng cc cng c c hiu lc qun l MT quc gia v cc vng lnh th. + M rng hp tc khu vc v quc t v bo v mi trng. + Tham gia cc chng trnh hp tc c mc tiu gii quyt cc nhim v bo v mi trng chung vi cc quc gia c lin quan (chung bin gii, chung vng bin, vng tri, chung dng sng...). - Ngh quyt s 41/NQ/TW ngy 15/11/2004 ca B chnh tr Ban chp hnh Trung ng ng kha IX nu ln 3 mc tiu ch yu v BVMT nc ta trong thi gian ti: + Ngn nga, hn ch mc gia tng nhim, suy thoi v s c mi trng do hot ng ca con ngi v tc ng ca t nhin gy ra. S dng bn vng ti nguyn thin nhin, bo v a dng sinh hc. + Khc phc nhim mi trng, trc ht nhng ni b nhim nghim trng, phc hi cc h sinh thi b suy thoi, tng bc nng cao cht lng mi trng. + Xy dng nc ta tr thnh mt nc c mi trng tt, c s hi ho gia tng trng kinh t, thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi v bo v mi trng; mi ngi u c thc bo v mi trng, sng thn thin vi thin nhin. Cu 2. Lut mi trng l g? Trnh by cc nguyn tc ch yu ca lut mi trng? a. nh ngha lut mi trng
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Lut mi trng l lnh vc php lut chuyn ngnh bao gm cc quy phm php lut, cc nguyn tc php l iu chnh cc quan h pht sinh gia cc ch th trong qu trnh khai thc, s dng hoc tc ng n mt hoc mt vi yu t ca mi trng trn c s kt hp cc phng php iu chnh khc nhau nhm bo v mt cch hiu qu mi trng sng ca con ngi Cc quan h x hi m cc quy phm lut mi trng iu chnh c th c phn loi theo cc nhm sau: - Cc quan h gia mt bn l cc c nhn, t chc vi mt bn l nh nc pht sinh t hot ng qun l nh nc v mi trng; Nhm quan h ny c nhng c trng ca quan h php lut hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v mi trng. - Quan h pht sinh gia cc c nhn, t chc vi nhau do tho thun ch ca cc bn. b.Cc nguyn tc ch yu ca lut mi trng - Bo v mi trng phi gn kt hi ha vi pht trin kinh t v bo m tin b x hi pht trin bn vng t nc; bo v mi trng quc gia phi gn vi bo v mi trng khu vc v ton cu. - Bo v mi trng l s nghip ca ton x hi, quyn v trch nhim ca c quan nh nc, t chc, h gia nh, c nhn. - Hot ng bo v mi trng phi thng xuyn, ly phng nga l chnh kt hp vi khc phc nhim, suy thoi v ci thin cht lng mi trng. - Bo v mi trng phi ph hp vi quy lut, c im t nhin, vn ha, lch s, trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc trong tng giai on. - T chc, h gia nh, c nhn gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng c trch nhim khc phc, bi thng thit hi v chu cc trch nhim khc theo quy nh ca php lut. Cu 3. Trnh by cc nguyn tc ch yu ca qun l mi trng v s h thng t chc b my qun l mi trng ca Vit Nam? Trnh by cc nguyn tc ch yu ca qun l mi trng : Tiu ch chung ca cng tc QLMT l m bo quyn c sng trong mi trng trong lnh phc v s pht trin bn vng ca t nc, gp phn gn gi mi trng chung ca loi ngi trn Tri t. Cc nguyn tc ch yu ca cng tc QLMT bao gm:

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- Hng cng tc qun l MT ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng KTXH t nc, gi cn bng gia pht trin v BVMT. Nguyn tc ny cn c th hin trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin ng li, ch trng, lut php v chnh sch nh nc, ngnh v a phng. - Kt hp cc mc tiu quc t - quc gia - vng lnh th v cng ng dn c trong vic qun l MT. Mi trng khng c ranh gii khng gian, do vy s nhim hay suy thoi thnh phn mi trng quc gia, vng lnh th ny s nh hng c trc tip ti quc gia khc v cc vng lnh th khc. - Qun l MT cn c thc hin bng nhiu bin php v cng c tng hp thch hp. Cc bin php v cng c qun l mi trng rt a dng, mi loi bin php v cng c trn c phm vi v hiu qu khc nhau trong tng trng hp c th. - Phng chng, ngn nga tai bin v suy thoi MT cn c u tin hn vic phi x l, hi phc MT nu gy ra nhim MT. Phng nga l bin php t tn km hn x l, nu xy ra nhim. - Ngi gy ra nhim phi tr tin cho cc tn tht do nhim MT gy ra v cc chi ph x l, hi phc MT a b nhim. y l nguyn tc qun l mi trng do cc nc OECD a ra. Nguyn tc c dng lm c s xy dng cc quy nh v thu, ph, l ph mi trng v cc quy nh x pht hnh chnh i vi cc vi phm v qun l mi trng. Nguyn tc trn cn thc hin phi hp vi nguyn tc ngi s dng tr tin, vi ni dung l ngi no s dng cc thnh phn mi trng th phi tr tin cho vic s dng v cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng do vic s dng gy ra.

S h thng t chc b my qun l mi trng ca Vit Nam:

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Cu 4. Trnh by khi nim ISO 14001 v h thng QLMT? Li ch ca cc doanh nghip khi p dng h thng QLMT theo ISO 14001? Tiu chun ISO 14001 a ra nh ngha v H thng Qun l Mi trng (HTQLMT) nh sau: HTQLMT L mt phn ca h thng qun l chung bao gm c cu t chc, cc hot ng lp k hoch, trch nhim, qui tc, th tc, qu trnh v ngun lc xy dng v thc hin, xem xt v duy tr chnh sch mi trng. Li ch ca cc doanh nghip khi p dng h thng QLMT theo ISO 14001? Tiu chun ISO 14001 yu cu doanh nghip phi c phng php o to thch hp cho nhn vin ca mnh, nhng ngi m cng vic ca h c th gy ra nhng tc ng ng k ti mi trng. Vic o to nhm gip mi ngi nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vic tun th vi chnh sch mi trng, cc quy trnh v vi HTQLMT. H cng phi hiu r cng vic ca h c th to ra nhng tc ng ti mi trng nh th no v trch nhim c th ca h l g.

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Mi ngi ti mi phng ban chc nng u c vai tr nht nh trong vic qun l mi trng ca doanh nghip. Bi vy, chng trnh o to phi rt a dng. Mi ngi trong doanh nghip cn c o to v chnh sch mi trng, cc tc ng mi trng ng k ca cng vic ca h... Mun vy, doanh nghip phi xc nh cc phng ban lin quan c th gy ra cc tc ng mi trng ng k, t xy dng mt ma trn v nhu cu o to cho cc phng ban nhm xc nh c yu cu c th i vi tng c nhn, phng ban.

CHNG XI:BO V MI TRNG BNG CC BIN PHP K THUT Cu 1. Trnh by nh ngha v sn xut sch hn? Li ch ca cc doanh nghip khi p dng SXSH? Khi nim v sn xut sch hn Theo Chng trnh Mi trng LHQ (UNEP, 1994): Sn xut sch hn l s p dng lin tc mt chin lc phng nga mi trng tng hp i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, cc sn phm v cc dch v nhm lm gim tc ng xu n con ngi v mi trng. Li ch ca cc doanh nghip khi p dng SXSH? i vi cc qu trnh sn xut, SXSH bao gm vic bo ton nguyn liu, nc v nng lng, loi tr cc nguyn liu c hi v lm gim khi lng, c tnh ca cc cht thi vo nc v kh quyn. i vi cc sn phm, chin lc SXSH nhm vo mc ch lm gim tt c cc tc ng n mi trng trong ton b vng i ca sn phm, t khu khai thc nguyn liu n khu thi b cui cng. i vi cc dch v, SXSH l s lng ghp cc mi quan tm v mi trng vo trong vic thit k v cung cp cc dch v. SXSH i hi p dng cc b quyt, ci tin cng ngh v thay i thi . (Lu : Trong nh ngha SXSH nm 1992 ca UNEP cha cp n cc dch v) Nh vy, SXSH khng ngn cn s pht trin, SXSH ch yu cu rng s pht trin phi bn vng v mt mi trng sinh thi. Khng nn cho rng SXSH ch l 1 chin lc v mi
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trng bi n cng lin quan n li ch kinh t. Trong khi x l cui ng ng lun tng chi ph sn xut th SXSH c th mang li li ch kinh t cho doanh nghip thng qua vic gim thiu s tiu th nng lng v nguyn liu hoc phng nga v gim thiu rc thi. Do vy c th khng nh rng SXSH l 1 chin lc mt mi tn trng hai ch (win-win outcome). Cu 2. Trnh by cc gii php k thut t c SXSH? Cc gii php k thut t c sn xut sch hn Cc gii php (hay c hi) t c SXSH bao gm cc nhm sau: 1. Qun l ni vi tt (Good housekeeping) Qun l ni vi l mt loi gii php n gin nht ca sn xut sch hn. Qun l ni vi thng khng i hi chi ph u t v c th c thc hin ngay sau khi xc nh c cc gii php SXSH. Qun l ni vi ch yu l ci tin thao tc cng vic, gim st vn hnh, bo tr thch hp, ci tin cng tc kim k nguyn vt liu v sn phm. C th lit k cc hnh thc qun l ni vi sau: Pht hin r r, trnh cc ri vi, Bo n tt ng ng trnh r r, ng cc van nc hay tt thit b khi khng s dng trnh tn tht Mc d qun l ni vi l dn gin nhng vn cn c s quan tm ca ban lnh do cng nh vic o to nhn vin. 2. Thay th nguyn vt liu (Raw material substitution) L vic thay th cc nguyn liu ang s dng bng cc nguyn liu khc thn thin vi mi trng hn. Thay di nguyn liu cn c th l vic mua nguyn liu c cht lng tt hn t c hiu sut s dng cao hn. V d: Thay th mc in dung mi hu c bng mc in dung mi nc. Hoc thay th axit bng peroxit (nh: H2O2, Na2O2) trong ty r ... 3. Ti u ha qu trnh sn xut (Process optimization) dm bo cc iu kin sn xut c ti u ho v mt tiu th nguyn liu, sn xut v pht sinh cht thi, cc thng s ca qu trnh sn xut nh nhit , thi gian, p sut, pH, tc ... cn c gim st, duy tr v hiu chnh cng gn vi iu kin ti u cng tt, lm cho qu trnh sn xut t c hiu qu cao nht, c nng sut tt nht. V d: - Ti u ha tc bng chuyn v hiu chnh nhit thch hp ca my mng co, - Ti u ha qu trnh t ni hi ...
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Cng nh qun l ni vi, vic kim sot qu trnh tt hn di hi cc quan tm ca ban lnh do cng nh vic gim st ngy mt hon chnh hn. 4. B sung thit b (Equipment modification): Lp t thm cc thit b t c hiu qu cao hn v nhiu mt. V d: - Lp t my ly tm tn dng bia cn, - Lp t cc thit b cm bin (sensor) tit kim in, nc. Chng hn: thit b cm bin thi gian (time sensor), thit b cm bin chuyn ng (motion sensor), v.v... 5. Thu hi v ti s dng ti ch (On-site recovery and reuse) Tn dng cht thi tip tc s dng cho qu trnh sn xut hay s dng cho mt mc ch khc. V d: - S dng siu lc thu hi thuc nhum trong nc thi, - Thu hi nc ngng dng li cho ni hi ... 6. Sn xut cc sn phm ph hu ch (Production of useful by-products) Tn dng cht thi tip tc s dng cho mt mc ch khc. V d: - Sn xut cn t r ng ph thi ca nh my ng, - S dng lignin trong nc thi sn xut giy lm ph gia pha ch thuc tr su, 7. Thit k sn phm mi (New product design) Thay i thit k sn phm c th ci thin qu trnh sn xut v lm gim nhu cu s dng cc nguyn liu c hi. V d: - Sn xut pin khng cha kim loi c nh Cd, Pb, Hg..., - Thay np y kim loi c ph sn bng np y nha cho mt s sn phm nht dnh s trnh c cc vn v mi trng cng nh cc chi ph sn hon thin np y . 8. Thay i cng ngh (Technology change) Chuyn i sang mt cng ngh mi v hiu qu hn c th lm gim tiu th ti nguyn v gim thiu lng cht thi v nc thi. Thit b mi thng t tin, nhng c th thu hi vn rt nhanh. V d: - Ra c hc thay v ra bng dung mi, - Thay cng ngh sn t bng sn kh (sn bt) ... Gii php ny yu cu chi ph u t cao hn cc gii php sn xut sch khc, do d cn phi dc nghin cu cn thn. Mc d vy, tim nng tit kim nguyn liu v ci thin cht lng sn phm c th cao hn so vi cc gii php khc. Mt s v d in hnh v p dng sn xut sch hn trong cc dch v khch sn trn th gii:
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1. Khu nh tr hng sang Apple Farm California, Hoa K s dng nc thi ln sau cng t cc my git dng cho nh v sinh, gim c 15.900 lt nc s dng hng ngy,c tnh tit kim c khong 5.000 la M trong mt nm. 2. Khu ngh mt Le Sport St. Lucia x l nc thi trong 3 h ni lin nhau thng qua mt h thng lc c s tham gia ca thy sinh vt. Nc sau lc c kh trng bng tia cc tm v c dng ti cc vng t trong khu ngh mt. C c nui trong cc h nhm hn ch s pht trin ca to v u trng mui. Trong nm hot ng u tin, phnNm 1995 qua hai d n do quc t ti tr l "SXSH trong cng nghip giy"(1995 - 1997) v Gim thiu cht thi trong cng nghip dt H Ni (1995 - 1996) do UNEP Gii php x l mi ny tit kim c 3,8 triu lt nc v hng ngn la Tnh n nm 2005, c gn 200 doanh nghip tham gia cc d n trnh din trong c 47 doanh nghip ch bin thy sn, thc phm v 34 doanh nghip dt nhum

Cu 3. Trnh by cc phng thc ng ph vi mi trng theo thi gian? V sao hin nay phi chuyn t x l cui ng ng sang phng nga pht sinh cht thi? Ly v d minh ha? 1. Pht l nhim Khng quan tm n hu qu ca s nhim gy ra, cha thc s nghim trng, mc pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip cn nh l. 2. Pha long v pht tn Pha long: dng nc ngun pha long nc thi trc khi vo ngun nhn. Pht tn: nng chiu cao ng khi pht tn kh thi. Xt mt v d: mt nh my sn xut bia 1 ngy thi ra 50 m3 nc thi. COD ca nc thi l 1000mg/l. p ng tiu chun cho php Vit Nam i vi COD ca nc thi cng nghip loi B (nh hoc bng 100 mg/l), nh my pha long 1 m3 nc thi vi 9m3 nc. Tuy nhin, i vi pha long v pht tn th tng lng cht thi a vo mi trng l khng i. Thy quyn v kh quyn khng phi l mt bi rc cho mi cht thi: cc kim loi nng, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls: bn v c hi c trong bin th, t in ...) ... tun hon v tch ly trong trm tch, sinh khi. 3. X l cui ng ng Lp t cc h thng x l nc thi, kh thi cui dng thi phn hy hay lm gim nng cc cht nhim nhm p ng yu cu bt buc trc khi thi vo mi trng.
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Phng php ny ph bin vo nhng nm 1970 cc nc cng nghip kim sot nhim cng nghip. Tuy nhin, x l cui ng ng thng ny sinh cc vn nh: - Gy nn s chm tr trong vic tm ra gii php x l; - Khng th p dng vi cc trng hp c ngun thi phn tn nh nng nghip; - i khi sn phm ph sinh ra khi x l li l cc tc nhn nhim th cp; - Chi ph u t v sn xut s tng thm do chi ph x l. 4. Phng nga pht sinh cht thi Ngn chn pht sinh cht thi ngay ti ngun ngun bng cch s dng nng lng v nguyn vt liu mt cch c hiu qu nht, ngha l c thm mt t l nguyn vt liu na c chuyn vo thnh phm thay v phi loi b. Tip cn ny bt u xut hin t nhng nm 1980 vi nhng cch gi khc nhau nh "phng nga nhim" (pollution prevention), "gim thiu cht thi" (waste minimization). Ngy nay, thut ng "sn xut sch hn" (SXSH) c s dng ph bin trn th gii ch cch tip cn ny, mc d cc thut ng tng ng vn cn a thch vi ni. V sao hin nay phi chuyn t x l cui ng ng sang phng nga pht sinh cht thi? Ly v d minh ha? Trc y, li suy ngh ca chng ta trong vic gii quyt nhim mi trng vn tp trung s dng cc phng php truyn thng x l cht thi m khng ch n ngun gc pht sinh ca chng. Do vy, chi ph qun l cht thi ngy cng tng nhng nhim ngy cng nng. Cc ngnh cng nghip phi chu hu qu nng n v mt kinh t v mt uy tn trn th trng. thot khi s b tc ny, cng ng cng nghip cng ngy cng tr nn nghim tc hn trong vic xem xt cch tip cn SXSH. Nh vy, t pht l nhim, ri pha long v pht tn cht thi, n kim sot cui ng ng v cui cng l SXSH l 1 qu trnh pht trin khch quan, tch cc c li cho mi trng v kinh t cho cc doanh nghip ni ring v ton x hi ni chung. Ba cch ng ph u l nhng tip cn qun l cht thi b ng trong khi cch ng ph sau cng l tip cn qun l cht thi ch ng. Nh vy, SXSH l tip cn nhn xa, tin liu v phng nga. Nguyn tc phng bnh hn cha bnh bao gi cng l chn l. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l xem nh bin php x l cui ng ng. Phng nga v ngn chn nhim l nguyn tc ch o v phi kt hp vi x l nhim. VD:
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Cu 4. Sinh thi cng nghip (STCN) l g? Mi quan h gia SXSH v STCN? Li ch v hn ch ca vic thc hin STCN? Sinh thi cng nghip (STCN) l tt c cc u ra ca mt qu trnh sn xut s l cc u vo ca cc qu trnh sn xut khc theo mt vng tun hon. VD: - Nh my lc du cung cp lu hunh cho nh my sn xut H2SO4 - Nh my sn xut insulin v enzyme cng nghip cung cp sinh khi tha lm phn bn cho cc nng tri. Mi quan h gia SXSH v STCN: Tng t nh SXSH, mc tiu ca STCN l nng cao hiu qu sinh thi v gim thi nguy c ri ro i vi mi trng v sc khe con ngi, nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Tuy nhin STCN c mt tm nhn rng hn vt qua khi ranh gii ca mt cng ty. mc trong cng mt cng ty, STCN lin kt cc qa trnh sn xut vi nhau v vi cc qu trnh t nhin xc nh cc c hi s dng cht thi ca mt qu trnh ny cho mt qu trnh khc. mc khu cng nghip, STCN c gng cc i ho nng sut v hiu qu chung ca c khu cng nghp hn l tnh n hiu qu ca tng cng ty n l. V d nh cc c hi ca vic thu gom rc thi, vic mua kt hp cc vt liu sn xut, x l v loi b rc thi, v.v Cc li ch ca STCN - Gi thnh sn xut gim nh hiu qu s dng nng lng v nguyn vt liu. Nh vy sn phm s mang tnh cnh tranh hn, - Gim thiu nhim v cc yu cu v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin, - Vic tn dng rc thi gip cc doanh nghip trnh c b pht v gy nhim mi trng, - S phn chia v cc chi ph lin quan n c s h tng, cc nghin cu v pht trin (R & D), vic duy tr cc h thng thng tin ... vic mua kt hp cc vt liu sn xut. Cc mt hn ch ca STCN - Cc k hoch kinh doanh ca cng ty khng c bo mt,

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- Kh nng b l thuc vo cc c s sn xut khc. Chng hn, nu mt cng ty chuyn i ni khc th cc cng ty ph thuc s gp rc ri, - Cc vn v lut php v trch nhim. Chng hn, mt sn phm c s c th kh hu qu s do cng ty no chu trch nhim.

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